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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2019) | Viewed by 54950

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Prof. Willy J. Malaisse

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Department of Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
Interests: pancreatic islet function; metabolic basic of nutrients

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metabolic syndrome presently represents an issue of vast preclinical and clinical interest. The number of subjects affected by this syndrome is increasing rapidly and to a large extent, for instance in countries in which several aspects of food intake have undergone considerable changes.

This Special Issue on “Diet and Metabolic Syndromes”, to be published in the journal Nutrients，will be focused on the relationship between diet (food intake, nutrients) and the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome. Emphasis being placed on such a relationship, the Special Issue will contribute novel insights on a number of issues related to the definition, diagnoses, provocative factors, incidence, geographic distribution, measurement of relevant criteria, proposal of novel criteria, preventive modalities, dietary and other therapeutic approaches. These should be taken as examples, and other relevant topics will also be considered for publication. Reports providing original data or representing a review are both quite welcome. Likewise, reports dealing with either preclinical or clinical investigations are also both quite welcome. Last, information concerning specific geographic area or country or not will receive equal attention.

Your contribution to this Special Issue of the journal Nutrients will be of considerable interest to our large and multicultural readership.

Prof. Willy J. Malaisse
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Metabolic Syndrome: Emerging Novel Insights Regarding the Relationship between the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance and other Key Predictive Markers in Young Adults of Western Algeria

by Mohammed Ilyes Belhayara, Zoheir Mellouk, Mohammed Seddik Hamdaoui, Malika Bachaoui, Omar Kheroua and Willy J. Malaisse

Nutrients 2020, 12(3), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030727 - 10 Mar 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3271

Abstract

Several biological markers have been identified as risk factors for cardiovascular disease and are associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study provides a factual information on promising biomarkers that are associated with MetS and can aid in early detection and management of MetS in young adults of Western Algeria. We studied a total of one hundred subjects aged between thirty and forty years with MetS, in which anthropometric measurements, insulin resistance, C peptide and HbA1c, lipid profile, circulating adipokines and glucagon-like peptide-1 were measured by suitable methods, in comparison to two groups of control. MetS is closely linked to altered glucose homeostasis, the plasma insulin/glucose ratio; i.e., the insulinogenic index helps to estimate the level of insulin secretion and also for assessing β-cell function. The correlation between homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and HbA1c, body mass index or plasma triglycerides yielded positive and significant values. Biomarkers with a known and predictable association with MetS can provide a means to detect those at risk and intervene as needed. This could significantly decrease the burden complications impose on patients and the healthcare system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Metabolic Syndromes)

11 pages, 502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intake of Boiled Potato in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in a Large Norwegian Cohort: The HUNT Study

by Trine Moholdt, Brooke L. Devlin and Tom Ivar Lund Nilsen

Nutrients 2020, 12(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010073 - 27 Dec 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3818

Abstract

Overall potato consumption is positively associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, such as measures of adiposity. However, few studies have explicitly stated the preparation method of potatoes, which may impact these associations. We examined cross-sectional associations between self-reported dietary intake of boiled potatoes and levels of body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, and blood lipids among 43,683 participants in the HUNT Study, Norway in 2006–2008. All estimated associations were adjusted for possible imbalance in age, sex, physical activity, smoking, intake of other foods and alcohol between categories of boiled potato consumption. Overall, there were no large differences in mean levels of CVD risk factors between categories of boiled potato consumption. Compared to the reference group of individuals who consumed boiled potatoes less than once/week, those who reported eating boiled potatoes every day had slightly higher prevalence of high waist circumference (odds ratio [OR] 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–1.29), high triglycerides levels (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.07–1.34), and metabolic syndrome (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.03–1.33). In summary, consumption of boiled potatoes showed weak and small associations with the CVD risk factors under study, but the cross-sectional design prevents us from drawing any firm conclusions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Metabolic Syndromes)

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14 pages, 455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Effects of Brazil Nut Oil and Soybean Oil on the Cardiometabolic Parameters of Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Trial

by Lívia Martins Costa e Silva, Maria Luisa Pereira de Melo, Fernando Vinicius Faro Reis, Marta Chagas Monteiro, Savio Monteiro dos Santos, Bruno Alexandre Quadros Gomes and Luiza Helena Meller da Silva

Nutrients 2020, 12(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010046 - 23 Dec 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4289

Abstract

Recent evidence suggests that replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat is beneficial for cardiovascular health. This study compared the effects of Brazil nut oil (BNO) and soybean oil (SO) supplementation for 30 days on anthropometric, blood pressure, biochemical, and oxidative parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). Thirty-one patients with MS were randomly allocated to receive 30 sachets with 10 mL each of either BNO (n = 15) or SO (n = 16) for daily supplementation. Variables were measured at the beginning of the study and after 30 days of intervention. No change in anthropometric and blood pressure variables were observed (p > 0.05). Total (p = 0.0253) and low-density lipoprotein (p = 0.0437) cholesterol increased in the SO group. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased (p = 0.0087) and triglycerides increased (p = 0.0045) in the BNO group. Malondialdehyde levels decreased in the BNO group (p = 0.0296) and total antioxidant capacity improved in the SO group (p = 0.0110). Although the addition of oils without lifestyle interventions did not affect anthropometric findings or blood pressure and promoted undesirable results in the lipid profile in both groups, daily supplementation of BNO for 30 days decreased lipid peroxidation, contributing to oxidative stress reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Metabolic Syndromes)

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17 pages, 1312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Determinants of Metabolic Syndrome Parameters Differ by Gender in College Students

by Sara Saltzgiver, Alexander Nielson, Heidi Costello, Adam Baker, Julian Chan and David Aguilar

Nutrients 2019, 11(12), 2892; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122892 - 27 Nov 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4034

Abstract

MyPlate is a guidance system for healthier eating choices. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the influence of MyPlate food group consumption and exercise on metabolic syndrome (MetS) parameters in college students. Participant (n = 462) blood was analyzed using Cholestech for triglycerides (TG), glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). In addition, weight, waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure (BP) were measured. Diet and Wellness Plus was used to compute participant diet records. Regression analysis and a recursive decision tree were made to predict MetS using RStudio (V.1.1.463). BP decision tree predicted high risk of elevated blood pressure with a recall rate of 93.7%. For males; exercise, empty calories, dairy, and protein were main predictors. For females, vegetable and empty calorie consumption were primary determinants. HDL-C decision tree had a recall rate of 91.8% and showed that the main low HDL-C risk determinants for males were; exercise and grain consumption. Conversely, for females; empty calories, grain, and vegetable consumption were the key factors determining low HDL-C risk. This study shows that MyPlate recommendations are valuable to achieve adequate HDL-C and blood pressure and provides insight into the importance of tailoring food intake guidance based on gender. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Metabolic Syndromes)

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20 pages, 4994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phaseolus vulgaris L. Extract: Alpha-Amylase Inhibition against Metabolic Syndrome in Mice

by Laura Micheli, Elena Lucarini, Elena Trallori, Carmen Avagliano, Carmen De Caro, Roberto Russo, Antonio Calignano, Carla Ghelardini, Alessandra Pacini and Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli

Nutrients 2019, 11(8), 1778; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081778 - 1 Aug 2019

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 8504

Abstract

To examine the effects of the alpha-amylase inhibitor isoform 1 called phaseolamin, a standardized extract from white kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was tested against the hallmarks of metabolic syndrome. The efficacy of a per os repeated treatment with P. vulgaris extract (500 mg/kg) was compared with metformin (100 mg/kg) and atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) in a model of metabolic syndrome evoked by prolonged high fat diet (HFD; week 1 to week 19) in C57BL/6 mice. Bean extract and compounds administration started after metabolic syndrome establishment (week 11). P. vulgaris extract reduced the body weight overtime, as well as effectively lowered glycaemia, triglycerides, and cholesterol. On week 19, bean extract normalized the HFD-evoked tolerance to glucose and insulin. According to the phytochemical characterization, it inhibited the alpha-amylase activity. Animals treated with the extract were rescued from motor impairments and nociceptive threshold alterations induced by HFD. Specific organs analysis revealed that P. vulgaris extract decreased hepatic steatosis and lipid peroxidation in liver. It protected the heart from HFD oxidative alterations increasing the expression of the detoxifying enzymes catalase and glutathione reductase, and normalizing NADH dehydrogenase level. The histological analysis of aorta showed a protection about the development of fatty streaks in the muscular layers. In conclusion, a prolonged treatment with the standardized extract of P. vulgaris significantly reduced several pathological features related to a metabolic syndrome-like condition; a multifactorial approach that candidates this vegetal product as a possible therapeutic option against metabolic syndrome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Metabolic Syndromes)

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21 pages, 2059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intra-Abdominal Fat Adipocyte Hypertrophy through a Progressive Alteration of Lipolysis and Lipogenesis in Metabolic Syndrome Rats

by Israel Pérez-Torres, Yolanda Gutiérrez-Alvarez, Verónica Guarner-Lans, Eulises Díaz-Díaz, Linaloe Manzano Pech and Sara del Carmen Caballero-Chacón

Nutrients 2019, 11(7), 1529; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071529 - 5 Jul 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4742

Abstract

This study evaluates the progressive participation of enzymes involved in lipolysis and lipogenesis, leading to adipocyte hypertrophy in a metabolic syndrome (MS) rat model caused by chronic consumption of 30% sucrose in drinking water. A total of 70 male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: C and MS. Each of these groups were then subdivided into five groups which were sacrificed as paired groups every month from the beginning of the treatment until 5 months. The intra-abdominal fat was dissected, and the adipocytes were extracted. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), protein kinases A (PKA), and perilipin A expressions were determined. The LPL and HSL activities were evaluated by spectrophotometry. Histological staining was performed in adipose tissue. Significant increases were observed in blood pressure, HOMA-IR, leptin, triglycerides, insulin, intra-abdominal fat, and number of fat cells per field (p = 0.001) and in advanced glycosylation products, adipocyte area, LPL, HSL activities and/or expression (p ≤ 0.01) in the MS groups progressively from the third month onward. Lipogenesis and lipolysis were increased by LPL activity and HSL activity and/or expression. This was associated with hyperinsulinemia and release of non-esterified fatty acids causing a positive feedback loop that contributes to the development of adipocyte hypertrophy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Metabolic Syndromes)

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20 pages, 756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Total and Subtypes of Dietary Fat Intake and Its Association with Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in a Mediterranean Population at High Cardiovascular Risk

by Alicia Julibert, Maria del Mar Bibiloni, Cristina Bouzas, Miguel Ángel Martínez-González, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Dolores Corella, Maria Dolors Zomeño, Dora Romaguera, Jesús Vioque, Ángel M. Alonso-Gómez, Julia Wärnberg, J. Alfredo Martínez, Luís Serra-Majem, Ramon Estruch, Francisco J. Tinahones, José Lapetra, Xavier Pintó, José Lopez-Miranda, Laura García-Molina, José Juan Gaforio, Pilar Matía-Martín, Lidia Daimiel, Vicente Martín-Sánchez, Josep Vidal, Clotilde Vázquez, Emili Ros, Estefanía Toledo, Nerea Becerra-Tomás, Olga Pórtoles, Karla A. Pérez-Vega, Miquel Fiol, Laura Torres-Collado, Lucas Tojal-Sierra, Rosa Carabaño-Moral, Itziar Abete, Almudena Sanchez-Villegas, Rosa Casas, María Rosa Bernal-López, José Manuel Santos-Lozano, Ana Galera, Lucía Ugarriza, Miguel Ruiz-Canela, Nancy Babio, Oscar Coltell, Helmut Schröder, Jadwiga Konieczna, Domingo Orozco-Beltrán, Carolina Sorto-Sánchez, Sonia Eguaras, Laura Barrubés, Montserrat Fitó, Josep A. Tur and PREDIMED-PLUS Investigators Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2019, 11(7), 1493; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071493 - 29 Jun 2019

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 9115

Abstract

Background: The effect of dietary fat intake on the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and in turn on cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear in individuals at high CVD risk. Objective: To assess the association between fat intake and MetS components in an adult Mediterranean population at high CVD risk. Design: Baseline assessment of nutritional adequacy in participants (n = 6560, men and women, 55–75 years old, with overweight/obesity and MetS) in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED)-Plus randomized trial. Methods: Assessment of fat intake (total fat, monounsatured fatty acids: MUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids: PUFA, saturated fatty acids: SFA, trans-fatty acids: trans-FA, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and ω-3 FA) using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and diet quality using 17-item Mediterranean dietary questionnaire and fat quality index (FQI). Results: Participants in the highest quintile of total dietary fat intake showed lower intake of energy, carbohydrates, protein and fiber, but higher intake of PUFA, MUFA, SFA, TFA, LA, ALA and ω-3 FA. Differences in MetS components were found according to fat intake. Odds (5th vs. 1st quintile): hyperglycemia: 1.3–1.6 times higher for total fat, MUFA, SFA and ω-3 FA intake; low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c): 1.2 higher for LA; hypertriglyceridemia: 0.7 lower for SFA and ω-3 FA intake. Conclusions: Dietary fats played different role on MetS components of high CVD risk patients. Dietary fat intake was associated with higher risk of hyperglycemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Metabolic Syndromes)

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19 pages, 2990 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Impact of Different Hypercaloric Diets on Weight Gain, Insulin Resistance, Glucose Intolerance, and its Comorbidities in Rats

by Bernardete F. Melo, Joana F. Sacramento, Maria J. Ribeiro, Claudia S. Prego, Miguel C. Correia, Joana C. Coelho, Joao P. Cunha-Guimaraes, Tiago Rodrigues, Ines B. Martins, Maria P. Guarino, Raquel M. Seiça, Paulo Matafome and Silvia V. Conde

Nutrients 2019, 11(6), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061197 - 28 May 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5861

Abstract

Animal experimentation has a long history in the study of metabolic syndrome-related disorders. However, no consensus exists on the best models to study these syndromes. Knowing that different diets can precipitate different metabolic disease phenotypes, herein we characterized several hypercaloric rat models of obesity and type 2 diabetes, comparing each with a genetic model, with the aim of identifying the most appropriate model of metabolic disease. The effect of hypercaloric diets (high fat (HF), high sucrose (HSu), high fat plus high sucrose (HFHSu) and high fat plus streptozotocin (HF+STZ) during different exposure times (HF 3 weeks, HF 19 weeks, HSu 4 weeks, HSu 16 weeks, HFHSu 25 weeks, HF3 weeks + STZ) were compared with the Zucker fatty rat. Each model was evaluated for weight gain, fat mass, fasting plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide, insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, lipid profile and liver lipid deposition, blood pressure, and autonomic nervous system function. All animal models presented with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia except the HF+STZ and HSu 4 weeks, which argues against the use of these models as metabolic syndrome models. Of the remaining animal models, a higher weight gain was exhibited by the Zucker fatty rat and wild type rats submitted to a HF diet for 19 weeks. We conclude that the latter model presents a phenotype most consistent with that observed in humans with metabolic disease, exhibiting the majority of the phenotypic features and comorbidities associated with type 2 diabetes in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Metabolic Syndromes)

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19 pages, 955 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preventive Effects of the Marine Microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Used as a Food Supplement, on Risk Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Wistar Rats

by Claire Mayer, Martine Côme, Lionel Ulmann, Graziella Chini Zittelli, Cecilia Faraloni, Hassan Nazih, Khadija Ouguerram, Benoît Chénais and Virginie Mimouni

Nutrients 2019, 11(5), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051069 - 14 May 2019

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4920

Abstract

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 series (n-3 LC-PUFA), are known for their preventive effects against cardiovascular disease. In an unfavourable economic and environmental context of fish oil production, marine microalgae could be an alternative source of n-3 LC-PUFA and are of interest for human nutrition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of P. tricornutum, a microalga rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and used as a food supplement, on the metabolic disorders associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity development. Three male Wistar rat groups (n = 6) were submitted for eight weeks to a standard diet or high-fat diet (HF) with 10% fructose in drinking water, supplemented or not with 12% of P. tricornutum (HF-Phaeo). Supplementation led to n-3 LC-PUFA enrichment of lipids in the liver, plasma and erythrocytes. Plasma transaminases showed no difference between the HF and HF-Phaeo groups. Body weight, fat mass, inflammatory markers and insulinemia decreased in HF-Phaeo rats versus the HF group. Plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerols and leptine diminished in HF-Phaeo rats, while HDL-cholesterol increased. In conclusion, this study highlights the beneficial effects of P. tricornutum in reducing the metabolic disorders associated with metabolic syndrome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Metabolic Syndromes)

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Review

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14 pages, 1219 KiB

Open AccessReview

Health-Promoting Properties of Selected Cyclitols for Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes

by Tomasz Antonowski, Adam Osowski, Lesław Lahuta, Ryszard Górecki, Andrzej Rynkiewicz and Joanna Wojtkiewicz

Nutrients 2019, 11(10), 2314; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102314 - 30 Sep 2019

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5636

Abstract

Cyclitols play a particularly important role in cell functioning because they are involved in ion channel physiology, phosphate storage, signal transduction, cell wall formation, membrane biogenesis, osmoregulation and they have antioxidant activity. They are involved in the cell membranes as a phosphatidyl myo-inositol, an inositol triphosphate precursor, which acts as a transmitter that regulates the activity of several hormones, such as follicle-stimulating hormone, thyrotropin, and insulin. The aim of this paper is to characterize the selected cyclitols: myo-inositol, D-chiro-inositol, and D-pinitol in type-2 metabolic syndrome and diabetes treatment. Results and discussion: Cyclitols have certain clinical applications in the treatment of metabolic syndromes and are considered to be an option as a dietary supplement for the treatment or prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus and type-2 diabetes. Improved metabolic parameters observed after using cyclitols, like myo-inositol, in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome and type-2 diabetes suggest that they may have a protective effect on the cardiovascular system. Pinitol, together with myo-inositol,maybe responsible for improving lipid profiles by reducing serum triglyceride and total cholesterol. Pinitol is also well-researched and documented for insulin-like effects. Myo-inositol, D-chiro-inositol, and D-pinitol indicate a number of therapeutic and health-promoting properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Metabolic Syndromes)

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