International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Research

15 pages, 2605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Joint Toxicity of a Multi-Heavy Metal Mixture and Chemoprevention in Sprague Dawley Rats

by Yafei Wang, Yuqing Tang, Zhou Li, Qihang Hua, Li Wang, Xin Song, Baobo Zou, Min Ding, Jinshun Zhao and Chunlan Tang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(4), 1451; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041451 - 24 Feb 2020

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4044

Abstract

To explore the joint toxicity and bio-accumulation of multi-heavy metals and potential chemoprevention strategies, Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (n = 30) were treated orally once a week for six months with 500mg/kg•bw of eight heavy metals which were commonly identified in [...] Read more.

To explore the joint toxicity and bio-accumulation of multi-heavy metals and potential chemoprevention strategies, Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (n = 30) were treated orally once a week for six months with 500mg/kg•bw of eight heavy metals which were commonly identified in aquatic products in the Ningbo area including chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, mercury, and lead. At the same time, 200mg/kg•bw of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), trisodium citrate dihydrate (TCD) or glutathione (GSH) were administered to evaluate their antagonistic effects against adverse effects of multi-heavy metal mixture. The Morris water maze test was used to evaluate spatial learning and memory in the treated rats. Then the rats were anesthetized by pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg•bw) to obtain blood samples for biochemical analysis and organs (heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, brain, testis) to be conducted for biopsy and organ coefficients. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) was used to analyze the concentrations of heavy metals. Results indicated that six months of exposure to a multi-heavy metal mixture under this experimental dosage resulted in accumulation in organs and adverse effects on the blood, reproductive system, and liver function. EGCG, TCD or GSH all showed certain chemoprevention effects against the joint toxicity induced by the multi-heavy metal mixture and indicated alleviation and the potential mechanism that also included the promotion of excretion of metals to which animals were exposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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10 pages, 1433 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Irradiation with Polychromatic Incoherent Low Energy Radiation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells In Vitro: Effects on Cytokine Production

by Francesca Maria Salmeri, Lucia Denaro, Elisa Ruello, Giuseppe Acri, Sergio Gurgone, Carlo Sansotta and Barbara Testagrossa

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(4), 1233; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041233 - 14 Feb 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2530

Abstract

(1) Background: Physical stimuli may activate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to secrete cytokines, which may favor pro-inflammatory responses or trigger reparative phenomena. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the action of Polarized Polychromatic Incoherent Low Energy Radiation (PILER) on human [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Physical stimuli may activate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to secrete cytokines, which may favor pro-inflammatory responses or trigger reparative phenomena. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the action of Polarized Polychromatic Incoherent Low Energy Radiation (PILER) on human in vitro PBMCs, by detection of the possible effects on cytokine production; (2) Methods: isolated PBMCs were irradiated with a PILER lamp at different exposure times, at a distance of 10 cm, before incubation. The supernatants were collected after 24 h and 48 h and cytokines evaluated by ELISA; (3) Results: Our results showed a decrease in the levels of pro-inflammatory IL-12p70, IL-17A, IFN-γ, and TNF-α cytokines, whereas IL-10 and TGF-β1 with regulatory activity increased; (4) Conclusions: PILER irradiation affected the cytokine production by isolated PBMCs driving the immune response toward an anti-inflammatory/reparative profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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18 pages, 3822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exposure of CuO Nanoparticles Contributes to Cellular Apoptosis, Redox Stress, and Alzheimer’s Aβ Amyloidosis

by Ying Shi, Alexander R. Pilozzi and Xudong Huang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(3), 1005; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031005 - 5 Feb 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3594

Abstract

Fe₂O₃, CuO and ZnO nanoparticles (NP) have found various industrial and biomedical applications. However, there are growing concerns among the general public and regulators about their potential environmental and health impacts as their physio-chemical interaction with biological systems and [...] Read more.

Fe₂O₃, CuO and ZnO nanoparticles (NP) have found various industrial and biomedical applications. However, there are growing concerns among the general public and regulators about their potential environmental and health impacts as their physio-chemical interaction with biological systems and toxic responses of the latter are complex and not well understood. Herein we first reported that human SH-SY5Y and H4 cells and rat PC12 cell lines displayed concentration-dependent neurotoxic responses to insults of CuO nanoparticles (CuONP), but not to Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃NP) or ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONP). This study provides evidence that CuONP induces neuronal cell apoptosis, discerns a likely p53-dependent apoptosis pathway and builds out the relationship between nanoparticles and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) through the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased Aβ levels in SH-SY5Y and H4 cells. Our results implicate that exposure to CuONP may be an environmental risk factor for AD. For public health concerns, regulation for environmental or occupational exposure of CuONP are thus warranted given AD has already become a pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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9 pages, 1747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Exposure to Benzo[a]Pyrene Affects Sexual Differentiation and Embryos Toxicity in Three Generations of Marine Medaka (Oryzias Melastigma)

by Dong Sun, Qi Chen, Bo Zhu, Yu Lan and Shunshan Duan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(3), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030970 - 4 Feb 2020

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3255

Abstract

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a common environmental disrupting chemical that can cause endocrine disorders in organisms. However, the continued interference effects of BaP on multi-generation fish needs further research. In this study, we performed different periods (G1F1-3, G2F2-3, G3F3) of BaP exposure on marine [...] Read more.

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a common environmental disrupting chemical that can cause endocrine disorders in organisms. However, the continued interference effects of BaP on multi-generation fish needs further research. In this study, we performed different periods (G1F1-3, G2F2-3, G3F3) of BaP exposure on marine medaka. We determined the embryo toxicity, and analyzed relative reproductive genes (ERα, cyp19a and vtg1) to predict the sexual differentiation of marine medaka. The results showed that high concentrations of BaP (200 μg·L⁻¹) significantly delayed the hatching time of embryos. Moreover, medium/high concentrations of BaP (20 and 200 μg·L⁻¹) prolonged the sexual maturity time of marine medaka. The relative gene expression of ERα, cyp19a and vtg1 were measured at 5 d_pf of embryos. We found that BaP had significantly inhibited the expression of the genes related to female fish development. Consequently, there were more males in the offspring sex ratio at BaP exposure. Overall, BaP can cause embryonic toxicity and abnormal sexual differentiation, while the expression of related reproductive genes can effectively indicate the sex ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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10 pages, 791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Exposure of Arsenic in Groundwater Associated to Carcinogenic Risk in Underweight Children Exposed to Fluorides

by Nelly Molina-Frechero, Martina Nevarez-Rascón, Omar Tremillo-Maldonado, Marcela Vergara-Onofre, Rey Gutiérrez-Tolentino, Enrique Gaona, Enrique Castañeda, Lizet Jarquin-Yañez and Ronell Bologna-Molina

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(3), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030724 - 22 Jan 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2759

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of inorganic arsenic (As) in the potable water available to the population to be able to estimate the non-carcinogenic risks for underweight children and the carcinogenic risk for adults exposed to As [...] Read more.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of inorganic arsenic (As) in the potable water available to the population to be able to estimate the non-carcinogenic risks for underweight children and the carcinogenic risk for adults exposed to As intake who live in the Mezquital municipality, Durango, Mexico. Methods: The As content was quantifed in the water supply sources for human use and its intake was estimated in Mezquital population, southern Durango. With the data obtained, the hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated to determine the non-carcinogenic risk to develop chronic systemic effects in underweight children. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reference health values estimating As exposure risk are from 0.0003 mg/kg/day (non-carcinogenic) to 1.5 mg/kg/day (carcinogenic risk). Results: The analyzed waters presented as concentrations that varied from 0.3 to 10.2 µg/L, with a mean of 7.35 µg/L (CI 95% 6.27–8.38). The exposure dose was 0.4 to 1.36, and the HQ was 1.90 to 6.48 mg/kg/day, the estimated carcinogenic risk from adults varied from 1.28 to 4.37E⁻⁴, with values of 3.74–4.37E⁻⁴ mg/kg/day in central area. Conclusions: The children are at risk to develop chronic systemic effects due to ingestion of As from water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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13 pages, 2042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Oxidative Stress Status in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Liver Induced by Three Typical Organic UV Filters (BP-4, PABA and PBSA)

by Xinxin Huang, Yuanyuan Li, Tantan Wang, Hui Liu, Jiaqi Shi and Xuesheng Zhang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(2), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020651 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 5315

Abstract

Organic UV filters are a kind of emerging pollutants, which have been widely used in personal care products (PCPs). This study evaluated the effects of benzophenone-4 (BP-4), 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), and 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA) on the selected indices of antioxidative responses in zebrafish [...] Read more.

Organic UV filters are a kind of emerging pollutants, which have been widely used in personal care products (PCPs). This study evaluated the effects of benzophenone-4 (BP-4), 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), and 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA) on the selected indices of antioxidative responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver. Zebrafish were exposed to two different doses (i.e., 0.5 and 5 mg L⁻¹) of semi-static water with three individual compounds. Liver samples were collected on 7 and 14 days to analyze biochemical indicators, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Oxidative stress occurred in zebrafish liver with significantly changed indicators during the whole exposure period. Different experimental groups could induce or inhibit the activity of antioxidant enzymes with varying degrees. With a prolonged exposure time and increased exposure dose, the hepatic lipid peroxidation was also obviously observed. Moreover, the toxicity order of three organic UV filters was analyzed using the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index and the results indicate that exposure to PABA for 7 days at 0.5 mg L⁻¹ and PBSA for 7 days at 5 mg L⁻¹ induced the most severe oxidative stress in the liver of zebrafish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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7 pages, 294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Italy: Retrospective Validation of a Data Collection Tool for the Italian Registry of Carbon Monoxide Poisonings (IRCOP)

by Lidio Maffi, Matteo Paganini, Giuliano Vezzani, Antonios Soumelis, ASPATI Research Group, Enrico M Camporesi and Gerardo Bosco

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(2), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020574 - 16 Jan 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3394

Abstract

Background: Carbon Monoxide (CO) poisoning is a frequent cause of intoxication. However, CO poisoning incidence is globally underreported, as well as its features, especially in Italy. The aim of this study was to investigate such characteristics of CO intoxication and foster the [...] Read more.

Background: Carbon Monoxide (CO) poisoning is a frequent cause of intoxication. However, CO poisoning incidence is globally underreported, as well as its features, especially in Italy. The aim of this study was to investigate such characteristics of CO intoxication and foster the creation of the Italian Registry of Carbon Monoxide Poisonings. Methods: A data collection tool was developed and organized in five sections: Patient’s characteristics; CO intoxication modality; emergency medical service and emergency department; hyperbaric facility; outcomes. The tool was validated through a retrospective analysis, including CO intoxicated patients treated in 14 Italian hyperbaric facilities between 2015 and 2016. Results: A total of 1383 patients were included. The high completion ratio (85%) of the collection tool suggests its feasibility in practical terms. CO intoxications were mostly accidental (93.64%) and caused by solid fuel (48.59%). There was not a uniform application of hyperbaric oxygen treatment protocols, but most of the patients were adequately treated at least at 2.5 ATA for more than 60 min (44.97%). Conclusion: This analysis provided new information that was previously unavailable in this country. Furthermore, this tool proved to be a valid base for future registry aiming to consolidate the body of knowledge about CO intoxications in Italy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

14 pages, 3088 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study of Gardenia Yellow E500 in Sprague-Dawley Rats

by Xiaoqiao Tang, Yangfeng Wang, Wenxiang Yang, Yanhua Zheng, Chunxia Liu, Min Qu, Haibin Xu, Lei Zhang, Jiang Liang and Bolin Fan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(2), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020531 - 14 Jan 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3648

Abstract

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity of gardenia yellow, a natural colorant widely used in China and other Asian countries. An acute toxicity test was performed in S-D rats of both genders and the lethal dose (LD [...] Read more.

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity of gardenia yellow, a natural colorant widely used in China and other Asian countries. An acute toxicity test was performed in S-D rats of both genders and the lethal dose (LD₅₀) of per oral gardenia yellow was estimated to be more than 15.0 g/kg·bw. In the subchronic study, gardenia yellow was orally administered to rats by gavage at doses of 0, 0.50, 1.50 and 4.50 g/kg·bw/day for 90 days followed by a recovery period of 28 days. No appreciable toxic-related changes were observed in the 0.50 g/kg·bw/day group. When the animals received gardenia yellow at 1.50 g/kg·bw/day or more, body weight loss was observed, and pigments began to deposit in several vital organs, resulting in significant changes of several hematological and biochemical indicators related to the nutritional status of the body, liver and kidney function, more severe in the high dose group. In the recovery period, the alterations of the clinical symptoms and parameters were relieved a lot. Based on the results of the current study, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of gardenia yellow E500 in rats was set to be 0.50 g/kg·bw/day. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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18 pages, 1027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross Sectional Study on Exposure to BPA and Phthalates and Semen Parameters in Men Attending a Fertility Center

by Lidia Caporossi, Alessandra Alteri, Giovanni Campo, Enrico Paci, Giovanna Tranfo, Silvia Capanna, Enrico Papaleo, Daniela Pigini, Paola Viganò and Bruno Papaleo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(2), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020489 - 13 Jan 2020

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 4867

Abstract

Among the possible risk factors for male reproduction, exposure to phthalates and alkylphenols is widely documented. This study evaluated the possible association between chemical exposure and the quality of the seminal fluid of 105 subjects in a fertility clinic. The urinary levels of [...] Read more.

Among the possible risk factors for male reproduction, exposure to phthalates and alkylphenols is widely documented. This study evaluated the possible association between chemical exposure and the quality of the seminal fluid of 105 subjects in a fertility clinic. The urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites (monoethylphthalate, MEP; monobenzylphthalate, MBzP; mono n-butylphthalate, MnBP; mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, MEHP; mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, MEHHP; mono-n-octylphthalate, MnOP; mono-isononylphthalate, MiNP) and bisphenol A (BPA), were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry HPLC/MS/MS. The regression analysis showed that the semen volume was positively associated with MnBP, MnOP and BPA levels while was negatively associated with MiNP levels. The sperm concentration had a significant inverse relationship with MEP levels. A negative association was found between the use of plastic containers for food storage (p = 0.037) and semen volume (3.06 vs. 2.30 mL as average values, never vs daily). A significant positive correlation emerged (p < 0.005) between the consumption of canned food and the levels of BPA (2.81 vs. 0.14 µg/g creat as average values, daily vs. never) and between the use of perfumes and levels of MEP (389.86 vs. 48.68 µg/g creat, as average values, daily vs. never). No further statistically significant associations were found, even considering the working activity. Some evidence emerged about the possible link between exposure and seminal fluid quality: further case/control or prospective studies will allow us to confirm this causality hypothesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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17 pages, 1818 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Characteristics of a Nationwide Voluntary Antibiotic Resistance Awareness Campaign in India; Future Paths and Pointers for Resource Limited Settings/Low and Middle Income Countries

by Ashok J. Tamhankar, Ramesh Nachimuthu, Ravikant Singh, Jyoti Harindran, Gautam Kumar Meghwanshi, Rajesh Kannan, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, Vikrant Negi, Lijy Jacob, Sayan Bhattacharyya, Krushna Chandra Sahoo, Vijay Kumar Mahadik, Vishal Diwan, Megha Sharma, Ashish Pathak, Smita U. Khedkar, Dnyaneshwar Avhad, Sonal Saxena, Sandeep Nerkar, Vaishali Venu, Sandeep Kumar, G. Shandeepan, Khundrakpam Ranjit Singh, Ridiamma Gashnga and Arvind Kumar Show full author list Hide full author list

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(24), 5141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245141 - 16 Dec 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4758

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance has reached alarming proportions globally, prompting the World Health Organization to advise nations to take up antibiotic awareness campaigns. Several campaigns have been taken up worldwide, mostly by governments. The government of India asked manufacturers to append a ‘redline’ to packages [...] Read more.

Antibiotic resistance has reached alarming proportions globally, prompting the World Health Organization to advise nations to take up antibiotic awareness campaigns. Several campaigns have been taken up worldwide, mostly by governments. The government of India asked manufacturers to append a ‘redline’ to packages of antibiotics as identification marks and conducted a campaign to inform the general public about it and appropriate antibiotic use. We investigated whether an antibiotic resistance awareness campaign could be organized voluntarily in India and determined the characteristics of the voluntarily organized campaign by administering a questionnaire to the coordinators, who participated in organizing the voluntary campaign India. The campaign characteristics were: multiple electro–physical pedagogical and participatory techniques were used, 49 physical events were organized in various parts of India that included lectures, posters, booklet/pamphlet distribution, audio and video messages, competitions, and mass contact rallies along with broadcast of messages in 11 local languages using community radio stations (CRS) spread all over India. The median values for campaign events were: expenditure—3000 Indian Rupees/day (US$~47), time for planning—1 day, program spread—4 days, program time—4 h, direct and indirect reach of the message—respectively 250 and 500 persons/event. A 2 min play entitled ‘Take antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor’ was broadcast 10 times/day for 5 days on CRS with listener reach of ~5 million persons. More than 85%ofcoordinators thought that the campaign created adequate awareness about appropriate antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance. The voluntary campaign has implications for resource limited settings/low and middle income countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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6 pages, 281 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Toxicity of Thallium at Low Doses: A Review

by Beatrice Campanella, Laura Colombaioni, Edoardo Benedetti, Agostino Di Ciaula, Lisa Ghezzi, Massimo Onor, Massimo D’Orazio, Roberto Giannecchini, Riccardo Petrini and Emilia Bramanti

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(23), 4732; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234732 - 27 Nov 2019

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4315

Abstract

A mini review of the toxicity of Thallium (Tl) at low doses is herein presented. Thallium has severe toxicity. Although its acute biological effects have been widely investigated and are well known, its biological effects on human health and in cell cultures at [...] Read more.

A mini review of the toxicity of Thallium (Tl) at low doses is herein presented. Thallium has severe toxicity. Although its acute biological effects have been widely investigated and are well known, its biological effects on human health and in cell cultures at low doses (<100 μg/L) due, for example, to Tl chronic exposure via consumption of contaminated water or foods, have often been overlooked or underestimated. Relatively few papers have been published on this topic and are herein reviewed to provide a focused scientific opinion in the light of current worldwide regulatory issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

8 pages, 2605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dyeing Performance of Disperse Dyes on Polyester Fabrics Using Eco-Friendly Carrier and Their Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities

by Alya M. Al-Etaibi and Morsy Ahmed El-Apasery

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(23), 4603; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234603 - 20 Nov 2019

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4328

Abstract

Both non eco- and eco-friendly carriers were utilized for accelerating the dyeing rate of polyethylene terephthalate fabrics (PET) dyed with disperse dyes at 100 °C. Fastness properties of the dyed fabrics showed good and excellent results. Finally, the prepared disperse dyes 1 and [...] Read more.

Both non eco- and eco-friendly carriers were utilized for accelerating the dyeing rate of polyethylene terephthalate fabrics (PET) dyed with disperse dyes at 100 °C. Fastness properties of the dyed fabrics showed good and excellent results. Finally, the prepared disperse dyes 1 and 2 showed potent anti-tumor cytotoxic activity in vitro using MCF-7 cells (human breast cancer cell line), HepG-2 cells (human Hepatocellular carcinoma), HCT-116 (colon carcinoma), A-549 cells (Lung carcinoma cell line), and anti-oxidant activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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16 pages, 3915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Human Health Risk (HHR) Evaluation of Nitrate in the Central-Western Guanzhong Basin, China

by Qiying Zhang, Panpan Xu and Hui Qian

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(21), 4246; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214246 - 1 Nov 2019

Cited by 89 | Viewed by 5141

Abstract

To investigate the quality of domestic groundwater and assess its risk to inhabitants of the Guanzhong Basin, China, 191 groundwater samples were collected to analyze major ions, nitrate, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), and electrical conductivity (EC). The physiochemical parameters, [...] Read more.

To investigate the quality of domestic groundwater and assess its risk to inhabitants of the Guanzhong Basin, China, 191 groundwater samples were collected to analyze major ions, nitrate, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), and electrical conductivity (EC). The physiochemical parameters, hydrochemical facies, and sources of major ions were analyzed using Durov diagrams, bivariate diagrams, and chloro-alkaline indices (CAI-I and CAI-II). The suitability of groundwater for drinking, the nitrate distribution, and human health risk (HHR) for different age groups were evaluated. The results showed that the relative abundance of cations in the groundwater samples was K⁺+Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺, while that of anions was HCO₃⁻ > SO₄²⁻ > Cl⁻ > NO₃⁻. Groundwater samples mainly contained HCO₃-Na and HCO₃-Ca, which were introduced mainly by rock weathering and ion exchange. The groundwater in the Guanzhong Basin contained mainly good and medium water, and the groundwater in the southern part of the Wei River was better than that north of the Wei River. Areas containing high nitrate concentrations were mainly located in the central and western parts of the Guanzhong Basin. The percentages of low risk (<45 mg/L), high risk (45–100 mg/L), and very high risk (>100 mg/L) of nitrate pollution in the study area were 90.58%, 8.9%, and 0.52%, respectively. The HHR assessment results indicated that people in the 6–12 month age group were more likely to suffer from health complications due to a higher nitrate concentration, followed by 6–11 years, 21–65 years, 18–21 years, ≥65 years, 11–16 years, and 16–18 years age groups, which was mainly due to the different exposure parameters. The results of this study will be useful in regional groundwater management and protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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19 pages, 2513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Analysis of Bifenox and Dichlobenil Toxicity in Selected Microorganisms and Human Cancer Cells

by Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć, Urszula Wydro, Lluis Serra-Majem, Elżbieta Wołejko and Andrzej Butarewicz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(21), 4137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214137 - 27 Oct 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3866

Abstract

Bifenox and Dichlobenil belong to the commonly used in Poland in agriculture group of herbicides and their residues are often detected in the environment. They are poorly known regarding their possible carcinogenic and antibacterial effect at the cellular level. Therefore, we decided to [...] Read more.

Bifenox and Dichlobenil belong to the commonly used in Poland in agriculture group of herbicides and their residues are often detected in the environment. They are poorly known regarding their possible carcinogenic and antibacterial effect at the cellular level. Therefore, we decided to study their activity in bacterial strains Aliivibrio fisheri, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans (yeast) and human cancer ZR-75-1 cells. Compounds under study exhibit stimulatory effect on analyzed bacterial strains. The study performed on mammalian cells better reflects the influence of environmental pollutants on human organism, therefore we evaluated the effect of herbicides on ZR-75-1 cells. Cells viability, apoptosis and selected oxidative stress parameters in ZR-75-1 cells were investigated. Both analyzed substances exhibit stimulatory effects on analyzed parameters, however they do not stimulate apoptosis which correlate positively with the induction of oxidative stress. Bifenox and Dichlobenil enhance oxidative stress parameters by the generation of high levels of ROS, which can lead to their adaptation and resistance to the standard treatment regimen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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11 pages, 328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association of Serum TNF-α Levels and Blood Multi-Elements Modified by TNF-α Gene Polymorphisms in Metal Industrial Workers

by Tzu-Hua Chen, Joh-Jong Huang, Wei-Shyang Kung, Su-Shin Lee, Hung-Yu Sun and Hung-Yi Chuang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(21), 4079; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214079 - 23 Oct 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3261

Abstract

Health of the metal industrial workers should be a noteworthy issue due to the hazard of chronic exposure to metals or toxic elements. The interactions among multiple elements are sophisticated and may differ from person to person. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [...] Read more.

Health of the metal industrial workers should be a noteworthy issue due to the hazard of chronic exposure to metals or toxic elements. The interactions among multiple elements are sophisticated and may differ from person to person. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene polymorphisms were supposed to be involved with the interactions because TNF-α plays an important role in inflammation, a mechanism by which toxic elements cause threats to human health. This research aimed to analyze the influence of TNF-α gene polymorphisms and multi-elements on serum TNF-α level. Blood multi-elements concentrations (lead, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, cobalt, copper, and zinc), serum TNF-α level, and TNF-α single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including −238G > A (rs361525), −308G > A (rs1800629), −857C > T (rs1799724), −863C > A (rs1800630), and −1031T > C (rs1799964), were measured in 462 metal industrial workers. We applied mixed-effect models to analyze the interactions among multi-elements and TNF-α SNPs. Blood concentration of all elements were positively associated with serum TNF-α level, and the effects may be modified by TNF-α gene polymorphisms. Our study revealed that TNF-α −308A/A and −1031C/C may be susceptible genotypes, and thus we suggest that those workers should take preventive measures against metal toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

9 pages, 1239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Forms and Health Risk of Cadmium in Water Spinach Grown in Contaminated Soil with An Increased Level of Phosphorus

by Chun-Ming Lam, Kuei-San Chen and Hung-Yu Lai

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(18), 3322; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183322 - 9 Sep 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2742

Abstract

(1) Background: Even in croplands with a low concentration of cadmium (Cd), there is still a risk for planting crops because of the high accumulation capacity of some leafy vegetables. (2) Methods: In this study, water spinach was planted in four main soil [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Even in croplands with a low concentration of cadmium (Cd), there is still a risk for planting crops because of the high accumulation capacity of some leafy vegetables. (2) Methods: In this study, water spinach was planted in four main soil series (Wa, Eh, Tk, and Yu) in central Taiwan, which were spiked with Cd. The soil available phosphorous content was increased to 10–17 mg/kg, and the accumulation and developed chemical forms of Cd were analyzed. (3) Results: The experimental results showed that addition of phosphorous to Wa and Eh promoted the growth of water spinach. Accumulation and upward translocation of Cd were also increased in the phosphorus treatment compared with the control. The addition of phosphorus increased the percentage of Cd compartmentalized in undissolved Cd phosphate, which revealed that the mobility and toxicity of Cd were reduced in the phosphorus treatment. However, most of the water spinach was not edible because the vegetable-induced hazard quotient, which was calculated using three methods, showed hazardous potential in general. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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14 pages, 3402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Exposure to SiO₂ Nanoparticles and Arsenic Induced Augmentation of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptosis in Human Cells

by Maqusood Ahamed, Mohd Javed Akhtar and Hisham A. Alhadlaq

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(17), 3199; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173199 - 1 Sep 2019

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 3928

Abstract

Widespread application of silica nanoparticles (nSiO₂) and ubiquitous metalloid arsenic (As) may increase their chances of co-exposure to human beings in daily life. Nonetheless, studies on combined effects of nSiO₂ and As in human cells are lacking. We investigated the [...] Read more.

Widespread application of silica nanoparticles (nSiO₂) and ubiquitous metalloid arsenic (As) may increase their chances of co-exposure to human beings in daily life. Nonetheless, studies on combined effects of nSiO₂ and As in human cells are lacking. We investigated the co-exposure effects of nSiO₂ and As in human liver (HepG2) and human fibroblast (HT1080) cells. Results showed that nSiO₂ did not cause cytotoxicity. However, exposure of As caused oxidative stress and apoptosis in both types of cells. Interesting results were that co-exposure of a non-cytotoxic concentration of nSiO₂ significantly augmented the As induced toxicity in both cells. Intracellular level of As was higher in the co-exposure group (nSiO₂ + As) than the As group alone, suggesting that nSiO₂ facilitates the cellular uptake of As. Co-exposure of nSiO₂ and As potentiated oxidative stress indicated by pro-oxidants generation (reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation) and antioxidants depletion (glutathione level, and glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities). In addition, co-exposure of nSiO₂ and As also potentiated mitochondria-mediated apoptosis suggested by increased expression of p53, bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 genes (pro-apoptotic) and decreased expression of bcl-2 gene (anti-apoptotic) along with depleted mitochondrial membrane potential. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing that co-exposure of nSiO₂ and As induced augmentation of oxidative stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in HepG2 and HT1080 cells. Hence, careful attention is required for human health assessment following combined exposure to nSiO₂ and As. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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9 pages, 419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk of Seizures in Patients with Organophosphate Poisoning: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

by Chieh-Sen Chuang, Kai-Wei Yang, Chia-Ming Yen, Cheng-Li Lin and Chia-Hung Kao

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(17), 3147; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173147 - 29 Aug 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4244

Abstract

Objective: Previous research has demonstrated that patients with a history of organophosphate poisoning tend to have a higher risk of neurological disorder. However, research on the rate of seizure development in patients after organophosphate poisoning is lacking. This study examined whether individuals with [...] Read more.

Objective: Previous research has demonstrated that patients with a history of organophosphate poisoning tend to have a higher risk of neurological disorder. However, research on the rate of seizure development in patients after organophosphate poisoning is lacking. This study examined whether individuals with organophosphate poisoning have an increased risk of seizures through several years of follow-up. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on a cohort of 45,060 individuals (9012 patients with a history of organophosphate poisoning and 36,048 controls) selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The individuals were observed for a maximum of 12 years to determine the rate of new-onset seizure disorder. We selected a comparison cohort from the general population that was randomly frequency-matched by age, sex, and index year and further analyzed the risk of seizures using a Cox regression model adjusted for sex, age, and comorbidities. Results: During the study period, the risk of seizure development was 3.57 times greater in patients with organophosphate poisoning compared with individuals without, after adjustments for age, sex, and comorbidities. The absolute incidence of seizures was highest in individuals aged 20 to 34 years in both cohorts (adjusted hazard ratio = 13.0, 95% confidence interval = 5.40−31.4). A significantly higher seizure risk was also observed in patients with organophosphate poisoning and comorbidities other than cirrhosis. Conclusions: This nationwide retrospective cohort study demonstrates that seizure risk is significantly increased in patients with organophosphate poisoning compared with the general population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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15 pages, 2263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxidative Stress Levels Induced by Mercury Exposure in Amazon Juvenile Populations in Brazil

by Leandro V.B. Carvalho, Sandra S. Hacon, Claudia M. Vega, Jucilene A. Vieira, Ariane L. Larentis, Rita C. O. C. Mattos, Daniel Valente, Isabele C. Costa-Amaral, Dennys S. Mourão, Gabriela P. Silva and Beatriz F. A. Oliveira

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(15), 2682; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152682 - 27 Jul 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4190

Abstract

Oxidative stress can be induced by mercury (Hg) exposure, including through fish consumption (diet), leading to health risks. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between oxidative stress biomarkers and dietary Hg exposure levels in riverine children and adolescents at [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress can be induced by mercury (Hg) exposure, including through fish consumption (diet), leading to health risks. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between oxidative stress biomarkers and dietary Hg exposure levels in riverine children and adolescents at Madeira River (RO/Brazil). Population from three riverine local communities presenting different fish consumption frequencies was sampled. Hg was determined in blood (ICP-MS) and glutathione (GSH); glutathione S-transferases (GST) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined in serum (spectrophotometry). Statistical analyses were performed using parametric and non-parametric tests. Multiple linear regression models and generalized additives models were also used to estimate the relationships between oxidative stress biomarkers and blood Hg. The juvenile riverine population from Cuniã RESEX presented the highest levels of oxidative stress and Hg levels in blood (GST = 27.2 (4.93) U/L, MDA = 1.69 (0.27) µmol/L, Hg = 20.6 (18.0) µg/L). This population also presented the highest frequency of fish consumption. The positive relation between Hg and GST and MDA, adjusted for individual characteristics, suggests an oxidative effect. This study shows the importance of oxidative stress biomarkers in the evaluation of dietary Hg exposure since initial and reversible metabolic changes were observed, enriching health risk assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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Review

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40 pages, 1194 KiB

Open AccessReview

Contact Allergy—Emerging Allergens and Public Health Impact

by Wolfgang Uter, Thomas Werfel, Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin and Ian R. White

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(7), 2404; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072404 - 1 Apr 2020

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 10031

Abstract

Contact allergy (sensitisation) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) resulting from it have a considerable public health impact. For the present review, all pertinent articles were systematically searched via Medline and Web of Science™; additionally, all available issues of the journals “Contact Dermatitis” and [...] Read more.

Contact allergy (sensitisation) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) resulting from it have a considerable public health impact. For the present review, all pertinent articles were systematically searched via Medline and Web of Science™; additionally, all available issues of the journals “Contact Dermatitis” and “Dermatitis” were manually searched, covering the years 2018–2019, thereby extending and re-focusing a previous similar review. New allergens, or previously described allergens found in a new exposure context or of other current importance, are described in sections according to substance classes, e.g., metals, preservatives, fragrances. As a common finding in many investigations, a lack of information on product composition has been noted, for instance, regarding a newly described allergen in canvas shoes (dimethylthiocarbamylbenzothiazole sulfide) and, most notably, absence of co-operation from manufacturers of glucose-monitoring devices and insulin pumps, respectively. These latter devices have been shown to cause severe ACD in a considerable number of diabetic patients caused by the liberation of isobornyl acrylate and N,N’-dimethylacrylamide, respectively, as demonstrated by an international collaboration between dermatologists and chemists. Improved and complete ingredient labelling for all types of products, and not just as we have with cosmetics at present (apart from full listing of fragrance substances) in Europe, must be put on the legislative agenda. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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17 pages, 1245 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ocular Cell Lines and Genotoxicity Assessment

by Eliana B. Souto, Joana R. Campos, Raquel Da Ana, Carlos Martins-Gomes, Amélia M. Silva, Selma B. Souto, Massimo Lucarini, Alessandra Durazzo and Antonello Santini

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(6), 2046; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062046 - 19 Mar 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4264

Abstract

Genotoxicity screening tests aim to evaluate if and to what extent a compound in contact with the human body (e.g., a drug molecule, a compound from the environment) interacts with DNA. The comet assay is a sensitive method used to predict the risk [...] Read more.

Genotoxicity screening tests aim to evaluate if and to what extent a compound in contact with the human body (e.g., a drug molecule, a compound from the environment) interacts with DNA. The comet assay is a sensitive method used to predict the risk of DNA damage in individual cells, as it quantifies the tape breaks, being the alkaline version (pH > 13) the most commonly used in the laboratory. Epithelial cells serve as biomatrices in genotoxicity assessments. As ca. 80% of solid cancers are of epithelial origin, the quantification of the DNA damage upon exposure of epithelial cells to a drug or drug formulation becomes relevant. Comet assays run in epithelial cells also have clinical applications in human biomonitoring, which assesses whether and to what extent is the human body exposed to environmental genotoxic compounds and how such exposure changes over time. Ocular mucosa is particularly exposed to environmental assaults. This review summarizes the published data on the genotoxicity assessment in estimating DNA damage in epithelial cells with a special focus on ocular cell lines. General comet assay procedures for ex vivo and in vivo epithelium samples are also described. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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21 pages, 810 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Nickel: Human Health and Environmental Toxicology

by Giuseppe Genchi, Alessia Carocci, Graziantonio Lauria, Maria Stefania Sinicropi and Alessia Catalano

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(3), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030679 - 21 Jan 2020

Cited by 861 | Viewed by 33059

Abstract

Nickel is a transition element extensively distributed in the environment, air, water, and soil. It may derive from natural sources and anthropogenic activity. Although nickel is ubiquitous in the environment, its functional role as a trace element for animals and human beings has [...] Read more.

Nickel is a transition element extensively distributed in the environment, air, water, and soil. It may derive from natural sources and anthropogenic activity. Although nickel is ubiquitous in the environment, its functional role as a trace element for animals and human beings has not been yet recognized. Environmental pollution from nickel may be due to industry, the use of liquid and solid fuels, as well as municipal and industrial waste. Nickel contact can cause a variety of side effects on human health, such as allergy, cardiovascular and kidney diseases, lung fibrosis, lung and nasal cancer. Although the molecular mechanisms of nickel-induced toxicity are not yet clear, mitochondrial dysfunctions and oxidative stress are thought to have a primary and crucial role in the toxicity of this metal. Recently, researchers, trying to characterize the capability of nickel to induce cancer, have found out that epigenetic alterations induced by nickel exposure can perturb the genome. The purpose of this review is to describe the chemical features of nickel in human beings and the mechanisms of its toxicity. Furthermore, the attention is focused on strategies to remove nickel from the environment, such as phytoremediation and phytomining. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

9 pages, 655 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Association Between Mycotoxin Exposure and Dietary Habits in Colorectal Cancer Development Among a Polish Population: A Study Protocol

by Katarzyna Eufemia Przybyłowicz, Tomasz Arłukowicz, Anna Danielewicz, Jakub Morze, Magdalena Gajęcka, Łukasz Zielonka, Bartosz Fotschki and Tomasz Sawicki

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(3), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030698 - 21 Jan 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2666

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and lethal types of cancer worldwide. The developing of this disease includes many factors such as genetic, socioeconomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, and nutrition habits. The aim of the study is the determination of [...] Read more.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and lethal types of cancer worldwide. The developing of this disease includes many factors such as genetic, socioeconomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, and nutrition habits. The aim of the study is the determination of zearalenone and its metabolite level in the biological samples of participants at risk of CRC, in relation to the nutrition data and information on the quality of life dependent on health. In the cohort clinical trial, 150 participants aged between 50 and 65 will be studied. The participants will be assigned into two groups depending on the colonoscopy result. Participants will be tested at dietary intake, quality of life, sleep time and quality, stress level as well as biochemical parameters of the blood. Moreover, in the biological samples, concentration of zearalenone and its metabolites (α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol) as well as the characteristics of gastrointestinal bacterial will be determined, and the end of the trial for both groups and their results will be compared. Taking into account the possible effect of mycotoxins and nutrition habits on the development of cancer, the results obtained may allow the formulation of new nutritional recommendations and reduce the development and occurrence of CRC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)

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