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Functional Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications

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A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 37518

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Dr. Jasmina Vidic

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INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
Interests: biosensors; food security; nanoparticles; bacterial pathogens; biophysics; diagnosis; nanobiotechnology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Ivana Gadjanski

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Biosense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Interests: biosensors; point-of-care diagnostics; isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests; cellular biology; microfluidics; bioengineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, we have been witnessing a deep evolution of biosensor technologies in response to the increasingly complex needs of the food safety, environmental monitoring, healthcare, and pharmaceutical markets. In particular, the development of nanostructured materials and nanotechnologies has made it possible to accelerate innovation in the biosensor field by offering increased stability, sensitivity, and selectivity of analysis.

Functional nanomaterials can improve immobilization of the biomolecules used as bioreceptors in biosensors, can preserve biomolecule activity over a longer term, facilitate signal enhancement, and improve overall performance of the sensor. This can be particularly interesting for wearable devices and for smart packaging options, for example, by non-conductive polymers rendered conductive through the use of functional nanomaterials.

Furthermore, the use of nanoparticle-based materials enables easy miniaturization, automation, affordability, end-use suitability, and sustainability of sensing devices. The above-mentioned advantages strongly pushed biosensors from the bench to the market.

Based on the above, we would like to invite papers to cover current and future trends in nanomaterials for biosensors, on their actual use and perspectives, with specific emphasis on different types of functional nanomaterials, including nanoparticles and hybrid nanomaterials. We also invite interested authors to describe whole biosensing devices that comprise functional nanomaterials, describing the whole procedure from sampling and sample preparation, signal transducing mechanism and signal detection, emphasizing the potential for real-life applications.

Dr. Jasmina Vidic
Dr. Ivana Gadjanski
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Electrochemical biosensors
Optical biosensors
Graphene-based nanomaterials
Nanocomposites
Multilayers systems
Paper-based biosensors
Bionanocomposites
Nanoparticles
Signal amplification
Intelligent packaging
Mechanical properties
Multiplex biosensors
Food safety
Environmental monitoring
One Health
nanotoxicology
nanobiosensors
Wearable devices

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 7279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of the Highly Sensitive Carboxyl-Graphene Oxide-Based Planar Optical Waveguide Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor

by Chien-Hsing Chen and Chang-Yue Chiang

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(13), 2146; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12132146 - 22 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2107

Abstract

This study develops a highly sensitive and low-cost carboxyl-graphene-oxide-based planar optical waveguide localized surface plasmon resonance biosensor (GO-OW LSPR biosensor), a system based on measuring light intensity changes. The structure of the sensing chip comprises an optical waveguide (OW)-slide glass and microfluidic-poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrate, and the OW-slide glass surface-modified gold nanoparticle (AuNP) combined with graphene oxide (GO). As the GO has an abundant carboxyl group (–COOH), the number of capture molecules can be increased. The refractive index sensing system uses silver-coated reflective film to compare the refractive index sensitivity of the GO-OW LSPR biosensor to increase the refractive index sensitivity. The result shows that the signal variation of the system with the silver-coated reflective film is 1.57 times that of the system without the silver-coated reflective film. The refractive index sensitivity is 5.48 RIU⁻¹ and the sensor resolution is 2.52 ± 0.23 × 10⁻⁶ RIU. The biochemical sensing experiment performs immunoglobulin G (IgG) and streptavidin detection. The limits of detection of the sensor for IgG and streptavidin are calculated to be 23.41 ± 1.54 pg/mL and 5.18 ± 0.50 pg/mL, respectively. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the repeatability experiment (sample numbers = 3) is smaller than 10.6%. In addition, the affinity constants of the sensor for anti-IgG/IgG and biotin/streptavidin are estimated to be 1.06 × 10⁷ M⁻¹ and 7.30 × 10⁹ M⁻¹, respectively. The result shows that the GO-OW LSPR biosensor has good repeatability and very low detection sensitivity. It can be used for detecting low concentrations or small biomolecules in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications)

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17 pages, 4813 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Magnetic Nanoclusters Increase the Sensitivity of Lateral Flow Immunoassays for Protein Detection: Application to Pneumolysin as a Biomarker for Streptococcus pneumoniae

by María Salvador, José Luis Marqués-Fernández, Alexander Bunge, José Carlos Martínez-García, Rodica Turcu, Davide Peddis, María del Mar García-Suárez, María Dolores Cima-Cabal and Montserrat Rivas

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(12), 2044; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12122044 - 14 Jun 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3103

Abstract

Lateral flow immunoassays for detecting biomarkers in body fluids are simple, quick, inexpensive point-of-care tests widely used in disease surveillance, such as during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Improvements in sensitivity would increase their utility in healthcare, food safety, and environmental control. Recently, biofunctional magnetic nanoclusters have been used to selectively label target proteins, which allows their detection and quantification with a magneto-inductive sensor. This type of detector is easily integrated with the lateral flow immunoassay format. Pneumolysin is a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin and one of the most important protein virulence factors of pneumonia produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae. It is recognized as an important biomarker for diagnosis in urine samples. Pneumonia is the infectious disease that causes the most deaths globally, especially among children under five years and adults over 65 years, most of them in low- and middle-income countries. There especially, a rapid diagnostic urine test for pneumococcal pneumonia with high sensitivity and specificity would be helpful in primary care. In this work, a lateral flow immunoassay with magnetic nanoclusters conjugated to anti-pneumolysin antibodies was combined with two strategies to increase the technique’s performance. First, magnetic concentration of the protein before the immunoassay was followed by quantification by means of a mobile telephone camera, and the inductive sensor resulted in detection limits as low as 0.57 ng (telephone camera) and 0.24 ng (inductive sensor) of pneumolysin per milliliter. Second, magnetic relocation of the particles within the test strip after the immunoassay was completed increased the detected signal by 20%. Such results obtained with portable devices are promising when compared to non-portable conventional pneumolysin detection techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The combination and optimization of these approaches would have excellent application in point-of-care biodetection to reduce antibiotic misuse, hospitalizations, and deaths from community-acquired pneumonia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications)

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11 pages, 29072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of Silver-Gold Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Random Lasing

by Wan Zakiah Wan Ismail and Judith M. Dawes

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(4), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12040607 - 11 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2198

Abstract

We developed rough silver-gold bimetallic nanoparticles for random lasing. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized based on a citrate-reduction method and the gold (III) chloride trihydrate was added to produce bimetallic nanoparticles. Gold atoms were deposited on the surface of the silver (Ag) through galvanic replacement reactions after the solution was stored at room temperature. Sample characterization and a spectrometry experiment were performed where bimetallic nanoparticles with nanogaps and the extinction of the nanoparticles were observed. The aim of this research is to synthesize nanoparticles for random dye laser in a weakly scattering regime. The novel bimetallic nanoparticles were added to Rhodamine 640 solution to produce random lasing. We found that random dye laser with bimetallic nanoparticles produced spectral narrowing and lasing threshold compared to random dye laser with silver nanoparticles. We attribute that to the localized surface plasmon effects which increase local electromagnetic field to provide sufficient optical gain for random lasing. The rough surface of bimetallic nanoparticles also contributes to the properties of random lasing. Thus, we suggest that the rough bimetallic nanoparticles can be used to develop random lasers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications)

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16 pages, 2130 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Performance of Bioelectrodes Made with Amination-Modified Glucose Oxidase Immobilized on Carboxyl-Functionalized Ordered Mesoporous Carbon

by Chuhan Lv, Xuewei Yang, Zongkang Wang, Ming Ying, Qingguo Han and Shuangfei Li

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(11), 3086; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11113086 - 16 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2027

Abstract

This research reveals the improved performance of bioelectrodes made with amination-modified glucose oxidase (GOx-NH₂) and carboxyl-functionalized mesoporous carbon (OMC-COOH). Results showed that when applied with 10 mM EDC amination, the functional groups of NH₂ were successfully added to GOx, according to the analysis of ¹H-NMR, elemental composition, and FTIR spectra. Moreover, after the aminated modification, increased enzyme immobilization (124.01 ± 1.49 mg GOx-NH₂/g OMC-COOH; 2.77-fold increase) and enzyme activity (1.17-fold increase) were achieved, compared with those of non-modified GOx. Electrochemical analysis showed that aminated modification enhanced the peak current intensity of Nafion/GOx-NH₂/OMC-COOH (1.32-fold increase), with increases in the charge transfer coefficient α (0.54), the apparent electron transfer rate constant k_s (2.54 s⁻¹), and the surface coverage Γ (2.91 × 10⁻⁹ mol·cm⁻²). Results showed that GOx-NH₂/OMC-COOH exhibited impressive electro-activity and a favorable anodic reaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications)

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14 pages, 3709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Laser Scribing Fabrication of Graphitic Carbon Biosensors for Label-Free Detection of Interleukin-6

by Pei Shee Tan, Eoghan Vaughan, Jahidul Islam, Niall Burke, Daniela Iacopino and Joanna B. Tierney

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(8), 2110; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11082110 - 19 Aug 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3271

Abstract

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important immuno-modulating cytokine playing a pivotal role in inflammatory processes in disease induction and progression. As IL-6 serves as an important indicator of disease state, it is of paramount importance to develop low cost, fast and sensitive improved methods of detection. Here we present an electrochemical immunosensor platform based on the use of highly porous graphitic carbon electrodes fabricated by direct laser writing of commercial polyimide tapes and chemically modified with capture IL-6 antibodies. The unique porous and 3D morphology, as well as the high density of edge planes of the graphitic carbon electrodes, resulted in a fast heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) rate, k⁰ = 0.13 cm/s. The resulting immunosensor showed a linear response to log of concentration in the working range of 10 to 500 pg/mL, and low limit of detection (LOD) of 5.1 pg/mL IL-6 in phosphate buffer saline. The total test time was approximately 90 min, faster than the time required for ELISA testing. Moreover, the assay did not require additional sample pre-concentration or labelling steps. The immunosensor shelf-life was long, with stable results obtained after 6 weeks of storage at 4 °C, and the selectivity was high, as no response was obtained in the presence of another inflammatory cytokine, Interlukin-4. These results show that laser-fabricated graphitic carbon electrodes can be used as selective and sensitive electrochemical immunosensors and offer a viable option for rapid and low-cost biomarker detection for point-of-care analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications)

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16 pages, 2979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Nanoarchitectures Based on Lignin Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Eco-Friendly Biosensing Development

by Cristina Tortolini, Eliana Capecchi, Federico Tasca, Riccardo Pofi, Mary Anna Venneri, Raffaele Saladino and Riccarda Antiochia

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(3), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11030718 - 12 Mar 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2478

Abstract

Novel nanoarchitectures based on lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were designed and realized for electrochemical eco-friendly biosensing development. Two types of lignin nanoparticles were utilized for the modification of a gold bare electrode, namely organosolv (OLNPs) and kraft lignin (KLNPs) nanoparticles, synthetized from a sulfur-free and a sulfur lignin, respectively. The electrochemical behavior of LNP-modified electrodes was studied using two electrochemical techniques, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Compared to the gold bare electrode, an evident decrease in the faradaic current and increase of the ΔE_p were observed in cyclic voltammograms. In addition, larger semicircles were registered in Nyquist plots. These results suggest a strong inhibition effect of the electron transfer reaction by LNPs layer, especially in the case of KLNPs. The modified electrodes, properly assembled with concanavalin A (ConA) and glucose oxidase (GOx), were successively tested as biosensing platforms for glucose, showing a sensitivity of (4.53 ± 0.467) and (13.74 ± 1.84) μA mM⁻¹ cm² for Au/SAMCys/OLNPs/ConA/GOx and Au/KLNPs/ConA/GOx biosensors, respectively. Finally, different layers of the KNLPs/ConA/GOx-modified Au electrode were tested, and the three-layered Au(KNLPs/ConA/GOx)₃ showed the best analytical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications)

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10 pages, 2167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gold Nanoparticle-Enhanced Detection of DNA Hybridization by a Block Copolymer-Templating Fiber-Optic Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor

by Mengdi Lu, Wei Peng, Ming Lin, Fang Wang and Yang Zhang

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(3), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11030616 - 1 Mar 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3673

Abstract

To overcome low surface coverage and aggregation of particles, which usually restricts the sensitivity and resolution of conventional localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) fiber-optic sensors, we propose a simple self-assembled templating technique that uses a nanometer thickness block copolymer (BCP) layer of poly(styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine) to form a 33 nm gold nanoparticle (AuNP) monolayer with high uniformity and density for LSPR sensing. The LSPR resonance wavelength for this PS-b-P4VP templated methodology is 592 nm and its refractive index sensitivity is up to 386.36 nm/RIU, both of which are significantly improved compared to those of conventional LSPR techniques. Calibrated by a layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition procedure, the decay length of this LSPR sensor is calculated to be 78 nm, which is lower than other traditional self-assembled LSPR sensors. Furthermore, hybridization between target ssDNA, which is linked with capture ssDNA on the LSPR biosensor and DNA–AuNP conjugates, leads to a low detection limit of 67 pM. These enhanced performances are significant and valuable for high-sensitivity and cost-effective LSPR biosensing applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications)

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15 pages, 3671 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioconjugation of a PNA Probe to Zinc Oxide Nanowires for Label-Free Sensing

by Teresa Crisci, Andrea Patrizia Falanga, Maurizio Casalino, Nicola Borbone, Monica Terracciano, Giovanna Chianese, Mariano Gioffrè, Stefano D’Errico, Maria Marzano, Ilaria Rea, Luca De Stefano and Giorgia Oliviero

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(2), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11020523 - 18 Feb 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2940

Abstract

Zinc oxide nanowires (ZnONWs) are largely used in biosensing applications due to their large specific surface area, photoluminescence emission and electron mobility. In this work, the surfaces of ZnONWs are modified by covalent bioconjugation of a peptidic nucleic acid (PNA) probe whose sequence is properly chosen to recognize a complementary DNA (cDNA) strand corresponding to a tract of the CD5 mRNA, the main prognostic marker of chronic lymphatic leukemia. The interaction between PNA and cDNA is preliminarily investigated in solution by circular dichroism, CD melting, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After the immobilization of the PNA probe on the ZnONW surface, we demonstrate the ability of the PNA-functionalized ZnONW platform to detect cDNA in the μM range of concentration by electrical, label-free measurements. The specificity of the sensor is also verified against a non-complementary DNA sequence. These preliminary results highlight the potential application of PNA-bioconjugated ZnONWs to label-free biosensing of tumor markers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications)

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12 pages, 4051 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thymine-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles (Au NPs) for a Highly Sensitive Fiber-Optic Surface Plasmon Resonance Mercury Ion Nanosensor

by Huizhen Yuan, Guangyi Sun, Wei Peng, Wei Ji, Shuwen Chu, Qiang Liu and Yuzhang Liang

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(2), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11020397 - 4 Feb 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3948

Abstract

Mercury ion (Hg²⁺) is considered to be one of the most toxic heavy metal ions. Once the content of Hg²⁺ exceeds the quality standard in drinking water, the living environment and health of human beings will be threatened and destroyed. Therefore, the establishment of simple and efficient methods for Hg²⁺ ion detection has important practical significance. In this paper, we present a highly sensitive and selective fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) Hg²⁺ ion chemical nanosensor by designing thymine (T)-modified gold nanoparticles (Au NPs/T) as the signal amplification tags. Thymine-1-acetic acid (T-COOH) was covalently coupled to the surface of 2-aminoethanethiol (AET)-modified Au NPs and Au film by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-Hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) activation effect, respectively. In the presence of Hg²⁺ ions, the immobilized thymine combines specifically with Hg²⁺ ions, and forms an Au/thymine-Hg²⁺-thymine/Au (Au/T-Hg²⁺-T/Au) complex structure, leading to a shift in SPR wavelength due to the strong electromagnetic couple between Au NPs and Au film. Under optimal conditions, the proposed sensor was found to be highly sensitive to Hg²⁺ in the range of 80 nM–20 µM and the limit of detection (LOD) for Hg²⁺ was as low as 9.98 nM. This fiber-optic SPR sensor afforded excellent selectivity for Hg²⁺ ions against other heavy metal ions such as Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ba²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Pb²⁺, Co²⁺, and Zn²⁺. In addition, the proposed sensor was successfully applied to Hg²⁺ assay in real environmental samples with excellent recovery. Accordingly, considering its simple advantages, this novel strategy provides a potential platform for on-site determination of Hg²⁺ ions by SPR sensor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications)

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19 pages, 5595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial, Anti-Cancer, and Optimization of Colorimetric Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide of Algae Extract Capped Silver Nanoparticles

by Abdelaziz Elgamouz, Hamid Idriss, Chahlaa Nassab, Alaa Bihi, Khalid Bajou, Kamrul Hasan, Mohammad Abu Haija and Shashikant P. Patole

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(9), 1861; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091861 - 17 Sep 2020

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 5079

Abstract

A green and cost-effective technique for the preparation of silver nanoparticles (Algae-AgNPs) as a colorimetric sensor for hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is described. Silver nanoparticles were capped using the green algae (Noctiluca scintillans) extract at an optimum time of 3 h at 80 °C. The pH of the plant extract (pH = 7.0) yields nanoparticles with a mean size of 4.13 nm and a zeta potential of 0.200 ± 0.02 mV and negative polarity, using dynamic light scattering (DLS). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis showed regular spherical particles with the average size of 4.5 nm. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) results revealed the polycrystalline nature of the silver nanoparticles. The obtained patterns were indexed as (111), (200), (220), and (311) reflections of the fcc (face centered cubic) silver crystal based on their d-spacing of 2.47, 2.13, 1.49, and 1.27 Å, respectively. The apparent color change from brown to colorless was observed when nanoparticles reacted with H₂O₂. Linear responses were obtained in three different ranges (nM, µM, and mM). Limits of detection (LOD) of 1.33 ± 0.02 and 1.77 ± 0.02 nM and quantitation limits (LOQ) of 7.31 ± 0.03 and 9.67 ± 0.03 nM were obtained for Abs and ΔAbs calibration curves, respectively. 10% v/v Algae-AgNPs solution inhibited Staphylococcus aureus over Escherichia coli, while a 50% reduction of tumor cell growth of MDA-MB-231 human breast adenocarcinoma was obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications)

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Review

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26 pages, 4913 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Foodborne Pathogen Detection

by Ivan Bobrinetskiy, Marko Radovic, Francesco Rizzotto, Priya Vizzini, Stefan Jaric, Zoran Pavlovic, Vasa Radonic, Maria Vesna Nikolic and Jasmina Vidic

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(10), 2700; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11102700 - 13 Oct 2021

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 5038

Abstract

Electrochemical biosensors utilizing nanomaterials have received widespread attention in pathogen detection and monitoring. Here, the potential of different nanomaterials and electrochemical technologies is reviewed for the development of novel diagnostic devices for the detection of foodborne pathogens and their biomarkers. The overview covers basic electrochemical methods and means for electrode functionalization, utilization of nanomaterials that include quantum dots, gold, silver and magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials (carbon and graphene quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene and reduced graphene oxide, graphene nanoplatelets, laser-induced graphene), metal oxides (nanoparticles, 2D and 3D nanostructures) and other 2D nanomaterials. Moreover, the current and future landscape of synergic effects of nanocomposites combining different nanomaterials is provided to illustrate how the limitations of traditional technologies can be overcome to design rapid, ultrasensitive, specific and affordable biosensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications)

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