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2 pages, 178 KiB

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Editorial for the Special Issue on Piezoelectric Transducers: Materials, Devices and Applications, Volume II

by Jose Luis Sanchez-Rojas

Micromachines 2022, 13(12), 2192; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13122192 - 10 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1031

Abstract

This is the second volume of the Special Issue focused on piezoelectric transducers, covering a wide range of topics, including the design, fabrication, characterization, packaging, and system integration or final applications of mili/micro/nano-electro–mechanical systems-based transducers, featuring piezoelectric materials and devices [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Transducers: Materials, Devices and Applications, Volume II)

Research

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18 pages, 7813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Compensation of Dynamic Hysteresis with Force-Voltage Coupling for Piezoelectric Actuators

by Wen Wang, Jiahui Wang, Ruijin Wang, Zhanfeng Chen, Fuming Han, Keqing Lu, Chuanyong Wang, Zhenlong Xu and Bingfeng Ju

Micromachines 2021, 12(11), 1366; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12111366 - 5 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2277

Abstract

Piezoelectric actuators are widely used in the field of micro- and nanopositioning due to their high frequency response, high stiffness, and high resolution. However, piezoelectric actuators have hysteresis nonlinearity, which severely affects their positioning accuracy. As the driving frequency increases, the performance of [...] Read more.

Piezoelectric actuators are widely used in the field of micro- and nanopositioning due to their high frequency response, high stiffness, and high resolution. However, piezoelectric actuators have hysteresis nonlinearity, which severely affects their positioning accuracy. As the driving frequency increases, the performance of piezoelectric actuators further degrades. In addition, the impact of force on piezoelectric actuators cannot be ignored in practical applications. Dynamic hysteresis with force-voltage coupling makes the hysteresis phenomenon more complicated when force and driving voltage are both applied to the piezoelectric actuator. Existing hysteresis models are complicated, or inaccurate in describing dynamic hysteresis with force-voltage coupling. To solve this problem, a force-voltage-coupled Prandtl–Ishlinskii (FVPI) model is proposed in this paper. First, the influence of driving frequency and dynamic force on the output displacement of the piezoelectric actuators are analyzed. Then, the accuracy of the FVPI model is verified through experiments. Finally, a force integrated direct inverse (F-DI) compensator based on the FVPI model is designed. The experimental results from this study show that the F-DI compensator can effectively suppress dynamic hysteresis with force-voltage coupling of piezoelectric actuators. This model can improve the positioning accuracy of piezoelectric actuators, thereby improving the working accuracy of the micro- or nano-operating system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Transducers: Materials, Devices and Applications, Volume II)

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23 pages, 4100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Verification of Electric–Acoustic Conversion Property of Tangentially Polarized Thin Cylindrical Transducer

by Lin Fa, Lianlian Kong, Hong Gong, Chuanwei Li, Lili Li, Tuo Guo, Jurong Bai and Meishan Zhao

Micromachines 2021, 12(11), 1333; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12111333 - 30 Oct 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1675

Abstract

In solving piezoelectric equations of motion, we established an electric–acoustic equivalent circuit of tangentially polarized thin cylindrical transducers and derived analytical expressions of the electric-acoustic response from the harmonic driving-voltage excitation. To experimentally verify the findings, we manufactured a parallel electric-acoustic transmission network [...] Read more.

In solving piezoelectric equations of motion, we established an electric–acoustic equivalent circuit of tangentially polarized thin cylindrical transducers and derived analytical expressions of the electric-acoustic response from the harmonic driving-voltage excitation. To experimentally verify the findings, we manufactured a parallel electric-acoustic transmission network for transducers excited by multifrequency driving signals. We found that the tangentially polarized thin cylindrical transducers achieved a much higher electric-acoustic conversion efficiency than the radially polarized thin cylindrical transducers. The electric-acoustic impulse response of the transducers consisted of a direct-current damping with lower-frequency components, a damping oscillation with higher-frequency elements, and a higher resonant frequency of the transducer over its center frequency. The characteristics of radiated acoustic signals included contributions from the geometrical shape and size of the transducer, the physical parameters of piezoelectric material, the type of driving-voltage signals, and the polarization mode of the transducers. In comparison, our theoretical predictions are in good agreement with experimental observations. It is plausible that using the tangentially polarized thin cylindrical transducers as sensors in the acoustic-logging tool may significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the measured acoustic-logging signals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Transducers: Materials, Devices and Applications, Volume II)

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13 pages, 4644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Bandwidth Hysteresis Compensation of Piezoelectric Actuators via Multilayer Feedforward Neural Network Based Inverse Hysteresis Modeling

by Yanding Qin, Yunpeng Zhang, Heng Duan and Jianda Han

Micromachines 2021, 12(11), 1325; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12111325 - 28 Oct 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 1968

Abstract

This paper proposes a feedforward and feedback combined hysteresis compensation method for a piezoelectric actuator (PEA) based on the multi-layer feedforward neural network (MFNN) inverse model. Under the scheme of direct inverse modeling, the MFNN is utilized as the feedforward hysteresis compensator, which [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a feedforward and feedback combined hysteresis compensation method for a piezoelectric actuator (PEA) based on the multi-layer feedforward neural network (MFNN) inverse model. Under the scheme of direct inverse modeling, the MFNN is utilized as the feedforward hysteresis compensator, which can be directly identified from the measurements. The high modeling accuracy and high robustness of the MFNN help to increase the bandwidth of the closed-loop system. Experiments are conducted on a commercial PEA so as to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The superimposition of two sinusoidal signals is found to be efficient for the training of the MFNN. Closed-loop trajectory tracking experiments demonstrate that the bandwidth can be increased up to 1000 Hz and the maximum deviation can be maintained closed to the noise level. Meanwhile, there are only two parameters to be tuned in the proposed method, which guarantees ease of use for the inexperienced users. The proposed method successfully realizes high-precision hysteresis compensation performance across a wider frequency range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Transducers: Materials, Devices and Applications, Volume II)

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13 pages, 2395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Concave Stave on Class I Barrel-Stave Flextensional Transducer

by Duo Teng, Xiaoyong Liu and Feng Gao

Micromachines 2021, 12(10), 1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12101258 - 17 Oct 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2495

Abstract

To meet the requirements of low frequency, high power, small size and light weight, a type of Class I barrel-stave flextensional transducer employing improved concave stave is presented. As the key component of flextensional transducer, concave stave plays an important role in vibrating [...] Read more.

To meet the requirements of low frequency, high power, small size and light weight, a type of Class I barrel-stave flextensional transducer employing improved concave stave is presented. As the key component of flextensional transducer, concave stave plays an important role in vibrating efficiently to radiate acoustic energy. The structure of concave stave has a great effect on its behavior. In this paper, the main parameters of concave stave are discussed, especially the effect of radius on flextensional transducer. Both concave stave and transducer are analyzed through finite element method, including mechanical transformation behavior of concave stave and performances of flextensional transducer. On the basis of finite element design, five prototypes employing concave staves with different radii are manufactured and measured. The simulations and tests reveal that concave stave can affect performances of flextensional transducer. A larger radius of concave stave will result in a greater amplification of vibration and a lower resonance frequency of transducer. This can be a feasible way to optimize the resonance frequency or source level of flextensional transducer through adjusting the radius of concave stave in a small range. According to the electrical and acoustical tests, our Class I barrel-stave flextensional transducer is capable of being used as underwater low-frequency small-size projector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Transducers: Materials, Devices and Applications, Volume II)

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17 pages, 4236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Piezo/Magnetic Electromechanical Transformer

by Adrian A. Rendon-Hernandez, Spencer E. Smith, Miah A. Halim and David P. Arnold

Micromachines 2021, 12(10), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12101214 - 5 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2547

Abstract

This paper presents a hybrid electromechanical transformer that passively transfers electrical power between galvanically isolated ports by coupling electrodynamic and piezoelectric transducers. The use of these two complementary electromechanical transduction methods along with a high-Q mechanical resonance affords very large transformations of voltage, [...] Read more.

This paper presents a hybrid electromechanical transformer that passively transfers electrical power between galvanically isolated ports by coupling electrodynamic and piezoelectric transducers. The use of these two complementary electromechanical transduction methods along with a high-Q mechanical resonance affords very large transformations of voltage, current, or impedance at particular electrical frequencies. A chip-size prototype is designed, simulated, fabricated, and experimentally characterized. The 7.6 mm × 7.6 mm × 1.65 mm device achieves an open-circuit voltage gain of 31.4 and 48.7 when operating as a step-up transformer at 729.5 Hz and 1015 Hz resonance frequencies, respectively. When operating as a step-down transformer, the resonance frequencies and the corresponding voltage gains are 728 Hz, 1002 Hz, and 0.0097, 0.0128, respectively. In one operational mode, the system shows a minimum power dissipation of only 0.9 µW corresponding to a power conversion efficiency of 11.8%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Transducers: Materials, Devices and Applications, Volume II)

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22 pages, 10194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design, Analysis and Experiment of a Bridge-Type Piezoelectric Actuator for Infrared Image Stabilization

by Mengxin Sun, Yong Feng, Yin Wang, Weiqing Huang and Songfei Su

Micromachines 2021, 12(10), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12101197 - 30 Sep 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2178

Abstract

Piezoelectric actuators are widely used in the optical field due to their high precision, compact structure, flexible design, and fast response. This paper presents a novel piezoelectric actuator with a bridge-type mechanism, which can be used to stabilize the images of an infrared [...] Read more.

Piezoelectric actuators are widely used in the optical field due to their high precision, compact structure, flexible design, and fast response. This paper presents a novel piezoelectric actuator with a bridge-type mechanism, which can be used to stabilize the images of an infrared imaging system. The bridge amplification mechanism is used to amplify the actuation displacement, and its structural parameters are optimized by the response surface method. The control strategy of the image stabilization system is formulated, and the overall structure of the infrared image stabilization system is designed according to the principle of image stabilization and the control strategy. The prototype was fabricated and verified by a series of experiments. In the test, the laminated piezoelectric ceramics are used as the driving element, and its maximum output displacement was about 17 μm under a voltage of 100 V. Firstly, the performance of the piezoelectric amplification mechanism was tested, and the maximum displacement of the piezoelectric micro-motion mechanism was 115 μm. The displacement amplification ratio of the mechanism was 5.7. Then, the step distance and response time of the micro-displacement mechanism were measured by inputting the stepping signal. When the input voltage increased to 3 V, 5 V, and 7 V, the stepping displacements of the mechanism were 2.4 μm, 4.1 μm, and 5.8 μm. Finally, the image stabilization effect of the designed mechanism was verified by imaging timing control and feedback signal processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Transducers: Materials, Devices and Applications, Volume II)

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8 pages, 2616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A High-Resolution Electric Current Sensor Employing a Piezoelectric Drum Transducer

by Wei He

Micromachines 2021, 12(10), 1166; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12101166 - 28 Sep 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1615

Abstract

A high-resolution sensor using a piezoelectric drum transducer is proposed for power frequency current sensing (50 Hz or 60 Hz). The utilization of the magnetic circuit helps to enhance the response to the electric currents in the power cords. The high sensitivity of [...] Read more.

A high-resolution sensor using a piezoelectric drum transducer is proposed for power frequency current sensing (50 Hz or 60 Hz). The utilization of the magnetic circuit helps to enhance the response to the electric currents in the power cords. The high sensitivity of the sensor originates from the superposition of the Ampere forces and the amplified piezoelectric effect of the drum transducer. The feasibility of the sensor was verified by experiments. The device exhibits a broad 3 dB bandwidth of 67.4 Hz without an additional magnetic field bias. The average sensitivity is 31.34 mV/A with a high linearity of 0.49%, and the resolution of the sensor attains 0.02 A. The resolution is much higher than that of the previous piezoelectric heterostructure for two-wire power-cords. Error analysis shows that the uncertainty reaches 0.01865 mV at the current of 2.5 A. Meanwhile, the device can generate a load power of 447.9 nW with an optimal load resistance of 55 KΩ at 10A (f = 50 Hz) in energy harvesting experiments. The features of high sensitivity, excellent linearity, high resolution, low costs, and convenient installation demonstrate the application prospect of the proposed device for measuring power frequency currents in electric power grids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Transducers: Materials, Devices and Applications, Volume II)

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10 pages, 5045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Rotary Ultrasonic Motor with Double-Sided Staggered Teeth

by Xiaohui Yang, Dongdong Zhang, Rujun Song, Chongqiu Yang and Zonggao Mu

Micromachines 2021, 12(7), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12070824 - 14 Jul 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2585

Abstract

Based on the conventional structure of traveling wave ultrasonic motor, a rotary ultrasonic motor with double-sided staggered teeth was proposed. Both sides of the stator could be used to actuate the rotors to rotate and output torque. Moreover, the staggered teeth in the [...] Read more.

Based on the conventional structure of traveling wave ultrasonic motor, a rotary ultrasonic motor with double-sided staggered teeth was proposed. Both sides of the stator could be used to actuate the rotors to rotate and output torque. Moreover, the staggered teeth in the stator could be dedicated to accommodating the piezoelectric ceramic chips. Under the excitation of two alternating voltages with a 90° phase difference, a traveling wave could be generated in the ring-like stator. Then, a rotary motion could be realized by means of the friction between the rotors and the driving teeth of the stator. The finite element method was adopted to analyze the motion trajectories of the driving tips. Moreover, the experimental results showed that the load-free maximum speed and maximum output torque of the prototype were 99 rpm and 0.19 N·m at a voltage of 150 V_p with a frequency of 28.25 kHz. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Transducers: Materials, Devices and Applications, Volume II)

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22 pages, 7539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Novel 2-DOF Rotary–Linear Piezoelectric Actuator Operating under Hybrid Bending–Radial Vibration Mode

by Andrius Čeponis, Dalius Mažeika and Daiva Makutėnienė

Micromachines 2021, 12(6), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12060728 - 21 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2500

Abstract

The paper presents a numerical and experimental investigation of a novel two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) piezoelectric actuator that can generate rotary motion of the sphere-shaped rotor as well as induce planar motion of the flat stage. The actuator has a small size [...] Read more.

The paper presents a numerical and experimental investigation of a novel two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) piezoelectric actuator that can generate rotary motion of the sphere-shaped rotor as well as induce planar motion of the flat stage. The actuator has a small size and simple design and can be integrated into a printed circuit board (PCB). The application field of the actuator is small-dimensional and high-precision positioning systems. The piezoelectric actuator comprises three rectangular bimorph plates joined with arcs and arranged by an angle of 120 degrees. A high-stiffness rod is glued on the top surface of each bimorph plate and is used to rotate the rotor or move flat stage employing contact friction force. Three U-shaped structures are used for the actuator clamping. 2-DOF rotational or planar movement is obtained by applying a harmonic or asymmetric electrical signal. The operation principle of the actuator is based on the superposition of the B₂₀ out-of-plane bending mode of the bimorph plates and the B₀₃ radial vibration mode of the ring. Design optimization has been performed to maximize amplitudes of contact point vibration. A prototype of the actuator was made, and a maximum rotation speed of 795.15 RPM was achieved while preload of 546.03 mN was applied. The linear velocity of 36.45 mm/s was obtained at the same preload force. Resolution measurement showed that the actuator can achieve an angular resolution of 17.48 µrad and a linear resolution of 2.75 µm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Transducers: Materials, Devices and Applications, Volume II)

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14 pages, 2176 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Traveling and Standing Wave-Based Locomotion of Legged Bidirectional Miniature Piezoelectric Robots

by Jorge Hernando-García, Jose Luis García-Caraballo, Víctor Ruiz-Díez and Jose Luis Sánchez-Rojas

Micromachines 2021, 12(2), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12020171 - 9 Feb 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2256

Abstract

The use of wave-based locomotion mechanisms is already well established in the field of robotics, using either standing waves (SW) or traveling waves (TW). The motivation of this work was to compare both the SW- and the TW-based motion of a 20-mm long [...] Read more.

The use of wave-based locomotion mechanisms is already well established in the field of robotics, using either standing waves (SW) or traveling waves (TW). The motivation of this work was to compare both the SW- and the TW-based motion of a 20-mm long sub-gram glass plate, with attached 3D printed legs, and piezoelectric patches for the actuation. The fabrication of the robot did not require sophisticated techniques and the speed of motion was measured under different loading conditions. In the case of the TW mechanism, the influence of using different pairs of modes to generate the TW on the locomotion speed has been studied, as well as the effect of the coupling of the TW motion and the first flexural vibration mode of the legs. This analysis resulted in a maximum unloaded speed of 6 bodylengths/s (BL/s) at 65 V peak-to-peak (Vpp). The SW approach also examined different modes of vibration and a speed of locomotion as high as 14 BL/s was achieved, requiring, unlike the TW case, a highly precise location of the legs on the glass supporting platform and a precise tuning of the excitation frequency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Transducers: Materials, Devices and Applications, Volume II)

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12 pages, 3839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Locomotion Study of Stick-Slip Piezoelectric Actuator Using Two-Stage Flexible Hinge Structure

by Zheng Li, Zhirong Su, Liang Zhao, Haitao Han, Zhanyu Guo, Yuyang Zhao and Hexu Sun

Micromachines 2021, 12(2), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12020154 - 4 Feb 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2976

Abstract

A novel piezoelectric actuator using a two-stage flexure hinge structure is proposed in this paper, which is used in a compact and high-precision electromechanical field. The two-stage flexure hinge structure is used to provide horizontal thrust and vertical clamping force to the driving [...] Read more.

A novel piezoelectric actuator using a two-stage flexure hinge structure is proposed in this paper, which is used in a compact and high-precision electromechanical field. The two-stage flexure hinge structure is used to provide horizontal thrust and vertical clamping force to the driving feet, which solves the problems of unstable clamping force and insufficient load capacity in traditional stick-slip piezoelectric actuators. Firstly, the main structure of the driver and the working process under the triangular wave excitation voltage are briefly introduced. Secondly, after many simulation tests, the structure of the actuator is optimized and the stability of the structure in providing clamping force is verified. Finally, through the research of the operating performance, when the amplitude is 150 V and the frequency is 3.25 kHz as the excitation source, the maximum speed can reach 338 mm/s and can bear about 3 kg load. It can be seen from the analysis that the two-stage flexure hinge structure can improve the displacement trajectory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Transducers: Materials, Devices and Applications, Volume II)

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15 pages, 2339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Compensation for Asymmetrical and Dynamic Hysteresis of Piezoelectric Actuators Using a Dynamic Delay Prandtl–Ishlinskii Model

by Wen Wang, Fuming Han, Zhanfeng Chen, Ruijin Wang, Chuanyong Wang, Keqing Lu, Jiahui Wang and Bingfeng Ju

Micromachines 2021, 12(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12010092 - 16 Jan 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2877

Abstract

Piezoelectric actuators are widely used in micro- and nano-manufacturing and precision machining due to their superior performance. However, there are complex hysteresis nonlinear phenomena in piezoelectric actuators. In particular, the inherent hysteresis can be affected by the input frequency, and it sometimes exhibits [...] Read more.

Piezoelectric actuators are widely used in micro- and nano-manufacturing and precision machining due to their superior performance. However, there are complex hysteresis nonlinear phenomena in piezoelectric actuators. In particular, the inherent hysteresis can be affected by the input frequency, and it sometimes exhibits asymmetrical characteristic. The existing dynamic hysteresis model is inaccurate in describing hysteresis of piezoelectric actuators at high frequency. In this paper, a Dynamic Delay Prandtl–Ishlinskii (DDPI) model is proposed to describe the asymmetrical and dynamic characteristics of piezoelectric actuators. First, the shape of the Delay Play operator is discussed under two delay coefficients. Then, the accuracy of the DDPI model is verified by experiments. Next, to compensate the asymmetrical and dynamic hysteresis, the compensator is designed based on the Inverse Dynamic Delay Prandtl–Ishlinskii (IDDPI) model. The effectiveness of the inverse compensator was verified by experiments. The results show that the DDPI model can accurately describe the asymmetrical and dynamic hysteresis, and the compensator can effectively suppress the hysteresis of the piezoelectric actuator. This research will be beneficial to extend the application of piezoelectric actuators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Transducers: Materials, Devices and Applications, Volume II)

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11 pages, 4248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Piezoelectric Properties on the Ultrasonic Dispersion of TiO₂ Nanoparticles in Aqueous Suspension

by Seon Ae Hwangbo, Young Min Choi and Tae Geol Lee

Micromachines 2021, 12(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12010052 - 5 Jan 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2726

Abstract

In this study, the soft-type and hard-type lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics were compared in order to create an optimal system for ultrasonic dispersion of nanoparticles, and sound pressure energy for each PZT ceramic was analyzed and closely examined with ultrasonic energy. TiO [...] Read more.

In this study, the soft-type and hard-type lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics were compared in order to create an optimal system for ultrasonic dispersion of nanoparticles, and sound pressure energy for each PZT ceramic was analyzed and closely examined with ultrasonic energy. TiO₂ was water-dispersed using the soft-type and hard-type PZT transducer, possessing different characteristics, and its suspension particle size and distribution, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and dispersion were evaluated for 180 days. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the particles dispersed using the hard-type PZT transducer were smaller than the particles dispersed using the soft-type PZT by 15 nm or more. Because the hard-type PZT transducer had a lower PDI, uniform particle size distribution was also confirmed. In addition, by measuring the zeta potential over time, it was found that the hard-type PZT transducer has higher dispersion safety. In addition, it was confirmed that the ultrasonically dispersed TiO₂ suspension using a hard-type PZT transducer maintained constant particle size distribution for 180 days, whereas the suspension from the soft-type PZT aggregated 30 days later. Therefore, the hard-type PZT is more suitable for ultrasonic dispersion of nanoparticles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Transducers: Materials, Devices and Applications, Volume II)

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Review

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28 pages, 11008 KiB

Open AccessReview

Large-Scale Piezoelectric-Based Systems for More Electric Aircraft Applications

by Tran Vy Khanh Vo, Tomasz Marek Lubecki, Wai Tuck Chow, Amit Gupta and King Ho Holden Li

Micromachines 2021, 12(2), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12020140 - 28 Jan 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6622

Abstract

A new approach in the development of aircraft and aerospace industry is geared toward increasing use of electric systems. An electromechanical (EM) piezoelectric-based system is one of the potential technologies that can produce a compactable system with a fast response and a high [...] Read more.

A new approach in the development of aircraft and aerospace industry is geared toward increasing use of electric systems. An electromechanical (EM) piezoelectric-based system is one of the potential technologies that can produce a compactable system with a fast response and a high power density. However, piezoelectric materials generate a small strain, of around 0.1–0.2% of the original actuator length, limiting their potential in large-scale applications. This paper reviews the potential amplification mechanisms for piezoelectric-based systems targeting aerospace applications. The concepts, structural designs, and operation conditions of each method are summarized and compared. This review aims to provide a good understanding of piezoelectric-based systems toward selecting suitable designs for potential aerospace applications and an outlook for novel designs in the near future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Transducers: Materials, Devices and Applications, Volume II)

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