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Dietary Strategies for Prevention of Geriatric Diseases and Exploring the Mechanism of Aging

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Geriatric Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 5 December 2024 | Viewed by 24773

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Interests: minerals; digestion and absorption; functional foods; nutritional supplements
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Departamento Fisiologia Humana, Histologia Humana, Anatomia Patologica y Educacion Fisica y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
Interests: Alzheimer’s disease; transgenic models; neuroinflammation; tauopathy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Population aging is one of the biggest challenges to sustainable development. Aging is a gradual and irreversible pathophysiological process characterised by the decline of tissue and cell function and the significantly increased risk of various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, immune system diseases, and so on. More and more studies have shown that diet plays an important role in regulating aging and the development of age-related diseases. This Special Issue is interested in research articles and literature reviews that discuss how to alleviate aging and age-related degenerative diseases through diet or nutrients such as trace elements, probiotics, phytochemicals, etc. These discussions also include underlying mechanisms related to aging and age-related pathology.

Dr. Xiaoyu Wang
Dr. Raquel Sanchez-Varo
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • aging
  • geriatric diseases
  • nutrition
  • dietary pattern
  • geriatric diseases

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 2784 KiB  
Article
Causal Relationship between Meat Intake and Biological Aging: Evidence from Mendelian Randomization Analysis
by Shupeng Liu, Yinyun Deng, Hui Liu, Zhengzheng Fu, Yinghui Wang, Meijuan Zhou and Zhijun Feng
Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2433; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152433 - 26 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4624
Abstract
Existing research indicates that different types of meat have varying effects on health and aging, but the specific causal relationships remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the causal relationship between different types of meat intake and aging-related phenotypes. This study employed Mendelian [...] Read more.
Existing research indicates that different types of meat have varying effects on health and aging, but the specific causal relationships remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the causal relationship between different types of meat intake and aging-related phenotypes. This study employed Mendelian randomization (MR) to select genetic variants associated with meat intake from large genomic databases, ensuring the independence and pleiotropy-free nature of these instrumental variables (IVs), and calculated the F-statistic to evaluate the strength of the IVs. The validity of causal estimates was assessed through sensitivity analyses and various MR methods (MR-Egger, weighted median, inverse-variance weighted (IVW), simple mode, and weighted mode), with the MR-Egger regression intercept used to test for pleiotropy bias and Cochran’s Q test employed to evaluate the heterogeneity of the results. The findings reveal a positive causal relationship between meat consumers and DNA methylation PhenoAge acceleration, suggesting that increased meat intake may accelerate the biological aging process. Specifically, lamb intake is found to have a positive causal effect on mitochondrial DNA copy number, while processed meat consumption shows a negative causal effect on telomere length. No significant causal relationships were observed for other types of meat intake. This study highlights the significant impact that processing and cooking methods have on meat’s role in health and aging, enhancing our understanding of how specific types of meat and their preparation affect the aging process, providing a theoretical basis for dietary strategies aimed at delaying aging and enhancing quality of life. Full article
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16 pages, 2510 KiB  
Article
Association of Methyl Donor Nutrients’ Dietary Intake and Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly Based on the Intestinal Microbiome
by Qianqian Chen, Rui Fan, Lixia Song, Shuyue Wang, Mei You, Meng Cai, Yuxiao Wu, Yong Li and Meihong Xu
Nutrients 2024, 16(13), 2061; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132061 - 28 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1381
Abstract
Globally, cognitive impairment (CI) is the leading cause of disability and dependency among the elderly, presenting a significant public health concern. However, there is currently a deficiency in pharmacological interventions that can effectively cure or significantly reverse the progression of cognitive impairment. Methyl [...] Read more.
Globally, cognitive impairment (CI) is the leading cause of disability and dependency among the elderly, presenting a significant public health concern. However, there is currently a deficiency in pharmacological interventions that can effectively cure or significantly reverse the progression of cognitive impairment. Methyl donor nutrients (MDNs), including folic acid, choline, and vitamin B12, have been identified as potential enhancers of cognitive function. Nevertheless, there remains a dearth of comprehensive research investigating the connection between the dietary intake of MDNs and CI. In our study, we comprehensively assessed the relationship between MDNs’ dietary intake and CI in older adults, utilizing 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate the potential underlying mechanisms. The results showed an obvious difference in the methyl-donor nutritional quality index (MNQI) between the dementia (D) group and the dementia-free (DF) group. Specifically, there was a lower MNQI in the D group than that in the DF group. For the gut microbiome, the beta diversity of gut flora exhibited higher levels in the high methyl-donor nutritional quality (HQ) group as opposed to the low methyl-donor nutritional quality (LQ) group, and lower levels in the D group in comparison to the DF group. Subsequently, we performed a correlation analysis to examine the relationship between the relative abundance of microbiota, the intake of MDNs, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores, ultimately identifying ten genera with potential regulatory functions. Additionally, KEGG pathway analyses suggested that the one-carbon metabolism, chronic inflammation, and DNA synthesis potentially serve as pathways through which MDNs may be promising for influencing cognitive function. These results implied that MDNs might have the potential to enhance cognitive function through the regulation of microbiota homeostasis. This study offers dietary recommendations for the prevention and management of CI in the elderly. Full article
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12 pages, 1174 KiB  
Article
Associations of Dietary Diversity Trajectories with Frailty among Chinese Older Adults: A Latent Class Trajectory Analysis Based on a CLHLS Cohort
by Chenyu Zhao, Yuping Wang, Xiaocan Jia, Jingwen Fan, Nana Wang, Yongli Yang and Xuezhong Shi
Nutrients 2024, 16(10), 1445; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101445 - 10 May 2024
Viewed by 1590
Abstract
Background: High dietary diversity has been found to be associated with frailty. However, the trajectory of dietary diversity intake in relation to frailty is unclear. Methods: Using the latent class trajectory modeling approach, we identified distinctive dietary variety trajectory groups among 2017 participants [...] Read more.
Background: High dietary diversity has been found to be associated with frailty. However, the trajectory of dietary diversity intake in relation to frailty is unclear. Methods: Using the latent class trajectory modeling approach, we identified distinctive dietary variety trajectory groups among 2017 participants based on the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey acquired at four time points within a 10-year period. Frailty status was assessed using a frailty index comprising 37 health deficits. Dietary diversity was quantified using the dietary variety score (DVS), based on food category consumption frequency. Logistic regression analyses were employed to explore the association between DVS change trajectories and frailty. Results: This study identified two distinct DVS trajectories: “Moderate-Slow decline-Slow growth”, encompassing 810 (40.16%) individuals, and “Moderate-Slow growth-Accelerated decline”, including 1207 (59.84%) individuals. After adjusting for covariates, the odds ratio for DVS in the “Moderate-Slow decline-Slow growth” group was 1.326 (95% confidence interval: 1.075–1.636) compared to the “Moderate-Slow growth-Accelerated decline” group. The “Moderate-Slow decline-Slow growth” trajectory continued to decrease and was maintained at a low level in the early stages of aging. Conclusion: Sustaining a high dietary diversity trajectory over time, particularly in the early stages of aging, could potentially decrease the risk of frailty among older Chinese adults. Full article
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16 pages, 1689 KiB  
Article
Targeting Aging and Longevity with Exogenous Nucleotides (TALENTs): Rationale, Design, and Baseline Characteristics from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Older Adults
by Shuyue Wang, Lixia Song, Rui Fan, Qianqian Chen, Mei You, Meng Cai, Yuxiao Wu, Yong Li and Meihong Xu
Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1343; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091343 - 29 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1793
Abstract
Nucleotides (NTs), important biomolecules involved in numerous cellular processes, have been proposed as potential candidates for anti-aging interventions. However, whether nucleotides can act as an anti-aging supplement in older adults remains unclear. TALENTs is a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial that evaluates the efficacy [...] Read more.
Nucleotides (NTs), important biomolecules involved in numerous cellular processes, have been proposed as potential candidates for anti-aging interventions. However, whether nucleotides can act as an anti-aging supplement in older adults remains unclear. TALENTs is a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial that evaluates the efficacy and safety of NTs as an anti-aging supplement in older adults by exploring the effects of NTs on multiple dimensions of aging in a rigorous scientific setting. Eligible community-dwelling adults aged 60–70 years were randomly assigned equally to two groups: nucleotides intervention group and placebo control group. Comprehensive geriatric health assessments were performed at baseline, 2-months, and 4-months of the intervention. Biological specimens were collected and stored for age-related biomarker testing and multi-omics sequencing. The primary outcome was the change from baseline to 4 months on leukocyte telomere length and DNA methylation age. The secondary aims were the changes in possible mechanisms underlying aging processes (immunity, inflammatory profile, oxidative stress, gene stability, endocrine, metabolism, and cardiovascular function). Other outcomes were changes in physical function, body composition and geriatric health assessment (including sleep quality, cognitive function, fatigue, frailty, and psychology). In the RCT, 301 participants were assessed for eligibility and 122 were enrolled. Participants averaged 65.65 years of age, and were predominately female (67.21%). All baseline characteristics were well-balanced between groups, as expected due to randomization. The majority of participants were pre-frailty and had at least one chronic condition. The mean scores for physical activity, psychological, fatigue and quality of life were within the normal range. However, nearly half of the participants still had room for improvement in cognitive level and sleep quality. This TALENTs trial will represent one of the most comprehensive experimental clinical trials in which supplements are administered to elderly participants. The findings of this study will contribute to our understanding of the anti-aging effects of NTs and provide insights into their potential applications in geriatric healthcare. Full article
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13 pages, 3612 KiB  
Article
Age-Related Mucus Barrier Dysfunction in Mice Is Related to the Changes in Muc2 Mucin in the Colon
by Xueqin Sang, Qingyu Wang, Yueyan Ning, Huihui Wang, Rui Zhang, Yixuan Li, Bing Fang, Cong Lv, Yan Zhang, Xiaoyu Wang and Fazheng Ren
Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1830; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081830 - 11 Apr 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3196
Abstract
During aging, the protective function of mucus barrier is significantly reduced among which changes in colonic mucus barrier function received the most attention. Additionally, the incidence of colon-related diseases increases significantly in adulthood, posing a threat to the health of the elderly. However, [...] Read more.
During aging, the protective function of mucus barrier is significantly reduced among which changes in colonic mucus barrier function received the most attention. Additionally, the incidence of colon-related diseases increases significantly in adulthood, posing a threat to the health of the elderly. However, the specific changes in colonic mucus barrier with aging and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. To understand the effects of aging on the colonic mucus barrier, changes in the colonic mucus layer were evaluated in mice aged 2, 12, 18, and 24 months. Microbial invasion, thickness, and structure of colonic mucus in mice at different months of age were analyzed by in situ hybridization fluorescence staining, AB/PAS staining, and cryo-scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the aged colon exhibited intestinal mucus barrier dys-function and altered mucus properties. During aging, microorganisms invaded the mucus layer to reach epithelial cells. Compared with young mice, the thickness of mucus layer in aged mice in-creased by 11.66 μm. And the contents of the main components and glycosylation structure of colon changed. Among them, the proportion of goblet cells decreased significantly in older mice, and the expression of spdef genes that regulate goblet cell differentiation decreased. Further, the expression of key enzymes involved in mucin core structure formation and glycan modification also changed with aging. The expression of core 1 β1,3-galactosyltransferase (C1GalT1) which is the key enzyme forming the main core structure increased by one time, while core 2 β1,6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT) and core 3 β1,3 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C3GnT) decreased 2 to 6- and 2-fold, respectively. Also, the expression of sialyltransferase, one of the mucin-glycan modifying enzymes, was decreased by 1-fold. Overall, our results indicate that the goblet cells/glycosyltransferase/O-glycan axis plays an important role in maintaining the physicochemical properties of colonic mucus and the stability of intestinal environment. Full article
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Review

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26 pages, 2599 KiB  
Review
Immune Alterations with Aging: Mechanisms and Intervention Strategies
by Weiru Yu, Yifei Yu, Siyuan Sun, Chenxu Lu, Jianan Zhai, Yumei Lei, Feirong Bai, Ran Wang and Juan Chen
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3830; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223830 - 8 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1274
Abstract
Aging is the result of a complex interplay of physical, environmental, and social factors, leading to an increased prevalence of chronic age-related diseases that burden health and social care systems. As the global population ages, it is crucial to understand the aged immune [...] Read more.
Aging is the result of a complex interplay of physical, environmental, and social factors, leading to an increased prevalence of chronic age-related diseases that burden health and social care systems. As the global population ages, it is crucial to understand the aged immune system, which undergoes declines in both innate and adaptive immunity. This immune decline exacerbates the aging process, creating a feedback loop that accelerates the onset of diseases, including infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. Intervention strategies, including dietary adjustments, pharmacological treatments, and immunomodulatory therapies, represent promising approaches to counteract immunosenescence. These interventions aim to enhance immune function by improving the activity and interactions of aging-affected immune cells, or by modulating inflammatory responses through the suppression of excessive cytokine secretion and inflammatory pathway activation. Such strategies have the potential to restore immune homeostasis and mitigate age-related inflammation, thus reducing the risk of chronic diseases linked to aging. In summary, this review provides insights into the effects and underlying mechanisms of immunosenescence, as well as its potential interventions, with particular emphasis on the relationship between aging, immunity, and nutritional factors. Full article
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27 pages, 1086 KiB  
Review
Exploring the Geroprotective Potential of Nutraceuticals
by Nadia Alejandra Rivero-Segura, Emmanuel Alejandro Zepeda-Arzate, Selma Karime Castillo-Vazquez, Patrick Fleischmann-delaParra, Jessica Hernández-Pineda, Edgar Flores-Soto, Paola García-delaTorre, Edgar Antonio Estrella-Parra and Juan Carlos Gomez-Verjan
Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2835; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172835 - 24 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1750
Abstract
Aging is the result of the accumulation of a wide variety of molecular and cellular damages over time, meaning that “the more damage we accumulate, the higher the possibility to develop age-related diseases”. Therefore, to reduce the incidence of such diseases and improve [...] Read more.
Aging is the result of the accumulation of a wide variety of molecular and cellular damages over time, meaning that “the more damage we accumulate, the higher the possibility to develop age-related diseases”. Therefore, to reduce the incidence of such diseases and improve human health, it becomes important to find ways to combat such damage. In this sense, geroprotectors have been suggested as molecules that could slow down or prevent age-related diseases. On the other hand, nutraceuticals are another set of compounds that align with the need to prevent diseases and promote health since they are biologically active molecules (occurring naturally in food) that, apart from having a nutritional role, have preventive properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumoral, just to mention a few. Therefore, in the present review using the specialized databases Scopus and PubMed we collected information from articles published from 2010 to 2023 in order to describe the role of nutraceuticals during the aging process and, given their role in targeting the hallmarks of aging, we suggest that they are potential geroprotectors that could be consumed as part of our regular diet or administered additionally as nutritional supplements. Full article
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14 pages, 474 KiB  
Review
Possible Extracellular Signals to Ameliorate Sarcopenia in Response to Medium-Chain Triglycerides (8:0 and 10:0) in Frail Older Adults
by Osamu Ezaki
Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2606; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162606 - 8 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1106
Abstract
In frail older adults (mean age 85 years old), a 3-month supplementation with a low dose (6 g/day) of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs; C8:0 and C10:0) given at a meal increased muscle mass and function, relative to supplementation with long-chain triglycerides (LCTs), but it [...] Read more.
In frail older adults (mean age 85 years old), a 3-month supplementation with a low dose (6 g/day) of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs; C8:0 and C10:0) given at a meal increased muscle mass and function, relative to supplementation with long-chain triglycerides (LCTs), but it decreased fat mass. The reduction in fat mass was partly due to increased postprandial energy expenditure by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). However, the extracellular signals to ameliorate sarcopenia are unclear. The following three potential extracellular signals to increase muscle mass and function after MCT supplementation are discussed: (1) Activating SNS—the hypothesis for this is based on evidence that a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist acutely (1–24 h) markedly upregulates isoforms of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) mRNAs, promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, and chronically (~1 month) induces muscle hypertrophy. (2) An increased concentration of plasma acyl-ghrelin stimulates growth hormone secretion. (3) A nitrogen-sparing effect of ketone bodies, which fuel skeletal muscle, may promote muscle protein synthesis and prevent muscle protein breakdown. This review will help guide clinical trials of using MCTs to treat primary (age-related) sarcopenia. Full article
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Other

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23 pages, 1110 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Role of Nutrition in the Treatment of Sarcopenia in Old Patients: From Restoration of Mitochondrial Activity to Improvement of Muscle Performance, a Systematic Review
by Camille Cochet, Giulia Belloni, Ilaria Buondonno, Francesco Chiara and Patrizia D’Amelio
Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3703; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173703 - 24 Aug 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4318
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an age-related disease characterized by loss of muscle strength, mass and performance. Malnutrition contributes to sarcopenia pathogenesis. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze existing evidence on the efficacy of nutritional supplementation on muscle and mitochondrial health among sarcopenic [...] Read more.
Sarcopenia is an age-related disease characterized by loss of muscle strength, mass and performance. Malnutrition contributes to sarcopenia pathogenesis. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze existing evidence on the efficacy of nutritional supplementation on muscle and mitochondrial health among sarcopenic or malnourished older adults. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), vitamin D and/or omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) on muscle mass, strength and performance and/or on mitochondrial activity and redox state in older sarcopenic and/or malnourished adults. The literature search was on MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Central, restricted to articles published in the last 10 years (2012–2022). Twelve RCTs with a total of 1337 subjects were included. BCAA with vitamin D significantly ameliorates appendicular muscle mass (4 RCTs), hand grip strength (4 RCTs), gait speed (3 RCTs), short physical performance battery (3 RCTs) or chair stand test (3 RCTs) among six out of nine RCTs. BCAA alone (2 RCTs) or PUFA (1 RCT) were not effective in improving muscle health. Mitochondrial function was significantly improved by the administration of BCAA alone (1 RCT) or in association with vitamin D (1 RCT). In conclusion, BCAA in association with vitamin D may be useful in the treatment of sarcopenia and boost mitochondrial bioenergetic and redox activity. PROSPERO CRD42022332288. Full article
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9 pages, 300 KiB  
Brief Report
Associations between Vitality/Nutrition and the Other Domains of Intrinsic Capacity Based on Data from the INSPIRE ICOPE-Care Program
by Luc Gaussens, Emmanuel González-Bautista, Marc Bonnefoy, Marguerite Briand, Neda Tavassoli, Philipe De Souto Barreto, Yves Rolland and on behalf of the GEGN Group
Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1567; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071567 - 24 Mar 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2541
Abstract
Background: The vitality domain of intrinsic capacity (IC) represents the synthesis of biological interactions and metabolism. As part of the Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) program developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), vitality focuses on the nutritional status of older adults. [...] Read more.
Background: The vitality domain of intrinsic capacity (IC) represents the synthesis of biological interactions and metabolism. As part of the Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) program developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), vitality focuses on the nutritional status of older adults. The objective of this work was to describe the vitality domain of IC in community-dwelling older people and to examine the associations of the vitality components (appetite loss and weight loss) with the other IC domains assessed within the framework of ICOPE. Methods: Cross-sectional data were obtained between January 2020 and February 2022 through the INSPIRE-ICOPE-Care program, a real-life ICOPE implementation initiative developed in the Occitania region of France. Participants were men and women aged 60 and older, looking for primary care services within the French healthcare system. Results: Appetite loss was reported by 14.0% (2013) of the participants, and weight loss by 12.4% (1788). A total of 863 participants (6.01%) declaring weight loss also suffered from appetite loss. In total, 2910 participants (20.27%) screened positive for the domain of vitality. Appetite loss was significantly associated with positive screenings for the domains of cognition (OR = 2.14 [1.84;2.48]), vision (OR = 1.51 [1.28;1.79]), hearing (OR = 1.18 [1.01;1.37]), psychology (OR = 3.95 [3.46;4.52]), and locomotion ‘OR = 2.19 [1.91;2.51]). We found significant associations of weight loss with the IC domains of cognition (OR = 1.65 [1.42;1.93]), psychology (OR = 1.80 [1.56;2.07]), locomotion (OR = 1.64 [1.41;1.91]), vision (OR = 1.24 [1.04;1.47]), and hearing (OR = 1.32 [1.12;1.55]). People reporting simultaneous appetite and weight loss showed higher odds of screening positive for psychological (OR = 5.33 [4.53;6.27]) and locomotion impairments (OR = 3.38 [2.88;3.98]). Conclusions: Appetite and weight loss are common among older people and are related to other potential IC impairments, especially psychological and locomotion. Further studies are needed to explore the longitudinal associations of vitality with the incidence of clinically meaningful declines in the other IC domains. Full article
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