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Application of Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices

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A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy and Catalysis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 September 2022) | Viewed by 34671

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Prof. Dr. Wenbin Hu

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School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
Interests: energy materials; electrochemistry; surface engineering; hydrometallurgy; corrosion

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is foreseeable that energy and the environment will be the two major themes of global development for a considerable period of time. In fact, the way humankind obtains energy will have an important impact on the ecological environment of the earth and the future living conditions and lifestyles of humankind. Because of this, countries around the world are vigorously developing renewable energy and clean energy. Electrochemical energy is an energy conversion method that efficiently converts chemical energy into electrical energy, which has been continuously improved and innovated, especially in recent years. At present, electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices mainly include primary batteries (such as zinc-manganese batteries, etc.), secondary batteries (such as lead-acid batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, lithium-ion batteries, etc.), fuel cells, metal-air batteries, super capacitors, etc., which would be the main development direction of clean energy in the future.

Electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices show promise of overcoming climate change problems caused by the use of fossil fuels. However, issues related to electrode efficiency, electrocatalyst performance, electrolyte stability, and membrane costs still limit the widespread commercialization of batteries, capacitors, and fuel cells. The main performances, including those of specific energy and power, cycle life, and safety, are determined by the choice of materials for electrodes, electrocatalysts, and electrolyte, while nanomaterials play an important role, such as nanostructured electrodes, nano-electrocatalysts, as well additives in the electrolyte. Accordingly, it is essential to develop the existing and introduce new procedures for the preparation of nanomaterials in batteries, capacitors, and fuel cells. This is expected to have great impact on device performance and, consequently, their commercialization.

Prof. Dr. Wenbin Hu
Guest Editor

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Keywords

batteries
fuel cells
flow batteries
electrochemical capacitors
thermogalvanic cells
photoelectrochemical cells
electrochemical separation membranes

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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13 pages, 2991 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon-Based Nanomaterials as Alternative Electrodes to Graphite for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Rocío Barrio, Nieves González, Álvaro Portugal, Carmen Morant and José Javier Gandía

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(24), 4400; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12244400 - 9 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1917

Abstract

Graphite is the material most used as an electrode in commercial lithium-ion batteries. On the other hand, it is a material with low energy capacity, and it is considered a raw critical material given its large volume of use. In the current energy context, we must promote the search for alternative materials based on elements that are abundant, sustainable and that have better performance for energy storage. We propose thin materials based on silicon, which has a storage capacity eleven times higher than graphite. Nevertheless, due to the high-volume expansion during lithiation, it tends to crack, limiting the life of the batteries. To solve this problem, hydrogenated amorphous silicon has been researched, in the form of thin film and nanostructures, since, due to its amorphous structure, porosity and high specific surface, it could better absorb changes in volume. These thin films were grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, and then the nanowires were obtained by chemical etching. The compositional variations of films deposited at different temperatures and the incorporation of dopants markedly influence the stability and longevity of batteries. With these optimized electrodes, we achieved batteries with an initial capacity of 3800 mAhg⁻¹ and 82% capacity retention after 50 cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices)

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15 pages, 34840 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Porosity Engineering towards Nitrogen-Rich Carbon Host Enables Ultrahigh Capacity Sulfur Cathode for Room Temperature Potassium–Sulfur Batteries

by Jingzhe Liang, Wanqing Song, Haozhi Wang, Jia Ding and Wenbin Hu

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(22), 3968; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12223968 - 10 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1713

Abstract

Potassium–sulfur batteries (KSBs) are regarded as a promising large-scale energy storage technology, owing to the high theoretical specific capacity and intrinsically low cost. However, the commercialization of KSBs is hampered by the low sulfur utilization and notorious shuttle effect. Herein, we employ a porosity engineering strategy to design nitrogen-rich carbon foam as an efficient sulfur host. The tremendous micropores magnify the chemical interaction between sulfur species and the polar nitrogen functionalities decorated carbon surface, which significantly improve the sulfur utilization and conversion. Meanwhile, the abundant mesopores provide ample spaces, accommodating the large volume changes of sulfur upon reversible potassation. Resultantly, the constructed sulfur cathode delivers an ultrahigh initial reversible capacity of 1470 mAh g⁻¹ (87.76% of theoretical capacity) and a superior rate capacity of 560 mAh g⁻¹ at 2 C. Reaching the K₂S phase in potassiation is the essential reason for obtaining the ultrahigh capacity. Nonetheless, systematic kinetics analyses demonstrate that the K₂S involved depotassiation deteriorates the charge kinetics. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation revealed that the nitrogen-rich micropore surface facilitated the sulfur reduction for K₂S but created a higher energy barrier for the K₂S decomposition, which explained the discrepancy in kinetics modification effect produced by the porosity engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices)

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16 pages, 3901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vanadium Oxide-Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Nanocomposite as High-Performance Cathode for Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries: The Structural and Electrochemical Characterization

by Filipp S. Volkov, Svetlana N. Eliseeva, Mikhail A. Kamenskii, Alexey I. Volkov, Elena G. Tolstopjatova, Oleg V. Glumov, Lijun Fu and Veniamin V. Kondratiev

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(21), 3896; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12213896 - 4 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2300

Abstract

In this work the nanocomposite of vanadium oxide with conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (VO@PEDOT) was obtained by microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis. The detailed study of its structural and electrochemical properties as cathode of aqueous zinc-ion battery was performed by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The initial VO@PEDOT composite has layered nanosheets structure with thickness of about 30–80 nm, which are assembled into wavy agglomerated thicker layers of up to 0.3–0.6 μm. The phase composition of the samples was determined by XRD analysis which confirmed lamellar structure of vanadium oxide V₁₀O₂₄∙12H₂O with interlayer distance of about 13.6 Å. The VO@PEDOT composite demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance, reaching specific capacities of up to 390 mA∙h∙g⁻¹ at 0.3 A∙g⁻¹. Moreover, the electrodes retain specific capacity of 100 mA∙h∙g⁻¹ at a high current density of 20 A∙g⁻¹. The phase transformations of VO@PEDOT electrodes during the cycling were studied at different degrees of charge/discharge by using ex situ XRD measurements. The results of ex situ XRD allow us to conclude that the reversible zinc ion intercalation occurs in stable zinc pyrovanadate structures formed during discharge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices)

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17 pages, 5255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Sugarcane Bagasse-Derived Activated Carbon via a High-Energy Ball Milling Treatment

by Likkhasit Wannasen, Narong Chanlek, Sumeth Siriroj, Santi Maensiri, Ekaphan Swatsitang and Supree Pinitsoontorn

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(20), 3555; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12203555 - 11 Oct 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2961

Abstract

Activated carbon (AC) from sugarcane bagasse was prepared using dry chemical activation with KOH. It was then subjected to a high-energy ball milling (HEBM) treatment under various milling speeds (600, 1200 and 1800 rpm) to produce AC nanoparticles from micro-size particles. The AC samples after the HEBM treatment exhibited reduced particle sizes, increased mesopore volume and a rich surface oxygen content, which contribute to higher pseudocapacitance. Notably, different HEBM speeds were used to find a good electrochemical performance. As a result, the AC/BM12 material, subjected to HEBM at 1200 rpm for 30 min, exhibited the highest specific capacitance, 257 F g⁻¹, at a current density 0.5 A g⁻¹. This is about 2.4 times higher than that of the AC sample. Moreover, the excellence capacitance retention of this sample was 93.5% after a 3000-cycle test at a current density of 5 A g⁻¹. Remarkably, a coin cell electrode assembly was fabricated using the AC/BM12 material in a 1 M LiPF₆ electrolyte. It exhibited a specific capacitance of 110 F g⁻¹ with a high energy density of 27.9 W h kg⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices)

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19 pages, 7939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrocatalysis of Methanol Oxidation in Alkaline Electrolytes over Novel Amorphous Fe/Ni Biphosphate Material Prepared by Different Techniques

by Mai M. Khalaf, Hany M. Abd El-Lateef, Van-Duong Dao and Ibrahim M. A. Mohamed

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(19), 3429; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12193429 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2125

Abstract

In this work, novel phosphate materials based on bimetallic character (Fe and Ni) were introduced by different chemical fabrication methods, the reflux method (FeNiP-R) and the sol–gel technique (FeNiP-S), and evaluated as non-precious electrodes for methanol electrooxidation in KOH electrolytes. The designed FeNiP-R and FeNiP-S samples were investigated using different characterization techniques, namely TEM, SEM, XPS, BET, DLS, and FT-IR, to describe the impact of the fabrication technique on the chemistry, morphology, and surface area. The characterization techniques indicate the successful fabrication of nanoscale-sized particles with higher agglomeration by the sol–gel technique compared with the reflux strategy. After that, the electrochemical efficiency of the fabricated FeNiP-R and FeNiP-S as electrodes for electrocatalytic methanol oxidation was studied through cyclic voltammetry (CV) at different methanol concentrations and scan rates in addition to impedance analysis and chronoamperometric techniques. From electrochemical analyses, a sharp improvement in the obtained current values was observed in both electrodes, FeNiP-R and FeNiP-S. During the MeOH electrooxidation over FeNiP-S, the current value was improved from 0.14 mA/cm² at 0.402 V to 2.67 mA/cm² at 0.619 V, which is around 109 times the current density value (0.0243 mA/cm² at 0.62 V) found in the absence of MeOH. The designed FeNiP-R electrode showed an improved electrocatalytic character compared with FeNiP-S at different methanol concentrations up to 80 mmol/L. The enhancement of the anodic current density and charge transfer resistance indicates the methanol electrooxidation over the designed bimetallic Fe/Ni-phosphates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices)

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13 pages, 7617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Room Temperature Nanographene Production via CO₂ Electrochemical Reduction on the Electrodeposited Bi on Sn Substrate

by Piriya Pinthong, Sarita Phupaichitkun, Suthasinee Watmanee, Rungkiat Nganglumpoon, Duangamol N. Tungasmita, Sukkaneste Tungasmita, Yuttanant Boonyongmaneerat, Nadtinan Promphet, Nadnudda Rodthongkum and Joongjai Panpranot

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(19), 3389; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12193389 - 28 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2191

Abstract

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂RR) to crystalline solid carbon at room temperature is challenging, but it is a providential CO₂ utilization route due to its indefinite storage and potential applications of its products in many advanced technologies. Here, room-temperature synthesis of polycrystalline nanographene was achieved by CO₂RR over the electrodeposited Bi on Sn substrate prepared with various bismuth concentrations (0.01 M, 0.05 M, and 0.1 M). The solid carbon products were solely produced on all the prepared electrodes at the applied potential −1.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl and were characterized as polycrystalline nanographene with an average domain size of ca. 3–4 nm. The morphology of the electrodeposited Bi/Sn electrocatalysts did not have much effect on the final structure of the solid carbon products formed but rather affected the CO₂ electroreduction activity. The optimized negative potential for the formation of nanographene products on the 0.05Bi/Sn was ca. −1.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Increasing the negative value of the applied potential accelerated the agglomeration of the highly reactive nascent Bi clusters in situ formed under the reaction conditions, which, as a consequence, resulted in a slight deviation of the product selectivity toward gaseous CO and H₂ evolution reaction. The Bi–graphene composites produced by this method show high potential as an additive for working electrode modification in electrochemical sensor-related applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices)

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14 pages, 4481 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Co-Existence of Atomic Pt and CoPt Nanoclusters on Co/SnO_x Mix-Oxide Demonstrates an Ultra-High-Performance Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity

by Amisha Beniwal, Dinesh Bhalothia, Wei Yeh, Mingxing Cheng, Che Yan, Po-Chun Chen, Kuan-Wen Wang and Tsan-Yao Chen

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(16), 2824; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12162824 - 17 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1721

Abstract

An effective approach for increasing the Noble metal-utilization by decorating the atomic Pt clusters (1 wt.%) on the CoO₂@SnPd₂ nanoparticle (denoted as CSPP) for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is demonstrated in this study. For the optimum case when the impregnation temperature for Co-crystal growth is 50 °C (denoted as CSPP-50), the CoPt nanoalloys and Pt-clusters decoration with multiple metal-to-metal oxide interfaces are formed. Such a nanocatalyst (NC) outperforms the commercial Johnson Matthey-Pt/C (J.M.-Pt/C; 20 wt.% Pt) catalyst by 78-folds with an outstanding mass activity (MA) of 4330 mA mg_Pt⁻¹ at 0.85 V vs. RHE in an alkaline medium (0.1 M KOH). The results of physical structure inspections along with electrochemical analysis suggest that such a remarkable ORR performance is dominated by the potential synergism between the surface anchored Pt-clusters, CoPt-nanoalloys, and adjacent SnPd₂ domain, where Pt-clusters offer ideal adsorption energy for O₂ splitting and CoPt-nanoalloys along with SnPd₂ domain boost the subsequent desorption of hydroxide ions (OH⁻). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices)

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12 pages, 3513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“Two Birds with One Stone”: F Doping Ni–Co Hydroxide as High-Performance Cathode Material for Aqueous Zn Batteries

by Wen Liu, Qiwen Zhao, Yunyun Wang, Yuejiao Chen and Libao Chen

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(10), 1780; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12101780 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1942

Abstract

Cathode materials have impeded the development of aqueous Zn batteries (AZBs) for a long time due to their low capacity and poor cycling stability. Here, a “two birds with one stone” strategy is devised to optimize the Ni–Co hydroxide cathode material (NCH) for AZBs, which plays an essential role in both composition adjustment and morphology majorization. The F-doped Ni–Co hydroxide (FNCH) exhibits a unique nanoarray structure consisting of the 2D flake-like unit, furnishing abundant active sites for the redox reaction. A series of analyses prove that FNCH delivers improved electrical conductivity and enhanced electrochemical activity. Contributing to the unique morphology and adjusted characteristics, FNCH presents a higher discharge-specific capacity, more advantageous rate capability and competitive cycling stability than NCH. As a result, an aqueous Zn battery assembled with a FNCH cathode and Zn anode exhibits a high capacity of 0.23 mAh cm⁻² at 1 mA cm⁻², and retains 0.10 mAh cm⁻² at 10 mA cm⁻². More importantly, the FNCH–Zn battery demonstrates no capacity decay after 3000 cycles with a conspicuous capacity of 0.15 mAh cm⁻² at 8 mA cm⁻², indicating a superior cycling performance. This work provides a facile approach to develop high-performance cathodes for aqueous Zn batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices)

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12 pages, 4978 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scalable Preparation and Improved Discharge Properties of FeS₂@CoS₂ Cathode Materials for High-Temperature Thermal Battery

by Qianqiu Tian, Jing Hu, Shiyu Zhang, Xiaopeng Han, Hao Guo, Licheng Tang, Jiajun Wang and Wenbin Hu

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(8), 1360; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12081360 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2961

Abstract

Long-time thermal batteries with high specific energy are crucial for improving the fast response ability of long-range weapons. Due to its high capacity, safety, and stability, the new sulfide cathode has attracted extensive attention. In this study, an FeS₂@CoS₂ composite cathode with a core–shell structure was prepared via a combination of hydrothermal and high-temperature vulcanization processes. The novel FeS₂@CoS₂ cathode not only delivers a high discharge voltage and output capacity, but also has high thermal stability and excellent conductivity. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of FeS₂ and CoS₂, the as-synthesized cathode yields a high specific capacity. At a large current density of 1 A/cm², the utilization rate of FeS₂@CoS₂ cathode material can reach 72.33%, which is 8.23% higher than that of FeS₂. Moreover, the maximum output capacity is up to 902 As/g, with a utilization rate of 79.02% at 500 mA/cm². This novel design strategy holds great promise for the development and application of high-performance thermal batteries in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices)

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16 pages, 5005 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Discharge Voltage of Al-Air Batteries by Ga³⁺ Additives in NaCl-Based Electrolyte

by Yingying Gu, Yingjie Liu, Yunwei Tong, Zhenbo Qin, Zhong Wu and Wenbin Hu

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(8), 1336; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12081336 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2091

Abstract

The application of NaCl-based aluminum-air batteries is limited due to the passivation of the aluminum anode. In an effort to solve this problem, this work studied the influence of different concentrations of Ga³⁺ additives on the discharge behavior of Al in the NaCl electrolyte. The results of both experiments and theoretical calculations have shown that commercial purity aluminum could be significantly activated by Ga³⁺. Based on microstructure observations and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the influence activation mechanism of Ga³⁺ on the discharge behavior of commercial purity Al is clarified. The addition of Ga³⁺ biased the surface charge of aluminum along the activation direction, forming activation sites, and then destroyed the surface passivation film. Due to the formation of a gallium–aluminum amalgam, the Al-air battery had the best discharge characteristics in the electrolyte with 0.2 M Ga³⁺, and its discharge voltage reached 0.9734 V with a remarkable increase compared with that of NaCl solution (0.4228 V). Therefore, Ga³⁺ additive is a promising choice for NaCl-based Al-air batteries to improve their discharge voltage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices)

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10 pages, 1746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

1.8 V Aqueous Symmetric Carbon-Based Supercapacitors with Agarose-Bound Activated Carbons in an Acidic Electrolyte

by Chih-Chung Lai, Feng-Hao Hsu, Su-Yang Hsu, Ming-Jay Deng, Kueih-Tzu Lu and Jin-Ming Chen

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(7), 1731; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11071731 - 30 Jun 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3313

Abstract

The specific energy of an aqueous carbon supercapacitor is generally small, resulting mainly from a narrow potential window of aqueous electrolytes. Here, we introduced agarose, an ecologically compatible polymer, as a novel binder to fabricate an activated carbon supercapacitor, enabling a wider potential window attributed to a high overpotential of the hydrogen-evolution reaction (HER) of agarose-bound activated carbons in sulfuric acid. Assembled symmetric aqueous cells can be galvanostatically cycled up to 1.8 V, attaining an enhanced energy density of 13.5 W h/kg (9.5 µW h/cm²) at 450 W/kg (315 µW/cm²). Furthermore, a great cycling behavior was obtained, with a 94.2% retention of capacitance after 10,000 cycles at 2 A/g. This work might guide the design of an alternative material for high-energy aqueous supercapacitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices)

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Review

Jump to: Research

18 pages, 2083 KiB

Open AccessReview

Layered Double Hydroxides for Photo(electro)catalytic Applications: A Mini Review

by Cheng Li, Huihua Jing, Zhong Wu and Denghui Jiang

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(19), 3525; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12193525 - 9 Oct 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2876

Abstract

Chemical energy conversion strategies by photocatalysis and electrocatalysis are promising approaches to alleviating our energy shortages and environmental issues. Due to the 2D layer structure, adjustable composition, unique thermal decomposition and memory properties, abundant surface hydroxyl, and low cost, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have attracted extensive attention in electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and photoelectrocatalysis. This review summarizes the main structural characteristics of LDHs, including tunable composition, thermal decomposition and memory properties, delaminated layer, and surface hydroxyl. Next, the influences of the structural characteristics on the photo(electro)catalytic process are briefly introduced to understand the structure–performance correlations of LDHs materials. Recent progress and advances of LDHs in photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis applications are summarized. Finally, the challenges and future development of LDHs are prospected from the aspect of structural design and exploring structure-activity relationships in the photo(electro)catalysis applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices)

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