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Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals
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Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Corrosion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2022) | Viewed by 52952

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Tommaso Pastore

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
Interests: corrosion and protection of metals; cathodic protection; corrosion of rebars; corrosion engineering; failure analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Sergio Lorenzi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
Interests: reinforcement corrosion; electrochemical techniques for corrosion protection and prevention of metal structures; environmentally assisted cracking of high-strength steels; corrosion in drinking water and energy production plants; cathodic protection design based on numerical simulation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As you know, corrosion is the main cause of deterioration in metal structures and devices due to interactions with the environment. Many efforts have been made to counteract corrosion since the 1970s, as it was determined that the amount of corrosion-related damage was to the order of few Gross Domestic Product (GPD) points. Nowadays, the impact that corrosion damage has seems to be as high as it was 40 years ago despite innovations in material protection and corrosion prevention strategies. In addition, in recent years, the theme of sustainability has become more prominent,  and industry is now facing new challenges to maintain production levels and to reduce emissions. Words such as hydrogen economy, green building, LCCA, carbon footprint, circular economy, waste reduction, recycling, and reuse are now part of the business, and all of these words are strictly related to material durability as a key factor to prolong the service life of assets, thus decreasing raw material consumption and natural resource exploitation. In this view, a lot of importance has to be devoted to the improvement of material selection strategies, design solutions, passive and active protection (inhibitors, coatings, cathodic protection), and environmental mitigation solutions.

In addition, in recent years, material composition and microstructures have changed significantly to fulfill even more demanding applications. Among the most relevant topics, we can cite studies on high-entropy alloys, ultra-fine grained metals, additive manufactured metals, and innovative joining technologies, i.e., friction stir welding, innovative coatings based on nano additions, inhibitors, self-healing compounds to further increase barrier performance, and environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors. From this point of view, there is a strong need to further improve knowledge on corrosion mechanisms and on the corrosion protection and prevention of metallic materials.

The aim of this Special Issue is to provide a 360 degree panorama of the more recent findings in the field of corrosion and in the corrosion protection and prevention of both traditional and innovative materials in natural environments or in the industrial sector. Traditional weight loss and accelerated tests, electrochemical tests, local corrosion techniques (electrochemical microcells, SKPFM, etc..), environmentally assisted cracking assessment, and failure analysis are only a few examples of the items that this Special Issue intends to address. Full papers, communications, and reviews are all welcome.

Prof. Dr. Tommaso Pastore
Dr. Sergio Lorenzi
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • corrosion and protection of metals
  • cathodic protection
  • corrosion of rebars
  • corrosion engineering
  • failure analysis
  • reinforcement corrosion
  • electrochemical techniques for corrosion protection and prevention of metal structures
  • environmentally assisted cracking of high-strength steels
  • corrosion in drinking water and energy production plants
  • cathodic protection design based on numerical simulation

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Published Papers (21 papers)

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20 pages, 6623 KiB  
Article
Cysteine as an Alternative Eco-Friendly Corrosion Inhibitor for Absorption-Based Carbon Capture Plants
by Mohamed Ishaq Habibullah and Amornvadee Veawab
Materials 2023, 16(9), 3496; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093496 - 1 May 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1953
Abstract
Inorganic corrosion inhibitors are commonly applied to mitigate severe corrosion in absorption-based carbon capture plants. They are, however, not environmentally friendly, posing a health risk, harming the environment, and making chemical handling and disposal costly. Therefore, this study evaluated the corrosion inhibition performance [...] Read more.
Inorganic corrosion inhibitors are commonly applied to mitigate severe corrosion in absorption-based carbon capture plants. They are, however, not environmentally friendly, posing a health risk, harming the environment, and making chemical handling and disposal costly. Therefore, this study evaluated the corrosion inhibition performance of an amino acid, namely cysteine, with the aim of providing an eco-friendly alternative to the commercial inorganic corrosion inhibitors. Electrochemical and weight loss corrosion measurements showed that cysteine was effective in protecting carbon steel at all process operating conditions. At 80 °C, a 500 ppm cysteine could provide up to 83% and 99% inhibition efficiency under static and dynamic flow conditions, respectively. Its inhibition efficiency could be improved when the cysteine concentration, solution temperature, and flow condition were altered. Cysteine was an anodic corrosion inhibitor and underwent spontaneous, endothermic, and combined physical and chemical adsorption that followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The quantum chemical analysis indicated that cysteine had a high reactivity with metal surfaces due to its low energy gap and high dipole moment. The EDX analysis revealed a significant sulphur content on the metal substrate, indicating that cysteine’s mercapto group played an integral role in forming an effective adsorption layer on the metal interface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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16 pages, 5778 KiB  
Article
Corrosion Protection and Heat Resistance of Paints for Outdoor Use
by Ilona Felhősi, Lívia Molnárné Nagy, Szilvia Horváth, Tamás Pozman, János Bognár, Tamás Szabó and Zsófia Keresztes
Materials 2023, 16(7), 2753; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072753 - 29 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2918
Abstract
Innovative heat- and corrosion-resistant coating approaches, applicable in indirect-food-contact outdoor environments, have been developed. Two systems, a direct-to-metal single-layer, polysiloxane-based, oven-dried system and a bilayer, zinc phosphate active pigment-containing, ambient-cured system were developed to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional bilayer, zinc-rich primer-based [...] Read more.
Innovative heat- and corrosion-resistant coating approaches, applicable in indirect-food-contact outdoor environments, have been developed. Two systems, a direct-to-metal single-layer, polysiloxane-based, oven-dried system and a bilayer, zinc phosphate active pigment-containing, ambient-cured system were developed to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional bilayer, zinc-rich primer-based heat-resistant surface-protective solutions for outdoor cooking equipment, such as barbecue grills. This case study aims to optimize the application conditions, measure and evaluate the impact of surface preparation and compare thermo-resistant and anticorrosive properties of different coating systems focusing on eco-efficiency. The anticorrosion efficiency of the coatings was characterized using salt-spray chamber corrosion tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The thermo-resistant character of the coatings was tested by cyclic and constant heat treatment, after which the physical integrity of the coatings was evaluated by optical microscopy. In the overall performance of the coatings, the roughening of the steel substrate surface and the thickness of the coatings were also considered as influential parameters. The study revealed that the newly developed coatings have superior anticorrosion performance to the usually applied Zn-rich coating. The Single-layered Coating has excellent corrosion resistance under certain conditions and has the advantage of fast layer application. The Bilayered Coating showed excellent heat- and corrosion-resistance properties even on a surface without sand-blasting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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35 pages, 19105 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance of Irradiated 12Cr Ferritic-Martensitic Stainless Steel in Supercritical Water Environment
by Boris Margolin, Natalia Pirogova, Alexander Sorokin, Vasiliy Kokhonov, Alexey Dub and Ivan Safonov
Materials 2023, 16(7), 2585; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072585 - 24 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1749
Abstract
The supercritical water-cooled reactors (SWCR) belong to Generation IV of reactors. These reactors have a number of advantages over currently operating WWERs and PWRs. These advantages include higher thermal efficiency, a more simplified unit design, and the possibility of incorporating it into a [...] Read more.
The supercritical water-cooled reactors (SWCR) belong to Generation IV of reactors. These reactors have a number of advantages over currently operating WWERs and PWRs. These advantages include higher thermal efficiency, a more simplified unit design, and the possibility of incorporating it into a closed fuel cycle. It is therefore necessary to identify candidate materials for the SWCR and validate the safety and effectiveness of their use. 12Cr ferritic-martensitic (F/M) stainless steel is considered a candidate material for SWCR internals. Radiation embrittlement and corrosion cracking in the primary circuit coolant environment are the main mechanisms of F/M steels degradation during SWCR operation. Here, the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in supercritical water at 390 and 550 °C of 12Cr F/M steel irradiated by neutrons to 12 dpa is investigated. Autoclave tests of specially designed disk specimens in supercritical water were performed. The tests were carried out under different constant load (CL), temperature 450 °C, and pressure in autoclave 25 MPa. The threshold stress, below which the SCC initiation of irradiated 12Cr F/M steel does not occur, was determined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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15 pages, 7293 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Explanation of Single Crystal Cu(100)/Cu(111) in Different Corrosion Stages
by Qihao Lin, Guoqing Chen, Shiwen Zou, Wenlong Zhou, Xuesong Fu and Shuyan Shi
Materials 2023, 16(4), 1740; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041740 - 20 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3057
Abstract
Copper and its alloys are used widely in marine environments, and anisotropic corrosion influences the corrosion kinetics of copper. Corrosion of copper in an electrolyte containing Cl− is described as a dissolution–deposition process, which is a prolonged process. Therefore, it is laborious [...] Read more.
Copper and its alloys are used widely in marine environments, and anisotropic corrosion influences the corrosion kinetics of copper. Corrosion of copper in an electrolyte containing Cl− is described as a dissolution–deposition process, which is a prolonged process. Therefore, it is laborious to clarify the corrosion anisotropy in different stages. In this paper, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) following elapsed open circuit potential (OCP) test with 0 h (0H), 24 h (24H) and 10 days (10D) was adopted. To exclude interruptions such as grain boundary and neighbor effect, single crystal (SC) Cu(100) and Cu(111) were employed. After 10D OCP, cross-sectional slices were cut and picked up by a focused ion beam (FIB). The results showed that the deposited oxide was Cu2O and Cu(100)/Cu(111) experienced different corrosion behaviors. In general, Cu(100) showed more excellent corrosion resistance. Combined with equivalent electrical circuit (EEC) diagrams, the corrosion mechanism of Cu(100)/Cu(111) in different stages was proposed. In the initial stage, a smaller capacitive loop of Cu(111) suggested preferential adsorption of Cl− on air-formed oxide film on Cu(111). Deposited oxide and exposed bare metals also played an important role in corrosion resistance. Rectangle indentations and pyramidal structures formed on Cu(100)/Cu(111), respectively. Finally, a perfect interface on Cu(100) explained the tremendous capacitive loop and higher impedance (14,274 Ω·cm2). Moreover, defects in the oxides on Cu(111) provided channels for the penetration of electrolyte, leading to a lower impedance (9423 Ω·cm2) after 10D corrosion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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13 pages, 3993 KiB  
Article
Corrosion Resistance of AISI 442 and AISI 446 Ferritic Stainless Steels as a Support for PEMWE Bipolar Plates
by Mircea Laurentiu Dan, Andrea Kellenberger, Delia Duca, Nicolae Vaszilcsin, Corneliu Marius Craciunescu, Ion Mitelea, Aurel Ercuta, Sigrid Lædre and Thulile Khoza
Materials 2023, 16(4), 1501; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041501 - 10 Feb 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2920
Abstract
Cost reduction in bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers has previously been attempted by substituting bulk titanium with austenitic stainless steels protected with highly conductive and corrosion-resistant coatings. However, austenitic steels are more expensive than ferritic steels due to their high [...] Read more.
Cost reduction in bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers has previously been attempted by substituting bulk titanium with austenitic stainless steels protected with highly conductive and corrosion-resistant coatings. However, austenitic steels are more expensive than ferritic steels due to their high nickel content. Herein we report on the corrosion resistance of two high chromium ferritic stainless steels, AISI 442 and AISI 446, as an alternative material to manufacture bipolar plates. Electrochemical corrosion tests have shown that AISI 442 and AISI 446 have similar corrosion resistance, while AISI 446 reveals more noble corrosion potential and performs better during potentiostatic stress tests. The current density obtained during polarization at 2 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is 3.3 mA cm−2, which is more than two times lower than on AISI 442. Additionally, surface morphology characterization demonstrates that in contrast to AISI 442, AISI 446 is not sensitive to intercrystalline or pitting corrosion. Moreover, EDX energy dispersion analysis of AISI 446 reveals no differences in the chemical composition of the surface layer compared to the base material, as a confirmation of its high corrosion resistance. The results of this work open up the perspective of replacing austenitic stainless steels with less expensive ferritic stainless steels for the production of components such as bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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16 pages, 7347 KiB  
Article
Improvement of Corrosion and Wear Resistance of CoCrNiSi0.3 Medium-Entropy Alloy by Sputtering CrN Film
by Yi-Chun Chang, Kaifan Lin, Ju-Lung Ma, Han-Fu Huang, Shih-Hsien Chang and Hsin-Chih Lin
Materials 2023, 16(4), 1482; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041482 - 10 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1777
Abstract
In this study, Co, Cr, and Ni were selected as the equal-atomic medium entropy alloy (MEA) systems, and Si was added to form CoCrNiSi0.3 MEA. In order to further improve its wear and corrosion properties, CrN film was sputtered on the surface. [...] Read more.
In this study, Co, Cr, and Ni were selected as the equal-atomic medium entropy alloy (MEA) systems, and Si was added to form CoCrNiSi0.3 MEA. In order to further improve its wear and corrosion properties, CrN film was sputtered on the surface. In addition, to enhance the adhesion between the soft CoCrNiSi0.3 substrate and the super-hard CrN film, a Cr buffer layer was pre-sputtered on the CoCrNiSi0.3 substrate. The experimental results show that the CrN film exhibits a columnar grain structure, and the film growth rate is about 2.022 μm/h. With the increase of sputtering time, the increase in CrN film thickness, and the refinement of columnar grains, the wear and corrosion resistance improves. Among all CoCrNiSi0.3 MEAs without and with CrN films prepared in this study, the CoCrNiSi0.3 MEA with 3 h-sputtered CrN film has the lowest wear rate of 2.249 × 10−5 mm3·m−1·N−1, and the best corrosion resistance of Icorr 19.37 μA·cm–2 and Rp 705.85 Ω·cm2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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15 pages, 7839 KiB  
Article
Increasing the Hardness and Corrosion Resistance of the Surface of CP-Ti by Plasma Electrolytic Nitrocarburising and Polishing
by Sergei Kusmanov, Ivan Tambovskiy, Sergey Silkin, Roman Nikiforov and Roman Belov
Materials 2023, 16(3), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031102 - 27 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1784
Abstract
The possibility of increasing the hardness to 1420 HV and the corrosion resistance of the CP-Ti surface using a combined plasma electrolytic treatment consisting in anodic plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising in a solution of ammonia, acetone and ammonium chloride at 900 °C and subsequent [...] Read more.
The possibility of increasing the hardness to 1420 HV and the corrosion resistance of the CP-Ti surface using a combined plasma electrolytic treatment consisting in anodic plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising in a solution of ammonia, acetone and ammonium chloride at 900 °C and subsequent plasma electrolytic polishing is shown. The morphology, surface roughness, phase composition, structure and microhardness of the modified layer were studied. The corrosion characteristics of the treated surface were studied through potentiodynamic tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It has been shown that an increase in the surface roughness has a negative effect on the corrosion resistance. The proposed plasma electrolytic polishing makes it possible to remove the outer porous oxide layer, providing increased corrosion resistance. The highest reduction in the corrosion current density, by 13 times compared to CP-Ti and by two orders compared to a plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising sample, is achieved after plasma electrolytic polishing in a solution of ammonium fluoride (4%) at 300 V for 3 min. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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20 pages, 10080 KiB  
Article
Effect of Solutionizing Duration and Temperature on the Electrochemical Corrosion and Pitting Resistance of Cold-Rolled Super Austenitic Stainless Steel
by Akeem Yusuf Adesina, Hani M. Ahmed, Rami K. Suleiman and Syed Fida Hassan
Materials 2022, 15(24), 8780; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248780 - 8 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2144
Abstract
The solution annealing of cold rolled super austenitic stainless steel UN08029 alloy was carried out to investigate the role of solutionizing duration and temperature on the electrochemical corrosion and pitting resistance of the alloy. Linear polarization, cyclic potentiodynamic, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques [...] Read more.
The solution annealing of cold rolled super austenitic stainless steel UN08029 alloy was carried out to investigate the role of solutionizing duration and temperature on the electrochemical corrosion and pitting resistance of the alloy. Linear polarization, cyclic potentiodynamic, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques were used to evaluate the electrochemical behavior in 3.5% NaCl solution. The microstructural analysis of the solutionized samples revealed the formation of uniform equiaxed grains from elongated columnar grains, which size increases with duration and temperature. The charge transfer resistance shows an increasing corrosion protectiveness of 46 to 60% with increasing solutionizing duration from 30 to 120 min. Similarly, a 45, 52, 60, and 26% improvement in the corrosion performance was obtained for sample solutionized at 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1300 °C, respectively. In general, the solutionized samples demonstrated improved resistance over the as-received alloy, and this behavior increases with solutionizing duration and temperature. Though the pitting potential drops below that of the as-received alloy, the hysteresis loop revealed that the solutionized samples are less prone to pitting damage, and the sample solutionized at 1200 °C for 120 min exhibited optimum pitting corrosion resistance. The microstructural influence on corrosion was also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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16 pages, 2293 KiB  
Article
Effect of Cathodic Protection Potential Fluctuations on the Corrosion of Low-Carbon Steels and Hydrogen Absorption by the Metal in Chloride Solutions with Nearly Neutral pH
by Andrey I. Marshakov and Alevtina A. Rybkina
Materials 2022, 15(23), 8279; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238279 - 22 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1441
Abstract
Considerable fluctuations in the cathodic protection potential under the impact of stray currents lead to the occurrence of local corrosion on steel structures operated in soils and seawater. The potential fluctuations induced by both alternating and direct current sources can be simulated by [...] Read more.
Considerable fluctuations in the cathodic protection potential under the impact of stray currents lead to the occurrence of local corrosion on steel structures operated in soils and seawater. The potential fluctuations induced by both alternating and direct current sources can be simulated by cycling a square potential step. This paper covers the impact of sign-alternating cyclic polarization (SACP) on the general and local corrosion of carbon steel in 3.5% NaCl solution containing a borate buffer (pH 6.7) and without it. A decrease in the cathodic half-period potential (Ec) of SACP inhibited the general corrosion and accelerates the local corrosion of steel in both solutions, which was associated with an increase in the amount of hydrogen in the metal. Increasing the duration of the SACP cathodic half-period increased the pit density and total area at less negative Ec values. At more negative Ec values, an increase in the duration of cathodic polarization reduced the intensity of steel local corrosion in the unbuffered chloride solution. This effect is explained by blocking of the pit nucleation centers on the metal surface by a layer of steel dissolution products formed in the near-electrode electrolyte layer with a high pH. The combined body of data shows that hydrogen absorption by the metal determines the corrosion behavior of carbon steel under the impact of SACP in chloride solutions, which should be taken into account in the development of models of the corrosion of steel structures under the action of stray currents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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23 pages, 4663 KiB  
Article
Flower-like Superhydrophobic Surfaces Fabricated on Stainless Steel as a Barrier against Corrosion in Simulated Acid Rain
by Regina Fuchs-Godec
Materials 2022, 15(20), 7104; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207104 - 13 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1735
Abstract
Functionalisation of the metal surface of low-carbon ferritic stainless steel (from hydrophilic to hydrophobic properties) was achieved by flower-like hierarchical structures on a steel substrate prepared by a low-cost immersion method. The flower-like structured hydrophobic layers on the steel substrate were obtained by [...] Read more.
Functionalisation of the metal surface of low-carbon ferritic stainless steel (from hydrophilic to hydrophobic properties) was achieved by flower-like hierarchical structures on a steel substrate prepared by a low-cost immersion method. The flower-like structured hydrophobic layers on the steel substrate were obtained by immersing the samples in an ethanolic solution of stearic acid with the addition of various concentrations of expired vitamin E ((+)α-tocopherol). The stability and corrosion-inhibiting effect of the hierarchically structured (such as natural cornflower) hydrophobic layers were studied systematically during short and long immersion tests, 120 h (five days) in an acidic environment (pH = 3) using potentiodynamic measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and chronopotentiometry. The surfaces of the samples, their wettability, surface morphology and chemical composition were characterised by contact angle measurements, SEM, ATR-FTIR and EDAX. After 120 h of immersion, the inhibition efficiency of the flower-like structured hydrophobic layers on the steel substrate in the selected corrosion medium remained above 99%, and the hierarchical structure (flower-like structure) was also retained on the surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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20 pages, 3253 KiB  
Article
Effect of Quaternary Ammonium Salts and 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives on Hydrogen Absorption by Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
by Yaroslav G. Avdeev, Tatyana A. Nenasheva, Andrey Yu. Luchkin, Andrey I. Marshakov and Yurii I. Kuznetsov
Materials 2022, 15(19), 6989; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196989 - 8 Oct 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1932
Abstract
The treatment of low-carbon steel items with hydrochloric acid solutions is used in many industrial technologies. This process is accompanied not only by metal corrosion losses, but also by hydrogen absorption by the metal. In this study, the kinetics of hydrogen cathodic reduction [...] Read more.
The treatment of low-carbon steel items with hydrochloric acid solutions is used in many industrial technologies. This process is accompanied not only by metal corrosion losses, but also by hydrogen absorption by the metal. In this study, the kinetics of hydrogen cathodic reduction on low-carbon steel in 2 M HCl containing corrosion inhibitors, namely, quaternary ammonium salts and a 3-substituted 1,2,4-triazole, have been studied. Adsorption isotherms of corrosion inhibitors on cathodically polarized steel surface have been obtained. XPS data provide valuable information on the composition and structure of protective layers formed on steel in HCl solutions containing inhibitors. The main rate constants of the stages of gaseous hydrogen evolution and incorporation of hydrogen atoms into the metal have been determined. The addition of quaternary ammonium salts or 3-substituted 1,2,4-triazole inhibits the cathodic reduction of hydrogen and its penetration into steel in the HCl solution. 3-substituted 1,2,4-triazole is the most efficient inhibitor of hydrogen absorption. The inhibitory effect of this compound is caused by a decrease in the ratio of the hydrogen concentration in the metal phase to the degree of surface coverage with hydrogen. The maximum decrease in hydrogen concentration in the metal bulk in the presence of the 3-substituted 1,2,4-triazole is 8.2-fold, which determines the preservation of the plastic properties of steel as it corrodes in HCl solutions. The high efficiency of the 3-substituted 1,2,4-triazole as an inhibitor of hydrogen cathodic reduction and absorption results from strong (chemical) adsorption of this compound on the steel surface and the formation of a polymolecular protective layer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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21 pages, 5075 KiB  
Article
Computational Design of Anticorrosion Properties of Novel, Low-Molecular Weight Schiff Bases
by Szymon Malinowski
Materials 2022, 15(19), 6725; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196725 - 27 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1445
Abstract
Due to the many economic consequences and technological problems caused by the corrosion process, its inhibition is one of the most important aspects of ongoing research. Computer methods, i.e., density functional theory (DFT) methods, are of great importance to the large-scale research being [...] Read more.
Due to the many economic consequences and technological problems caused by the corrosion process, its inhibition is one of the most important aspects of ongoing research. Computer methods, i.e., density functional theory (DFT) methods, are of great importance to the large-scale research being conducted which allows the evaluation of the corrosion inhibition performance without conducting time-consuming, long-term and expensive experimental measurements. In this study, new corrosion inhibitors were designed in three corrosion environments on the basis of their HOMO and LUMO orbital energies—the energy difference between them and their dipole moment. In addition, their interactions with the Fe and Cu surface were modelled on the basis of the number of electrons transferred during the formation of the protective adsorption layer (ΔN) and the initial energy between inhibitor molecule and protected metal surface (Δψ). The obtained results indicate that, among the aliphatic investigated Schiff bases, the N-methylpropan-1-imine (N-MP(1)I) molecule would theoretically have the highest corrosion inhibition efficiency mainly due to its high EHOMO value, relatively low ELUMO value, high chemical reactivity and high polarity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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13 pages, 3488 KiB  
Article
Effect of Graphene Oxide Addition on the Anticorrosion Properties of the Phosphate Coatings in Neutral and Acidic Aqueous Media
by Vasily A. Bautin, Ilya V. Bardin, Askar R. Kvaratskheliya, Sergey V. Yashchuk and Evangelos V. Hristoforou
Materials 2022, 15(19), 6588; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196588 - 22 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1508
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is an advanced additive improving the properties of various types of coatings and intensifying the deposition process. In this work, GO is used as an additive to the traditional phosphating solution of the widely used Russian low-carbon steel 08YU (DC04). [...] Read more.
Graphene oxide (GO) is an advanced additive improving the properties of various types of coatings and intensifying the deposition process. In this work, GO is used as an additive to the traditional phosphating solution of the widely used Russian low-carbon steel 08YU (DC04). The anticorrosion properties of the obtained phosphate coatings were investigated in neutral (0.5 M NaCl) and acidified (0.1 M Na2SO4 + 0.02 M H2SO4) aqueous solutions. Increasing the GO concentration in the phosphating solution to 0.3 g/L was found to improve the anticorrosion properties of the phosphate coatings in neutral NaCl solutions. At the same time, in acidified Na2SO4 solutions, the corrosion rate of 08YU steel with phosphate coatings increased as a function of the GO concentration. It is assumed that a possible reason for various corrosive behavior is the influence of the GO plates distributed in the coating on the rate of the oxygen or hydrogen reduction reactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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27 pages, 12806 KiB  
Article
Seismic Performance Evaluation of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Columns Controlled by Shear Based on Experiment and FEA
by Young-Shik Kim, Bok-Gi Lee, Ju-Seong Jung and Kang-Seok Lee
Materials 2022, 15(18), 6361; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186361 - 13 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1791
Abstract
It is extremely important to investigate the effect of the seismic performance of corrosion-damaged reinforced concrete (RC) members, in terms of strength and deformability, on the seismic performance of the entire building. This will allow a more accurate assessment of the seismic performance [...] Read more.
It is extremely important to investigate the effect of the seismic performance of corrosion-damaged reinforced concrete (RC) members, in terms of strength and deformability, on the seismic performance of the entire building. This will allow a more accurate assessment of the seismic performance of RC structures with corroded members, including beams and columns. However, current methods of evaluating the seismic performance of RC structures fail to fully consider the influence of reinforcement corrosion and other performance deterioration of RC members. The main objective of this study is to propose a practical method of evaluating the seismic performance of RC structures with corrosion-damaged members, identifying factors contributing to structural performance deterioration based on strength and deformability for direct, quantitative evaluation of seismic performance. To achieve the aforementioned objective, the authors examined the effects of reinforcement corrosion on the structural behavior of RC beams and factors contributing to structural performance deterioration. Past experiments verified the strong correlation between the half-cell potential (HCP) before and after reinforcement corrosion and the reduction factor based on energy absorption capacity. However, current research evaluates the correlation between the extent of corrosion and structural performance deterioration of RC beam members, which are not members that resist lateral force. As such, the results cannot be directly applied to the evaluation of the seismic performance of RC structures containing corrosion-damaged members. To achieve this study’s main purpose of proposing a practical method of evaluating the seismic performance of RC structures comprised of corrosion-damaged members, analytical methods including structural experiments should be applied to corrosion-damaged lateral resisting members, namely, column members of the shear failure type with non-seismic details. This study performed cyclic loading tests on columns of the shear failure type having reinforcement corrosion to examine the correlation between HCP before and after corrosion and seismic performance deterioration. At the same time, finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out in consideration of the weakened bonding between steel and concrete, so as to analyze the correlation between structural performance deterioration before and after corrosion of shear columns. Through a comparison of the experimental findings and FEA results, this study proposed a seismic performance reduction factor in relation to the extent of corrosion of shear columns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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16 pages, 12921 KiB  
Article
Effect of Chromium Content on the Oxidation Behavior of a Ta Stabilized γ’-Strengthened Polycrystalline Co-30Ni-10Al-4W-4Ti-2Ta Alloy
by Kun Qian, Shasha Qu, Lei Shu, Peng Xue, Xiaobing Li, Bo Chen and Kui Liu
Materials 2022, 15(17), 5833; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175833 - 24 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1852
Abstract
The high-temperature oxidation behaviors of polycrystalline Co-30Ni-10Al-4W-4Ti-2Ta superalloys with Cr contents ranging from 1 to 5 at.% are characterized at 900 °C to provide benchmark data for the alloy design of the CoNi-based superalloys. The mass gain curves for all three alloys exhibit [...] Read more.
The high-temperature oxidation behaviors of polycrystalline Co-30Ni-10Al-4W-4Ti-2Ta superalloys with Cr contents ranging from 1 to 5 at.% are characterized at 900 °C to provide benchmark data for the alloy design of the CoNi-based superalloys. The mass gain curves for all three alloys exhibit parabolic growth, and the addition of 5Cr at.% is sufficient to decrease the oxidation rate by two orders of magnitude compared to the Cr-free alloy. Furthermore, cross-sectional findings reveal that these three alloys form qualitatively similar oxide scales composed of an outer oxide layer of Co3O4 and CoAl2O4 phase on top of an Al2O3 scale, following the inner oxide layers of Cr2O3, TiO2, and TiTaO4, and internally oxidized Al2O3 precipitate. The alloy forms a chromium-rich oxide scale as the Cr addition increased, and the concentration of Cr in the scale/alloy interface increases, promoting the growth of Cr2O3, while CoAl2O4 and Co3O4 nucleation is inhibited. The results further indicate that Cr has a superior effect on improving the oxidation resistance of CoNi-based alloys and that a higher content of Cr can assist the formation of a continuous Al2O3, Cr2O3, and TiTaO4 layers, which in turn hampers outer Co and Ni, and inward oxygen flux. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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16 pages, 2101 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Corrosion Residual Life Prediction Methods for Metal Pipelines
by Lili Zuo, Chunlei Zeng, Xingqiao Hu, Shengjie Du, Yun Zhao and Fan Fei
Materials 2022, 15(16), 5624; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165624 - 16 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1784
Abstract
The analysis of the basic characteristics of various research methods is highly needed to predict the residual life of the pipeline accurately, help managers understand the operational risks, and provide a reference for developing pipeline transportation and maintenance inspection plans and anti-corrosion measures. [...] Read more.
The analysis of the basic characteristics of various research methods is highly needed to predict the residual life of the pipeline accurately, help managers understand the operational risks, and provide a reference for developing pipeline transportation and maintenance inspection plans and anti-corrosion measures. Based on a comprehensive investigation of the existing research on the residual life of the pipeline, this paper finds that the current mainstream life prediction method, based on historical statistical data, has the shortcomings of inconsistent modeling methods, inconsistent basic data, and a lack of comparative evaluation among methods. Moreover, considering the in-depth study of BP neural network modeling, grey theory modeling, time series modeling, and exponential smoothing modeling, optimal prediction models using different methods based on the same historical data are established. These optimal modeling methods are discussed, and the feasible modeling path for the accurate prediction of the pipeline’s residual life is given by comparing the prediction accuracy of each model. In addition, the findings serve as a guide for developing an anti-corrosion strategy by highlighting the contribution of the prediction results of the residual life to pipeline decision-making. By comparison, it is found that the accuracy of the four prediction models is as follows: the grey theory prediction model, the exponential smoothing prediction model, the BP neural network prediction model, and the time series prediction model, from high to low, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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13 pages, 3505 KiB  
Article
Study on Electrical Pitting Prevention Device of a Rotating Shaft Using Automatic Control Potential Balancing
by Dong Won Son, Tuo Zhang and Geesoo Lee
Materials 2022, 15(13), 4510; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15134510 - 27 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2762
Abstract
A rotating body consisting of a rotating shaft and bearings inevitably generates voltage and current. The potential difference between the bearing and the shaft is the main cause of electrical corrosion, which causes motor failure, shortened bearing life, and many safety issues. To [...] Read more.
A rotating body consisting of a rotating shaft and bearings inevitably generates voltage and current. The potential difference between the bearing and the shaft is the main cause of electrical corrosion, which causes motor failure, shortened bearing life, and many safety issues. To prevent corrosion, passive shaft-grounding devices use conductive materials and brushes; however, these devices cannot be completely grounded, so there is a difference in local potential, and brush friction generates a shaft current. The cumulative effect causes electrical corrosion; therefore, in this study, an electrical corrosion protection device for the rotating power supply shaft was developed. It detected current and potential difference and established a feedback system on the rotating shaft. It also energized the rotating shaft using an external power supply to eliminate the potential difference on the shaft and reduce electrical corrosion. The result was prolonged motor life and improved stability, operating efficiency, and operability of related equipment. In this study, a rotating-shaft test rig was set up, and a constant current was applied to simulate the potential difference and verify the performance of the anti-corrosion device. Gradually, the design scheme was optimized; the potential difference on the rotating shaft was accurately quantified; and the goal of controlling the potential difference within 2 mV was achieved. Finally, the electrical corrosion protection device was applied to the rotating shaft of a merchant ship, and the current and potential difference on the rotating shaft were monitored for 30 days. The results showed that the device had excellent performance in reducing the potential difference on the rotating shaft and preventing electrical corrosion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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18 pages, 8774 KiB  
Article
Corrosion–Resistance Mechanism of TC4 Titanium Alloy under Different Stress-Loading Conditions
by Xin-Yu Wang, Shi-Dong Zhu, Zhi-Gang Yang, Cheng-Da Wang, Ning Wang, Yong-Qiang Zhang and Feng-Ling Yu
Materials 2022, 15(13), 4381; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15134381 - 21 Jun 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2500
Abstract
Titanium alloys have now become the first choice of tubing material used in the harsh oil- and gas-exploitation environment, while the interaction of force and medium is a serious threat to the safety and reliability of titanium alloy in service. In this paper, [...] Read more.
Titanium alloys have now become the first choice of tubing material used in the harsh oil- and gas-exploitation environment, while the interaction of force and medium is a serious threat to the safety and reliability of titanium alloy in service. In this paper, different stresses were applied to TC4 titanium alloy by four-point bending stress fixture, and the corrosion behavior of TC4 titanium alloy was studied by high-temperature and high-pressure simulation experiments and electrochemical techniques, and the microscopic morphologies and chemical composition of the surface film layer on the specimen were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), to reveal the corrosion-resistance mechanism of TC4 titanium alloy under different stress-loading conditions. The results showed that the pits appeared on the specimens loaded with elastic stress, but the degree of pitting corrosion was still lighter, and the surface film layer showed n-type semiconductor properties with cation selective permeability. While the pits on the specimens loaded with plastic stress were deeper and wider in size, and the semiconductor type of the surface film layer changed to p-type, it was easier for anions such as Cl− and CO32− to adsorb on, destroy, and pass through the protective film and then to contact with the matrix, resulting in a decrease in corrosion resistance of TC4 titanium alloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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Review

Jump to: Research

24 pages, 12226 KiB  
Review
Revealing the Correlation between Molecular Structure and Corrosion Inhibition Characteristics of N-Heterocycles in Terms of Substituent Groups
by Li Tan, Jiusheng Li and Xiangqiong Zeng
Materials 2023, 16(6), 2148; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062148 - 7 Mar 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2697
Abstract
Controlling metal corrosion can directly address the waste of metal and the environmental pollution and resource depletion caused by metal recycling, very significant factors for green and sustainable development. The addition of corrosion inhibitors is a relatively cost-effective means of corrosion prevention. Among [...] Read more.
Controlling metal corrosion can directly address the waste of metal and the environmental pollution and resource depletion caused by metal recycling, very significant factors for green and sustainable development. The addition of corrosion inhibitors is a relatively cost-effective means of corrosion prevention. Among these, N-heterocycles have been widely used because heteroatoms contain lone pairs of electrons that can be strongly adsorbed onto metals, protecting them in highly corrosive environments at relatively low concentrations. However, due to the large variety of N-heterocycles, their corrosion inhibition characteristics have seldom been compared; therefore, the selection of appropriate N-heterocycles in the development of anti-corrosion products for specific applications was very difficult. This review systematically analyzed the influence of different substituents on the corrosion inhibition performance of N-heterocycles, including different alkyl chain substituents, electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents, and halogen atoms, respectively. The correlation between the molecular structure and corrosion inhibition characteristics of N-heterocycles was comprehensively revealed, and their action mechanism was analyzed deeply. In addition, the toxicity and biodegradability of N-heterocycles was briefly discussed. This study has provided a significant guideline for the development of green, promising corrosion inhibitors for advanced manufacturing and clean energy equipment protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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33 pages, 5165 KiB  
Review
Current Downhole Corrosion Control Solutions and Trends in the Oil and Gas Industry: A Review
by Vera A. Solovyeva, Khaled H. Almuhammadi and Wael O. Badeghaish
Materials 2023, 16(5), 1795; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051795 - 22 Feb 2023
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8144
Abstract
In the oil and gas industry, the presence of aggressive fluids and gases can cause serious corrosion problems. Multiple solutions have been introduced to the industry to minimize corrosion occurrence probability in recent years. They include cathodic protection, utilization of advanced metallic grades, [...] Read more.
In the oil and gas industry, the presence of aggressive fluids and gases can cause serious corrosion problems. Multiple solutions have been introduced to the industry to minimize corrosion occurrence probability in recent years. They include cathodic protection, utilization of advanced metallic grades, injection of corrosion inhibitors, replacement of the metal parts with composite solutions, and deposition of protective coatings. This paper will review the advances and developments in the design of corrosion protection solutions. The publication highlights crucial challenges in the oil and gas industry to be solved upon the development of corrosion protection methods. According to the stated challenges, existing protective systems are summarized with emphasis on the features that are essential for oil and gas production. Qualification of corrosion protection performance based on international industrial standards will be depicted in detail for each type of corrosion protection system. Forthcoming challenges for the engineering of next-generation materials for corrosion mitigation are discussed to highlight the trends and forecasts of emerging technology development. We will also discuss the advances in nanomaterial and smart material development, enhanced ecological regulations, and applications of complex multifunctional solutions for corrosion mitigation which have become of great importance in recent decades. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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15 pages, 5375 KiB  
Review
Acridine and Its Derivatives: Synthesis, Biological, and Anticorrosion Properties
by Lipiar K. M. O. Goni, Mohammad A. Jafar Mazumder, Divya B. Tripathy and Mumtaz A. Quraishi
Materials 2022, 15(21), 7560; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217560 - 28 Oct 2022
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3370
Abstract
The phenomenon of corrosion threatens metallic components, human safety, and the economy. Despite being eco-friendly and promising as a corrosion inhibitor, acridine has not been explored to its full potential. In this review, we have discussed multiple biological activities that acridines have been [...] Read more.
The phenomenon of corrosion threatens metallic components, human safety, and the economy. Despite being eco-friendly and promising as a corrosion inhibitor, acridine has not been explored to its full potential. In this review, we have discussed multiple biological activities that acridines have been found to show in a bid to prove that they are environmentally benign and much less toxic than many inhibitors. Some synthetic routes to acridines and substituted acridines have also been discussed. Thereafter, a multitude of acridines and substituted acridines as corrosion inhibitors of different metals and alloys in various corrosive media have been highlighted. A short mechanistic insight into how acridine-based compounds function as corrosion inhibitors have also been included. We believe this review will generate an impression that there is still much to learn about previously reported acridines. In the wake of recent surges to find efficient and non-toxic corrosion inhibitors, acridines and their analogs could be an appropriate answer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Corrosion and Protection of Metals)
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