Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
8.1
4.9
Journals
IJMS
Special Issues
Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023
ijms-logo
Submit to IJMS Review for IJMS Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

► Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser
share announcement

Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 99079

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Wegrzyn

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
Interests: gene expression regulation; DNA replication; bacteriophages; plasmids; human genetic diseases; neurodegeneration
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Giulio Gabbiani

E-Mail
Guest Editor
MD, PhD, Professor, Molecular pathologist, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
Interests: fibrosis; myofibroblast; wound healing; connective tissue; fibromatoses
Prof. Dr. Melitta Schachner

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA
Interests: nervous system; cell adhesion molecules; development; synaptic function and plasticity; recovery after trauma; spinal cord injury; traumatic brain injury; neurodegenerative diseases; microglia; mitochondria
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue aims to collect high quality review papers in all the fields of Molecular Biology. We encourage researchers from related fields to contribute review papers highlighting the latest developments in Molecular Biology, or to invite relevant experts and colleagues to do so. Full length comprehensive reviews will be preferred.

Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Wegrzyn
Prof. Dr. Giulio Gabbiani
Prof. Dr. Melitta Schachner
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

 

Keywords

  • molecular biology
  • cell biology
  • signal transduction
  • macromolecules and complexes
  • gene expression
  • DNA structure, damage and repair
  • bioinformatics
  • imaging techniques

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (23 papers)

Download All Papers
Order results
Result details
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Review

45 pages, 2756 KiB  
Review
The Ins and Outs of Clusterin: Its Role in Cancer, Eye Diseases and Wound Healing
by Christelle Gross, Louis-Philippe Guérin, Bianca G. Socol, Lucie Germain and Sylvain L. Guérin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(17), 13182; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713182 - 24 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2632
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU) is a glycoprotein originally discovered in 1983 in ram testis fluid. Rapidly observed in other tissues, it was initially given various names based on its function in different tissues. In 1992, it was finally named CLU by consensus. Nearly omnipresent in [...] Read more.
Clusterin (CLU) is a glycoprotein originally discovered in 1983 in ram testis fluid. Rapidly observed in other tissues, it was initially given various names based on its function in different tissues. In 1992, it was finally named CLU by consensus. Nearly omnipresent in human tissues, CLU is strongly expressed at fluid–tissue interfaces, including in the eye and in particular the cornea. Recent research has identified different forms of CLU, with the most prominent being a 75–80 kDa heterodimeric protein that is secreted. Another truncated version of CLU (55 kDa) is localized to the nucleus and exerts pro-apoptotic activities. CLU has been reported to be involved in various physiological processes such as sperm maturation, lipid transportation, complement inhibition and chaperone activity. CLU was also reported to exert important functions in tissue remodeling, cell–cell adhesion, cell–substratum interaction, cytoprotection, apoptotic cell death, cell proliferation and migration. Hence, this protein is sparking interest in tissue wound healing. Moreover, CLU gene expression is finely regulated by cytokines, growth factors and stress-inducing agents, leading to abnormally elevated levels of CLU in many states of cellular disturbance, including cancer and neurodegenerative conditions. In the eye, CLU expression has been reported as being severely increased in several pathologies, such as age-related macular degeneration and Fuch’s corneal dystrophy, while it is depleted in others, such as pathologic keratinization. Nevertheless, the precise role of CLU in the development of ocular pathologies has yet to be deciphered. The question of whether CLU expression is influenced by these disorders or contributes to them remains open. In this article, we review the actual knowledge about CLU at both the protein and gene expression level in wound healing, and explore the possibility that CLU is a key factor in cancer and eye diseases. Understanding the expression and regulation of CLU could lead to the development of novel therapeutics for promoting wound healing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 2573 KiB  
Review
Changes in the Mitochondria in the Aging Process—Can α-Tocopherol Affect Them?
by Gaetana Napolitano, Gianluca Fasciolo, Maria Teresa Muscari Tomajoli and Paola Venditti
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(15), 12453; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512453 - 5 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2636
Abstract
Aerobic organisms use molecular oxygen in several reactions, including those in which the oxidation of substrate molecules is coupled to oxygen reduction to produce large amounts of metabolic energy. The utilization of oxygen is associated with the production of ROS, which can damage [...] Read more.
Aerobic organisms use molecular oxygen in several reactions, including those in which the oxidation of substrate molecules is coupled to oxygen reduction to produce large amounts of metabolic energy. The utilization of oxygen is associated with the production of ROS, which can damage biological macromolecules but also act as signaling molecules, regulating numerous cellular processes. Mitochondria are the cellular sites where most of the metabolic energy is produced and perform numerous physiological functions by acting as regulatory hubs of cellular metabolism. They retain the remnants of their bacterial ancestors, including an independent genome that encodes part of their protein equipment; they have an accurate quality control system; and control of cellular functions also depends on communication with the nucleus. During aging, mitochondria can undergo dysfunctions, some of which are mediated by ROS. In this review, after a description of how aging affects the mitochondrial quality and quality control system and the involvement of mitochondria in inflammation, we report information on how vitamin E, the main fat-soluble antioxidant, can protect mitochondria from age-related changes. The information in this regard is scarce and limited to some tissues and some aspects of mitochondrial alterations in aging. Improving knowledge of the effects of vitamin E on aging is essential to defining an optimal strategy for healthy aging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 2933 KiB  
Review
Endosome Traffic Modulates Pro-Inflammatory Signal Transduction in CD4+ T Cells—Implications for the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
by Joy S. Park and Andras Perl
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(13), 10749; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310749 - 28 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4577
Abstract
Endocytic recycling regulates the cell surface receptor composition of the plasma membrane. The surface expression levels of the T cell receptor (TCR), in concert with signal transducing co-receptors, regulate T cell responses, such as proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production. Altered TCR expression contributes [...] Read more.
Endocytic recycling regulates the cell surface receptor composition of the plasma membrane. The surface expression levels of the T cell receptor (TCR), in concert with signal transducing co-receptors, regulate T cell responses, such as proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production. Altered TCR expression contributes to pro-inflammatory skewing, which is a hallmark of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), defined by a reduced function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the expansion of CD4+ helper T (Th) cells. The ensuing secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-4, IL-17, IL-21, and IL-23, trigger autoantibody production and tissue infiltration by cells of the adaptive and innate immune system that induce organ damage. Endocytic recycling influences immunological synapse formation by CD4+ T lymphocytes, signal transduction from crosslinked surface receptors through recruitment of adaptor molecules, intracellular traffic of organelles, and the generation of metabolites to support growth, cytokine production, and epigenetic control of DNA replication and gene expression in the cell nucleus. This review will delineate checkpoints of endosome traffic that can be targeted for therapeutic interventions in autoimmune and other disease conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 2534 KiB  
Review
Naturally-Occurring Tyrosinase Inhibitors Classified by Enzyme Kinetics and Copper Chelation
by Hee-Do Kim, Hyunju Choi, Fukushi Abekura, Jun-Young Park, Woong-Suk Yang, Seung-Hoon Yang and Cheorl-Ho Kim
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(9), 8226; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098226 - 5 May 2023
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7171
Abstract
Currently, there are three major assaying methods used to validate in vitro whitening activity from natural products: methods using mushroom tyrosinase, human tyrosinase, and dopachrome tautomerase (or tyrosinase-related protein-2, TRP-2). Whitening agent development consists of two ways, melanin synthesis inhibition in melanocytes and [...] Read more.
Currently, there are three major assaying methods used to validate in vitro whitening activity from natural products: methods using mushroom tyrosinase, human tyrosinase, and dopachrome tautomerase (or tyrosinase-related protein-2, TRP-2). Whitening agent development consists of two ways, melanin synthesis inhibition in melanocytes and downregulation of melanocyte stimulation. For melanin levels, the melanocyte cell line has been used to examine melanin synthesis with the expression levels of TRP-1 and TRP-2. The proliferation of epidermal surfaced cells and melanocytes is stimulated by cellular signaling receptors, factors, or mediators including endothelin-1, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, nitric oxide, histamine, paired box 3, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, pyrimidine dimer, ceramide, stem cell factors, melanocortin-1 receptor, and cAMP. In addition, the promoter region of melanin synthetic genes including tyrosinase is upregulated by melanocyte-specific transcription factors. Thus, the inhibition of growth and melanin synthesis in gene expression levels represents a whitening research method that serves as an alternative to tyrosinase inhibition. Many researchers have recently presented the bioactivity-guided fractionation, discovery, purification, and identification of whitening agents. Melanogenesis inhibition can be obtained using three different methods: tyrosinase inhibition, copper chelation, and melanin-related protein downregulation. There are currently four different types of inhibitors characterized based on their enzyme inhibition mechanisms: competitive, uncompetitive, competitive/uncompetitive mixed-type, and noncompetitive inhibitors. Reversible inhibitor types act as suicide substrates, where traditional inhibitors are classified as inactivators and reversible inhibitors based on the molecule-recognizing properties of the enzyme. In a minor role, transcription factors can also be downregulated by inhibitors. Currently, the active site copper iron-binding inhibitors such as kojic acid and chalcone exhibit tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Because the tyrosinase catalysis site structure is important for the mechanism determination of tyrosinase inhibitors, understanding the enzyme recognition and inhibitory mechanism of inhibitors is essential for the new development of tyrosinase inhibitors. The present review intends to classify current natural products identified by means of enzyme kinetics and copper chelation to exhibit tyrosinase enzyme inhibition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 3955 KiB  
Review
Phafins Are More Than Phosphoinositide-Binding Proteins
by Tuoxian Tang, Mahmudul Hasan and Daniel G. S. Capelluto
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(9), 8096; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098096 - 30 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2115
Abstract
Phafins are PH (Pleckstrin Homology) and FYVE (Fab1, YOTB, Vac1, and EEA1) domain-containing proteins. The Phafin protein family is classified into two groups based on their sequence homology and functional similarity: Phafin1 and Phafin2. This protein family is unique because both the PH [...] Read more.
Phafins are PH (Pleckstrin Homology) and FYVE (Fab1, YOTB, Vac1, and EEA1) domain-containing proteins. The Phafin protein family is classified into two groups based on their sequence homology and functional similarity: Phafin1 and Phafin2. This protein family is unique because both the PH and FYVE domains bind to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PtdIns(3)P], a phosphoinositide primarily found in endosomal and lysosomal membranes. Phafin proteins act as PtdIns(3)P effectors in apoptosis, endocytic cargo trafficking, and autophagy. Additionally, Phafin2 is recruited to macropinocytic compartments through coincidence detection of PtdIns(3)P and PtdIns(4)P. Membrane-associated Phafins serve as adaptor proteins that recruit other binding partners. In addition to the phosphoinositide-binding domains, Phafin proteins present a poly aspartic acid motif that regulates membrane binding specificity. In this review, we summarize the involvement of Phafins in several cellular pathways and their potential physiological functions while highlighting the similarities and differences between Phafin1 and Phafin2. Besides, we discuss research perspectives for Phafins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2554 KiB  
Review
Biotechnologies in Perfume Manufacturing: Metabolic Engineering of Terpenoid Biosynthesis
by Alessia Shelby Manina and Fabio Forlani
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(9), 7874; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097874 - 26 Apr 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4999
Abstract
The fragrance industry is increasingly turning to biotechnology to produce sustainable and high-quality fragrance ingredients. Microbial-based approaches have been found to be particularly promising, as they offer a more practical, economical and sustainable alternative to plant-based biotechnological methods for producing terpene derivatives of [...] Read more.
The fragrance industry is increasingly turning to biotechnology to produce sustainable and high-quality fragrance ingredients. Microbial-based approaches have been found to be particularly promising, as they offer a more practical, economical and sustainable alternative to plant-based biotechnological methods for producing terpene derivatives of perfumery interest. Among the evaluated works, the heterologous expression of both terpene synthase and mevalonate pathway into Escherichia coli has shown the highest yields. Biotechnology solutions have the potential to help address the growing demand for sustainable and high-quality fragrance ingredients in an economically viable and responsible manner. These approaches can help compensate for supply issues of rare or impermanent raw materials, while also meeting the increasing demand for sustainable ingredients and processes. Although scaling up biotransformation processes can present challenges, they also offer advantages in terms of safety and energy savings. Exploring microbial cell factories for the production of natural fragrance compounds is a promising solution to both supply difficulties and the demand for sustainable ingredients and processes in the fragrance industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 5317 KiB  
Review
Proteomic Exploration of Paraoxonase 1 Function in Health and Disease
by Hieronim Jakubowski
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(9), 7764; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097764 - 24 Apr 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2528
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) exhibits cardio- and neuro-protective properties, which are thought to be promoted by paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a hydrolytic enzyme associated with an HDL subfraction also enriched with an anticoagulant protein (PROS1) and amyloid beta-transport protein clusterin (CLU, APOJ). Reduced levels of [...] Read more.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) exhibits cardio- and neuro-protective properties, which are thought to be promoted by paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a hydrolytic enzyme associated with an HDL subfraction also enriched with an anticoagulant protein (PROS1) and amyloid beta-transport protein clusterin (CLU, APOJ). Reduced levels of PON1 activity, characterized biochemically by elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcy)-thiolactone, oxidized lipids, and proteins modified by these metabolites in humans and mice, are associated with pathological abnormalities affecting the cardiovascular system (atherothrombosis) and the central nervous system (cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease). The molecular bases of these abnormalities have been largely unknown. Proteomic and metabolic studies over the past decade have significantly contributed to our understanding of PON1 function and the mechanisms by which PON1 deficiency can lead to disease. Recent studies discussed in this review highlight the involvement of dysregulated proteostasis in the pro-oxidative, pro-atherothrombotic, and pro-amyloidogenic phenotypes associated with low PON1 activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1065 KiB  
Review
Construction of Bone Hypoxic Microenvironment Based on Bone-on-a-Chip Platforms
by Chen Li, Rong Zhao, Hui Yang and Li Ren
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(8), 6999; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24086999 - 10 Apr 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2515
Abstract
The normal physiological activities and functions of bone cells cannot be separated from the balance of the oxygenation level, and the physiological activities of bone cells are different under different oxygenation levels. At present, in vitro cell cultures are generally performed in a [...] Read more.
The normal physiological activities and functions of bone cells cannot be separated from the balance of the oxygenation level, and the physiological activities of bone cells are different under different oxygenation levels. At present, in vitro cell cultures are generally performed in a normoxic environment, and the partial pressure of oxygen of a conventional incubator is generally set at 141 mmHg (18.6%, close to the 20.1% oxygen in ambient air). This value is higher than the mean value of the oxygen partial pressure in human bone tissue. Additionally, the further away from the endosteal sinusoids, the lower the oxygen content. It follows that the construction of a hypoxic microenvironment is the key point of in vitro experimental investigation. However, current methods of cellular research cannot realize precise control of oxygenation levels at the microscale, and the development of microfluidic platforms can overcome the inherent limitations of these methods. In addition to discussing the characteristics of the hypoxic microenvironment in bone tissue, this review will discuss various methods of constructing oxygen gradients in vitro and measuring oxygen tension from the microscale based on microfluidic technology. This integration of advantages and disadvantages to perfect the experimental study will help us to study the physiological responses of cells under more physiological-relevant conditions and provide a new strategy for future research on various in vitro cell biomedicines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3167 KiB  
Review
Circadian Oscillations in Skin and Their Interconnection with the Cycle of Life
by Andrew Salazar and Jörg von Hagen
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(6), 5635; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065635 - 15 Mar 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3312
Abstract
Periodically oscillating biological processes, such as circadian rhythms, are carefully concerted events that are only beginning to be understood in the context of tissue pathology and organismal health, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions. Recent reports indicate that light can [...] Read more.
Periodically oscillating biological processes, such as circadian rhythms, are carefully concerted events that are only beginning to be understood in the context of tissue pathology and organismal health, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions. Recent reports indicate that light can independently entrain peripheral circadian clocks, challenging the currently prevalent hierarchical model. Despite the recent progress that has been made, a comprehensive overview of these periodic processes in skin is lacking in the literature. In this review, molecular circadian clock machinery and the factors that govern it have been highlighted. Circadian rhythm is closely linked to immunological processes and skin homeostasis, and its desynchrony can be linked to the perturbation of the skin. The interplay between circadian rhythm and annual, seasonal oscillations, as well as the impact of these periodic events on the skin, is described. Finally, the changes that occur in the skin over a lifespan are presented. This work encourages further research into the oscillating biological processes occurring in the skin and lays the foundation for future strategies to combat the adverse effects of desynchrony, which would likely have implications in other tissues influenced by periodic oscillatory processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1118 KiB  
Review
Using Small Non-Coding RNAs in Extracellular Vesicles of Semen as Biomarkers of Male Reproductive System Health: Opportunities and Challenges
by Sara Larriba, Francesc Vigués and Lluís Bassas
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(6), 5447; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065447 - 13 Mar 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1974
Abstract
Reproductive dysfunction and urogenital malignancies represent a serious health concern in men. This is in part as a result of the absence of reliable non-invasive tests of diagnosis/prognosis. Optimizing diagnosis and predicting the patient’s prognosis will affect the choice of the most appropriate [...] Read more.
Reproductive dysfunction and urogenital malignancies represent a serious health concern in men. This is in part as a result of the absence of reliable non-invasive tests of diagnosis/prognosis. Optimizing diagnosis and predicting the patient’s prognosis will affect the choice of the most appropriate treatment and therefore increase the chances of success and the result of therapy, that is, it will lead to a more personalized treatment of the patient. This review aims firstly to critically summarize the current knowledge of the reproductive roles played by extracellular vesicle small RNA components, which are typically altered in diseases affecting the male reproductive tract. Secondly, it aims to describe the use of semen extracellular vesicles as a non-invasive source of sncRNA-based biomarkers for urogenital diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1059 KiB  
Review
Fer and FerT: A New Regulatory Link between Sperm and Cancer Cells
by Uri Nir, Elina Grinshtain and Haim Breitbart
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(6), 5256; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065256 - 9 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1809
Abstract
Fer and its sperm and cancer specific variant, FerT, are non-receptor tyrosine kinases which play roles in cancer progression and metastasis. Recent studies have shed light on the regulatory role of these kinases in ensuring proper sperm function. Comparison of the regulatory cascades [...] Read more.
Fer and its sperm and cancer specific variant, FerT, are non-receptor tyrosine kinases which play roles in cancer progression and metastasis. Recent studies have shed light on the regulatory role of these kinases in ensuring proper sperm function. Comparison of the regulatory cascades in which Fer and FerT are engaged in sperm and cancer cells presents an interesting picture, in which similar regulatory interactions of these enzymes are integrated in a similar or different regulatory context in the two cell types. These diverse compositions extend from the involvement of Fer in modulation of actin cytoskeleton integrity and function, to the unique regulatory interactions of Fer with PARP-1 and the PP1 phosphatase. Furthermore, recent findings link the metabolic regulatory roles of Fer and FerT in sperm and cancer cells. In the current review, we discuss the above detailed aspects, which portray Fer and FerT as new regulatory links between sperm and malignant cells. This perspective view can endow us with new analytical and research tools that will deepen our understanding of the regulatory trajectories and networks that govern these two multi-layered systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1579 KiB  
Review
Role of Cytochrome P450 Enzyme in Plant Microorganisms’ Communication: A Focus on Grapevine
by Daniela Minerdi, Stefania Savoi and Paolo Sabbatini
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(5), 4695; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054695 - 28 Feb 2023
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4319
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 are ancient enzymes diffused in organisms belonging to all kingdoms of life, including viruses, with the largest number of P450 genes found in plants. The functional characterization of cytochromes P450 has been extensively investigated in mammals, where these enzymes are involved [...] Read more.
Cytochromes P450 are ancient enzymes diffused in organisms belonging to all kingdoms of life, including viruses, with the largest number of P450 genes found in plants. The functional characterization of cytochromes P450 has been extensively investigated in mammals, where these enzymes are involved in the metabolism of drugs and in the detoxification of pollutants and toxic chemicals. The aim of this work is to present an overview of the often disregarded role of the cytochrome P450 enzymes in mediating the interaction between plants and microorganisms. Quite recently, several research groups have started to investigate the role of P450 enzymes in the interactions between plants and (micro)organisms, focusing on the holobiont Vitis vinifera. Grapevines live in close association with large numbers of microorganisms and interact with each other, regulating several vine physiological functions, from biotic and abiotic stress tolerance to fruit quality at harvest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2190 KiB  
Review
From Muscle to the Myofascial Unit: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives
by Antonio Stecco, Federico Giordani, Caterina Fede, Carmelo Pirri, Raffaele De Caro and Carla Stecco
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(5), 4527; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054527 - 24 Feb 2023
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7102
Abstract
The “motor unit” or the “muscle” has long been considered the quantal element in the control of movement. However, in recent years new research has proved the strong interaction between muscle fibers and intramuscular connective tissue, and between muscles and fasciae, suggesting that [...] Read more.
The “motor unit” or the “muscle” has long been considered the quantal element in the control of movement. However, in recent years new research has proved the strong interaction between muscle fibers and intramuscular connective tissue, and between muscles and fasciae, suggesting that the muscles can no longer be considered the only elements that organize movement. In addition, innervation and vascularization of muscle is strongly connected with intramuscular connective tissue. This awareness induced Luigi Stecco, in 2002, to create a new term, the “myofascial unit”, to describe the bilateral dependent relationship, both anatomical and functional, that occurs between fascia, muscle and accessory elements. The aim of this narrative review is to understand the scientific support for this new term, and whether it is actually correct to consider the myofascial unit the physiological basic element for peripheral motor control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 2757 KiB  
Review
Protein Phosphorylation Alterations in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1: A Systematic Review
by Adriana Costa, Ana C. Cruz, Filipa Martins and Sandra Rebelo
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(4), 3091; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043091 - 4 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2754
Abstract
Among the most common muscular dystrophies in adults is Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1), an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by myotonia, muscle wasting and weakness, and multisystemic dysfunctions. This disorder is caused by an abnormal expansion of the CTG triplet at the DMPK [...] Read more.
Among the most common muscular dystrophies in adults is Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1), an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by myotonia, muscle wasting and weakness, and multisystemic dysfunctions. This disorder is caused by an abnormal expansion of the CTG triplet at the DMPK gene that, when transcribed to expanded mRNA, can lead to RNA toxic gain of function, alternative splicing impairments, and dysfunction of different signaling pathways, many regulated by protein phosphorylation. In order to deeply characterize the protein phosphorylation alterations in DM1, a systematic review was conducted through PubMed and Web of Science databases. From a total of 962 articles screened, 41 were included for qualitative analysis, where we retrieved information about total and phosphorylated levels of protein kinases, protein phosphatases, and phosphoproteins in DM1 human samples and animal and cell models. Twenty-nine kinases, 3 phosphatases, and 17 phosphoproteins were reported altered in DM1. Signaling pathways that regulate cell functions such as glucose metabolism, cell cycle, myogenesis, and apoptosis were impaired, as seen by significant alterations to pathways such as AKT/mTOR, MEK/ERK, PKC/CUGBP1, AMPK, and others in DM1 samples. This explains the complexity of DM1 and its different manifestations and symptoms, such as increased insulin resistance and cancer risk. Further studies can be done to complement and explore in detail specific pathways and how their regulation is altered in DM1, to find what key phosphorylation alterations are responsible for these manifestations, and ultimately to find therapeutic targets for future treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1132 KiB  
Review
Circulating Microbial Cell-Free DNA in Health and Disease
by Bernadeta Pietrzak, Iwona Kawacka, Agnieszka Olejnik-Schmidt and Marcin Schmidt
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3051; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033051 - 3 Feb 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3957
Abstract
Human blood contains low biomass of circulating microbial cell-free DNA (cfmDNA) that predominantly originates from bacteria. Numerous studies have detected circulating cfmDNA in patients with infectious and non-infectious diseases, and in healthy individuals. Remarkable differences were found in the microbial composition of healthy [...] Read more.
Human blood contains low biomass of circulating microbial cell-free DNA (cfmDNA) that predominantly originates from bacteria. Numerous studies have detected circulating cfmDNA in patients with infectious and non-infectious diseases, and in healthy individuals. Remarkable differences were found in the microbial composition of healthy subjects and patients compared to cohorts with various diseases or even patients with diversified prognoses, implying that these alterations may be associated with disease development. Although the function of circulating cfmDNA needs to be elucidated (whether it acts as a bystander of dysbiosis or a key player in disease development), several studies have demonstrated its potential as a non-invasive biomarker that may improve diagnosis and treatment efficacy. The origin of circulating cfmDNA is still the subject of much deliberation, but studies have identified members of various microbiome niches, including the gut, oral cavity, airways, and skin. Further studies investigating the origin and function of circulating cfmDNA are needed. Moreover, low-biomass microbiome studies are prone to contamination, therefore stringent negative experimental control reactions and decontamination frameworks are advised in order to detect genuine circulating cfmDNA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2013 KiB  
Review
Fascia Layer—A Novel Target for the Application of Biomaterials in Skin Wound Healing
by Haifeng Ye and Yuval Rinkevich
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 2936; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032936 - 2 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 8064
Abstract
As the first barrier of the human body, the skin has been of great concern for its wound healing and regeneration. The healing of large, refractory wounds is difficult to be repaired by cell proliferation at the wound edges and usually requires manual [...] Read more.
As the first barrier of the human body, the skin has been of great concern for its wound healing and regeneration. The healing of large, refractory wounds is difficult to be repaired by cell proliferation at the wound edges and usually requires manual intervention for treatment. Therefore, therapeutic tools such as stem cells, biomaterials, and cytokines have been applied to the treatment of skin wounds. Skin microenvironment modulation is a key technology to promote wound repair and skin regeneration. In recent years, a series of novel bioactive materials that modulate the microenvironment and cell behavior have been developed, showing the ability to efficiently facilitate wound repair and skin attachment regeneration. Meanwhile, our lab found that the fascial layer has an indispensable role in wound healing and repair, and this review summarizes the research progress of related bioactive materials and their role in wound healing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1515 KiB  
Review
Cannabinoids in the Modulation of Oxidative Signaling
by Cristina Pagano, Beatrice Savarese, Laura Coppola, Giovanna Navarra, Giorgio Avilia, Chiara Laezza and Maurizio Bifulco
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 2513; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032513 - 28 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5196
Abstract
Cannabis sativa-derived compounds, such as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), and components of the endocannabinoids system, such as N-arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), are extensively studied to investigate their numerous biological effects, including powerful antioxidant effects. Indeed, a series of recent studies [...] Read more.
Cannabis sativa-derived compounds, such as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), and components of the endocannabinoids system, such as N-arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), are extensively studied to investigate their numerous biological effects, including powerful antioxidant effects. Indeed, a series of recent studies have indicated that many disorders are characterized by alterations in the intracellular antioxidant system, which lead to biological macromolecule damage. These pathological conditions are characterized by an unbalanced, and most often increased, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. For this study, it was of interest to investigate and recapitulate the antioxidant properties of these natural compounds, for the most part CBD and THC, on the production of ROS and the modulation of the intracellular redox state, with an emphasis on their use in various pathological conditions in which the reduction of ROS can be clinically useful, such as neurodegenerative disorders, inflammatory conditions, autoimmunity, and cancers. The further development of ROS-based fundamental research focused on cannabis sativa-derived compounds could be beneficial for future clinical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 820 KiB  
Review
Methyl Donors, Epigenetic Alterations, and Brain Health: Understanding the Connection
by Rola A. Bekdash
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 2346; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032346 - 25 Jan 2023
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3580
Abstract
Methyl donors such as choline, betaine, folic acid, methionine, and vitamins B6 and B12 are critical players in the one-carbon metabolism and have neuroprotective functions. The one-carbon metabolism comprises a series of interconnected chemical pathways that are important for normal cellular functions. Among [...] Read more.
Methyl donors such as choline, betaine, folic acid, methionine, and vitamins B6 and B12 are critical players in the one-carbon metabolism and have neuroprotective functions. The one-carbon metabolism comprises a series of interconnected chemical pathways that are important for normal cellular functions. Among these pathways are those of the methionine and folate cycles, which contribute to the formation of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). SAM is the universal methyl donor of methylation reactions such as histone and DNA methylation, two epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gene expression and play roles in human health and disease. Epigenetic mechanisms have been considered a bridge between the effects of environmental factors, such as nutrition, and phenotype. Studies in human and animal models have indicated the importance of the optimal levels of methyl donors on brain health and behavior across the lifespan. Imbalances in the levels of these micronutrients during critical periods of brain development have been linked to epigenetic alterations in the expression of genes that regulate normal brain function. We present studies that support the link between imbalances in the levels of methyl donors, epigenetic alterations, and stress-related disorders. Appropriate levels of these micronutrients should then be monitored at all stages of development for a healthier brain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 678 KiB  
Review
The Immune Response to Nematode Infection
by Michael Stear, Sarah Preston, David Piedrafita and Katarzyna Donskow-Łysoniewska
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 2283; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032283 - 23 Jan 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3709
Abstract
Nematode infection is a major threat to the health of humans, domestic animals and wildlife. Nematodes vary in their effect on the host and in the mechanisms underlying immunity but the general features are becoming clear. There is considerable variation among individuals in [...] Read more.
Nematode infection is a major threat to the health of humans, domestic animals and wildlife. Nematodes vary in their effect on the host and in the mechanisms underlying immunity but the general features are becoming clear. There is considerable variation among individuals in resistance to infection and much of this variation is due to genetic variation in the immune response. The major histocompatibility complex has a strong influence on resistance to infection but other genes are collectively more important. Resistant individuals produce more IgA, eosinophils, IgE and mast cells than susceptible individuals and this is a consequence of stronger type 2 (Th2) immune responses. A variety of factors promote Th2 responses including genetic background, diet, molecules produced by the parasite and the location of the infection. A variety of cells and molecules including proteins, glycolipids and RNA act in concert to promote responses and to regulate the response. Nematodes themselves also modulate the host response and over 20 parasite-derived immunomodulatory molecules have been identified. Different species of nematodes modulate the immune response in different ways and probably use multiple molecules. The reasons for this are unclear and the interactions among immunomodulators have still to be investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1166 KiB  
Review
Roles of Estrogen, Estrogen Receptors, and Estrogen-Related Receptors in Skeletal Muscle: Regulation of Mitochondrial Function
by Kenta Yoh, Kazuhiro Ikeda, Kuniko Horie and Satoshi Inoue
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 1853; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031853 - 17 Jan 2023
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 11027
Abstract
Estrogen is an essential sex steroid hormone that functions primarily in female reproductive system, as well as in a variety of tissues and organs with pleiotropic effects, such as in cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and musculoskeletal systems. Women with low estrogen, as exemplified by [...] Read more.
Estrogen is an essential sex steroid hormone that functions primarily in female reproductive system, as well as in a variety of tissues and organs with pleiotropic effects, such as in cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and musculoskeletal systems. Women with low estrogen, as exemplified by those in postmenopause, are therefore prone to suffer from various disorders, i.e., cardiovascular disease, dementia, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, frailty, and so on. Estrogen regulates the expression of its target genes by binding to its cognate receptors, estrogen receptors (ERs) α and β. Notably, the estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) α, β, and γ are originally identified as orphan receptors that share substantial structural homology and common transcriptional targets with ERs. Accumulating evidence suggests that ERs and ERRs play crucial roles in skeletal muscles, such as muscle mass maintenance, muscle exercise physiology, and muscle regeneration. In this article, we review potential regulatory roles of ERs and ERRs in muscle physiology, particularly with regard to mitochondrial function and metabolism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1938 KiB  
Review
Pressure Tuning Studies of Four-Stranded Nucleic Acid Structures
by László Smeller
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(2), 1803; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021803 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2235
Abstract
Four-stranded folded structures, such as G-quadruplexes and i-motifs in the genome, have attracted a growing interest nowadays since they have been discovered in the telomere and in several oncogene promoter regions. Their biological relevance is undeniable since their existence in living cells has [...] Read more.
Four-stranded folded structures, such as G-quadruplexes and i-motifs in the genome, have attracted a growing interest nowadays since they have been discovered in the telomere and in several oncogene promoter regions. Their biological relevance is undeniable since their existence in living cells has been observed. In vivo they take part in the regulation of gene expression, in vitro they are used in the analytical biochemistry. They are attractive and promising targets for cancer therapy. Pressure studies can reveal specific aspects of the molecular processes. Pressure tuning experiments allow the determination of the volumetric parameters of the folded structures and of the folding–unfolding processes. Here, we review the thermodynamic parameters with a special focus on the volumetric ones, which were determined using pressure tuning spectroscopic experiments on the G-quadruplex and i-motif nucleic acid forms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

32 pages, 6619 KiB  
Review
Structural and Functional RNA Motifs of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus as a Target of Viral Inhibitors
by Izabela Szczesniak, Agnieszka Baliga-Gil, Aleksandra Jarmolowicz, Marta Soszynska-Jozwiak and Elzbieta Kierzek
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(2), 1232; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021232 - 8 Jan 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4787
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas the influenza A virus (IAV) causes seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. Both viruses lead to widespread infection and death. SARS-CoV-2 and the influenza virus are RNA viruses. The SARS-CoV-2 [...] Read more.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas the influenza A virus (IAV) causes seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. Both viruses lead to widespread infection and death. SARS-CoV-2 and the influenza virus are RNA viruses. The SARS-CoV-2 genome is an approximately 30 kb, positive sense, 5′ capped single-stranded RNA molecule. The influenza A virus genome possesses eight single-stranded negative-sense segments. The RNA secondary structure in the untranslated and coding regions is crucial in the viral replication cycle. The secondary structure within the RNA of SARS-CoV-2 and the influenza virus has been intensively studied. Because the whole of the SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus replication cycles are dependent on RNA with no DNA intermediate, the RNA is a natural and promising target for the development of inhibitors. There are a lot of RNA-targeting strategies for regulating pathogenic RNA, such as small interfering RNA for RNA interference, antisense oligonucleotides, catalytic nucleic acids, and small molecules. In this review, we summarized the knowledge about the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus propagation by targeting their RNA secondary structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1427 KiB  
Review
Posttranscriptional Regulation of the Plasminogen Activation System by Non-Coding RNA in Cancer
by Mariaevelina Alfieri, Luigia Meo and Pia Ragno
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(2), 962; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24020962 - 4 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1851
Abstract
Various species of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) may act as functional molecules regulating diverse biological processes. In cancer cell biology, ncRNAs include RNAs that regulate the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes through various mechanisms. The urokinase (uPA)-mediated plasminogen activation system (PAS) includes [...] Read more.
Various species of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) may act as functional molecules regulating diverse biological processes. In cancer cell biology, ncRNAs include RNAs that regulate the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes through various mechanisms. The urokinase (uPA)-mediated plasminogen activation system (PAS) includes uPA, its inhibitors PAI-1 and PAI-2 and its specific cellular receptor uPAR; their increased expression represents a negative prognostic factor in several cancers. Here, we will briefly describe the main uPA-mediated PAS components and ncRNA species; then, we will review more recent evidence of the roles that ncRNAs may play in regulating the expression and functions of uPA-mediated PAS components in cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-23
Back to TopTop