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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced and Functional Ceramics and Glasses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 February 2025 | Viewed by 6589

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kusai Baroudi

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Guest Editor

Department of Graduate Program, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Interests: dental ceramics; resin composites; microhardness; surface roughness

Dr. Marina Amaral

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Guest Editor

Department of Dentistry, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, Brazil
Interests: dental ceramics; fiber posts; fatigue

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to invite you to submit manuscripts to a Special Issue on the “Characteristics of Dental Ceramics”.

Dental ceramics are a hot topic for clinical dentists. The wide variety of these materials and their clinical applications are continuously highlighted. Focusing on dental ceramic characteristics is of great relevance and aims to contribute to developing more successful treatments, with long-term clinical performance.

Covered topics include, but are not limited to, the following ceramic material applications: ceramics biocompatibility, dental esthetic, color alteration, clinical performance, ceramics’ strength, wear and fatigue characteristics, inovative techniques and cementation of dental ceramics.

Manuscript types to be submitted include original research articles, case reports, clinical trials and reviews.

We look forward to receiving your submissions.

Dr. Kusai Baroudi
Dr. Marina Amaral
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

ceramics
glass ceramics
polycrystalline ceramics
CAD/CAM
zirconia
lithium silicate and derivatives physicochemical properties
mechanical properties
fatigue
wear
characterization techniques

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 4986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Modification of Feldspathic Ceramic Used for Minimally Invasive Restorations: Effect of Airborne Particle Type on the Surface Properties and Biaxial Flexural Strength

by Moritz Hoffmann, Felix Schmeiser, Mustafa Borga Donmez, John Meinen and Bogna Stawarczyk

Materials 2024, 17(15), 3777; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153777 - 1 Aug 2024

Viewed by 754

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of airborne particle abrasion with different particles on the surface free energy, roughness, and biaxial flexural strength of a feldspathic ceramic by comparing it with hydrofluoric acid etching, the standard surface treatment, and polishing. Square-shaped feldspathic ceramic specimens (12 mm × 12 mm × 1.2 mm) were divided into subgroups as airborne particles abraded with alumina (AO3a, AO3b, AO25, AO50a, AO50b, AO90, AO110a, AO110b, AO120a, and AO120b), silica (SO50a, SO50b, SO100, and SO100/200), or nutshell granule (NS100/200), hydrofluoric acid etched, and polished (n = 12). Surface free energy (n = 5), roughness (n = 5), biaxial flexural strength (n = 12), and Weibull moduli (n = 12) were investigated. Data were evaluated with 1-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests, and possible correlations were investigated with Pearson’s correlation (α = 0.05). SO100/200 mostly had lower surface free energy (p ≤ 0.011), and polishing and etching led to higher surface free energy than AO3a, AO3b, and AO120a (p ≤ 0.031). Polished, SO100, and SO50b specimens mostly had lower roughness and AO125 had the highest roughness (p ≤ 0.029). SO100/200 mostly had lower biaxial flexural strength (p ≤ 0.041), and etched specimens had higher biaxial flexural strength than AO120a, AO120b, and SO50b (p ≤ 0.043). AO3b had the highest (33.56) and AO120b had the lowest (11.8) Weibull modulus. There was a weak positive correlation between the surface free energy and the biaxial flexural strength (r = 0.267, p = 0.011). A larger particle size mostly resulted in higher roughness, which was also affected by the particle shape. Most of the test groups had similar biaxial flexural strength to that of the hydrofluoric acid-etched group. Therefore, for tested feldspathic ceramic, airborne particle abrasion with tested parameters may be a suitable alternative without causing any further damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characteristics of Dental Ceramics)

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12 pages, 3229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties of High- and Low-Fusing Zirconia Veneering Ceramics Fired on Different Trays and Substrates

by Moritz Hoffmann, Andrea Coldea, Mustafa Borga Dönmez, John Meinen and Bogna Stawarczyk

Materials 2024, 17(10), 2261; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102261 - 10 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 787

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ceramic type, firing tray, and firing substrate on the density, shrinkage, biaxial flexural strength, Martens’ hardness, and elastic indentation modulus of zirconia veneering ceramics. Disk-shaped specimens were fabricated from a high-fusing (HFZ) and a low-fusing (STR) zirconia veneering ceramic. These specimens were then divided into 10 groups according to firing trays (round, small honeycomb-shaped, cordierite [RSC]; round, large honeycomb-shaped, aluminum oxide [RLA]; rectangular, plane, silicon nitride [RCPS]; round, plane, silicon nitride [RPS]; and rectangular, plane, calcium silicate [RCPC]) and firing substrates (firing cotton and platinum foil) used (n = 12). The density, shrinkage, biaxial flexural strength, Martens’ hardness, and indentation modulus were measured, and analyzed with generalized linear model analysis (α = 0.05). The interaction between the ceramic type and firing substrate affected density (p < 0.001), and the other outcomes were affected by the interaction among all main factors (p ≤ 0.045). Higher density was observed with HFZ or platinum foil (p ≤ 0.007). RSC and RLA led to a higher density than RCPS within HFZ and led to the lowest density within STR (p ≤ 0.046). STR had a higher shrinkage (p < 0.001). RSC mostly led to a lower shrinkage of HFZ (p ≤ 0.045). The effect of ceramic type and firing substrates on the biaxial flexural strength, Martens’ hardness, and indentation modulus was minimal while there was no clear trend on the effect of firing tray on these properties. Ceramic type, firing tray, and firing substrate affected the mechanical properties of the tested zirconia veneering ceramics. Firing the tested zirconia veneering ceramics over a round and small honeycomb-shaped cordierite firing tray with firing cotton mostly led to improved mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characteristics of Dental Ceramics)

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10 pages, 8497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Thickness on Light Transmission for Pre- and Fully Crystallized Chairside CAD/CAM Lithium Disilicate Ceramics

by Franciele Floriani, Salahaldeen Abuhammoud, Silvia Rojas-Rueda, Amit Unnadkat, Nicholas G. Fischer, Chin-Chuan Fu and Carlos A. Jurado

Materials 2024, 17(9), 2045; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092045 - 26 Apr 2024

Viewed by 980

Abstract

Aim: This in vitro study aimed to compare the light-transmission properties of two chairside CAD/CAM lithium disilicate (LD) ceramics (a novel fully crystallized and a traditional pre-crystallized) across varying thicknesses. Materials and Methods: One hundred flat specimens were obtained from precrystallized (e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and fully crystallized (LiSi GC Block; GC, Tokyo, Japan) LD at five different thicknesses (0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.50 and 2.0 mm). All specimens were polished with a polishing system for lithium disilicate restorations following recommendations from the manufacturer. Light transmission was evaluated with a radiometer. The statistical analysis between e.max CAD and LiSi GC Block was performed using a Mann–Whitney test for each thickness at a significance level of 0.05 (p < 0.05), followed by a Kruskal–Wallis test to compare the light transmission between the thicknesses of e.max CAD and LiSi GC Block. Results: Light transmittance was significantly affected by ceramic thickness. The 0.5 mm thick specimens exhibited the highest transmittance values compared to all other groups, while a light transmittance of 0.00 was observed in the 2.0 mm thick specimens for both e.max CAD and LiSi GC Block. In the comparison between e.max CAD and LiSi GC Block according to thickness, there was a statistically significant difference exclusively between groups with a thickness of 1.50 mm (p = 0.002). Conclusions: Light transmission for pre- and fully crystallized CAD/CAM lithium disilicate ceramics only showed a statistical difference at the thickness of 1.50 mm (p = 0.002). E.max CAD demonstrated acceptable light transmission up to a thickness of 1.5 mm. Clinical Significance: A thickness of 2 mm for chairside CAD/CAM lithium disilicate ceramics, whether pre-crystallized or fully crystallized, necessitates the use of dual-cure resin luting cement due to reduced light transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characteristics of Dental Ceramics)

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13 pages, 9858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of the Influence of Heat Treatment on Fracture Resistance of Different Ceramic Materials Used for CAD/CAM Systems

by Andrea Ordoñez Balladares, Cristian Abad-Coronel, Joao Carlos Ramos, Jorge I. Fajardo, Cesar A. Paltán and Benjamín José Martín Biedma

Materials 2024, 17(6), 1246; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061246 - 8 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1948

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the influence of heat treatment on fracture resistance (FR) of different ceramic materials used for CAD/CAM systems. Methods: Eighty monolithic restorations were designed using the same parameters and milled with a CAD/CAM system (CEREC SW 5.0, PrimeMill, Dentsply-Sirona™, Bensheim, Germany), forming five study groups: Group 1 (n = 10), CEREC Tessera (Dentsply-Sirona™, Bensheim, Germany) crystallized (CCT), Group 2 (n = 10), CEREC Tessera uncrystallized (UCT), Group 3 (n = 20), Emax-CAD (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) (CEC), Group 4 (n = 20), Vita Suprinity (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) (CVS), and Group 5 (n = 20) Cameo (Aidite, Qinhuangdao, China) (CC). Results: The average FR was similar for CCT, CC, and CEC at above 400 N, while CVS and UCT had the lowest values at 389,677 N and 343,212 N, respectively. Conclusion: Among the three ceramic materials that exhibited an FR above 400 N, CCT was considered the first recommended choice for CAD/CAM systems. This material not only demonstrated the highest FR but also exhibited outstanding consistency in the related measurements without the presence of outliers. Although the CC material showed high FR, its high dispersion revealed inconsistencies in the repetitions, suggesting caution in its use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characteristics of Dental Ceramics)

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19 pages, 4227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Surface Roughness of Contemporary Indirect CAD/CAM Restorative Materials That Are Glazed and Chair-Side-Finished/Polished

by Ragad Albani, Syed Rashid Habib, Abdulaziz AlQahtani, Abdulaziz A. AlHelal, Mohammed Alrabiah and Saqib Anwar

Materials 2024, 17(5), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17050997 - 21 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1108

Abstract

The surface roughness (Ra) of indirect computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-fabricated dental restorations is crucial for their long-term durability. This study intended to evaluate the Ra of five different types of contemporary indirect CAD/CAM restorative materials with varying compositions that were glazed and finished/polished. A total of 75 specimens, disc-shaped (10 mm × 2 mm), were obtained from five materials (n = 15) (Tetric CAD, IPS e.max CAD, IPS e.max ZirCAD, CELTRA Duo, and Vita Enamic) and fabricated by CAD/CAM. One of the two surfaces for each specimen was subjected to glazing, while the other surface was subjected to finishing/polishing. The Ra of the two surfaces in micrometers (μm) was evaluated using a Profilometer, while the surface topography was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Using SPSS, the Kruskal–Wallis, post hoc Conover, and Mann–Whitney tests were used to statistically evaluate the data. A comparison of the Ra for the finished/polished surfaces of the five test materials showed significant differences (p < 0.0001). Among the finished/polished surfaces, the mean rank values of Vita Enamic were significantly higher than the other four test materials (p < 0.0001). A comparison of the Ra of glazed surfaces among the five study materials revealed significant differences (p < 0.0001). The Ra for the IPS e.max ZirCAD material was significantly higher than the rest of the four materials (p < 0.001). A comparison of the Ra for two types of surface conditioning within each of the five test materials showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). Only for IPS e.max ZirCAD was the Ra of the glazed surface significantly higher than the finished/polished surface (p < 0.0001). Significant variations in the surface roughness (Ra) were exhibited between the finished/polished and glazed surfaces of the five test materials. Hybrid ceramics showed the highest Ra values for the finished/polished surfaces, and zirconia exhibited the highest Ra values among the glazed surfaces among the tested materials. The Ra values of either finished/polished or glazed surfaces of the test materials were within the clinically acceptable range (0.2–0.5 μm), except for the glazed surface of the zirconia ceramics (0.84 μm). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characteristics of Dental Ceramics)

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