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Mineral Processing Technologies of Complex Refractory Iron Ore
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Mineral Processing Technologies of Complex Refractory Iron Ore

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 11193

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Peng Gao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
Interests: mineral processing; extractive metallurgy; comprehensive utilization of resources; waste and recycling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Yongsheng Sun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Resource and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
Interests: mineral processing, magnetization roasting and clean energy utilization
Dr. Zhidong Tang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
Interests: mineral processing; fluidization; magnetization roasting

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Iron ore is a major raw material for the steel industry, and it is also an important mineral resource for the sustainable development of the national economy. With the increasing depletion of high-grade metal deposits, it is important to realize the efficient utilization of refractory ore resources, such as low-quality iron ore and solid waste. Improving the utilization efficiency of refractory iron ore resources is a common theme for the sustainable development of the world’s steel and iron industries.

The main industrial iron-bearing minerals include hematite, magnetite, limonite, and siderite. However, they cannot be used in the iron and steel industries without preliminary beneficiation due to their low grade. It is important to choose a high-efficiency beneficiation technique for the separation of iron ore according to its mineral composition and physical properties. Thus far, many scientific researchers have carried out numerous research works on the separation of refractory iron ore, and a variety of beneficiation methods and research methods have been used, such as gravity separation, magnetic separation, flotation, magnetization roasting, and coal-based reduction technology.

This Special Issue is organized into three sections:

Section 1—Flotation reagent design: Studies of new iron ore collectors based on advanced dynamic simulation software.

Section 2—Magnetization roasting technology: Studies of magnetization roasting technology for iron ores which cannot obtain a good index in conventional processes.

Section 3—Coal-based reduction technology: Studies of coal-based reduction technology for ore samples which cannot be effectively recovered by magnetization roasting.

This Special Issue mainly focuses on the new technology, new processes, and new flotation reagents developed in the clean and efficient utilization of complex refractory iron ore resources and aims to contribute to the technical innovation of refractory iron ore beneficiation.

Prof. Dr. Peng Gao
Prof. Dr. Yongsheng Sun
Dr. Zhidong Tang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • refractory iron ore
  • flotation
  • iron ore tailings
  • magnetization roasting
  • coal-based reduction

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 2992 KiB  
Article
Study on Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Oxide Ores Bearing Zinc
by Jinlin Yang, Xingnan Huo, Zongyu Li and Shaojian Ma
Minerals 2022, 12(10), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12101264 - 7 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1738
Abstract
As the depletion of zinc sulfide ores becomes more severe, investigations into the recovery of zinc from zinc oxide ores have aroused more interest. In this regard, acid-based hydrometallurgical treatment strategies have had great effectiveness. However, they are inadequate for low-grade zinc oxide [...] Read more.
As the depletion of zinc sulfide ores becomes more severe, investigations into the recovery of zinc from zinc oxide ores have aroused more interest. In this regard, acid-based hydrometallurgical treatment strategies have had great effectiveness. However, they are inadequate for low-grade zinc oxide ores. In this study, we examined the alkaline treatment of gossan for the recovery of oxide ores that bear zinc, such as siderite and limonite. Additionally, of particular note, the effects of a leaching agent, its concentration and time, temperature, liquid-to-solid ratio, as well as the agitation rate on the leaching of zinc from gossan were studied to evaluate the effects of these parameters on the kinetics of zinc dissolution. The results showed that the leaching of zinc is controlled by a single rate-controlling step with an activation energy of 4.458 kJ/mol before 120 min and 5.536 kJ/mol after 120 min, with zinc leaching efficiency less than 50% in all leachings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Processing Technologies of Complex Refractory Iron Ore)
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14 pages, 4669 KiB  
Article
Crystal Transformation of Sericite during Fluidized Roasting: A Study Combining Experiment and Simulation
by Zhe Bai, Yuexin Han, Jianping Jin, Yongsheng Sun and Qi Zhang
Minerals 2022, 12(10), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12101223 - 27 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1606
Abstract
Fluidized roasting is an efficient method to promote vanadium extraction from V-bearing mica in shale. In this study, the transformation behavior of V-bearing sericite during fluidized roasting was explored by combining experimental detections and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. TG-MS, XRD, FTIR, and [...] Read more.
Fluidized roasting is an efficient method to promote vanadium extraction from V-bearing mica in shale. In this study, the transformation behavior of V-bearing sericite during fluidized roasting was explored by combining experimental detections and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. TG-MS, XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDS were used to investigate the characteristics of the roasted sericite samples. The crystal parameters of V-bearing sericite were calculated with Materials Studio. The results showed that dehydroxylation was the main reaction during roasting, which occurred between 650 °C and 960 °C. After being roasted at 900 °C for 2 h, hydroxyls were completely removed. The calculation results show that −OH was removed between the metal ions in the sericite O-layer, which turned the hexa-coordinate of V3+, Al3+, and Fe3+ into pentacoordinate. Through electronic rearrangement, the bond lengths between two ions connected by −OH were shortened from 0.18~0.20 nm to 0.17 nm. However, some chemical bonds were grown, which indicates that they are weaker and easier to transform. In addition, twisted six-membered rings were formed with obvious angle changes on the (0 0 1) surface. Furthermore, Mulliken’s overlap populations of some V-O, Al-O, and Fe-O were decreased. Therefore, dehydroxylation is a determining factor in the destruction of sericite crystals during fluidized roasting, which also promotes vanadium release from shale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Processing Technologies of Complex Refractory Iron Ore)
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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 4893 KiB  
Article
Effects of NaOH Content on the Reduction Kinetics of Hematite by Using Suspension Magnetization Roasting Technology
by Shuai Yuan, Xinyu Li, Xun Wang, Hao Zhang and Yanjun Li
Minerals 2022, 12(9), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12091107 - 30 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1704
Abstract
Red mud is a potential iron resource that needs to be urgently exploited and utilized. However, due to the properties of high alkalinity, fine particle size and complex mineral composition, the utilization of red mud is difficult. Focusing on red mud’s prominent feature [...] Read more.
Red mud is a potential iron resource that needs to be urgently exploited and utilized. However, due to the properties of high alkalinity, fine particle size and complex mineral composition, the utilization of red mud is difficult. Focusing on red mud’s prominent feature of high alkalinity, this paper studies the influence of NaOH content on the reduction kinetics of hematite, which is the main component of red mud. The results show that the conversion degree of hematite was strongly inhibited by NaOH, and the magnetization and specific magnetic susceptibility of reduction products was significantly decreased with the increase in NaOH content. Meanwhile, the results of the calculation of kinetics parameters demonstrate that the addition of NaOH did not affect the control step of the reduction of hematite, while it dramatically decreased the reduction rate of hematite. Moreover, thermodynamic analysis and SEM-EDS detection were conducted to uncover the inhibited mechanism of NaOH on the reduction of hematite, which indicated that sodium ferrite could be produced spontaneously under the experimental conditions and that it is hard for it to be further reduced by CO. Furthermore, the produced sodium ferrite formed a dense film, which covered the surface of the hematite particles, inhibiting the diffusion of CO and thereby hindering the reduction of the interior hematite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Processing Technologies of Complex Refractory Iron Ore)
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15 pages, 5754 KiB  
Article
Study on Microstructure Evolution of Oolitic Hematite during Microwave Fluidization Roasting
by Wentao Zhou, Yongqiang Zhao, Xianjun Lyu, Wenhao Gao, Huili Su and Chuanming Li
Minerals 2022, 12(5), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12050507 - 20 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2032
Abstract
To explore the microstructure evolution of oolitic hematite during microwave fluidization roasting, COMSOL multiphysics and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)–energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) were used to simulate and explore the microstructure evolution. The simulation results indicated that with the extension of microwave heating time and [...] Read more.
To explore the microstructure evolution of oolitic hematite during microwave fluidization roasting, COMSOL multiphysics and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)–energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) were used to simulate and explore the microstructure evolution. The simulation results indicated that with the extension of microwave heating time and the increase of microwave power, the surface temperature in the particle model progressively increased, and the heating rate of hematite was the fastest, followed by quartz and apatite; simultaneously, the temperature stress and difference between the three mineral interfaces in the model were increased. The SEM–EDS results illustrated that there were microcracks at the interface between iron minerals and gangue minerals, such as quartz and apatite, and the microcracks were more obvious at the interface between iron minerals and quartz minerals. With the extension of microwave treatment time, the microcracks were gradually extended and expanded inward along the outer edge of oolitic and gradually formed in the core of the oolitic structure. Appropriately increasing the roasting temperature, prolonging the roasting time, and increasing the CO concentration made the particle surface more loose and rough, and produced more cracks and pores, while the ore surface presented a honeycomb morphology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Processing Technologies of Complex Refractory Iron Ore)
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12 pages, 5994 KiB  
Article
Novel Technology for Comprehensive Utilization of Low-Grade Iron Ore
by Xinran Zhu, Yonghong Qin, Yuexin Han and Yanjun Li
Minerals 2022, 12(4), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12040493 - 18 Apr 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3364
Abstract
In this study, a novel technology for the comprehensive utilization of low-grade iron ore is presented. For the iron ore with a Fe content of 24.91%, a pilot-scale study of pre-concentration, suspension magnetization roasting, grinding, and low-intensity magnetic separation was conducted, and an [...] Read more.
In this study, a novel technology for the comprehensive utilization of low-grade iron ore is presented. For the iron ore with a Fe content of 24.91%, a pilot-scale study of pre-concentration, suspension magnetization roasting, grinding, and low-intensity magnetic separation was conducted, and an iron concentrate with a grade of 62.21% and a recovery of 85.72% was obtained. The products were analysed using chemical elemental analysis, particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The results indicated that hematite was reduced by CO and H2 mixture and transformed into ferrimagnetic magnetite in the suspension magnetization roasting, which was easily recovered in the subsequent magnetic separation. Additionally, a pre-concentration tailing with a SiO2 content of 81.55% and a magnetic tailing of the roasted ore with a SiO2 content of 79.57% were obtained, which can be used as building materials. This presents significant implications for the comprehensive utilization of low-grade iron ore. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Processing Technologies of Complex Refractory Iron Ore)
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