Materials

Research

Jump to: Review

20 pages, 3118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Physically Guided Data Fusion Prediction Model for Micro-EDM Drilling

by Chen Cheng, Beiying Liu, Jinxin Cheng and Xiao Xiong

Materials 2023, 16(23), 7454; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237454 - 30 Nov 2023

Viewed by 897

Abstract

Accurate prediction of Electro-Discharge Machining (EDM) results is crucial for industrial applications, aiming to achieve high-performance and cost-efficient machining. However, both the current physical model and the standard Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model exhibit inherent limitations, failing to fully meet the accurate requirements [...] Read more.

Accurate prediction of Electro-Discharge Machining (EDM) results is crucial for industrial applications, aiming to achieve high-performance and cost-efficient machining. However, both the current physical model and the standard Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model exhibit inherent limitations, failing to fully meet the accurate requirements for predicting EDM machining results. In addition, Micro-EDM Drilling can lead to the distortion of the macroscopic shape of machining pits under different input conditions, rendering the use of only the volume of machining pits as the evaluation index insufficient to express the complete morphological information. In this study, we propose a novel hybrid prediction model that combines the strengths of both physical and data-driven models to simultaneously predict Material Removal Rate (MRR) and shape parameters. Our experiment demonstrates that the hybrid model achieves a maximum prediction error of 4.92% for MRR and 5.28% for shape parameters, showcasing excellent prediction accuracy and stability compared to the physical model and the standard ANN model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonconventional Technology in Materials Processing-Volume 2)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 11598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finishing Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V Alloy with Low-Energy Electrical Discharges

by Dorota Oniszczuk-Świercz, Adrian Kopytowski, Rafał Nowicki and Rafał Świercz

Materials 2023, 16(17), 5861; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175861 - 27 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1233

Abstract

Additive manufacturing has garnered significant interest in various industries due to its flexibility and capability to produce parts with complex shapes. However, issues related to surface quality, such as roughness and microstructural defects, necessitate the use of post-processing techniques to achieve the desired [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing has garnered significant interest in various industries due to its flexibility and capability to produce parts with complex shapes. However, issues related to surface quality, such as roughness and microstructural defects, necessitate the use of post-processing techniques to achieve the desired properties. Ti6Al4V alloy, produced additively, was finished using low-energy discharges, and the new surface integrity properties resulting from the induced heat energy were investigated. To further understand the influence of discharge energy on the formation of the new layer, roughness parameters and power spectral density were used to characterize the surface topography. SEM and EDS analyses were performed to examine the morphology and microstructural defects such as microcracks. The results indicate that the heat energy induced by the discharge improved the properties of the surface. SEM analysis revealed that the new layer was characterized by a reduction in defects such as unmelted particles, the balling effect, and microcracks. At the lowest investigated discharge energy of E = 0.21 mJ, surface roughness, Sa, was reduced by about 69%, which is equal to about 2 μm, accompanied by a significant decrease in microcracks. EDS analysis indicated that the diffusion of copper and zinc from the electrode to the top surface was related to the discharge energy. Furthermore, prediction models of the influence of wire electrical discharge polishing parameters, including discharge energy, wire speed, and time interval, on the surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR) were developed using the response surface methodology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonconventional Technology in Materials Processing-Volume 2)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 6434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Wire Electrical Discharge Finishing Cuts on the Surface Integrity of Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V Alloy

by Dorota Oniszczuk-Świercz and Rafał Świercz

Materials 2023, 16(15), 5476; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155476 - 4 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1190

Abstract

The Selective laser melting (SLM) technology of recent years allows for building complex-shaped parts with difficult-to-cut materials such as Ti6Al4V alloy. Nevertheless, the surface integrity after SLM is characterized by surface roughness and defects in the microstructure. The use of additional finishing technology, [...] Read more.

The Selective laser melting (SLM) technology of recent years allows for building complex-shaped parts with difficult-to-cut materials such as Ti6Al4V alloy. Nevertheless, the surface integrity after SLM is characterized by surface roughness and defects in the microstructure. The use of additional finishing technology, such as machining, laser polishing, or mechanical polishing, is used to achieve desired surface properties. In this study, improving SLM Ti6Al4V alloy surface integrity using wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is proposed. The influence of finishing WEDM cuts and the discharge energy on the surface roughness parameters Sa, Svk, Spk, and Sk and the composition of the recast layer were investigated. The proposed finishing technology allows for significant improvement of the surface roughness by up to 88% (from Sa = 6.74 µm to Sa = 0.8 µm). Furthermore, the SEM analyses of surface morphology indicate improving surface integrity properties by removing the balling effect, unmelted particles, and the presence of microcracks. EDS analysis of the recast layer indicated a significant influence of discharge energy and the polarization of the electrode on its composition and thickness. Depending on the used discharge energy and the number of finishing cuts, changes in the composition of the material in the range of 2 to 10 µm were observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonconventional Technology in Materials Processing-Volume 2)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 15581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling the Kerf Angle, Roughness and Waviness of the Surface of Inconel 718 in an Abrasive Water Jet Cutting Process

by Marcin Płodzień, Łukasz Żyłka, Krzysztof Żak and Szymon Wojciechowski

Materials 2023, 16(15), 5288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155288 - 27 Jul 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1034

Abstract

An experimental study of the abrasive water jet cutting process of Inconel 718 alloy samples with varying values of cutting speed, abrasive flow rate and cutting material height was carried out. Surface roughness and waviness were measured at different cutting depths, and the [...] Read more.

An experimental study of the abrasive water jet cutting process of Inconel 718 alloy samples with varying values of cutting speed, abrasive flow rate and cutting material height was carried out. Surface roughness and waviness were measured at different cutting depths, and the variation of the kerf angle was studied. It was shown that the depth of cut has the greatest effect on roughness and waviness. The height of the sample has no impact on the roughness and waviness at a particular depth of cut. As the depth of cut increases, in most cases, roughness and waviness increase as well. It has been proven that the cutting speed has a negligible effect on surface roughness, but it has a significant effect on surface waviness. The waviness, on the other hand, depends only slightly on the abrasive flow. It has been proven that the kerf angle does not depend on the abrasive flow. The kerf angle depends mainly on the height of the sample. The models were developed for the parameters of roughness Ra and Rz, waviness Wa and Wz and kerf angle. All models were calculated without separating the surface into smooth and rough cutting regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonconventional Technology in Materials Processing-Volume 2)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 6204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Cutting-Edge Microgeometry on Cutting Forces in High-Speed Milling of 7075 Aluminum Alloy

by Łukasz Żyłka, Rafał Flejszar and Paweł Lajmert

Materials 2023, 16(10), 3859; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16103859 - 20 May 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2096

Abstract

In the present study, the impact of cutting-edge microgeometry on the cutting forces in the finish milling of a 7075-aluminium alloy was analysed. The influence of selected values of the rounding radius of cutting edge, and the size of the margin width, on [...] Read more.

In the present study, the impact of cutting-edge microgeometry on the cutting forces in the finish milling of a 7075-aluminium alloy was analysed. The influence of selected values of the rounding radius of cutting edge, and the size of the margin width, on the cutting-force parameters was analysed. Experimental tests were carried out for different cross-sectional values of the cutting layer, changing the feed per tooth and radial infeed parameters. An analysis of the various statistical parameters of the force signal was performed. Experimental mathematical models of the relationship of the force parameters to the radius of the rounded cutting edge and the width of the margin were developed. The cutting forces were found to be most strongly influenced by the width of the margin and, to a minor extent, by the rounding radius of the cutting edge. It was proved that the effect of margin width is linear, and the effect of radius R is nonlinear and nonmonotonic. The minimum cutting force was shown to be for the radius of rounded cutting edge of about 15–20 micrometres. The proposed model is the basis for further work on innovative cutter geometries for aluminium-finishing milling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonconventional Technology in Materials Processing-Volume 2)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solid-State Transformations of Mayenite and Core-Shell Structures of C12A7@C Type at High Pressure, High Temperature Conditions

by Sergey A. Gromilov, Anatoly I. Chepurov, Alexander M. Volodin and Aleksey A. Vedyagin

Materials 2023, 16(5), 2083; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16052083 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1695

Abstract

Calcium aluminate of a mayenite structure, 12CaO∙7Al₂O₃ (C12A7), is widely applicable in many fields of modern science and technology. Therefore, its behavior under various experimental conditions is of special interest. The present research aimed to estimate the possible impact of [...] Read more.

Calcium aluminate of a mayenite structure, 12CaO∙7Al₂O₃ (C12A7), is widely applicable in many fields of modern science and technology. Therefore, its behavior under various experimental conditions is of special interest. The present research aimed to estimate the possible impact of the carbon shell in core-shell materials of C12A7@C type on the proceeding of solid-state reactions of mayenite with graphite and magnesium oxide under High Pressure, High Temperature (HPHT) conditions. The phase composition of the solid-state products formed at a pressure of 4 GPa and temperature of 1450 °C was studied. As is found, the interaction of mayenite with graphite under such conditions is accompanied by the formation of an aluminum-rich phase of the CaO∙6Al₂O₃ composition, while in the case of core-shell structure (C12A7@C), the same interaction does not lead to the formation of such a single phase. For this system, a number of hardly identified calcium aluminate phases along with the carbide-like phrases have appeared. The main product of the interaction of mayenite and C12A7@C with MgO under HPHT conditions is the spinel phase Al₂MgO₄. This indicates that, in the case of the C12A7@C structure, the carbon shell is not able to prevent the interaction of the oxide mayenite core with magnesium oxide located outside the carbon shell. Nevertheless, the other solid-state products accompanying the spinel formation are significantly different for the cases of pure C12A7 and C12A7@C core-shell structure. The obtained results clearly illustrate that the HPHT conditions used in these experiments lead to the complete destruction of the mayenite structure and the formation of new phases, which compositions differ noticeably depending on the precursor used—pure mayenite or C12A7@C core-shell structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonconventional Technology in Materials Processing-Volume 2)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of Surface Roughness and Material Removal Rate in Wire EDM of Stainless Steel 304

by Noha Naeim, Mona A. AbouEleaz and Ahmed Elkaseer

Materials 2023, 16(3), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031022 - 23 Jan 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2819

Abstract

Its unexcelled mechanical and physical properties, in addition to its biocompatibility, have made stainless steel 304 a prime candidate for a wide range of applications. Among different manufacturing techniques, electrical discharge machining (EDM) has shown high potential in processing stainless steel 304 in [...] Read more.

Its unexcelled mechanical and physical properties, in addition to its biocompatibility, have made stainless steel 304 a prime candidate for a wide range of applications. Among different manufacturing techniques, electrical discharge machining (EDM) has shown high potential in processing stainless steel 304 in a controllable manner. This paper reports the results of an experimental investigation into the effect of the process parameters on the obtainable surface roughness and material removal rate of stainless steel 304, when slotted using wire EDM. A full factorial design of the experiment was followed when conducting experimental trials in which the effects of the different levels of the five process parameters; applied voltage, traverse feed, pulse-on time, pulse-off time, and current intensity were investigated. The geometry of the cut slots was characterized using the MATLAB image processing toolbox to detect the edge and precise width of the cut slot along its entire length to determine the material removal rate. In addition, the surface roughness of the side walls of the slots were characterized, and the roughness average was evaluated for the range of the process parameters being examined. The effect of the five process parameters on both responses were studied, and the results revealed that the material removal rate is significantly influenced by feed (p-value = 9.72 × 10⁻²⁹), followed by current tension (p-value = 6.02 × 10⁻⁷), and voltage (p-value = 3.77 × 10⁻⁵), while the most significant parameters affecting the surface roughness are current tension (p-value = 1.89 × 10⁻⁷), followed by pulse-on time (1.602 × 10⁻⁵), and pulse-off time (0.0204). The developed regression models and associated prediction plots offer a reliable tool to predict the effect of the process parameters, and thus enable the optimizing of their effects on both responses; surface roughness and material removal rate. The results also reveal the trade-off between the effect of significant process parameters on the material removal rate and surface roughness. This points out the need for a robust multi-objective optimization technique to identify the process window for obtaining high quality surfaces while keeping the material removal rate as high as possible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonconventional Technology in Materials Processing-Volume 2)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 12965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a New Type of Grinding Wheel with Multi-Granular Abrasive Grains on Surface Topography Properties after Grinding of Inconel 625

by Adrian Kopytowski, Rafał Świercz, Dorota Oniszczuk-Świercz, Józef Zawora, Julia Kuczak and Łukasz Żrodowski

Materials 2023, 16(2), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020716 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2163

Abstract

Finishing operations are one of the most challenging tasks during a manufacturing process, and are responsible for achieving dimensional accuracy of the manufactured parts and the desired surface topography properties. One of the most advanced finishing technologies is grinding. However, typical grinding processes [...] Read more.

Finishing operations are one of the most challenging tasks during a manufacturing process, and are responsible for achieving dimensional accuracy of the manufactured parts and the desired surface topography properties. One of the most advanced finishing technologies is grinding. However, typical grinding processes have limitations in the acquired surface topography properties, especially in finishing difficult to cut materials such as Inconel 625. To overcome this limitation, a new type of grinding wheel is proposed. The tool is made up of grains of different sizes, which results in less damage to the work surface and an enhancement in the manufacturing process. In this article, the results of an experimental study of the surface grinding process of Inconel 625 with single-granular and multi-granular wheels are presented. The influence of various input parameters on the roughness parameter (Sa) and surface topography was investigated. Statistical models of the grinding process were developed based on our research. Studies showed that with an increase in the cutting speed, the surface roughness values of the machined samples decreased (Sa = 0.9 μm for a Vc of 33 m/s for a multigranular wheel). Observation of the grinding process showed an unfavorable effect of a low grinding wheel speed on the machined surface. For both conventional and multigranular wheels, the highest value for the Sa parameter was obtained for Vc = 13 m/s. Regarding the surface topography, the observed surfaces did not show defects over large areas in the cases of both wheels. However, a smaller portion of single traces of active abrasive grains was observed in the case of the multi-granular wheel, indicating that this tool performs better finishing operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonconventional Technology in Materials Processing-Volume 2)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 8101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Approach for Evaluation True Stress–Strain Curve from Tensile Specimens for DC04 Steel with Vision Measurement in the Post-Necking Phases

by Sławomir Świłło and Robert Cacko

Materials 2023, 16(2), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020558 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3255

Abstract

The paper presents an experimental evaluation of deformation of flat samples during uniaxial tensile testing, including uniform deformation and post-necking phases. The authors recommend a specially designed vision extensometer and simplified image processing method for analytical correction of triaxial test results for extended [...] Read more.

The paper presents an experimental evaluation of deformation of flat samples during uniaxial tensile testing, including uniform deformation and post-necking phases. The authors recommend a specially designed vision extensometer and simplified image processing method for analytical correction of triaxial test results for extended stress–strain curve estimation. A modified correction model is proposed, based on the application of Gaussian functions, to determine the neck geometry of the tested sample. The vision extensometer can monitor a specimen’s elongation using two fibre-optic gauges inserted into the material. Measurements taken from the vision extensometer are compared with readings from analogue gauges within the range of uniform deformation. The analytical correction model’s ability to correctly assess the extended true stress–strain curve in the post-necking phase was investigated. Image processing forms the basis of an efficient method for identifying the contour of the specimen’s neck. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used to verify the proposed solutions and assess the results obtained for the uniform and post-neck deformation phases. The change in thickness of the sample was experimentally measured throughout the tensile test with a digital gauge sensor and compared with the results of the digital image correlation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonconventional Technology in Materials Processing-Volume 2)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 7807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation and Optimization of Rough EDM of High-Thermal-Conductivity Tool Steel with a Thin-Walled Electrode

by Dorota Oniszczuk-Świercz, Rafał Świercz, Adrian Kopytowski and Rafał Nowicki

Materials 2023, 16(1), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010302 - 28 Dec 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1964

Abstract

The industrial application of electrical discharge machining (EDM) for manufacturing injection molding, in many cases, requires forming depth cavities with high length-to-width ratios, which is quite challenging. During slot EDM with thin-walled electrodes, short-circuits and arcing discharges occur, as a result of low [...] Read more.

The industrial application of electrical discharge machining (EDM) for manufacturing injection molding, in many cases, requires forming depth cavities with high length-to-width ratios, which is quite challenging. During slot EDM with thin-walled electrodes, short-circuits and arcing discharges occur, as a result of low efficiency in removing debris and bubble gas from the gap. Furthermore, unstable discharges can cause increases in tool wear and shape deviation of the machined parts. In order to characterize the influence of the type of electrode material and EDM parameters on the deep slot machining of high-thermal-conductivity tool steel (HTCS), experimental studies were conducted. An analytical and experimental investigation is carried out on the influence of EDM parameters on discharge current and pulse-on-time on the tool wear (TW), surface roughness (Ra), slot width (S)—dimension of the cavity, and material removal rate (MRR). The analyses of the EDS spectrum of the electrode indicate the occurrence of the additional carbon layer on the electrode. Carbon deposition on the anode surface can provide an additional thermal barrier that reduces electrode wear in the case of the copper electrode but for graphite electrodes, uneven deposition of carbon on the electrode leads to unstable discharges and leads to increase tool wear. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to build empirical models of the influence of the discharge current I and pulse-on-time t_on on Ra, S, TW, and MRR. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to establish the statistical significance parameters. The calculated contribution indicated that the discharge current had the most influence (over 70%) on the Ra, S, TW, and MRR, followed by the discharge time. Multicriteria optimization with Derringer’s function was then used to minimize the surface roughness, slot width, and TW, while maximizing MRR. A validation test confirms that the maximal error between the predicted and obtained values did not exceed 7%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonconventional Technology in Materials Processing-Volume 2)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 16164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Selected Structural Properties of High-Speed Friction Welded Joints Made of Unalloyed Structural Steel

by Beata Skowrońska, Tomasz Chmielewski and Dariusz Zasada

Materials 2023, 16(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010093 - 22 Dec 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2001

Abstract

Commonly used S235JR structural steel, generally associated with good weldability, was joined by high-speed friction welding (HSFW). The friction welding tests were performed with a rotational speed of n = 8000 rpm and four different values of the unit pressure in the friction [...] Read more.

Commonly used S235JR structural steel, generally associated with good weldability, was joined by high-speed friction welding (HSFW). The friction welding tests were performed with a rotational speed of n = 8000 rpm and four different values of the unit pressure in the friction phase (p_f) in the range of 64–255 MPa. The obtained joints were subjected to metallographic observations using an optical microscope; in selected zones of friction joints the average grain size was specified in accordance with the EN ISO 643:2012 standard; the hardness of friction joints was measured using the Vickers method. The friction-welded joint with the highest p_f was EBSD-investigated. The obtained friction-welded joints resembled an hourglass, and the microstructure of individual zones of the joints differed depending on the height (axis, radius) of the observations. The generated joining conditions resulted in a significant refinement of the microstructure in the friction weld—the average grain size is about 1 µm² (for base material it was 21 µm²). The highest increase in hardness above 340 HV0.1 was recorded in the friction weld of the welded joint with the lowest used value pressure in the friction phase. Such a sharp increase in hardness can make the resulting friction-welded joint become sensitive to dynamic or fatigue loads. The electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) investigation confirmed the strong refinement of the microstructure in the friction-welded joint and the occurrence of the phenomenon of dynamic recrystallization (DRX). The friction weld was also characterized by a large share of high-angle boundaries (HAGBs) >80%. These results may indicate that during high-speed friction welding it is possible to create conditions like those obtained during the High-Pressure Torsion (the method used to produce UFG materials) process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonconventional Technology in Materials Processing-Volume 2)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 12813 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Influence of Co Addition on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Tungsten Heavy Alloys

by Paweł Skoczylas and Mieczysław Kaczorowski

Materials 2022, 15(24), 9064; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15249064 - 19 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2226

Abstract

This study shows the results of Ni replacement with Co in a W-Ni-Co-type tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) in terms of the structure and mechanical properties. Five alloys containing 92 wt. % of tungsten plus Ni and Co changing in the proportions (Co:Ni) of [...] Read more.

This study shows the results of Ni replacement with Co in a W-Ni-Co-type tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) in terms of the structure and mechanical properties. Five alloys containing 92 wt. % of tungsten plus Ni and Co changing in the proportions (Co:Ni) of 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, and 5:5 were prepared using liquid phase sintering (LPS). The specimens were studied directly after sintering and after solution heat treatment. The tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation were evaluated. The results of tensile tests were supplemented with microhardness measurements of tungsten grains and matrix. Light microscopy was used for the microstructure, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an EDS attachment was applied for the assessment of the fracture mode and chemical microanalysis. It was concluded that the replacement of Ni with Co led to a tensile property increase that was accompanied by a gradual decrease in elongation that started to be critical for a Co:Ni ratio higher than 4:6. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonconventional Technology in Materials Processing-Volume 2)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 7627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Prediction Models of the Microwire EDM Process of Inconel 718 Using ANN and RSM Methods

by Dorota Oniszczuk-Świercz, Rafał Świercz and Štefan Michna

Materials 2022, 15(23), 8317; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238317 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 1918

Abstract

Precise machining of micro parts from difficult-to-cut materials requires using advanced technology such as wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM). In order to enhance the productivity of micro WEDM, the key role is understanding the influence of process parameters on the surface topography and [...] Read more.

Precise machining of micro parts from difficult-to-cut materials requires using advanced technology such as wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM). In order to enhance the productivity of micro WEDM, the key role is understanding the influence of process parameters on the surface topography and the material’s removal rate (MRR). Furthermore, effective models which allow us to predict the influence of the parameters of micro-WEDM on the qualitative effects of the process are required. This paper influences the discharge energy, time interval, and wire speed on the surface topography’s properties, namely Sa, Sk, Spk, Svk, and MRR, after micro-WEDM of Inconel 718 were described. Developed RSM and ANN model of the micro-WEDM process, showing that the discharge energy had the main influence (over 70%) on the surface topography’s parameters. However, for MRR, the time interval was also significant. Furthermore, a reduction in wire speed can lead to a decrease in the cost process and have a positive influence on the environment and sustainability of the process. Evaluation of developed prediction models of micro-WEDM of Inconel 718 indicates that ANN had a lower value for the relative error compared with the RSM models and did not exceed 4%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonconventional Technology in Materials Processing-Volume 2)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 9101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Impact of Acoustic Vibrations on the Laser Beam Remelting Process

by Arkadiusz Krajewski and Paweł Kołodziejczak

Materials 2022, 15(18), 6402; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186402 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1416

Abstract

The article contains an analysis of selected aspects of the structure and properties of laser remelting of low carbon steel supported by acoustic vibrations obtained in the research presented in (A Novel Method of Supporting the Laser Welding Process with Mechanical Acoustic Vibrations). [...] Read more.

The article contains an analysis of selected aspects of the structure and properties of laser remelting of low carbon steel supported by acoustic vibrations obtained in the research presented in (A Novel Method of Supporting the Laser Welding Process with Mechanical Acoustic Vibrations). Due to the assumptions made in this publication, it was necessary to deepen the analysis of the obtained results. The correlation of such factors on the structure as the frequency of vibrations (50, 100, 1385 Hz), their propagation through the short-lived liquid phase and changes in the structure, chemical composition, and hardness of the characteristic zones of the obtained remelting was considered. The remelting obtained with the participation of resonant acoustic vibrations with a frequency of 1385 Hz was subjected to thermo-mechanical analysis. A characteristic “bandwidth” pattern was revealed in the structure. In the present article, a thermo-mechanical analysis of the cause of its formation was carried out by comparing it with the remelting obtained at lower frequencies. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the band structure was characterized by 7 to 8 areas up to approximately a 90 µm depth, which showed dark and light zones. These areas differed in carbon content, hardness, and width. The analysis of vibration propagation helped to determine that in the time of crystallization of the molten metal pool, the transition of the vibration wave lasted through 7–8 minima and maxima. This fact allows us to assume with a high probability that it is the result of the applied resonance frequency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonconventional Technology in Materials Processing-Volume 2)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of Technological Indicators and Surface Roughness of Hastelloy C-22 after Electrical Discharge Machining Using POCO Graphite Electrodes

by Rafał Nowicki, Rafał Świercz, Dorota Oniszczuk-Świercz and Marek Rozenek

Materials 2022, 15(16), 5631; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165631 - 16 Aug 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 1945

Abstract

Modern industry is focused on looking for new and effective technologies to manufacture complex shapes from alloys based on nickel and chromium. One of the materials widely used in the chemical and aerospace industry is Hastelloy C-22. This material is difficult to machine [...] Read more.

Modern industry is focused on looking for new and effective technologies to manufacture complex shapes from alloys based on nickel and chromium. One of the materials widely used in the chemical and aerospace industry is Hastelloy C-22. This material is difficult to machine by conventional methods, and in many cases, unconventional methods are used to manufacture it, such as electrical discharge machining (EDM). In the EDM process, the material is removed by electrical discharges between a workpiece and a tool electrode. The physical and mechanical properties of the tool electrodes have a direct impact on the process efficiency, machining accuracy, and surface roughness. Currently, there has been a significant increase in the use of graphite as a material for tool electrodes due to the low purchase cost of the raw material, good machinability, and high sublimation temperature. In this work, an experimental investigation of the influence of the grain size of the graphite tool electrode on material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR), and surface roughness (Ra) of Hastelloy C-22 was carried out. Two POCO graphite tool electrodes with a grain size of 1 µm (AF-5) and 10 µm (S-180) were used. Based on the experimental studies, empirical models describing the influence of machining parameters on technological indicators and the condition of the surface texture were determined. The research indicates that graphite with a larger grain provides higher process efficiency with high relative wear of the tool electrode. The lowest surface roughness was obtained for graphite with a smaller grain size (AF-5). The analysis of the machining parameters proves that the discharge current and pulse duration are the main factors determining the MRR and Ra values for both AF-5 and S-180 graphite. The time interval is the dominant parameter with regard to the relative wear of the graphite electrode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonconventional Technology in Materials Processing-Volume 2)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

30 pages, 18350 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Review of Current and Proposed Methods of Manufacturing Fir Tree Slots of Turbine Aero Engine Discs

by Jarosław Buk, Paweł Sułkowicz and Dariusz Szeliga

Materials 2023, 16(14), 5143; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16145143 - 21 Jul 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2387

Abstract

This review article presents a summary of currently used and proposed methods of manufacturing fir tree slots of discs in turbine engines. The production of aircraft, including aircraft engines during times of overlapping global economic crises related to the COVID-19 pandemic or the [...] Read more.

This review article presents a summary of currently used and proposed methods of manufacturing fir tree slots of discs in turbine engines. The production of aircraft, including aircraft engines during times of overlapping global economic crises related to the COVID-19 pandemic or the war in Eastern Europe requires a quick response to the changing numbers of passengers and cargo. Similarly, the aviation industry must adapt to these conditions, and thus utilize flexible production methods allowing for a quick change in the design or type of a given part. Due to the constant adoption of new materials for the most critical aero engine parts and the necessity of complying with environmental regulations, it is necessary to search for new methods of manufacturing these parts, including fir tree slots. As an alternative to currently used expensive and energy-intensive broaching, many manufacturers try to implement creep feed grinding CFG or contour milling. However, other manufacturing methods, thus far rarely used for crucial machine parts such as WEDM, ECDM or AWJ, are gaining more and more popularity in the aviation industry. This article presents the advantages and shortcomings of these methods in the context of manufacturing fir tree slots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonconventional Technology in Materials Processing-Volume 2)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Nonconventional Technology in Materials Processing-Volume 2

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Published Papers (16 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI