Nutrients

Research

20 pages, 1347 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperCommunication

The Role of Vitamin D and Omega-3 PUFAs in Islet Transplantation

by Marco Infante, Camillo Ricordi, Nathalia Padilla, Ana Alvarez, Elina Linetsky, Giacomo Lanzoni, Alessandro Mattina, Federico Bertuzzi, Andrea Fabbri, David Baidal and Rodolfo Alejandro

Nutrients 2019, 11(12), 2937; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122937 - 3 Dec 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4488

Abstract

Recurrence of autoimmunity and allograft rejection represent major challenges that impact the success of islet transplantation. Despite the remarkable improvements achieved in immunosuppression strategies after the publication of the Edmonton protocol, long-term data of intra-hepatic islet transplantation show a gradual decline in beta-cell [...] Read more.

Recurrence of autoimmunity and allograft rejection represent major challenges that impact the success of islet transplantation. Despite the remarkable improvements achieved in immunosuppression strategies after the publication of the Edmonton protocol, long-term data of intra-hepatic islet transplantation show a gradual decline in beta-cell function. Therefore, there is a growing interest in the investigation of novel, safe and effective anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory strategies able to promote long-term islet graft survival and notable improvements in clinical outcomes of islet transplant recipients. Vitamin D has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Pre-clinical studies investigating the use of vitamin D and its analogs (alone or in combination with immunosuppressive agents and/or other anti-inflammatory agents, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) showed beneficial results in terms of islet graft survival and prevention of recurrence of autoimmunity/allograft rejection in animal models of syngeneic and allogeneic islet transplantation. Moreover, epidemiologic studies demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent after solid organ transplantation (e.g., heart, liver or kidney transplantation). However, studies that critically assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among islet transplant recipients have yet to be conducted. In addition, prospective studies aimed to address the safety and efficacy of vitamin D supplementation as an adjuvant immunomodulatory strategy in islet transplant recipients are lacking and are therefore awaited in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Chronic Inflammation: Implication for Disease Prevention, Treatment and Healthy Lifespan)

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10 pages, 771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Sarcopenia in an IBD Population Attending an Italian Gastroenterology Tertiary Center

by Marco Pizzoferrato, Roberto de Sire, Fabio Ingravalle, Maria Chiara Mentella, Valentina Petito, Anna Maria Martone, Francesco Landi, Giacinto Abele Donato Miggiano, Maria Cristina Mele, Loris Riccardo Lopetuso, Elisa Schiavoni, Daniele Napolitano, Laura Turchini, Andrea Poscia, Nicola Nicolotti, Alfredo Papa, Alessandro Armuzzi, Franco Scaldaferri and Antonio Gasbarrini

Nutrients 2019, 11(10), 2281; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102281 - 24 Sep 2019

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 4822

Abstract

(1) Background: There is growing interest in the assessment of muscular mass in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as sarcopenia is associated with important outcomes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the percentage of sarcopenia in IBD patients, characterizing methods for assessment [...] Read more.

(1) Background: There is growing interest in the assessment of muscular mass in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as sarcopenia is associated with important outcomes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the percentage of sarcopenia in IBD patients, characterizing methods for assessment and clinical symptoms associated to it. (2) Methods: Consecutive IBD patients accessing the Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) were enrolled. Healthy patients, elderly or elderly sarcopenic patients, were enrolled as controls. Skeletal muscle mass was evaluated by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) or Bio-Impedensometric Analysis (BIA). Asthenia degree was assessed by subjective visual analogue scales (VAS). Quality of life was measured by the EQ-5D questionnaire. (3) Results: Patients with IBD showed a significant reduction in skeletal muscle mass than healthy controls with lower DEXA and BIA parameters. Moreover, IBD patients presented a lower perception of muscle strength with a higher incidence of asthenia and reduction in quality of life when compared with healthy controls. A significant association between loss in skeletal muscle mass and high asthenia degree was found, configuring a condition of sarcopenia in about one third of patients with IBD. (4) Conclusions: Sarcopenia is common in IBD patients and it is associated with fatigue perception as well as a reduction in quality of life. Therefore, routine assessment of nutritional status and body composition should be a cornerstone in clinical practice, bringing gastroenterologists and nutritionists closer together for a compact, defined picture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Chronic Inflammation: Implication for Disease Prevention, Treatment and Healthy Lifespan)

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22 pages, 1010 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Therapeutic Efficacy of Palmitoylethanolamide and Its New Formulations in Synergy with Different Antioxidant Molecules Present in Diets

by Alessio Filippo Peritore, Rosalba Siracusa, Rosalia Crupi and Salvatore Cuzzocrea

Nutrients 2019, 11(9), 2175; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092175 - 11 Sep 2019

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 13032

Abstract

The use of a complete nutritional approach seems increasingly promising to combat chronic inflammation. The choice of healthy sources of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, associated with regular physical activity and avoidance of smoking is essential to fight the war against chronic diseases. At [...] Read more.

The use of a complete nutritional approach seems increasingly promising to combat chronic inflammation. The choice of healthy sources of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, associated with regular physical activity and avoidance of smoking is essential to fight the war against chronic diseases. At the base of the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, or antioxidant action of the diets, there are numerous molecules, among which some of a lipidic nature very active in the inflammatory pathway. One class of molecules found in diets with anti-inflammatory actions are ALIAmides. Among all, one is particularly known for its ability to counteract the inflammatory cascade, the Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). PEA is a molecular that is present in nature, in numerous foods, and is endogenously produced by our body, which acts as a balancer of inflammatory processes, also known as endocannabionoid-like. PEA is often used in the treatment of both acute and chronic inflammatory pathologies, either alone or in association with other molecules with properties, such as antioxidants or analgesics. This review aims to illustrate an overview of the different diets that are involved in the process of opposition to the inflammatory cascade, focusing on capacity of PEA and new formulations in synergy with other molecules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Chronic Inflammation: Implication for Disease Prevention, Treatment and Healthy Lifespan)

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12 pages, 424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin D and ω-3 Supplementations in Mediterranean Diet During the 1st Year of Overt Type 1 Diabetes: A Cohort Study

by Francesco Cadario, Erica Pozzi, Stefano Rizzollo, Marta Stracuzzi, Sheila Beux, Alberto Giorgis, Deborah Carrera, Fabiola Fullin, Sergio Riso, Angela Maria Rizzo, Gigliola Montorfano, Marco Bagnati, Umberto Dianzani, Philippe Caimmi, Gianni Bona and Camillo Ricordi

Nutrients 2019, 11(9), 2158; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092158 - 9 Sep 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5645

Abstract

Vitamin D and omega 3 fatty acid (ω-3) co-supplementation potentially improves type 1 diabetes (T1D) by attenuating autoimmunity and counteracting inflammation. This cohort study, preliminary to a randomized control trial (RCT), is aimed at evaluating, in a series of T1D children assuming Mediterranean [...] Read more.

Vitamin D and omega 3 fatty acid (ω-3) co-supplementation potentially improves type 1 diabetes (T1D) by attenuating autoimmunity and counteracting inflammation. This cohort study, preliminary to a randomized control trial (RCT), is aimed at evaluating, in a series of T1D children assuming Mediterranean diet and an intake of cholecalciferol of 1000U/day from T1D onset, if ω-3 co-supplementation preserves the residual endogen insulin secretion (REIS). Therefore, the cohort of 22 “new onsets” of 2017 received ω-3 (eicosapentenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 60 mg/kg/day), and were compared retrospectively vs. the 37 “previous onsets” without ω-3 supplementation. Glicosilated hemoglobin (HbA1c%), the daily insulin demand (IU/Kg/day) and IDAA1c, a composite index (calculated as IU/Kg/day × 4 + HbA1c%), as surrogates of REIS, were evaluated at recruitment (T0) and 12 months later (T12). In the ω-3 supplemented group, dietary intakes were evaluated at T0 and T12. As an outcome, a decreased insulin demand (p < 0.01), particularly as pre-meal boluses (p < 0.01), and IDAA1c (p < 0.01), were found in the ω-3 supplemented group, while HbA1c% was not significantly different. Diet analysis in the ω-3 supplemented group, at T12 vs. T0, highlighted that the intake of arachidonic acid (AA) decreased (p < 0.01). At T0, the AA intake was inversely correlated with HbA1c% (p < 0.05; r;. 0.411). In conclusion, the results suggest that vitamin D plus ω-3 co-supplementation as well as AA reduction in the Mediterranean diet display benefits for T1D children at onset and deserve further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Chronic Inflammation: Implication for Disease Prevention, Treatment and Healthy Lifespan)

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17 pages, 527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inflammatory Dietary Pattern Predicts Dyslipidemia and Anemia in Middle-Aged and Older Taiwanese Adults with Declined Kidney Function: A Cross-Sectional Population Study from 2008 to 2010

by Adi Lukas Kurniawan, Chien-Yeh Hsu, Hsiao-Hsien Rau, Li-Yin Lin and Jane C-J Chao

Nutrients 2019, 11(9), 2052; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092052 - 2 Sep 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4017

Abstract

Dyslipidemia, anemia, and inflammation are associated with declined kidney function. This study investigated the association of inflammatory dietary pattern with dyslipidemia, anemia, and kidney function biomarkers among middle-aged and older Taiwanese adults with declined kidney function. Biochemical data and food frequency questionnaire were [...] Read more.

Dyslipidemia, anemia, and inflammation are associated with declined kidney function. This study investigated the association of inflammatory dietary pattern with dyslipidemia, anemia, and kidney function biomarkers among middle-aged and older Taiwanese adults with declined kidney function. Biochemical data and food frequency questionnaire were obtained from 41,128 participants with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <90 mL/min/1.73 m² and positive urinary protein. Inflammatory dietary pattern was identified by reduced rank regression with C-reactive protein (CRP) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (N/L) as response variables. Males had higher prevalence of dyslipidemia and higher inflammatory markers, but lower prevalence of anemia and lower eGFR levels compared to females. Inflammatory dietary pattern characterized with low intakes of seafood, grains, vegetables, and fruits but high intakes of meat, eggs, preserved/processed foods, and sugary drinks was associated with an increased risk of dyslipidemia by 21% in males and an increased risk of anemia by 28–47% in both genders. Furthermore, high consumption of inflammatory dietary pattern was associated with reduced eGFR (males β = −0.85, 95% CI −1.26 to −0.43, females β = −0.53, 95% CI −0.98 to −0.08) and increased N/L and/or CRP in both genders. In conclusion, inflammatory dietary pattern is positively associated with dyslipidemia, anemia, and decreased kidney function in middle-aged and older adults with declined kidney function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Chronic Inflammation: Implication for Disease Prevention, Treatment and Healthy Lifespan)

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12 pages, 261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Dietary Isoflavone Intake and Ulcerative Colitis Symptoms in Polish Caucasian Individuals

by Dominika Skolmowska, Dominika Głąbska, Dominika Guzek and Gustaw Lech

Nutrients 2019, 11(8), 1936; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081936 - 17 Aug 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4719

Abstract

Currently there are contradictory observations regarding the associations between the isoflavone intake and inflammatory bowel disease in terms of its prevention and treatment, and this may be attributed to the diversity of applied doses and influence of various isoflavones. The aim of the [...] Read more.

Currently there are contradictory observations regarding the associations between the isoflavone intake and inflammatory bowel disease in terms of its prevention and treatment, and this may be attributed to the diversity of applied doses and influence of various isoflavones. The aim of the presented cross-sectional study is to analyze the association between intake of various isoflavones (daidzein, genistein, glicytein and total isoflavones) and ulcerative colitis symptoms (fecal blood, mucus and pus) in Polish Caucasian individuals in confirmed remission. Assessment of diet was based on self-reported data obtained from patients’ three-day dietary records and their individual assessments of symptoms. A total of 56 Caucasian patients with ulcerative colitis in confirmed remission were recruited for the study (37 females and 19 males, aged 18–80). For individuals with no fecal mucus observed, higher daidzein (p = 0.035, 122 vs. 19 µg) and total isoflavone intakes (p = 0.034, 302.2 vs. 123.7 µg) were observed in comparison with individuals not declaring this symptom, while for daidzein it was confirmed for the component density of their diets. The opposite association was stated for fecal pus, as for individuals with a lack of this symptom, lower daidzein intake was stated in comparison with individuals declaring this symptom (p = 0.049, 103.3 vs. 206.7 µg), but it was not confirmed for the component density of the diets. It was stated that the high intake of isoflavones by Caucasian individuals, as in a western diet, may influence the symptoms of ulcerative colitis, with the strongest influence by daidzein. Taking this into account, isoflavones may be included into the diets of ulcerative colitis patients in remission if well-tolerated, but there is a need for further study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Chronic Inflammation: Implication for Disease Prevention, Treatment and Healthy Lifespan)

18 pages, 3822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Remission Effects of Dietary Soybean Isoflavones on DSS-Induced Murine Colitis and an LPS-Activated Macrophage Cell Line

by Sang-Eun Kim, Koichiro Kawaguchi, Hiroko Hayashi, Katsuhiro Furusho and Mitsuo Maruyama

Nutrients 2019, 11(8), 1746; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081746 - 29 Jul 2019

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5361

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are chronic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, although the exact causes of IBD remain unknown. Present treatments for IBDs have poor tolerability and insufficient therapeutic efficacy, thus, alternative therapeutic approaches are required. Soybean-derived [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are chronic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, although the exact causes of IBD remain unknown. Present treatments for IBDs have poor tolerability and insufficient therapeutic efficacy, thus, alternative therapeutic approaches are required. Soybean-derived isoflavones have multiple bioactivities such as anti-inflammation. However, the low water solubility of soybean isoflavones limits their bioavailability and practical use. Therefore, in order to study the preventive effects of water-soluble soybean isoflavones on colonic inflammatory status, we examined soybean-derived isoflavone glycosides (SIFs) in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced murine colitis model and in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. Oral administration of SIF (0.5 w/v%) attenuated DSS-induced colitis in terms of body weight decrease, colon shortening, epithelial apoptosis, histological score, mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines, and immune cell infiltration in colon tissues. In the in vitro assessment, we observed the inhibitory effects of SIF on the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, via suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages in response to LPS. Furthermore, we confirmed that the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were decreased by pre-treatment with SIF in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. Moreover, we demonstrated that SIF suppressed inflammatory mediators involved in nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway via inhibitory κB kinase phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitory κB. Our results suggested that SIF may be beneficial for the remission of colonic inflammatory status including IBDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Chronic Inflammation: Implication for Disease Prevention, Treatment and Healthy Lifespan)

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11 pages, 2084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Doenjang, A Korean Traditional Fermented Soybean Paste, Ameliorates Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

by Je Won Ko, Young-Shin Chung, Chung Shil Kwak and Young Hye Kwon

Nutrients 2019, 11(8), 1702; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081702 - 24 Jul 2019

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5661

Abstract

Obesity is considered a risk factor for neurodegeneration. Because fermentation of soybean increases contents of various bioactive compounds with anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activities, we investigated the protective effect of doenjang, a Korean traditional fermented soybean paste, against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the [...] Read more.

Obesity is considered a risk factor for neurodegeneration. Because fermentation of soybean increases contents of various bioactive compounds with anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activities, we investigated the protective effect of doenjang, a Korean traditional fermented soybean paste, against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the cortex and hippocampus of mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet. C57BL/6J mice were fed a low-fat diet, an HF diet, an HF-containing steamed soybean diet, or an HF-containing doenjang (DJ) diet for 11 weeks. Doenjang consumption alleviated hippocampal neuronal loss, which was increased by the HF diet. Accordingly, we observed higher cell proliferation and neurotrophic factor mRNA levels in the DJ group. Contents of oxidative metabolites and mRNA levels of oxidative stress- and neuroinflammation-related genes were lower in the DJ group compared to the HF group. Dietary doenjang reduced β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) levels by regulating gene expressions involved in Aβ production and degradation. Furthermore, doenjang consumption reduced tau hyperphosphorylation induced by HF feeding. Overall, doenjang was more effective than steamed soybean in suppressing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in mice fed an HF diet. These results suggest that bioactive compounds produced during the fermentation and aging of soybean may be involved in the enhanced neuroprotective effects of doenjang. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Chronic Inflammation: Implication for Disease Prevention, Treatment and Healthy Lifespan)

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9 pages, 227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of Erythrocyte Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids with Inflammation and Quality of Life in Post-Menopausal Women with Obesity Completing a Pilot Dietary Intervention

by Kylie M. Johnson, Kellie R. Weinhold, Rebecca Andridge, Kristen Arnold, Panchita P. Chu and Tonya S. Orchard

Nutrients 2019, 11(7), 1589; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071589 - 13 Jul 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2996

Abstract

Study objectives were to determine if erythrocyte omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) increased in women participating in a dietary intervention that reduced inflammation and body weight and examine PUFA associations with markers of inflammation and quality of life (QOL). An experimental pre-post [...] Read more.

Study objectives were to determine if erythrocyte omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) increased in women participating in a dietary intervention that reduced inflammation and body weight and examine PUFA associations with markers of inflammation and quality of life (QOL). An experimental pre-post test, single group design was used. Fifteen post-menopausal women with obesity were enrolled in a 12-week pilot intervention focusing on lowering added sugars and increasing fiber and fish rich in n-3 PUFAs. Measurements included fasting blood samples, anthropometric, lifestyle and dietary data collected at baseline, end of intervention (Week 12) and follow-up (Week 24). Primary outcomes were change in erythrocyte PUFAs and associations between erythrocyte PUFAs, QOL (Short Form 12), and inflammatory markers (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α-receptor 2, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP)). Fourteen women completed all intervention visits. Mean erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid (AA) increased at Week 12 and Week 24 (p < 0.001 for both), while eicosapentaenoic acid increased at Week 24 (p < 0.01). After adjustment for percent weight change, week 12 QOL related to physical function was significantly associated with erythrocyte linoleic acid (p < 0.05) and trended toward significant association with EPA (p = 0.051); week 24 CRP was directly associated with erythrocyte AA (p < 0.05). Erythrocyte n-3 PUFAs were not associated with inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Chronic Inflammation: Implication for Disease Prevention, Treatment and Healthy Lifespan)

Review

Jump to: Research, Other

23 pages, 988 KiB

Open AccessReview

Narrative Review: Nutrient Deficiencies in Adults and Children with Treated and Untreated Celiac Disease

by Johanna M. Kreutz, Marlou P. M. Adriaanse, Elisabeth M. C. van der Ploeg and Anita C. E. Vreugdenhil

Nutrients 2020, 12(2), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020500 - 15 Feb 2020

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 15570

Abstract

Nutrient deficiencies are well recognized as secondary consequences of celiac disease (CD) and closely related to the clinical presentation of affected patients. Despite their clinical significance, consensus is lacking on the pattern and frequency of nutrient deficiencies in CD, the usefulness of their [...] Read more.

Nutrient deficiencies are well recognized as secondary consequences of celiac disease (CD) and closely related to the clinical presentation of affected patients. Despite their clinical significance, consensus is lacking on the pattern and frequency of nutrient deficiencies in CD, the usefulness of their assessment at the time of diagnosis and during follow-up. This review aims to provide an overview of nutrient deficiencies among pediatric and adult CD patients at diagnosis and on a gluten-free diet (GFD), and their potential causes in CD. Secondly, we review their impact on CD management strategies including the potential of nutrient supplementation. A search of Medline, Pubmed and Embase until January 2019 was performed. Despite a high variability between the reported deficiencies, we noted that nutrient deficiencies occur frequently in children and adults with CD at diagnosis and during treatment with a GFD. Both inadequate dietary intake and/or diminished uptake due to intestinal dysfunction contribute to nutrient deficiencies. Most deficiencies can be restored with (long-term) treatment with a GFD and/or supplementation. However, some of them persist while others may become even more prominent during GFD. Our results indicate a lack of comprehensive evidence on the clinical efficacy of nutrient supplementation in CD management highlighting the need for further studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Chronic Inflammation: Implication for Disease Prevention, Treatment and Healthy Lifespan)

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28 pages, 2263 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Novel Anti-Inflammatory Role of Omega-3 PUFAs in Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

by Marialaura Simonetto, Marco Infante, Ralph L. Sacco, Tatjana Rundek and David Della-Morte

Nutrients 2019, 11(10), 2279; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102279 - 23 Sep 2019

Cited by 108 | Viewed by 20085

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory chronic disease affecting arterial vessels and leading to vascular diseases, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. The relationship between atherosclerosis and risk of neurodegeneration has been established, in particular with vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Systemic atherosclerosis increases [...] Read more.

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory chronic disease affecting arterial vessels and leading to vascular diseases, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. The relationship between atherosclerosis and risk of neurodegeneration has been established, in particular with vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Systemic atherosclerosis increases the risk of VCID by inducing cerebral infarction, or through systemic or local inflammatory factors that underlie both atherosclerosis and cognition. Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved in inflammatory processes, but with opposite roles. Specifically, omega-3 PUFAs exert anti-inflammatory properties by competing with omega-6 PUFAs and displacing arachidonic acid in membrane phospholipids, decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Experimental studies and some clinical trials have demonstrated that omega-3 PUFA supplementation may reduce the risk of different phenotypes of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. This review describes the link between atherosclerosis, VCID and inflammation, as well as how omega-3 PUFA supplementation may be useful to prevent and treat inflammatory-related diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Chronic Inflammation: Implication for Disease Prevention, Treatment and Healthy Lifespan)

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19 pages, 1292 KiB

Open AccessReview

Animal Models of Undernutrition and Enteropathy as Tools for Assessment of Nutritional Intervention

by Emmeline Salameh, Fanny B. Morel, Mamane Zeilani, Pierre Déchelotte and Rachel Marion-Letellier

Nutrients 2019, 11(9), 2233; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092233 - 16 Sep 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6529

Abstract

Undernutrition is a major public health problem leading to 1 in 5 of all deaths in children under 5 years. Undernutrition leads to growth stunting and/or wasting and is often associated with environmental enteric dysfunction (EED). EED mechanisms leading to growth failure include [...] Read more.

Undernutrition is a major public health problem leading to 1 in 5 of all deaths in children under 5 years. Undernutrition leads to growth stunting and/or wasting and is often associated with environmental enteric dysfunction (EED). EED mechanisms leading to growth failure include intestinal hyperpermeability, villus blunting, malabsorption and gut inflammation. As non-invasive methods for investigating gut function in undernourished children are limited, pre-clinical models are relevant to elucidating the pathophysiological processes involved in undernutrition and EED, and to identifying novel therapeutic strategies. In many published models, undernutrition was induced using protein or micronutrient deficient diets, but these experimental models were not associated with EED. Enteropathy models mainly used gastrointestinal injury triggers. These models are presented in this review. We found only a few studies investigating the combination of undernutrition and enteropathy. This highlights the need for further developments to establish an experimental model reproducing the impact of undernutrition and enteropathy on growth, intestinal hyperpermeability and inflammation, that could be suitable for preclinical evaluation of innovative therapeutic intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Chronic Inflammation: Implication for Disease Prevention, Treatment and Healthy Lifespan)

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30 pages, 1048 KiB

Open AccessReview

Influence of Vitamin D on Islet Autoimmunity and Beta-Cell Function in Type 1 Diabetes

by Marco Infante, Camillo Ricordi, Janine Sanchez, Michael J. Clare-Salzler, Nathalia Padilla, Virginia Fuenmayor, Carmen Chavez, Ana Alvarez, David Baidal, Rodolfo Alejandro, Massimiliano Caprio and Andrea Fabbri

Nutrients 2019, 11(9), 2185; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092185 - 11 Sep 2019

Cited by 111 | Viewed by 12761

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease leading to immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in the need for insulin therapy. The incidence of T1D is increasing worldwide, thus prompting researchers to investigate novel immunomodulatory strategies to halt autoimmunity and [...] Read more.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease leading to immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in the need for insulin therapy. The incidence of T1D is increasing worldwide, thus prompting researchers to investigate novel immunomodulatory strategies to halt autoimmunity and modify disease progression. T1D is considered as a multifactorial disease, in which genetic predisposition and environmental factors interact to promote the triggering of autoimmune responses against beta cells. Over the last decades, it has become clear that vitamin D exerts anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, apart from its well-established role in the regulation of calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. Importantly, the global incidence of vitamin D deficiency is also dramatically increasing and epidemiologic evidence suggests an involvement of vitamin D deficiency in T1D pathogenesis. Polymorphisms in genes critical for vitamin D metabolism have also been shown to modulate the risk of T1D. Moreover, several studies have investigated the role of vitamin D (in different doses and formulations) as a potential adjuvant immunomodulatory therapy in patients with new-onset and established T1D. This review aims to present the current knowledge on the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D and summarize the clinical interventional studies investigating its use for prevention or treatment of T1D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Chronic Inflammation: Implication for Disease Prevention, Treatment and Healthy Lifespan)

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17 pages, 463 KiB

Open AccessReview

Extra Virgin Olive Oil: Lesson from Nutrigenomics

by Stefania De Santis, Marica Cariello, Elena Piccinin, Carlo Sabbà and Antonio Moschetta

Nutrients 2019, 11(9), 2085; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092085 - 4 Sep 2019

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 11518

Abstract

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) consumption has a beneficial effect on human health, especially for prevention of cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. Here we underscore the peculiar importance of specific cultivars used for EVOO production since biodiversity among cultivars in terms of fatty [...] Read more.

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) consumption has a beneficial effect on human health, especially for prevention of cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. Here we underscore the peculiar importance of specific cultivars used for EVOO production since biodiversity among cultivars in terms of fatty acids and polyphenols content could differently impact on the metabolic homeostasis. In this respect, the nutrigenomic approach could be very useful to fully dissect the pathways modulated by different EVOO cultivars in terms of mRNA and microRNA transcriptome. The identification of genes and miRNAs modulated by specific EVOO cultivars could also help to discover novel nutritional biomarkers for prevention and/or prognosis of human disease. Thus, the nutrigenomic approach depicts a novel scenario to investigate if a specific EVOO cultivar could have a positive effect on human health by preventing the onset of cardiovascular disease and/or chronic inflammatory disorders also leading to cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Chronic Inflammation: Implication for Disease Prevention, Treatment and Healthy Lifespan)

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18 pages, 1029 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

The Microbial Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide Links Vascular Dysfunctions and the Autoimmune Disease Rheumatoid Arthritis

by Marion M. Chan, Xiaofeng Yang, Hong Wang, Fatma Saaoud, Yu Sun and Dunne Fong

Nutrients 2019, 11(8), 1821; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081821 - 7 Aug 2019

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 8667

Abstract

Diet and microbiota each have a direct impact on many chronic, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. As the field develops, a new perspective is emerging. The effects of diet may depend on the microbiota composition of the intestine. A diet that is rich in [...] Read more.

Diet and microbiota each have a direct impact on many chronic, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. As the field develops, a new perspective is emerging. The effects of diet may depend on the microbiota composition of the intestine. A diet that is rich in choline, red meat, dairy, or egg may promote the growth, or change the composition, of microbial species. The microbiota, in turn, may produce metabolites that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. This article reviews our current understanding of the effects of the molecule trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) obtained from food or produced by the microbiota. We review the mechanisms of actions of TMAO, and studies that associate it with cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases. We introduce a novel concept: TMAO is one among a group of selective uremic toxins that may rise to high levels in the circulation or accumulate in various organs. Based on this information, we evaluate how TMAO may harm, by exacerbating inflammation, or may protect, by attenuating amyloid formation, in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Chronic Inflammation: Implication for Disease Prevention, Treatment and Healthy Lifespan)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

25 pages, 1196 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

The Metabolic Concept of Meal Sequence vs. Satiety: Glycemic and Oxidative Responses with Reference to Inflammation Risk, Protective Principles and Mediterranean Diet

by Niva Shapira

Nutrients 2019, 11(10), 2373; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102373 - 5 Oct 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 12527

Abstract

With increasing exposure to eating opportunities and postprandial conditions becoming dominant states, acute effects of meals are garnering interest. In this narrative review, meal components, combinations and course sequence were questioned vis-à-vis resultant postprandial responses, including satiety, glycemic, oxidative and inflammatory risks/outcomes vs. [...] Read more.

With increasing exposure to eating opportunities and postprandial conditions becoming dominant states, acute effects of meals are garnering interest. In this narrative review, meal components, combinations and course sequence were questioned vis-à-vis resultant postprandial responses, including satiety, glycemic, oxidative and inflammatory risks/outcomes vs. protective principles, with reference to the Mediterranean diet. Representative scientific literature was reviewed and explained, and corresponding recommendations discussed and illustrated. Starting meals with foods, courses and/or preloads high in innate/added/incorporated water and/or fibre, followed by protein-based courses, delaying carbohydrates and fatty foods and minimizing highly-processed/sweetened hedonic foods, would increase satiety-per-calorie vs. obesogenic passive overconsumption. Similarly, starting with high-water/fibre dishes, followed by high-protein foods, oils/fats, and delayed/reduced slowly-digested whole/complex carbohydrate sources, optionally closing with simpler carbohydrates/sugars, would reduce glycaemic response. Likewise, starting with foods high in innate/added/incorporated water/fibre/antioxidants, high monounsaturated fatty acid foods/oils, light proteins and whole/complex carbohydrate foods, with foods/oils low in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios, and minimal-to-no red meat and highly/ultra-processed foods/lipids, would reduce oxidative/inflammatory response. Pyramids illustrating representative meal sequences, from most-to-least protective foods, visually communicate similarities between axes, suggesting potential unification for optimal meal sequence, consistent with anti-inflammatory nutrition and Mediterranean diet/meal principles, warranting application and outcome evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Chronic Inflammation: Implication for Disease Prevention, Treatment and Healthy Lifespan)

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