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The Design, Preparation, and Mechanical Properties of New Metallic Materials and Alloys

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 December 2024 | Viewed by 8701

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Dr. Hao Lu

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
Interests: metallic nanomaterials; cermets; mechanical properties; wear of materials; computational materials science
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Yang Yang

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Guest Editor

Key Laboratory of Green Fabrication and Surface Technology of Advanced Metal Materials (Ministry of Education), Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan 243002, China
Interests: diamond-like-carbon films; high entropy coatings; MAX phase coatings; thermal spray; nitriding; first-principles calculations; wear resistance; corrosion resistance
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to invite you to contribute to the Special Issue on "The Design, Preparation, and Mechanical Properties of New Metallic Materials and Alloys" in Materials.

Over the years, tremendous developments have been advanced in the field of metallic materials and alloys, leading to the creation of new materials with enhanced properties and applications. This Special Issue aims to showcase recent advancements in the design, preparation, and knowledge of the mechanical properties of metallic materials and alloys.

We are seeking original research papers, reviews, and perspectives that encompass a wide range of topics related to this theme. Potential areas of interest include, but are not limited to, the following topics:

The design and synthesis of new metallic materials and alloys;
Novel processing techniques and approaches for material preparation;
Characterization techniques for analyzing mechanical properties;
Mechanical behavior and performance evaluation of metallic materials and alloys;
The multiscale modeling and simulation of mechanical properties;
Advanced testing methods for assessing mechanical properties;
The application and industrial significance of new metallic materials.

We particularly welcome contributions from researchers working in academia, industry, and research institutes. We believe that this Special Issue will provide a platform for researchers to share their latest findings, exchange ideas, and promote collaboration within the field.

We look forward to receiving your valuable contributions and ensuring the success of this Special Issue. Should you have any questions or require further information, please do not hesitate to contact us.

Best regards,

Dr. Hao Lu
Dr. Yang Yang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

metallic materials and alloys
design and synthesis of metallic materials
mechanical behavior and performance evaluation
multiscale modeling and simulation
advanced testing methods
friction, wear, and fatigue properties of metallic materials

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 8045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Texture of Hot-Compressed Metastable β-Titanium Alloy Ti5321 Studied by Neutron Diffraction

by Bin Gu, Paul Chekhonin, Robert Chulist, Weimin Gan and Werner Skrotzki

Materials 2024, 17(17), 4418; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174418 - 7 Sep 2024

Viewed by 864

Abstract

The textures of the β- and α-phases of the metastable β-titanium alloy Ti5321 after hot deformation were investigated by neutron diffraction. A hot-rolled bar was solutionized in the β-phase field and then hot compressed above and below the β-transus temperature. The initial texture after full recrystallization and grain growth in the β-phase field exhibits a weak cube component {001}<100> and minor {112}<110> and {111}<110> components. After hot compression, a <100> fiber texture is observed, increasing in intensity with compression temperature. Below the β-transus temperature, dynamic recrystallization of the β-phase and dynamic spheroidization of the α-phase interact strongly. The texture of the α-phase is a <11–20> fiber texture, increasing in intensity with decreasing compression temperature. The mechanisms of texture formation during hot compression are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Design, Preparation, and Mechanical Properties of New Metallic Materials and Alloys)

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14 pages, 6231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Minor Zn Dopants in Sn-10Bi Solder on Interfacial Reaction and Shear Properties of Solder on Ni/Au Surface Finish

by Sijin Li, Junxian Zhu, Huiling Zhou, Mingqing Liao, Fengjiang Wang and Jian Chen

Materials 2024, 17(17), 4364; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174364 - 3 Sep 2024

Viewed by 694

Abstract

Sn-10Bi low-bismuth-content solder alloy provides a potential alternative to the currently used Sn-Ag-Cu series due to its lower cost, excellent ductility, and strengthening resulting from the Bi solid solution and precipitation. This study primarily investigates the interfacial evolution and shear strength characteristics of Sn-10Bi joints on a Ni/Au surface finish during the as-soldered and subsequent isothermal aging processes. To improve the joint performance, a 0.2 or 0.5 wt.% dopant of Zn was incorporated into Sn-10Bi solder. The findings demonstrated that a 0.2 or 0.5 wt.% Zn dopant altered the composition of the intermetallic compound (IMC) formed at the interface between the solder and Ni/Au surface finish from Ni₃Sn₄ to Ni₃(Sn, Zn)₄. The occurrence of this transformation is attributed to the diffusion of Zn atoms into the Ni₃Sn₄ lattice, resulting in the substitution of a portion of the Sn atoms by Zn atoms, thereby forming the Ni₃(Sn, Zn)₄ IMC during the soldering process, which was also verified by calculations based on first principles. Furthermore, a 0.2 or 0.5 wt.% Zn dopant in Sn-10Bi significantly inhibited the Ni₃(Sn, Zn)₄ growth after both the soldering and thermal aging processes. Zn addition can enhance the shear strength of solder joints irrespective of the as-soldered or aging condition. The fracture mode was determined by the aging durations—with the brittle mode occurring for as-soldered joints, the ductile mode occurring for aged joints after 10 days, and again the brittle mode for joints after 40 days of aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Design, Preparation, and Mechanical Properties of New Metallic Materials and Alloys)

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19 pages, 26498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hot Crack Formation Mechanism and Inhibition of a Novel Cobalt-Based Alloy Coating during Laser Cladding

by Pengfei Yang, Nannan Lu, Jingjing Liang, Yimo Guo, Guangrui Zhang, Xiu Song, Yizhou Zhou, Xiaofeng Sun and Jinguo Li

Materials 2024, 17(16), 3914; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163914 - 7 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 750

Abstract

Laser cladding provides advanced surface treatment capabilities for enhancing the properties of components. However, its effectiveness is often challenged by the formation of hot cracks during the cladding process. This study focuses on the formation mechanism and inhibition of hot cracks in a novel cobalt-based alloy (K688) coating applied to 304LN stainless steel via laser cladding. The results indicate that hot crack formation is influenced by liquid film stability, the stress concentration, and precipitation phases. Most hot cracks were found at 25°–45° high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) due to the high energy of these grain boundaries, which stabilize the liquid film. A flat-top beam, compared to a Gaussian beam, creates a melt pool with a lower temperature gradient and more mitigatory fluid flow, reducing thermal stresses within the coating and the fraction of crack-sensitive, high-angle grain boundaries (S-HAGBs). Finally, crack formation was significantly inhibited by utilizing a flat-top laser beam to optimize the process parameters. These findings provide a technical foundation for achieving high-quality laser cladding of dissimilar materials, offering insights into optimizing process parameters to prevent hot crack formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Design, Preparation, and Mechanical Properties of New Metallic Materials and Alloys)

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11 pages, 8012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties in In–Bi–Sn Alloys as a Result of Low-Temperature Storage

by Jiye Zhou, Xin Fu Tan, Stuart D. McDonald and Kazuhiro Nogita

Materials 2024, 17(15), 3669; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153669 - 25 Jul 2024

Viewed by 911

Abstract

The In–Bi–Sn low-temperature solder alloys are regarded as potential candidates for cryogenic and space exploration applications. This study investigates the variations in the mechanical properties and microstructures of two different compositions: In15wt%Bi35wt%Sn and In30wt%Bi20wt%Sn, after exposure to a low-temperature environment (−20 °C) for 10 months. An increase in the ultimate tensile strength was observed across all the tested samples and a decrease in elongation to failure was observed in In30wt%Bi20wt%Sn. Changes in the microstructure were identified through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The impact of this low-temperature environment is described, considering the varying proportions and compositions of the three phases (BiIn₂(Sn), γ-InSn₄(Bi), and β-In₃Sn(Bi)) present within the alloys and their contribution to the mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Design, Preparation, and Mechanical Properties of New Metallic Materials and Alloys)

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9 pages, 9380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiple Deformation Mechanisms in Adiabatic Shear Bands of a Titanium Alloy during High Strain Rate Deformation

by Xinran Guan, Dongrong Liu, Shoujiang Qu, Guojian Cao, Hao Wang, Aihan Feng and Daolun Chen

Materials 2024, 17(15), 3645; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153645 - 24 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 829

Abstract

The occurrence of adiabatic shear bands, as an instability phenomenon, is viewed as a precursor to failure caused by instability at high strain rates. Metastable β titanium alloys are extensively utilized due to their excellent mechanical properties, which are often subjected to high strain rate loads in service conditions. Understanding and studying their adiabatic shear instability behavior is thus crucial for preventing catastrophic failure and enhancing material performance. In this study via detailed microstructural analyses in the adiabatic shear region of a Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy subjected to high strain rates, it was observed that α″ martensitic transformation and nano-twinning plus β-to-α phase transformation with α″ martensite as an intermediate phase occurred, in addition to substantial fine grains. The grain refinement mechanisms were mainly related to dynamic recovery dominated by dislocation migration alongside severe plastic deformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Design, Preparation, and Mechanical Properties of New Metallic Materials and Alloys)

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21 pages, 7800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polarization-Accelerated Seawater Splash Simulation for Rapid Evaluation of Protection Performance of an Epoxy Coating on Carbon Steel

by Yuqing Xu, Guangling Song, Dajiang Zheng, Changsheng Liu and Enhou Han

Materials 2024, 17(14), 3623; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143623 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 660

Abstract

The application of organic coatings is the most cost-effective and common method for metallic equipment toward corrosion, whose anti-corrosion property needs to be improved and evaluated in a short time. To rapidly and rationally assess the anti-corrosion property of organic coatings in the ocean splash zone, a new accelerated test was proposed. In the study, the corrosion protection property of the coating samples was measured by an improved AC-DC-AC test in a simulated seawater of 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, a simulated ocean splash zone test and a new accelerated test combining the above two tests. The results showed that the corrosion rate of the coating samples was high in the improved AC-DC-AC test, which lost its anti-corrosion property after 24 cycles equal to 96 h. The main rapid failure reason was that the time of the water and corrosive media arriving at the carbon steel substrate under the alternating cathodic and anodic polarization with symmetrical positive and negative electric charges was shortened. The entire impedance of the coating samples was improved by about 1.6 times more than that in the initial early time in the simulated ocean splash zone test, which was caused by the damage effect from the salt spraying, drying, humidifying, salt immersion, high temperature and UVA irradiation being weaker than the enhancement effect from the post-curing process by the UVA irradiation. In the new accelerated test, the samples lost their corrosion resistance after 12 cycles equal to 288 h with the fastest failure rate. On account of the coupling process of the salt spraying, drying, humidifying, salt immersion, high temperature combined with the cathodic and anodic polarization and the UVA irradiation, the penetration and transmission rate of water and corrosive media in the coating were further accelerated, the corrosion rate on the carbon steel substrate was reinforced even larger and the destruction of the top polymer molecules was more serious. The new accelerated test showed the strongest damage-acceleration effect than that in the other two tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Design, Preparation, and Mechanical Properties of New Metallic Materials and Alloys)

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25 pages, 42375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Mo Content on the Structural, Mechanical, and Tribological Properties of New Zr-Nb-Mo Alloys Obtained by Combining Powder Metallurgy and Vacuum Arc Melting Methods

by Julia Zając, Izabela Matuła, Adrian Barylski, Krzysztof Aniołek, Marcin Nabiałek, Julia Flesińska and Grzegorz Dercz

Materials 2024, 17(14), 3483; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143483 - 14 Jul 2024

Viewed by 770

Abstract

Considering the high demand for innovative solutions in medicine, a major increase in interest in biomaterials research has been noticed, with the most significant advancements in metals and their alloys. Titanium-based alloys are one of the most recognised in the scientific community but do not represent the only way to achieve optimal results. Zirconium alloys for medical applications are a novelty with significant research potential based on their outstanding properties, which may be of value for medicine. The aim of the present study was to obtain new biomedical Zr-Nb-Mo alloys with varying ratios of their respective elements—Zr and Mo—using combined powder metallurgy (PM) and arc melting (VAM) methods. The obtained samples underwent microstructure analysis using an optical microscope (OM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The study of element distribution was conducted with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), whereas the phase composition was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mechanical properties were examined with a Micro Combi Tester MCT³, whereas tribological properties were assessed with a TRN Tribometer, and Ringer’s solution was used as a lubricant. Additionally, the wear tracks of the studied samples were observed using the SEM. The research results indicated that increased Mo content conduced to microstructure refinement and homogeneity. Furthermore, the higher content of this element contributed to the growth of the HV_IT, H_IT, and E_IT parameters, together with the improvement in the tribological performance of the alloys. XRD analysis revealed that the obtained samples were multiphase, and raising the Mo addition promoted the formation of new phases, including a ternary phase—Zr_0.9Nb_0.66Mo_1.44 (Fd

\bar{3}

m). The chemical composition study showed uneven distribution of niobium and areas of uneven mutual distribution of zirconium and molybdenum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Design, Preparation, and Mechanical Properties of New Metallic Materials and Alloys)

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26 pages, 25799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tribocorrosion Behavior of NiCoCrMoCu Alloys Containing Different Carbides in Acidic Media at Various Applied Loads and Sliding Speeds

by Chao Li, Ziming Zeng, Jianwei Teng, Biaobiao Yang and Yunping Li

Materials 2024, 17(12), 2971; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122971 - 17 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 682

Abstract

In this study, the ball-on-disk sliding wear and tribocorrosion behavior in the H₂SO₄ and HCl solution of NiCoCrMoCu alloys with carbon additions of 0.2, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt.% with the Al₂O₃ ball as a counterpart was investigated systematically. Obvious tribocorrosion antagonistic effects were found after wear in both aqueous solutions. Compared with dry sliding wear conditions, the lubrication effect of the aqueous solution significantly reduces the wear rate of the alloy, and the reduction effect in the H₂SO₄ aqueous solution was more obvious than that in HCl. The antagonistic effects of the 0.2C and 1C alloys decrease with the load and sliding rate, while those of the 1.5C and 2C alloys increase. The (coefficient of friction) COF and wear rate under different loads and sliding rates were analyzed using the response surface analysis (RSM) method. It was found that the COF mainly showed dependence on the sliding rate, while the wear rate showed dependence on load and sliding speed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Design, Preparation, and Mechanical Properties of New Metallic Materials and Alloys)

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Review

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26 pages, 23090 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Cathode Plasma Electrolysis Treatment: Progress, Applications, and Advancements in Metal Coating Preparation

by Shuai Lu, Xiaowei Sun, Bowei Zhang and Junsheng Wu

Materials 2024, 17(16), 3929; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163929 - 7 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1849

Abstract

Cathodic plasma electrolytic treatment (CPET) is an emerging surface modification and coating preparation technology. By utilizing plasma discharge induced through electrolysis and the cooling impact of electrolyte, metal cleaning, saturation, and coating preparation are efficiently achieved. In this review, the principle, application, and development of the CPET process are briefly summarized based on the past literature. Detailed insights are provided into the influence of electrolyte parameters (pH, metal salt concentration, and temperature), electrical parameters (voltage, duty cycle, and frequency), and process parameters (electrode area ratio, material, roughness, and deposition time) on plasma discharge and coating formation for metal coatings. The interaction mechanism between plasma and material surfaces is also investigated. Recommendations and future research avenues are suggested to propel CPET and its practical implementations. This review is expected to provide assistance and inspiration for researchers engaged in CPET. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Design, Preparation, and Mechanical Properties of New Metallic Materials and Alloys)

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