Life | Special Issue : Trends in Microbiology 2024

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17 pages, 1737 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Cholesterol Uptake by the Microflora of Selected Kefir Starter Cultures

by Małgorzata Ziarno, Dorota Zaręba, Iwona Ścibisz and Mariola Kozłowska

Life 2024, 14(11), 1464; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111464 - 12 Nov 2024

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Abstract

Kefir, a fermented milk beverage, is recognized for its potential health benefits, including its cholesterol-lowering properties. This study demonstrated that selected kefir starter cultures, including Lactococcus strains and yeasts, significantly reduce cholesterol-binding capacity under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, underscoring the challenges of probiotic delivery. [...] Read more.

Kefir, a fermented milk beverage, is recognized for its potential health benefits, including its cholesterol-lowering properties. This study demonstrated that selected kefir starter cultures, including Lactococcus strains and yeasts, significantly reduce cholesterol-binding capacity under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, underscoring the challenges of probiotic delivery. We compared the performance of these cultures under laboratory conditions (growth broths) and simulated digestive juice models. Lactococcus strains showed significant differences in cholesterol binding between the two environments, highlighting the limitations of relying solely on laboratory testing. Yeast cultures also exhibited greater cholesterol binding in their native broths, but their survival was limited in digestive models. Our findings suggest that effective probiotic formulations should prioritize strains with high cholesterol-binding capacity and robust survival rates throughout the digestive tract. This study provides valuable insights for future research on the mechanisms behind these functionalities and the potential of kefir yeast strains for use in human digestive models. Our results can be used to inform the development of improved probiotic formulations for cholesterol management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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15 pages, 2327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Novel Species of Potassium-Dissolving Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria Isolated from In-Dyked Alluvial Upland Soil for Maize Cultivation

by Le Thi My Thu, Ly Ngoc Thanh Xuan, Tran Chi Nhan, Le Thanh Quang, Nguyen Duc Trong, Vo Minh Thuan, Tran Trong Khoi Nguyen, Phan Chi Nguyen, Le Vinh Thuc and Nguyen Quoc Khuong

Life 2024, 14(11), 1461; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111461 - 12 Nov 2024

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Abstract

Potassium (K) is immobilized within the clay minerals, making it unavailable for plant use. Therefore, the current study aimed to (i) select isolates of purple nonsulfur bacteria that can dissolve K (K-PNSB) and (ii) evaluate the production of plant-growth-promoting substances by the K-PNSB [...] Read more.

Potassium (K) is immobilized within the clay minerals, making it unavailable for plant use. Therefore, the current study aimed to (i) select isolates of purple nonsulfur bacteria that can dissolve K (K-PNSB) and (ii) evaluate the production of plant-growth-promoting substances by the K-PNSB isolates. The results revealed that from in-dyked alluvial soils in hybrid maize fields, 61 K-PNSB isolates were obtained under the pH 5.50 conditions. The total dissolved K content (K_dis) by the 61 K-PNSB isolates fluctuated from 56.2 to 98.6 mg L⁻¹. Therein, three isolates, including M-Sl-09, M-So-11, and M-So-14 had K_dis of 48.1–48.8 mg L⁻¹ under aerobic dark condition (ADC) and 47.6–49.7 mg L⁻¹ under microaerobic light condition (MLC). Moreover, these three isolates can also fix nitrogen (19.1–21.5 mg L⁻¹ and 2.64–7.24 mg L⁻¹), solubilize Ca-P (44.3–46.8 mg L⁻¹ and 0.737–6.965 mg L⁻¹), produce indole-3-acetic acid (5.34–7.13 and 2.40–3.23 mg L⁻¹), 5-aminolevulinic acid (1.85–2.39 and 1.53–2.47 mg L⁻¹), siderophores (1.06–1.52 and 0.92–1.26 mg L⁻¹), and exopolymeric substances (18.1–18.8 and 52.0–56.0%), respectively, under ADC and MLC. The bacteria were identified according to their 16S rDNA as Cereibacter sphaeroides M-Sl-09, Rhodopseudomonas thermotolerans M-So-11, and Rhodospeudomonas palustris M-So-14. These potential bacteria should be further investigated as a plant-growth-promoting biofertilizer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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13 pages, 1419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated among COVID-19 Patients in Brazil Typed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

by Paula Araujo de Souza, Milena Cristina Silva dos Santos, Rebeca Vitória da Silva Lage de Miranda, Luciana Veloso da Costa, Raphael Paiva Paschoal da Silva, Catia Aparecida Chaia de Miranda, Ana Paula Roque da Silva, Stephen James Forsythe, Maria Helena Simões Villas Bôas and Marcelo Luiz Lima Brandão

Life 2024, 14(9), 1079; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091079 - 29 Aug 2024

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Abstract

This study aimed to characterize Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from hospitalized patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was achieved using phenotypic and molecular techniques, including their antimicrobial resistance profile and biofilm formation. Eighteen strains were isolated from a hospital in Rio de Janeiro, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to characterize Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from hospitalized patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was achieved using phenotypic and molecular techniques, including their antimicrobial resistance profile and biofilm formation. Eighteen strains were isolated from a hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and identified by VITEK^®2, MALDI-TOF/MS (VITEK MS^® and MALDI Biotyper^®), and 16S rRNA sequencing. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and biofilm formation and disinfectant tolerance tests were applied to evaluate the virulence characteristics of the strains. VITEK^®2 (≥99%), VITEK MS^® (≥82.7%), and MALDI Biotyper^® (score ≥ 2.01) accurately identified the P. aeruginosa strains, but 16S rRNA sequencing did not differentiate the species P. aeruginosa from P. paraeruginosa. FTIR typing identified three different clusters, but no correlation between the phenotypical or antimicrobial susceptibility testing patterns was found. Most strains exhibited resistance to various antimicrobials. The exceptions were sensitivity to amikacin and norfloxacin, and consequently, these could be considered potential treatment options. Most strains (n = 15, 83.3%) produced biofilms on polystyrene. Sodium hypochlorite treatment (0.5%/15 min) was shown to be the most effective disinfectant for biofilm elimination. P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and tolerance to disinfectants demonstrate the need for effective cleaning protocols to eliminate contamination by this organism in the hospital environment and medical equipment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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18 pages, 3236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth Characteristics of a Desmodesmus Species from the San Antonio Springs and Its Short-Term Impact on Soil Microbial Dynamics

by Lauren K. Bomer and Betsy D. Leverett

Life 2024, 14(9), 1053; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091053 - 23 Aug 2024

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Abstract

A new Desmodesmus species was isolated from the largest of the San Antonio Springs, the Blue Hole, in San Antonio, Texas, and characterized for its potential applications in sustainable agriculture. The xenic isolate (XB) was established by enrichment and subcultured to [...] Read more.

A new Desmodesmus species was isolated from the largest of the San Antonio Springs, the Blue Hole, in San Antonio, Texas, and characterized for its potential applications in sustainable agriculture. The xenic isolate (XB) was established by enrichment and subcultured to produce the axenic isolate (AxB), which was identified based on morphological features and DNA profiling, confirming its close phylogenetic relationship with Desmodesmus spp. Growth characteristics, biomass composition, and pigment profiles were assessed for both the xenic and axenic isolates along with their growth in saline conditions and a range of seasonal Texas temperatures. Both Desmodesmus XB and Desmodesmus AxB exhibited optimal growth at 25 °C as well as robust growth at 37 °C and in weakly saline media (5 g/kg NaCl). Biomass analysis revealed levels of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, chlorophylls, and carotenoids comparable to other desmids and pigment profiles supported the Desmodesmus classification. Soil studies demonstrated the persistence of Desmodesmus XB and influence on microbial activity, indicating the potential of this isolate for agricultural applications such as soil remediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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27 pages, 10895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Case Series and Literature Review of Alveolar Echinococcosis in Kashmir, India: An Emerging Endemic Zone for Echinococcus multilocularis

by Mohammad Sultan Khuroo, Naira Sultan Khuroo and Ajaz Ahmad Rather

Life 2024, 14(7), 794; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070794 - 24 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1298

Abstract

A prospective study on 110 patients with echinococcosis at Dr. Khuroo’s Medical Clinic, Srinagar, Kashmir, India, from March 2019 to April 2024 identified 12 cases (4 males, 8 females; mean age of 46.58 ± 11.97 years) of Alveolar echinococcosis (AE). Two patients were [...] Read more.

A prospective study on 110 patients with echinococcosis at Dr. Khuroo’s Medical Clinic, Srinagar, Kashmir, India, from March 2019 to April 2024 identified 12 cases (4 males, 8 females; mean age of 46.58 ± 11.97 years) of Alveolar echinococcosis (AE). Two patients were detected through ultrasound examinations carried out for unrelated causes; one presented with features of liver abscess, and nine had pain in the right upper quadrant for a mean period of 2.2 ± 1.79 years. All had the liver as the primary organ involved, with 15 tumor masses of a mean maximum diameter of 9.22 ± 3.21 cm and volume of 426 ± 374.61 cm³. Tumors placed centrally had invaded vessels and the biliary tract in eight patients, and those placed peripherally had invaded the liver capsule and adjacent organs in nine patients. Histologic examination of liver biopsies or resected organs revealed necrotic lesions, calcifications, and granulomatous inflammation with slender, thin-walled vesicles of bizarre configuration that stained strongly eosinophilic with periodic acid Schiff. Two patients had segmental liver resections; one was treated with liver aspiration, while the other nine with advanced disease received chemotherapy with albendazole along with praziquantel. Patients showed clinical improvement on a median follow-up of 12 months (range 1 to 60 months); however, MRI T2-weighted images and ¹⁸F-FDG-PET-CECT scans in two patients showed active disease on follow-up at one and five years, respectively. A systematic review detected 146 cases of AE in India from 1980 to April 2024. Twenty cases were from foreign countries, mostly from Central Asian republics, and 118 (93.65%) of the remaining 126 Indian patients were permanent residents of Kashmir Valley. The disease affected a population of 79,197 residing in 22 villages from 5 border districts of the valley. These villages were either high in or adjacent to the Himalayan mountain range. Disease prevalence in the affected population was 146.47/10⁵ (males 131.53/10⁵ and females 163.18/10⁵) and the incidence was 12.41/10⁵/year (males 11.16/10⁵/year and females 13.81/10⁵/year). Possible causes of the emergence of AE are discussed, and future directions for research to face this challenge arebeen identified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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17 pages, 3601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ocimum sanctum as a Source of Quorum Sensing Inhibitors to Combat Antibiotic Resistance of Human and Aquaculture Pathogens

by Sybiya Vasantha Packiavathy Issac Abraham, Veera Ravi Arumugam, Nancy Immaculate Mary, Jeba Sweetly Dharmadhas, Rajamanikandan Sundararaj, Arul Ananth Devanesan, Ramachandran Rajamanickam, Raja Veerapandian, John Paul John Bosco and Jeyapragash Danaraj

Life 2024, 14(7), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070785 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1088

Abstract

Biofilms play a decisive role in the infectious process and the development of antibiotic resistance. The establishment of bacterial biofilms is regulated by a signal-mediated cell–cell communication process called “quorum sensing” (QS). The identification of quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) to mitigate the QS [...] Read more.

Biofilms play a decisive role in the infectious process and the development of antibiotic resistance. The establishment of bacterial biofilms is regulated by a signal-mediated cell–cell communication process called “quorum sensing” (QS). The identification of quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) to mitigate the QS process may facilitate the development of novel treatment strategies for biofilm-based infections. In this study, the traditional medicinal plant Ocimum sanctum was screened for QS inhibitory potential. Sub-MICs of the extract significantly affected the secretion of EPS in Gram-negative human pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, Proteus mirabilis, and Serratia marcescens, as well as aquaculture pathogens Vibrio harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus, which render the bacteria more sensitive, leading to a loss of bacterial biomass from the substratum. The observed inhibitory activity of the O. sanctum extract might be attributed to the presence of eugenol, as evidenced through ultraviolet (UV)-visible, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS), Fourier transformer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses, and computational studies. Additionally, the QSI potential of eugenol was corroborated through in vitro studies using the marker strain Chromobacterium violaceum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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10 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Citric Acid Production through Aspergillus niger: Insights from Fermentation Studies Using Sugarcane Molasses

by Samina Khurshid, Hamad Ashraf, Tanveer Hussain, Muhammad Iqbal, Huma Qureshi, Tauseef Anwar, Saleh H. Salmen and Mohammad Javed Ansari

Life 2024, 14(6), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060756 - 13 Jun 2024

Viewed by 2347

Abstract

The production of citric acid, a vital agricultural commodity utilized across various industries such as food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, detergents, and cosmetics, predominantly relies on microbial fermentation, with Aspergillus niger accounting for approximately 90% of global production. In this study, we aimed to [...] Read more.

The production of citric acid, a vital agricultural commodity utilized across various industries such as food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, detergents, and cosmetics, predominantly relies on microbial fermentation, with Aspergillus niger accounting for approximately 90% of global production. In this study, we aimed to optimize the key factors influencing citric acid production, with a focus on strains, fermentation techniques, and carbon sources, particularly sugarcane molasses. A. niger, sourced from the Botany department/Biotechnology laboratories at Govt. College of Science, Lahore, was employed for citric acid production. The process involved inoculum preparation through spore collection from 3 to 5 days of cultured PDA slants. The fermentation medium, comprising cane molasses with a 15% sugar concentration, was meticulously prepared and optimized for various factors, including magnesium sulfate, potassium ferrocyanide, time of addition of potassium ferrocyanide, ammonium oxalate, and calcium chloride. Our optimization results shed light on the significant impact of different factors on citric acid production. For instance, the addition of 0.4 g/L magnesium sulfate led to a maximum yield of 75%, while 2 g/L potassium ferrocyanide, added at 24 h, achieved a yield of 78%. Remarkably, ammonium oxalate, at a concentration of 10 g/L, resulted in a notable 77% yield. Conversely, the addition of calcium chloride exhibited negligible effects on citric acid production, with the control group yielding more at 78%. Our study underscores the potential for optimizing factors to enhance citric acid production by A. niger in submerged fermentation. These findings highlight the pivotal role of magnesium sulfate, potassium ferrocyanide, and ammonium oxalate in augmenting citric acid yields while emphasizing the minimal impact of calcium chloride. Ultimately, these insights contribute to advancing our understanding of microbial citric acid biosynthesis, providing valuable implications for industrial applications and future research endeavors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

11 pages, 805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Trichoderma Species in Industrial Wastewater: Morphological and Molecular Insights from Isolates

by Syeda Bint-e-Zahira, Abdul Nasir Khalid, Nousheen Yousaf, Muhammad Iqbal, Tauseef Anwar, Huma Qureshi, Saleh H. Salmen and Mohammad Javed Ansari

Life 2024, 14(6), 750; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060750 - 12 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1058

Abstract

The genus Trichoderma holds economic significance due to its widespread distribution and diverse applications, including biological control, enzyme production, and various biotechnological uses. The accurate identification of Trichoderma species is crucial given their close association with human activities. Despite previous efforts in classification, [...] Read more.

The genus Trichoderma holds economic significance due to its widespread distribution and diverse applications, including biological control, enzyme production, and various biotechnological uses. The accurate identification of Trichoderma species is crucial given their close association with human activities. Despite previous efforts in classification, a comprehensive analysis combining morphological and molecular approaches is necessary. This study focuses on the isolation of four Trichoderma species from industrial wastewater in Pakistan, expanding on the known diversity in the region; isolation involved collecting samples from industrial wastewater effluents at specific sites in Punjab, Pakistan. Trichoderma strains were cultured and purified on solid media, with subsequent biomass production for bisorptional activity. Morphological characterization included colony features and microscopic examinations. DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were conducted for molecular analysis. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the Maximum Likelihood Algorithm. The study identified three Trichoderma species, viz. T. citrinoviride, T. erinaceum, and T. longibrachiatum. Each species was characterized morphologically and supported by molecular–phylogenetic analysis. Illustrations of microscopic features and a phylogenetic tree based on the ITS-nrDNA region were recorded. T. citrinoviride and T. longibrachiatum, isolated from steel mill and tanneries wastewater, respectively, were differentiated based on morphological characteristics such as phialides and conidia. The combination of morphological and molecular techniques enhances the accuracy of species identification. The study highlights the significance of Trichoderma in industrial wastewater environments and underscores the need for continued research in this area. Future research should focus on exploring the ecological roles and potential applications of the newly identified Trichoderma species. Additionally, further investigations into the biotechnological potential of these species, including enzyme production and bioremediation capabilities, would contribute to their practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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13 pages, 4542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytophthora polonica and Phytophthora hydropathica from Clade 9 Associated with Alder Decline in Bulgaria

by Petya Koeva Christova

Life 2024, 14(6), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060720 - 1 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 676

Abstract

A number of Phytophthora species have been identified as destructive plant pathogens and invasive species. They have the potential to affect a wide range of host plants and cause diseases in agricultural and forest ecosystems. Two Phytophthora species from rhizosphere soil samples collected [...] Read more.

A number of Phytophthora species have been identified as destructive plant pathogens and invasive species. They have the potential to affect a wide range of host plants and cause diseases in agricultural and forest ecosystems. Two Phytophthora species from rhizosphere soil samples collected from declining Alnus glutinosa in Bulgaria were isolated in the autumn of 2022. They were identified as Phytophthora polonica and Phytophthora hydropathica according to the DNA sequence analysis of the ITS region, as well as their morphological and physiological characteristics. The pathogenicity of both species to common and gray alder was evaluated by the inoculation of detached leaves and cuttings. Experimental data proved that P. polonica and P. hydropathica are able to cause leaf necrosis not only on A. glutinosa from which they were derived, but also on A. incana. No significant deference in the aggressiveness of the studied isolates from both Phytophthora species against the two tested plants was observed. Therefore, P. polonica and P. hydropathica were determined as potential threats for alder ecosystems in the country. This is the first report for the isolation of P. polonica in Bulgaria and represents the most southeastern point of the species distribution in Europe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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18 pages, 12875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structure-Based Virtual Screening, ADMET Properties Prediction and Molecular Dynamics Studies Reveal Potential Inhibitors of Mycoplasma pneumoniae HPrK/P

by Shen Li, Ying Zhou, Yujuan Yan, Yinying Qin, Qilu Weng and Litao Sun

Life 2024, 14(6), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060657 - 22 May 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1377

Abstract

Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is a frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. The incidence of childhood pneumonia caused by M. pneumoniae infection has been rapidly increasing worldwide. M. pneumoniae is naturally resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics due to its lack of a [...] Read more.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is a frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. The incidence of childhood pneumonia caused by M. pneumoniae infection has been rapidly increasing worldwide. M. pneumoniae is naturally resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics due to its lack of a cell wall. Macrolides and related antibiotics are considered the optimal drugs for treating M. pneumoniae infection. However, clinical resistance to macrolides has become a global concern in recent years. Therefore, it is imperative to urgently identify new targets and develop new anti-M. pneumoniae drugs to treat MMP. Previous studies have shown that deficiencies in HPrK/P kinase or phosphorylase activity can seriously affect carbon metabolism, growth, morphology, and other cellular functions of M. pneumoniae. To identify potential drug development targets against M. pneumoniae, this study analyzed the sequence homology and 3D structure alignment of M. pneumoniae HPrK/P. Through sequence and structure analysis, we found that HPrK/P lacks homologous proteins in the human, while its functional motifs are highly conserved in bacteria. This renders it a promising candidate for drug development. Structure-based virtual screening was then used to discover potential inhibitors among 2614 FDA-approved drugs and 948 bioactive small molecules for M. pneumoniae HPrK/P. Finally, we identified three candidate drugs (Folic acid, Protokylol and Gluconolactone) as potential HPrK/P inhibitors through molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MDs) simulations, and ADMET predictions. These drugs offer new strategies for the treatment of MPP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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11 pages, 534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Observation Study of Caries Experience and Potential Risk Assessments among Disabled Individuals Living in an Institutional Rehabilitation Centre

by Abdullah Ali H. Alzahrani and Nagesh Bhat

Life 2024, 14(5), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050605 - 9 May 2024

Viewed by 1136

Abstract

The aim of this study was to conduct salivary, microbiological, and caries risk assessments in relation to caries experience among individuals with intellectual disability in an institutional center in the Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 89 patients residing [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to conduct salivary, microbiological, and caries risk assessments in relation to caries experience among individuals with intellectual disability in an institutional center in the Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 89 patients residing in special care homes in the Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia, from October 2023 to February 2024. The demographic details of all participants were recorded. Clinical oral examinations were performed for the decayed, missing, or filled teeth (DMFT) and plaque indices. Salivary and microbiological assessments were also carried out. The mean age of the study sample was 30.11 ± 4.39 years, and the mean duration of years spent residing in the facility was 26.49 ± 4.66. There was no significant difference observed across plaque scores, S. mutans colony count, salivary rate, pH, DFMT, and caries experience when they were compared across the levels of severity of intellectual disability. Statistically significant differences were observed across diet score, circumstance score, and chances to avoid caries and were found to be correlated with the severity of intellectual disability (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, and p = 0.002), respectively. The cariogram revealed that participants in this study had poor oral health status, with participants with severe intellectual disability having higher diet scores, frequency scores, and susceptibility scores; hence lesser chances to avoid dental caries. Regular dental check-ups, including cleanings and other treatments if necessary, seem to be fundamental to prevent dental issues and maintain healthy teeth and gums for this group of people. Developing interventions that focus on improving oral health status among intellectually disabled individuals may be recommended to ensure the optimum level of support and reduce the burden of dental decay among those individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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12 pages, 263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Pericoronary Microbiota Composition on Course of Recovery after Third Molar Alveotomy

by Zrinka Todorić, Milan Milošević, Ivana Mareković and Josip Biočić

Life 2024, 14(5), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050580 - 30 Apr 2024

Viewed by 805

Abstract

Although the role of microbiota has been investigated in relation to different oral diseases, it is unknown if its composition has any effect on the course of recovery after third molar alveotomy. Our aim was to determine the influence of patient clinical characteristics [...] Read more.

Although the role of microbiota has been investigated in relation to different oral diseases, it is unknown if its composition has any effect on the course of recovery after third molar alveotomy. Our aim was to determine the influence of patient clinical characteristics as well as pericoronary microbiota composition on the course of recovery after a semi-impacted third molar alveotomy. Thirty-six patients were included and samples obtained with paper points, swabs, and tissue samples were analyzed using DNA hybridization and culture methods. Among the 295 organisms detected, the most frequent were Streptococcus spp. (22.4%; 66/295) followed by Fusobacterium spp. (11.9%; 35/295), and T. forsythia (9.1%; 27/295). A comparison of microbiota composition in patients with better and worse recovery did not show significant differences. Worse recovery outcomes were more frequent in patients with a grade 2 self-assessment of oral health (p = 0.040) and better recovery courses were observed in patients with a grade 4 self-assessment (p = 0.0200). A worse recovery course was statistically significant more frequently in patients with previous oral surgical procedures (p = 0.019). Although we demonstrate that worse recovery outcomes were more frequent when certain bacteria were detected, there was no statistically significant difference. Further research is needed to identify microbial profiles specific to the development of worse outcomes after a third molar alveotomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

13 pages, 1125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Three Sarcocystis Species (Apicomplexa) in Blood Samples of the Bank Vole and Yellow-Necked Mouse from Lithuania

by Petras Prakas, Naglis Gudiškis, Neringa Kitrytė, Dovilė Laisvūnė Bagdonaitė and Laima Baltrūnaitė

Life 2024, 14(3), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14030365 - 10 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1593

Abstract

The genus Sarcocystis is an abundant group of Apicomplexa parasites found in mammals, birds, and reptiles. These parasites are characterised by the formation of sarcocysts in the muscles of intermediate hosts and the development of sporocysts in the intestines of definitive hosts. The [...] Read more.

The genus Sarcocystis is an abundant group of Apicomplexa parasites found in mammals, birds, and reptiles. These parasites are characterised by the formation of sarcocysts in the muscles of intermediate hosts and the development of sporocysts in the intestines of definitive hosts. The identification of Sarcocystis spp. is usually carried out in carcasses of animals, while there is a lack of studies on the detection of Sarcocystis species in blood samples. In the current study, blood samples of 214 yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis) and 143 bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) from Lithuania were examined for Sarcocystis. The molecular identification of Sarcocystis was carried out using nested PCR of cox1 and 28S rRNA and subsequent sequencing. Sarcocystis spp. were statistically (p < 0.01) more frequently detected in the bank vole (6.3%) than in yellow-necked mice (0.9%). The analysed parasites were observed in four different habitats, such as mature deciduous forest, bog, natural meadow, and arable land. Three species, Sarcocystis funereus, Sarcocystis myodes, and Sarcocystis cf. glareoli were confirmed in the bank vole, whereas only Sarcocystis myodes were found in yellow-necked mice. The obtained results are important in the development of molecular identification of Sarcocystis parasites in live animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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15 pages, 3648 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Antiparasitic, Antihepatotoxicity, and Antioxidant Efficacy of Quercetin and Chitosan, Either Alone or in Combination, against Infection Induced by Giardia lamblia in Male Rats

by Bander Albogami

Life 2023, 13(12), 2316; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122316 - 10 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1713

Abstract

Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) is one of the most common protozoal infections and a key cause of malabsorption, some cases of mental developmental issues in children, and reduced body weight. The known antiparasitic medications, which are the standard drugs used for [...] Read more.

Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) is one of the most common protozoal infections and a key cause of malabsorption, some cases of mental developmental issues in children, and reduced body weight. The known antiparasitic medications, which are the standard drugs used for parasitic treatment, have several side effects and sometimes exhibit low efficacy. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the treatment with quercetin (QC) or chitosan (CH), either alone or in combination, as possible alternative therapeutic agents that may alleviate the side effects of G. lamblia infections and restore the normal architecture of the intestinal muscles. They are investigated as alternatives to other routinely administered drugs that may gradually lose their efficacy due to human resistance to therapeutic agents. This study was carried out on 50 male albino rats that were divided into five groups with 10 rats in each group: the control group (Group I), the infected non-treated group (Group II), the infected group treated with QC (Group III), the infected treated group with CH (Group IV), and the infected group treated with a combination of QC and CH (Group V). The effect was first evaluated by counting the G. lamblia fecal cysts in the stool, examining histopathological sections of the intestine with the appearance of trophozoites in the infected group, and conducting a transmission electron microscopic examination of the tissues of the small intestine. Alterations in the biochemical parameters of liver and kidney function and the antioxidant enzymes in the liver tissues of SOD, CAT, and GSH, and non-enzymatic markers of lipid peroxidation (MDA) were evaluated. The results showed a significant decline in the number of parasites in the stool samples, with a marked elevation in the number of trophozoites in the intestinal sections of the infected non-treated group as compared to the infected treated groups. The last group, which was treated with a combination of QC and CH, showed the best results in terms of a decline in the infection rate of G. lamblia in stool samples, with a marked and clear improvement in the intestinal mucosa, regular muscles with normal enteric ganglions, and reduced rates of intestinal injuries caused by G. lamblia trophozoites. Both QC and CH had non-toxic effects on the biochemical parameters of the liver and kidneys, as well as pronounced antioxidant activities due to the elevation of SOD, CAT, and GSH in conjunction with a decline in the levels of MDA. A combination of QC and CH can be considered a potent antiparasitic, anti-hepatotoxic, and antioxidant therapeutic agent; it could constitute a promising alternative treatment agent against G. lamblia infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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11 pages, 1206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in the Bacterial Communities of Biocomposites with Different Flame Retardants

by Dovilė Vasiliauskienė, Juliana Lukša, Elena Servienė and Jaunius Urbonavičius

Life 2023, 13(12), 2306; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122306 - 7 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1036

Abstract

In today’s world, the use of environmentally friendly materials is strongly encouraged. These materials derive from primary raw materials of plant origin, like fibrous hemp, flax, and bamboo, or recycled materials, such as textiles or residual paper, making them suitable for the growth [...] Read more.

In today’s world, the use of environmentally friendly materials is strongly encouraged. These materials derive from primary raw materials of plant origin, like fibrous hemp, flax, and bamboo, or recycled materials, such as textiles or residual paper, making them suitable for the growth of microorganisms. Here, we investigate changes in bacterial communities in biocomposites made of hemp shives, corn starch, and either expandable graphite or a Flovan compound as flame retardants. Using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), we found that after 12 months of incubation at 22 °C with a relative humidity of 65%, Proteobacteria accounted for >99.7% of the microbiome in composites with either flame retardant. By contrast, in the absence of flame retardants, the abundance of Proteobacteria decreased to 32.1%, while Bacteroidetes (36.6%), Actinobacteria (8.4%), and Saccharobacteria (TM7, 14.51%) appeared. Using the increasing concentrations of either expandable graphite or a Flovan compound in an LB medium, we were able to achieve up to a 5-log reduction in the viability of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, representatives of the Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera, the abundance of which varied in the biocomposites tested. Our results demonstrate that flame retardants act on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and suggest that their antimicrobial activities also have to be tested when producing new compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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14 pages, 4461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocontrol Potential of Serratia Marcescens (B8) and Bacillus sp. (B13) Isolated from Urban Mangroves in Raposa, Brazil

by Érima Jôyssielly Mendonça Castro Pereira, Érika Alves da Fonsêca Amorim, Felicia Maria Melo Aragão, Wallison de Souza Câmara, Maria Carvalho Araújo, Carlos Drielson da Silva Pereira, Leo Ruben Lopes Dias, Wolia Costa Gomes, Amanda Silva dos Santos Aliança, Joicy Cortez de Sá Souza, Luís Cláudio Nascimento da Silva and Rita de Cássia Mendonça de Miranda

Life 2023, 13(10), 2036; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13102036 - 11 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1699

Abstract

This study analyzed the antifungal potential of 16 bacterial strains isolated from mangrove sediment. Bacterial selection was conducted in a solid medium. This was followed by the production and extraction of metabolites using ethyl acetate to evaluate chitinase production, antifungal activity, and toxicity [...] Read more.

This study analyzed the antifungal potential of 16 bacterial strains isolated from mangrove sediment. Bacterial selection was conducted in a solid medium. This was followed by the production and extraction of metabolites using ethyl acetate to evaluate chitinase production, antifungal activity, and toxicity toward Allium cepa and Tenebrio molitor. Bacterial strains B8, B11, and B13 produced the largest inhibition halos (>30 mm) toward Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Rhizoctonia solani fungi. Strains B1, B3, B6, B8, B11, B13, B14, and B16 produced chitinases. In assays using liquid media, B8 and B13 produced the largest inhibition halos. Exposing the fungal inocula to metabolic extracts of strains B6, B8, B11, B13, B14, B15, and B16 caused micromorphological alterations in the inocula, culminating in the inhibition of R. solani sporulation and spore germination. Toxicity tests using Allium cepa and Tenebrio molitor revealed that the metabolites showed low toxicity. Six of the bacterial strains were molecularly identified to species levels, and a further two to genus level. These included Serratia marcescens (B8), which exhibited activity in all tests. Mangroves provide a useful resource for the isolation of microorganisms for biocontrol. Among the isolates, Serratia marcescens and Bacillus spp. showed the greatest potential to produce metabolites for use as biocontrol agents in agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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15 pages, 2592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Demodex Species and Culturable Microorganism Co-Infestations in Patients with Blepharitis

by Joanna Pyzia, Katarzyna Mańkowska, Maciej Czepita, Karolina Kot, Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk, Damian Czepita and Danuta I. Kosik-Bogacka

Life 2023, 13(9), 1827; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13091827 - 29 Aug 2023

Viewed by 2983

Abstract

We aimed to determine the prevalence of Demodex spp. and bacterial infection in patients with blepharitis and also to investigate the relationship between culturable microorganisms and Demodex spp. in this study. The study included patients diagnosed with blepharitis (n = 128) and [...] Read more.

We aimed to determine the prevalence of Demodex spp. and bacterial infection in patients with blepharitis and also to investigate the relationship between culturable microorganisms and Demodex spp. in this study. The study included patients diagnosed with blepharitis (n = 128) and volunteers without ocular problems (n = 113). Eyelash sampling was performed by epilating eight lashes, which were then tested for Demodex spp. using a light microscope. The examination consisted of assessing the patient’s vision with and without ocular correction and tonus in both eyes and a careful examination of the anterior segment of both eyes. Bacterial identification was performed based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical methods. The prevalence of Demodex spp. was 8.0% in patients from the control group and all patients with blepharitis. Isolated forms of Demodex spp. were detected in all infested patients in the control group and in 58% of patients with blepharitis. A total of 35% of patients with blepharitis had from three to nine forms of Demodex spp., and 7% of patients with blepharitis had more than 10 mites in every field of vision. We found a statistically significant relationship between Demodex spp. infestation and the occurrence of eye dryness and sensations of burning and tearing, redness of the conjunctiva, feeling of a foreign body, loss of eyelashes, Meibomian gland dysfunction, and cylindrical dandruff. There were statistically significant relationships between Demodex sp. infestation and the presence of hyperopia, Meibomian cysts, chronic eyelid inflammation, and the use of eyeglasses. There was also a statistically significant relationship between the occurrence of Demodex spp. and seborrheic dermatitis and diabetes mellitus. Culturable microorganisms of the ocular surface were found in 8.7% of participants who were uninfested and in all patients infested with D. folliculorum. We isolated Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Bacillus spp. from the conjunctival sac only in patients infested with D. folliculorum. This indicates an increased probability of colonization by pathogenic bacteria in patients with demodicosis. Therefore, patients infested with D. folliculorum should undergo a microbiological examination of conjunctival swabs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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12 pages, 1180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Susceptibility of Pathogenic Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius to Empirical Co-Trimoxazole for Canine Pyoderma

by Usasom Khongsri, Peerawit Chongrattanameteekul, Sineenart Chantarachart, Kornravee Photichai, Nittaya Chanayat, Thanya Varinrak, Raktham Mektrirat and Nuttawan Srifawattana

Life 2023, 13(5), 1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13051210 - 18 May 2023

Viewed by 2298

Abstract

The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) that causes pyoderma has been gradually shifting, according to many surveillance studies, with annual changes. The empirical co-trimoxazole regimen remains interesting, but research on co-trimoxazole susceptibility to MRSP is limited. The objective of this study was [...] Read more.

The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) that causes pyoderma has been gradually shifting, according to many surveillance studies, with annual changes. The empirical co-trimoxazole regimen remains interesting, but research on co-trimoxazole susceptibility to MRSP is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of co-trimoxazole to canine pyoderma MRSP isolates. Sixty isolates of S. pseudintermedius were identified as 16 MRSP and 44 methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) using an oxacillin disk diffusion test and VITEK 2 system with VITEK GP card. Using the VITEK 2 system with a VITEK AST-GP81 card, the susceptibility rates of MRSP (15.00%) and MSSP (35.00%) to co-trimoxazole was observed. The median MIC of co-trimoxazole on MSSP (median, ≤10; IQR, 10–320) was lower than that of MRSP (median, ≥320; IQR, 10–320) (p = 0.5889, Mann-Whitney test). Percent attainment of PK/PD targets in MRSP (q 12 h, 43.75; q 8 h, 43.75) were lower than that of MSSP (q 12 h, 52.27; q 8 h, 52.27) (p = 0.7710). These findings show the moderately phenotypic co-trimoxazole susceptibilities of both MRSP and MSSP. Further study is required to develop clinical trials examining the use of co-trimoxazole in dogs with pyoderma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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13 pages, 2845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characterization of Influenza A/H3N2 Virus Isolated from Indonesian Hajj and Umrah Pilgrims 2013 to 2014

by Agustiningsih Agustiningsih, Irene Lorinda Indalao, Krisnanur A. Pangesti, Caecilia H. C. Sukowati and Ririn Ramadhany

Life 2023, 13(5), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13051100 - 27 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1820

Abstract

The Hajj and Umrah are the annual mass gatherings of Muslims in Saudi Arabia and increase the transmission risk of acute respiratory infection. This study describes influenza infection among pilgrims upon arrival in Indonesia and the genetic characterization of imported influenza A/H3N2 virus. [...] Read more.

The Hajj and Umrah are the annual mass gatherings of Muslims in Saudi Arabia and increase the transmission risk of acute respiratory infection. This study describes influenza infection among pilgrims upon arrival in Indonesia and the genetic characterization of imported influenza A/H3N2 virus. In total, 251 swab samples with influenza-like illness were tested using real-time RT-PCR for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and influenza viruses. Complete sequences of influenza A/H3N2 HA and NA genes were obtained using DNA sequencing and plotted to amino acid and antigenicity changes. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using a neighbour-joining method including the WHO vaccine strains and influenza A/H3N2 as references. The real-time RT-PCR test detected 100 (39.5%) samples positive with influenza with no positivity of MERS-CoV. Mutations in the HA gene were mainly located within the antigenic sites A, B, and D, while for the NA gene, no mutations related to oseltamivir resistance were observed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses grouped together with clades 3C.2 and 3C.3; however, they were not closely grouped with the WHO-recommended vaccine (clades 3C.1). Sequences obtained from Hajj and Umrah pilgrims were also not grouped together with viruses from Middle East countries but clustered according to years of collection. This implies that the influenza A/H3N2 virus mutates continually across time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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11 pages, 1853 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Understanding the Diurnal Oscillation of the Gut Microbiota Using Microbial Culture

by Guilherme Amando, André Tonon, Débora Constantino, Maria Paz Hidalgo, Pabulo Henrique Rampelotto and Francisco Montagner

Life 2023, 13(3), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13030831 - 19 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2040

Abstract

The composition of the gut microbiota oscillates according to the light–dark cycle. However, the existing literature demonstrates these oscillations only by molecular methods. Microbial cultures are an interesting method for studying metabolically active microorganisms. In this work, we aimed to understand the diurnal [...] Read more.

The composition of the gut microbiota oscillates according to the light–dark cycle. However, the existing literature demonstrates these oscillations only by molecular methods. Microbial cultures are an interesting method for studying metabolically active microorganisms. In this work, we aimed to understand the diurnal oscillation of the intestinal microbiota in Wistar male rats through microbial culture analysis. Over a 24 h period, three animals were euthanized every 6 h. Intestinal segments were dissected immediately after euthanasia and diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for plating in different culture media. The CFU/mL counts in feces samples cultured in the Brucella medium were significantly higher at ZT0, followed by ZT6, ZT18, and ZT12 (p = 0.0156), which demonstrated the diurnal oscillation of metabolically active anaerobic bacteria every 6 h using microbial culture. In addition, quantitative differences were demonstrated in anaerobic bacteria and fungi in different gastrointestinal tract tissues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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16 pages, 1869 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antifouling Potential of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Marine Bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain RLimb

by Nurul Najihah Rawi, Mujahidah Mohd Ramzi, Nor Izzati Abd Rahman, Fazilah Ariffin, Jasnizat Saidin, Kesaven Bhubalan, Noor Wini Mazlan, Nor Atikah Mohd Zin, Julius Yong Fu Siong, Kamariah Bakar, Ahmad Khusairi Azemi and Noraznawati Ismail

Life 2023, 13(3), 802; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13030802 - 15 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2535

Abstract

Biofouling is defined as the excessive colonization process of epibiotic organisms, ranging from microfoulers to macrofoulers, on any submerged surface in water. Previous research has attempted to explore the antifouling activity of bacterial isolates due to the biofouling problems occurring worldwide. One solution [...] Read more.

Biofouling is defined as the excessive colonization process of epibiotic organisms, ranging from microfoulers to macrofoulers, on any submerged surface in water. Previous research has attempted to explore the antifouling activity of bacterial isolates due to the biofouling problems occurring worldwide. One solution is to inhibit the early stage of fouling using secondary metabolites produced by marine bacteria. This study aims to determine the antifouling activities of the marine microorganism P. aeruginosa and to characterize the bacteria isolated as a potential anti-biofouling agent. The bacterial isolate was cultured and isolated on a media culture. The bacteria culture extract was extracted using ethyl acetate and concentrated prior to the bioassay method. It was screened for antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus uberis, Pseudomonas sp., and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, using the disk diffusion technique. The extract was investigated to verify its bioactivity in the prevention of biofilm formation following the crystal violet assay and aquarium test. The results indicated the inhibition of activity through biofilm formation, with the highest percentage at 83% of biofilm inhibition at a concentration of 0.1563 mg/mL. The bacterial isolate at a concentration of 5% showed the highest reduction in bacteria colonies in the aquarium test (161.8 × 10³ CFU/mL compared to 722.5 × 10³ CFU/mL for the blank sample). The bacterial isolate was characterized through phenotypic and genotypic tests for species identification. It was identified as a Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, and long-rod-shaped bacteria, designated as RLimb. Based on the 16S rDNA gene sequencing analysis, RLimb was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (accession number: OP522351), exhibiting a similarity of 100% to the described neighbor P. aeruginosa strain DSM 50071. These results indicated that these isolated bacteria can potentially be used as a substitute for toxic antifoulants to prevent the formation of microfoulers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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18 pages, 2927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of In Situ Product Recovery (ISPR) System Using Amberlite IRA67 for Enhanced Biosynthesis of Hyaluronic Acid by Streptococcus zooepidemicus

by Nur Imanina Abdullah Thaidi, Rosfarizan Mohamad, Helmi Wasoh, Mohammad Rizal Kapri, Ahmad Badruddin Ghazali, Joo Shun Tan, Leonardo Rios-Solis and Murni Halim

Life 2023, 13(2), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020558 - 16 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2145

Abstract

High broth viscosity due to the accumulation of hyaluronic acid (HA) causes a limited yield of HA. It is a major problem of HA production using Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Extractive fermentation via in situ product recovery (ISPR) was utilized to enhance the HA [...] Read more.

High broth viscosity due to the accumulation of hyaluronic acid (HA) causes a limited yield of HA. It is a major problem of HA production using Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Extractive fermentation via in situ product recovery (ISPR) was utilized to enhance the HA production. Resins from Amberlite: IRA400 Cl; IRA900 Cl; IRA410 Cl; IRA402 Cl; and IRA67 were tested for the HA adsorption. IRA67 showed high adsorption capacity on HA. The study of the adsorption via a 2 L stirred tank bioreactor of S. zooepidemicus fermentation was investigated to elucidate the adsorption of HA onto IRA67 in dispersed and integrated internal column systems. The application of a dispersed IRA67 improved the HA production compared to the fermentation without resin addition by 1.37-fold. The HA production was further improved by 1.36-fold with an internal column (3.928 g/L) over that obtained with dispersed IRA67. The cultivation with an internal column shows the highest reduction of viscosity value after the addition of IRA67 resin: from 58.8 to 23.7 (mPa·s), suggesting the most effective ISPR of HA. The improved biosynthesis of HA indicated that an extractive fermentation by ISPR adsorption is effective and may streamline the HA purification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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11 pages, 6771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sugarcane Wax Metabolites and Their Toxicity to Silkworms

by Li Ma, Mingzheng Duan, Ziwei He, Yu Zhang, Yiting Chen, Bo Li, Muhammad Junaid Rao, Lihua Hu and Lingqiang Wang

Life 2023, 13(2), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020286 - 19 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1740

Abstract

Sugarcane wax has the potential to be utilized as a novel natural insecticide, which could help to reduce the large yield losses caused by agricultural pests. By employing the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach, we conducted a study to analyze the composition of [...] Read more.

Sugarcane wax has the potential to be utilized as a novel natural insecticide, which could help to reduce the large yield losses caused by agricultural pests. By employing the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach, we conducted a study to analyze the composition of epicuticular wax from the rind of the sugarcane variety YT71210. A total of 157 metabolites, categorized into 15 classes, were identified, with naphthalene, a metabolite with insect-resistant properties, being the most prevalent. The feeding trial experiment suggested that sugarcane wax is toxic to silkworms by impacting the internal organs. Intestinal microbial diversity analysis suggested that the abundance of Enterococcus genus was significantly increased in both ordure and gut of silkworm after wax treatment. The results indicated that the feeding of wax has an adverse effect on the gut microbial composition of silkworms. Our findings lay a foundation for the efficacy of sugarcane waxes as a valuable natural insecticide and for the prediction of promising sugarcane varieties with insect resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

10 pages, 814 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Gut Microbiota Impacts Gastrointestinal Cancers through Obesity, Diabetes, and Chronic Inflammation

by Konstantin A. Rumyantsev, Vera V. Polyakova, Irina V. Sorokina, Polina S. Feoktistova, Igor E. Khatkov, Natalia A. Bodunova and Lyudmila G. Zhukova

Life 2024, 14(10), 1219; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101219 - 24 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1879

Abstract

The gut microbiota’s pivotal role in human health is increasingly evident, particularly in chronic conditions like obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. This intricate symbiotic relationship influences metabolic balance and immune responses. Notably, gut microbial dysbiosis is linked to obesity’s metabolic disruption and chronic [...] Read more.

The gut microbiota’s pivotal role in human health is increasingly evident, particularly in chronic conditions like obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. This intricate symbiotic relationship influences metabolic balance and immune responses. Notably, gut microbial dysbiosis is linked to obesity’s metabolic disruption and chronic low-grade inflammation. Similarly, in diabetes, the microbiota’s impact on insulin resistance and glucose metabolism is becoming evident. Chronic inflammation, a common denominator in these conditions, is also a recognized precursor to carcinogenesis. This intersection prompts a compelling question: does the gut microbiota’s influence extend to gastrointestinal cancers like colorectal and pancreatic cancer? These malignancies are closely intertwined with inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. Exploring whether the microbial signatures associated with chronic conditions overlap with precancerous or cancerous states offers new perspectives. This article reviews emerging evidence on the interplay between the gut microbiota, chronic conditions, and gastrointestinal cancers. By elucidating these connections, we aim to uncover potential avenues for innovative diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic strategies in colorectal and pancreatic cancer management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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18 pages, 1902 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mechanisms of Male Reproductive Sterility Triggered by Dysbiosis of Intestinal Microorganisms

by Mingbang Wei, Huaizhi Liu, Yu Wang, Mingyang Sun and Peng Shang

Life 2024, 14(6), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060694 - 28 May 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1065

Abstract

The intestinal microbiota, comprised of bacteria, archaea, and phages, inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of the organism. Male reproductive sterility is currently a prominent topic in medical research. Increasing research suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis can result in various reproductive health problems. This article [...] Read more.

The intestinal microbiota, comprised of bacteria, archaea, and phages, inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of the organism. Male reproductive sterility is currently a prominent topic in medical research. Increasing research suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis can result in various reproductive health problems. This article specifically investigates the impact of gut microbiota dysbiosis on male reproductive infertility development. Gut microbiota imbalances can disrupt the immune system and immune cell metabolism, affecting testicular growth and sperm production. This dysfunction can compromise the levels of hormones produced and secreted by the endocrine glands, affecting male reproductive health. Furthermore, imbalance of the gut microbiota can disrupt the gut–brain–reproductive axis, resulting in male reproductive infertility. This article explores how the imbalance of the gut microbiota impacts male reproductive infertility through immune regulation, endocrine regulation, and interactions of the gut–brain–reproductive axis, concluding with recommendations for prevention and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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25 pages, 2164 KiB

Open AccessReview

The End Justifies the Means: Chagas Disease from a Perspective of the Host–Trypanosoma cruzi Interaction

by Izadora Volpato Rossi, Denise Andréa Silva de Souza and Marcel Ivan Ramirez

Life 2024, 14(4), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040488 - 9 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1876

Abstract

The neglected Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Despite CD dispersion throughout the world, it prevails in tropical areas affecting mainly poor communities, causing devastating health, social and economic consequences. Clinically, CD is marked by a mildly [...] Read more.

The neglected Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Despite CD dispersion throughout the world, it prevails in tropical areas affecting mainly poor communities, causing devastating health, social and economic consequences. Clinically, CD is marked by a mildly symptomatic acute phase, and a chronic phase characterized by cardiac and/or digestive complications. Current treatment for CD relies on medications with strong side effects and reduced effectiveness. The complex interaction between the parasite and the host outlines the etiology and progression of CD. The unique characteristics and high adaptability of T. cruzi, its mechanisms of persistence, and evasion of the immune system seem to influence the course of the disease. Despite the efforts to uncover the pathology of CD, there are many gaps in understanding how it is established and reaches chronicity. Also, the lack of effective treatments and protective vaccines constitute challenges for public health. Here, we explain the background in which CD is established, from the peculiarities of T. cruzi molecular biology to the development of the host’s immune response leading to the pathophysiology of CD. We also discuss the state of the art of treatments for CD and current challenges in basic and applied science. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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Other

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13 pages, 1622 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Severe Case of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in a 44-Year-Old Caucasian Woman on Return to Western Romania from a Visit to Nigeria

by Alin Gabriel Mihu, Rodica Lighezan, Daniela Adriana Oatis, Ovidiu Alexandru Mederle, Cristina Petrine-Mocanu, Cristina Petrescu, Mirandolina Eugenia Prisca, Laura Andreea Ghenciu, Cecilia Roberta Avram, Maria Alina Lupu, Adelaida Bica and Tudor Rareș Olariu

Life 2024, 14(11), 1454; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111454 - 9 Nov 2024

Viewed by 589

Abstract

Malaria is currently the most prevalent life-threatening infectious disease in the world. In this case report, we present a 44-year-old Caucasian woman with a low level of education and no significant past medical history who presented to the emergency room of the Emergency [...] Read more.

Malaria is currently the most prevalent life-threatening infectious disease in the world. In this case report, we present a 44-year-old Caucasian woman with a low level of education and no significant past medical history who presented to the emergency room of the Emergency County Hospital of Arad, Romania, with a general affected state, a fever of 38.5 °C, chills, weakness, headache, muscle pain, nausea, icterus, and watery diarrheal stool. A viral infection was initially suspected, and the patient was transferred to the Infectious Diseases Department. The anamnesis revealed that the patient traveled to Nigeria (Ado Ekiti) and returned to Romania 14 days before presenting to the hospital without following antimalarial prophylaxis. A peripheral blood smear was conducted and revealed parasitemia with ring forms of Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) of 10–15% within the red blood cells. Parasitemia increased within a day to 15–18%, and her health rapidly deteriorated. She was transferred to the Victor Babeș Infectious Disease Hospital in Bucharest for the urgent initiation of antimalarial treatment. The patient’s condition continued to worsen rapidly, and she succumbed to her illness due to multi-organ failure. This report details the first documented case of malaria imported from Nigeria to Romania. People traveling to malaria-endemic areas should be educated about preventing this parasitic infection, both by adopting measures to reduce the risk of mosquito bites and by using appropriate chemoprophylaxis. In the context of resuming travel after the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding and adhering to prophylactic measures is crucial to avoid tragic situations, as highlighted in this case report. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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11 pages, 349 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Imipenem/Cilastatin/Relebactam for Complicated Infections: A Real-World Evidence

by Pasquale Sansone, Luca Gregorio Giaccari, Giusy Di Flumeri, Maria Caterina Pace, Vincenzo Pota, Francesco Coppolino, Simona Brunetti and Caterina Aurilio

Life 2024, 14(5), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050614 - 10 May 2024

Viewed by 1297

Abstract

(1) Background: Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria represent one of the major global public health problems of the 21st century. Beta-lactam antibacterial agents are commonly used to treat infections due to Gram-negative pathogens. New β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations are urgently needed. Combining relebactam [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria represent one of the major global public health problems of the 21st century. Beta-lactam antibacterial agents are commonly used to treat infections due to Gram-negative pathogens. New β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations are urgently needed. Combining relebactam (REL) with imipenem (IMI) and cilastatin (CS) can restore its activity against many imipenem-nonsusceptible Gram-negative pathogens. (2) Methods: we performed a systematic review of the studies reporting on the use of in vivo REAL/IPM/CS. (3) Results: A total of eight studies were included in this review. The primary diagnosis was as follows: complicated urinary tract infection (n = 234), complicated intra-abdominal infections (n = 220), hospital-acquired pneumonia (n = 276), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (n = 157). Patients with normal renal function received REL/IPM/CS (250 mg/500 mg/500 mg). The most frequently reported AEs occurring in patients treated with imipenem/cilastatin plus REL/IPM/CS were nausea (11.5%), diarrhea (9.8%), vomiting (9.8%), and infusion site disorders (4.0%). Treatment outcomes in these high-risk patients receiving REL/IPM/CS were generally favorable. A total of 70.6% of patients treated with REL/IPM/CS reported a favorable clinical response at follow-up. (4) Conclusions: this review indicates that REL/IPM/CS is active against important MDR Gram-negative organisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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8 pages, 922 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Real-Life Assessment of the Ability of an Ultraviolet C Lamp (SanificaAria 200, Beghelli) to Inactivate Airborne Microorganisms in a Healthcare Environment

by Claudio Foschi, Beatrice Giorgi, Simone Ambretti, Tiziana Lazzarotto and Francesco Saverio Violante

Life 2023, 13(5), 1221; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13051221 - 20 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1698

Abstract

Airborne-mediated microbial diseases represent one of the major challenges to public health. Ultraviolet C radiation (UVC) is among the different sanitation techniques useful to reduce the risk of infection in healthcare facilities. Previous studies about the germicidal activity of UVC were mainly performed [...] Read more.

Airborne-mediated microbial diseases represent one of the major challenges to public health. Ultraviolet C radiation (UVC) is among the different sanitation techniques useful to reduce the risk of infection in healthcare facilities. Previous studies about the germicidal activity of UVC were mainly performed in artificial settings or in vitro models. This study aimed to assess the sanitizing effectiveness of a UVC device (SanificaAria 200, Beghelli, Valsamoggia, Bologna, Italy) in ‘real-life’ conditions by evaluating its ability to reduce microbial loads in several hospital settings during routine daily activities. The efficacy of the UVC lamp in reducing the bacterial component was evaluated by microbial culture through the collection of air samples in different healthcare settings at different times (30 min–24 h) after turning on the device. To assess the anti-viral activity, air samplings were carried out in a room where a SARS-CoV-2-positive subject was present. The UVC device showed good antibacterial properties against a wide range of microbial species after 6 h of activity. It was effective against possible multi-drug resistant microorganisms (e.g., Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp.) and spore-forming bacteria (e.g., Bacillus spp.). In addition, the UVC lamp was able to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in just one hour. Thanks to its effectiveness and safety, SanificaAria 200 could be useful to inactivate airborne pathogens and reduce health risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

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Trends in Microbiology 2024

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