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A special issue of Hydrology (ISSN 2306-5338). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine Environment and Hydrology Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 July 2024) | Viewed by 33184

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Prof. Dr. Serter Atabay

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Civil Engineering Department, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
Interests: climate change; hydrological modelling; flood and drought analysis; water infrastructure design and operation; water quality management; River engineering; Coastal Management; catchment flood management plans; strategic flood risk management; sediment mechanics; hydraulic structures at high flow; environmental hydrology and modelling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Coastal and marine areas are severely impacted by the effects of climate change. Sea level rise (SLR) changes the shape of coastlines, contributes to coastal erosion and leads to extreme storms or floods. However, there is a lack of understanding of coastal morphological response to climate change and sea-level rise since their greatest effects are unknown over the timescales, considered in the small scales by numerical models and the large scales by the conceptual models. Even though it is known that climate change is likely to have longer-term impacts, their potential social and economic impacts on our vulnerable coastal areas are also very limited. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the impacts of SLR on coastal management and emergency planning.

This Special Issue aims to gather contributions on policy and practice for climate change impact and adaptation with a specific focus on coastal communities' vulnerability to climate change. The contributions to this Special Issue will have a broad range of topics, including, but not limited to:

Impact of climate change on sea level rise ;
Rising sea levels and coastal vulnerability;
Coastal sustainability and climate;
Coastal resources and processes;
Structural resilience, design and adaptation;
Coastal policy and its management;
Coastal pollution and habitat destruction;
Coastal mangroves and corals;
Coastal economics and tourism;
Innovative new technologies and techniques on coastal planning, design and management.

Prof. Dr. Serter Atabay
Guest Editor

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Keywords

climate change
coastal management
sea level rise
coastal resources and processes

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 5499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Experimental Investigation of Tsunami Bore Impact on Coastal Structures

by Kutsi S. Erduran, Yahya E. Akansu, Uğur Ünal and Olusola O. Adekoya

Hydrology 2024, 11(9), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11090131 - 23 Aug 2024

Viewed by 949

Abstract

This experimental study focused on the measurement and analysis of the impact force caused by a tsunami bore on a coastal structure. The bore wave was produced by a dam break mechanism. The water depth in the reservoir and the location of the coastal structures were varied to simulate different impact scenarios. The time history of the force resulting from the impact of the bore wave on the coastal structure was measured. The propagation of the bore wave along the flume was recorded and the video recordings were converted into digital data using an image-processing technique in order to determine the flow depth variations with time. The hydrostatic forces and the corresponding depth and time-averaged hydrodynamic forces as well as the maximum hydrodynamic forces were acquired for each scenario. The ratio of hydrodynamic to hydrostatic forces were obtained, and it was observed that the calculated averaged ratio was within the recommended design ratio. The results indicate that an increase in the reservoir level caused an increase in the magnitude and intensity of the impact forces, however, the relationship was non-linear. Moreover, it was found that the location of the structure did not play a significant role on the intensity of the impact forces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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17 pages, 5037 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Impacts of Sea Level Rise Scenarios on the Amazon River Estuary

by Jonathan Luz P. Crizanto, Carlos Henrique M. de Abreu, Everaldo B. de Souza and Alan C. da Cunha

Hydrology 2024, 11(6), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11060086 - 20 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1029

Abstract

The rise in the global mean sea level (MSL) is a significant consequence of climate change, attributed to both natural and anthropogenic forces. This phenomenon directly affects the dynamic equilibrium of Earth’s oceanic and estuarine ecosystems, particularly impacting the Amazon estuary. In this study, a numerical model was employed to investigate the long-term impacts of MSL fluctuations on key hydrodynamic parameters crucial to regional environmental dynamics. Our investigation was based on scenarios derived from Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) projections, incorporating MSL variations ranging from 30 to 150 cm above the current mean level. Following careful calibration and validation procedures, which utilized observational and in situ data, notably from field expeditions conducted in 2019, our simulations unveiled significant impacts on certain hydrodynamic parameters. Specifically, we observed a pronounced increase in diurnal tidal amplitude (p < 0.05) within the upstream sections of the North and South channels. Additionally, discernible alterations in water renewal rates throughout the estuary were noted, persisting for approximately 2 days during the dry season (p < 0.05). These findings provide valuable insights into the vulnerability of key parameters to hydrologic instability within the Amazonian coastal region. In conclusion, this study represents a pivotal scientific endeavor aimed at enhancing the preservation of aquatic ecosystems and advancing the environmental knowledge of the Lower Amazon River, with the goal of proactively informing measures to safeguard the current and future sustainability of these vital ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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12 pages, 4670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extending the Design Life of the Palm Jumeirah Revetment Considering Climate Change Effects

by Khaled Elkersh, Serter Atabay, Abdullah Gokhan Yilmaz, Yomna Morad and Nour Nouar

Hydrology 2023, 10(5), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10050111 - 13 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3908

Abstract

This paper presents potential upgrades to the Palm Jumeirah Island’s outer revetment to extend its design life for 50 years, considering the sea level rise (SLR) associated with climate change. The paper proposes several upgrade options to ensure that the hydraulic stability and wave overtopping discharges of the Palm Jumeirah revetment comply with the recommended design criteria based on industry guidelines. The performance of the existing revetment, in terms of the hydraulic stability and wave overtopping discharge criteria, is assessed using design wave heights (1- and 100-year events) extracted from an extreme wave analysis study on the Dubai coast. The results show that, based on the new design conditions, the existing structure should be upgraded to meet the armor stability criteria and recommended overtopping discharge values. Three different upgrade solutions are designed and analyzed to satisfy the required hydraulic stability and overtopping conditions. The suggested upgrade options are an extra armor layer, a flat berm, and a submerged breakwater offshore. The proposed upgrade solutions are preliminary designs that would require verification in terms of their geotechnical stability and physical model testing to evaluate their performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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14 pages, 8403 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Assessment of Sea Level Rise for Karasu Coastal Area, Turkey

by Ali Eliawa, Aslı Numanoğlu Genç, Hakan Tora and Hadi Hakan Maraş

Hydrology 2023, 10(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10010013 - 3 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2254

Abstract

Sea Level Rise (SLR) due to global warming is becoming a more pressing issue for coastal zones. This paper presents an overall analysis to assess the risk of a low-lying coastal area in Karasu, Turkey. For SLR scenarios of 1 m, 2 m, and 3 m by 2100, inundation levels were visualized using Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The eight-side rule is applied as an algorithm through Geographic Information System (GIS) using ArcMap software with high-resolution DEM data generated by eleven 1:5000 scale topographic maps. The outcomes of GIS-based inundation maps indicated 1.40%, 6.02%, and 29.27% of the total land area by 1 m, 2 m, and 3 m SLR scenarios, respectively. Risk maps have shown that water bodies, low-lying urban areas, arable land, and beach areas have a higher risk at 1 m. In a 2 m scenario, along with the risk of the 1 m scenario, forests become at risk as well. For the 3 m scenario, almost all the territorial features of the Karasu coast are found to be inundated. The effect of SLR scenarios based on population and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is also analyzed. It is found that the 2 and 3 m scenarios lead to a much higher risk compared to the 1 m scenario. The combined hazard–vulnerability data shows that estuarine areas on the west and east of the Karasu region have a medium vulnerability. These results provide primary assessment data for the Karasu region for the decision-makers to enhance land use policies and coastal management plans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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11 pages, 2769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water Level Fluctuations in the Middle and Late Holocene in the Curonian Lagoon, Southeastern Baltic: Results of the Macrofossil and Phytolith Analyses

by Olga Druzhinina, Maxim Napreenko, Tatiana Napreenko-Dorokhova, Alexandra Golyeva and Leyla Bashirova

Hydrology 2023, 10(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10010011 - 31 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1722

Abstract

This paper presents the results of a study on fluctuations in the water level of the Curonian Lagoon (in the Baltic Sea). To date, the genesis of this inland bay as part of the complex postglacial development of the southeastern Baltic is poorly understood. The data from lithological, geochronological, and phytolith analyses, as well as assessments of plant and animal macroremains from the lagoonal sediments, provide a reconstruction of local coastal biocenoses and water level dynamics in the Middle and Late Holocene time. This study reveals the fairly dynamic evolution of the coastal zone of the Curonian Lagoon over the past 7000 years, as indicated by the traced succession of plant communities from forest to near-shore, open-water biocenoses and the alternations of the drying out and inundation of the area under consideration. Thus far, a connection with two stages of the Baltic Sea water level fluctuations has been traced: the regressional stage, which took place approximately 5600 cal years BP, and the Late Subatlantic transgression, which started at approximately 1100 cal BP. This study demonstrates that phytolith (microbiomorphic) analysis is a promising method for the study of temperate-latitude lagoonal sediments, providing information not only on the local plant communities, but also on the changes in the hydrological regime of the area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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11 pages, 1582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extreme Wave Analysis for the Dubai Coast

by Khaled Elkersh, Serter Atabay and Abdullah Gokhan Yilmaz

Hydrology 2022, 9(8), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9080144 - 12 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3139

Abstract

This paper aims to present the result of commonly used extreme wave analysis distribution methods applied to a long-term wave hindcast at a point in the Arabian Gulf near the coastline of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The wave data were hindcasted for a total period of 40 years, starting from 1 January 1979 to 31 December 2018. This analysis aims to support the design, repair, and maintenance of coastal structures near the Dubai coast. A 2.5 m threshold is selected using the Peak Over Threshold method to filter the storm data for the extreme wave analysis. Different distribution methods are used for this analysis such as Log-normal, Gumbel, Weibull, Exponential, and Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD). The significant wave heights are predicted for different return periods. The GPD distribution appears to fit the data best compared to the other distribution methods. Many coastal projects are being planned near the Dubai coastline. Hence, the analysis presented in this paper would be useful in designing safe and efficiently designed projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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14 pages, 4211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combining Sea Level Rise Inundation Impacts, Tidal Flooding and Extreme Wind Events along the Abu Dhabi Coastline

by Aaron C. H. Chow and Jiayun Sun

Hydrology 2022, 9(8), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9080143 - 11 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4762

Abstract

This paper describes the development of a two-dimensional, basin-scale tidal model with waves and wave run-up to determine the inundation impacts on the Abu Dhabi coastline due to the combined effect of sea level rise, tidal flooding, storm surge and waves. The model combines a hydrodynamics model (DELFT3D), a spectral wave model (SWAN) and wave run-up. A high horizontal resolution (down to about 30 m) is employed in the vicinity of Abu Dhabi—a city built on a system of mangrove islands along the Arabian Gulf coast—to enable prediction of impact at the scale of the local infrastructure, such as individual highway links. The model confirms that, with a rise in sea level of 0.5 m, the islands along the outer coast of Abu Dhabi will experience inundation due to tidal flooding, wind, and high Shamal-induced waves. The incorporation of the wind and waves results in a prediction of more than double the area found underwater within the study area (from 82 to 188 km²). The inner water channel regions of Abu Dhabi, while mostly unaffected by wind-driven wave events, are still vulnerable to tidal flooding. Finally, the paper demonstrates the use of the model to predict whether protection of one segment of the city’s coastline will adversely affect the inundation potential of nearby unprotected segments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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16 pages, 5190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Google Earth Engine for Monitoring Marine Mucilage: Izmit Bay in Spring 2021

by Taskin Kavzoglu and Merve Goral

Hydrology 2022, 9(8), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9080135 - 28 Jul 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3711

Abstract

Global warming together with environmental pollution threatens marine habitats and causes an increasing number of environmental disasters. Periodic monitoring of coastal water quality is of critical importance for the effective management of water resources and the sustainability of marine ecosystems. The use of remote sensing technologies provides significant benefits for detecting, monitoring, and analyzing rapidly occurring and displaced natural phenomena, including mucilage events. In this study, five water indices estimated from cloud-free and partly cloudy Sentinel-2 images acquired from May to July 2021 were employed to effectively map mucilage aggregates on the sea surface in the Izmit Bay using the cloud-based Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Results showed that mucilage aggregates started with the coverage of about 6 km² sea surface on 14 May, reached the highest level on 24 May and diminished at the end of July. Among the applied indices, the Adjusted Floating Algae Index (AFAI) was superior for producing the mucilage maps even for the partly cloudy image, followed by Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI) and Mucilage Index (MI). To be more specific, indices using green channel were found to be inferior for extracting mucilage information from the satellite images. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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20 pages, 2139 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Overview of Coastal Vulnerability Indices with Reference to Physical Characteristics of the Croatian Coast of Istria

by Zaviša Šimac, Nina Lončar and Sanja Faivre

Hydrology 2023, 10(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10010014 - 3 Jan 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2836

Abstract

Coastal areas are dynamic and complex systems exposed to waves, high tides, and storm surges. Often, these areas are densely populated and have essential socio-economic values for the region and country. Any changes or disruptions can cause a tremendous social burden. Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) is one of the most used and straightforward methods to assess coastal vulnerability. This paper aims to analyse and summarise the current state of published coastal vulnerability indices. The analysis seeks to develop a regional vulnerability index for the eastern Adriatic coast, specifically for the Istrian peninsula. A total of 18 published papers were reviewed. A detailed survey was performed on three groups of variables that represent (a) the physical features of the coast, (b) the amount of influence of wave energy on the coast, and (c) exposed socio-economic factors. While choosing Physical and ecological variables is relatively straightforward, choosing Socio-economic variables is particularly challenging. The number of variables differs significantly from one author to another. As a result of the huge variety of global coastal characteristics and different research approaches, there is no universal CVI. Therefore, analysed indices are not suited for the calculation of the vulnerability of the Istrian coast without modification. A 5 × 5 m cell dimension was proposed as the most suitable for analysing the physical vulnerability of the Croatian coast of Istria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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Other

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19 pages, 3509 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Sea-Level Rise in Pakistan: Recommendations for Strengthening Evidence-Based Coastal Decision-Making

by Jennifer H. Weeks, Syeda Nadra Ahmed, Joseph D. Daron, Benjamin J. Harrison, Peter Hogarth, Tariq Ibrahim, Asif Inam, Arshi Khan, Faisal Ahmed Khan, Tariq Masood Ali Khan, Ghulam Rasul, Nadia Rehman, Akhlaque A. Qureshi and Sardar Sarfaraz

Hydrology 2023, 10(11), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10110205 - 25 Oct 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7274

Abstract

Pakistan is vulnerable to a range of climate hazards, including sea-level rise. The Indus Delta region, situated in the coastal Sindh province, is particularly at risk of sea-level rise due to low-lying land and fragile ecosystems. In this article, expertise is drawn together from the newly established Pakistan Sea-Level Working Group, consisting of policy experts, scientists, and practitioners, to provide recommendations for future research, investment, and coastal risk management. An assessment of the current scientific understanding of sea-level change and coastal climate risks in Pakistan highlights an urgent need to improve the availability and access to sea-level data and other coastal measurements. In addition, reflecting on the policy environment and the enablers needed to facilitate effective responses to future sea-level change, recommendations are made to integrate coastal climate services into the National Adaptation Plan and develop a National Framework for Climate Services. Such a framework, alongside collaboration, co-production, and capacity development, could help support required improvements in coastal observations and monitoring and continuously deliver useful, usable, and accessible sea-level information for use by practitioners and decision-makers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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