Nutrients

Editorial

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5 pages, 212 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood

by Silvia Scaglioni, Valentina De Cosmi and Alessandra Mazzocchi

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2730; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132730 - 30 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1987

Abstract

The present Special Issue of Nutrients aims to host scientific articles contributing to enriching the knowledge in the field of nutritional habits and intervention in childhood [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

Research

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15 pages, 324 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Correlates of Overweight, Obesity and Physical Activity in Italian Children and Adolescents from Lombardy, Italy

by Chiara Stival, Alessandra Lugo, Lavinia Barone, Giovanni Fattore, Anna Odone, Silvia Salvatore, Eugenio Santoro, Silvia Scaglioni, Piet A. van den Brandt, Silvano Gallus, HBSC Lombardy Committee and OKKio alla Salute Lombardy Committee

Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2258; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112258 - 28 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3024

Abstract

Investigating pediatric overweight and physical activity correlates is essential to design effective preventive programs. We used regional data (Lombardy, northern Italy) from the 2019 survey “OKKio alla Salute” (3093 children aged 8–9 years with measured anthropometric data), and from the 2018 wave of [...] Read more.

Investigating pediatric overweight and physical activity correlates is essential to design effective preventive programs. We used regional data (Lombardy, northern Italy) from the 2019 survey “OKKio alla Salute” (3093 children aged 8–9 years with measured anthropometric data), and from the 2018 wave of the “Health Behaviour in School-aged Children” survey (2916 adolescents aged 11–15 years with self-reported anthropometric data). In both the surveys, a cluster sampling methodology was used. Unconditional multiple logistic regression models were applied to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of overweight, obesity and poor physical activity. The prevalence of overweight (including obesity) was 22.4% for children aged 8–9 years and 14.4% for adolescents aged 11–15 years. A higher prevalence of overweight was observed among males, children with greater birth weight and those with obese parents. Scant physical activity was higher among females and older adolescents. There was a direct relationship between obesity and increased psychological distress (OR = 2.44; 95% CI: 1.12–5.27) or being victims of bullying (OR = 2.25; 95% CI: 1.17–4.34). Increasing physical activity significantly decreased the frequency of mental health outcomes. Prevention campaigns should be promoted to safeguard childhood physical and psychological wellbeing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

12 pages, 685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Vitamin D and Docosahexaenoic Acid Co-Supplementation on Vitamin D Status, Body Composition, and Metabolic Markers in Obese Children: A Randomized, Double Blind, Controlled Study

by Valentina De Cosmi, Alessandra Mazzocchi, Veronica D’Oria, Alessandro Re, Giulia Carla Immacolata Spolidoro, Gregorio P. Milani, Cristiana Berti, Silvia Scaglioni, Claudia Giavoli, Silvia Bergamaschi, Giulia Rodari, Eriselda Profka, Roberto Colombo and Carlo Agostoni

Nutrients 2022, 14(7), 1397; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071397 - 27 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2756

Abstract

Obese children are at high risk of developing vitamin D deficiency. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives might have a beneficial effect on vitamin D status of obese children, due to their anti-inflammatory action, and increasing its absorption. This multicenter, randomized, double-blind [...] Read more.

Obese children are at high risk of developing vitamin D deficiency. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives might have a beneficial effect on vitamin D status of obese children, due to their anti-inflammatory action, and increasing its absorption. This multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled study aims to investigate the effect of vitamin D and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) co-supplementation for six months on vitamin D status, body composition, and metabolic markers of obese children with vitamin D deficiency. A total of 108 children were enrolled and 73 children completed the study: 33 were supplemented with an oral dose of 500 mg of DHA and 1200 IU/day of vitamin D3 and 41 were supplemented with 1200 IU/day of vitamin D3 + wheat germ oil. At the end of the study, more than 50% of the subjects improved their vitamin D status. However, co-supplementation was not more effective than vitamin D plus wheat germ oil. Fat mass percentage was significantly reduced, and body mass index improved in both groups, even if all the subjects were still obese at the end of the study. Children receiving both vitamin D and DHA presented a higher increase of DHA levels that could be relevant to prevent inflammatory-associated complications of obesity, but they had no effect on vitamin D levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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16 pages, 1813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Lifestyle Modifications on Alterations in Lipid and Glycemic Profiles and Uric Acid Values in a Pediatric Population

by Marco Giussani, Antonina Orlando, Elena Tassistro, Giulia Lieti, Ilenia Patti, Laura Antolini, Gianfranco Parati and Simonetta Genovesi

Nutrients 2022, 14(5), 1034; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14051034 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2873

Abstract

Cardiometabolic risk factors are frequent in children and adolescents with excess weight. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lifestyle modifications on alterations in lipid and glycemic profiles and uric acid values in a pediatric population at increased cardiovascular [...] Read more.

Cardiometabolic risk factors are frequent in children and adolescents with excess weight. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lifestyle modifications on alterations in lipid and glycemic profiles and uric acid values in a pediatric population at increased cardiovascular risk. The study involved 276 subjects with a mean age of 10.6 (2.3) years. Body mass index (BMI) z-score and biochemical parameters (serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid and homeostasis model assessment to quantify insulin resistance (HOMA index)) were assessed at baseline and at the end of a median follow-up of 14.7 (12.4, 19.3) months. Throughout follow-up, all children received a non-pharmacological treatment based on increased physical activity, reduced sedentary activity and administration of a personalized, healthy and balanced diet. All children attended periodic quarterly control visits during follow-up. Multivariable statistical analyses showed that each BMI z-score point reduction at follow-up was associated with an 8.9 (95% CI −14.2; −3.6) mg/dL decrease in LDL cholesterol (p = 0.001), 20.4 (95% CI −30.0; −10.7) mg/dL in triglycerides (p < 0.001), 1.6 (95% CI −2.2; −1.0) in HOMA index (p < 0.001), and 0.42 (95% CI −0.66; −0.18) mg/dL in uric acid (p = 0.001) values. At each reduction of the BMI z-score by one point, the odds of presenting with insulin resistance and hyperuricemia at follow-up significantly decreased (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.10–0.50, and OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.10–0.95, p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Improvement of dietary habits and lifestyles may improve lipid and glycemic profiles and serum uric acid values in a pediatric population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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10 pages, 480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lower Intake of Saturated Fatty Acids Is Associated with Improved Lipid Profile in a 6-Year-Old Nationally Representative Population

by Hafdis Helgadottir, Birna Thorisdottir, Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir, Thorhallur I. Halldorsson, Gestur Palsson and Inga Thorsdottir

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030671 - 5 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2559

Abstract

To strengthen the organization of new national dietary surveys and interventions in childhood, our aim was to study macronutrient intake and blood lipid profile at 6 years of age by comparing results from two earlier population-based cohorts. Subjects were n = 131 and [...] Read more.

To strengthen the organization of new national dietary surveys and interventions in childhood, our aim was to study macronutrient intake and blood lipid profile at 6 years of age by comparing results from two earlier population-based cohorts. Subjects were n = 131 and n = 162 in the years 2001–2002 and 2011–2012, respectively. Three-day weighed food records were used to estimate diet and calculate nutrient intake. Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol were measured in serum and LDL-cholesterol was calculated. The average intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans FA was lower in 2011–2012 than 2001–2002 (13.3E% vs. 14.7E%, p < 0.001, and 0.8E% vs. 1.4E%, p < 0.001, respectively), replaced by a higher intake of unsaturated fatty acids. Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly lower in 2011–2012 than 2001–2002 (4.6 vs. 4.4 mmol/L, p = 0.003 and 2.8 vs. 2.5 mmol/L, p < 0.001, respectively). In a multiple linear regression model, one E% increase in SFA intake was related to a 0.03 mmol/L increase in LDL cholesterol (p = 0.04). A lower intake of saturated and trans fatty acids, replaced by unsaturated fatty acids, may have contributed to an improved lipid profile in a healthy 6-year-old population. Biological data for analysis of blood lipids are important in national dietary surveys in healthy children to monitor important health outcomes of interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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20 pages, 2346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adherence to Dietary Recommendations of 7-Year-Old Children from a Birth Cohort in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy

by Elisa Giordani, Michela Marinoni, Federica Fiori, Federica Concina, Luca Ronfani, Patrizia Dalmin, Fabio Barbone, Valeria Edefonti and Maria Parpinel

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030515 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3123

Abstract

Few Italian and European studies have assessed adherence to dietary recommendations in primary school children using dietary records. No Italian studies have provided an index-based nutritional adequacy assessment. We provided a comprehensive overview of dietary intake in 381 7-year-old children from NAC-II cohort [...] Read more.

Few Italian and European studies have assessed adherence to dietary recommendations in primary school children using dietary records. No Italian studies have provided an index-based nutritional adequacy assessment. We provided a comprehensive overview of dietary intake in 381 7-year-old children from NAC-II cohort study, Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy). Energy, macro-, and micronutrient intakes were derived from 3-day dietary records. Standard (median and percentage) and index-based (Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR)) approaches were used to evaluate adequacy to Italian dietary reference values at nutrient- and overall-diet-level. Percentage contribution of macronutrients to energy intake (%En) was unbalanced towards total fats and protein. In 25% of children, total fats intake exceeded the reference intake upper limit. In ~63% of children, protein intake was at least doubled in their child-specific population reference intake. Median intakes of sodium (1.7 g/day), saturated fatty acids (12.2 %En), and soluble carbohydrates (19.4 %En) exceeded the suggested dietary target in most (65–84%) children. Inadequacy was also observed for micronutrients, with median NARs ranging from 0.11 (vitamin D) to 0.90 (zinc). The median MAR was 0.75 (0.69–0.79), with 1 indicating optimal overall dietary intake. In conclusion, the enrolled children showed suboptimal intakes of several macro- and micronutrients, in line with Italian and European studies on primary school children. Based on the current findings, public health interventions may be targeted to specific nutrients or subpopulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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13 pages, 1360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Impact of Nutritional Status and Sarcopenia in Pediatric Patients with Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas: A Pilot Retrospective Study (SarcoPed)

by Alberto Romano, Silvia Triarico, Emanuele Rinninella, Luigi Natale, Maria Gabriella Brizi, Marco Cintoni, Pauline Raoul, Palma Maurizi, Giorgio Attinà, Stefano Mastrangelo, Antonio Gasbarrini, Maria Cristina Mele and Antonio Ruggiero

Nutrients 2022, 14(2), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020383 - 17 Jan 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3944

Abstract

Background: We evaluated nutritional and sarcopenia status and their clinical impact in pediatric patients affected by bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Methods: Body mass index (BMI), prognostic nutritional index (PNI), and total psoas muscle area (tPMA) at diagnosis and after 12 months were [...] Read more.

Background: We evaluated nutritional and sarcopenia status and their clinical impact in pediatric patients affected by bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Methods: Body mass index (BMI), prognostic nutritional index (PNI), and total psoas muscle area (tPMA) at diagnosis and after 12 months were analyzed. tPMA was measured from single cross-sectional computed tomography (CT) images at L4–L5. Age-specific and sex-specific tPMA Z-scores were retrieved from an online calculator. Results: A total of 21 patients were identified between February 2013 and December 2018. Twelve patients (57.1%) experienced sarcopenia at diagnosis, although not statistically associated with overall survival (OS) (p = 0.09). BMI Z-score, PNI, and tPMA Z-score significantly decreased between diagnosis and after 12 months of treatment (p < 0.05). Univariate analysis showed significant associations between poor OS and the presence of metastasis (p = 0.008), the absence of surgery (p = 0.005), PNI decrease (p = 0.027), and the reduction in tPMA > 25% (p = 0.042) over the 12 months. Conclusions: Sarcopenia affects more than half of the patients at diagnosis. Decreased PNI during 12 months of treatment has significant predictive value for OS. The role of tPMA derived from CT scan among pediatric patients with sarcoma should be investigated in further prospective and larger studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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12 pages, 267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Knowledge, Attitude and Practices toward Free Sugar and the Associations with Free Sugar Intake in Children

by Walaa Abdullah Mumena

Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4403; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124403 - 9 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2812

Abstract

Research addressing factors related to free sugar (FS) consumption among children in Saudi Arabia is lacking. We aimed to evaluate maternal knowledge, attitude, and practices toward FS and the associations with children’s intake of FS. This cross-sectional study included 424 Saudi children aged [...] Read more.

Research addressing factors related to free sugar (FS) consumption among children in Saudi Arabia is lacking. We aimed to evaluate maternal knowledge, attitude, and practices toward FS and the associations with children’s intake of FS. This cross-sectional study included 424 Saudi children aged 6–12 years and their mothers. Data related to maternal knowledge, attitude, and practices were collected using an online survey. Data concerning children’s habitual intake of FS were collected through phone interviews using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Limited knowledge on FS was observed among mothers of children [median 7.00 [interquartile range 6.00–8.00] out of 11.0. Maternal knowledge was not correlated with maternal attitude or practices toward FS. Maternal knowledge towards FS did not predict children’s intake of FS, whereas maternal attitude and practices toward limiting the consumption of FS predicted lower intake of FS among Saudi children, particularly the FS consumed from solid food sources (B: −5.73 [95% confidence interval (CI): −9.79 to −1.66]) and (B: −6.85 [95% CI: −11.9 to −1.80]), respectively. Despite the limited knowledge pertaining to FS among mothers in Saudi Arabia, they were making efforts to limit their children’s consumption of FS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

8 pages, 243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Improves Fatty Acids Profile in Pediatric Patients with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome

by Turolo Stefano, Edefonti Alberto, Morello William, Bolzan Giulia, Syren M. Louise, Tamburello Chiara, Agostoni Carlo and Montini Giovanni

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 4110; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13114110 - 16 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2567

Abstract

The fatty acid profiles of patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) are different from that of healthy controls, even during remission, revealing an increase of the pro-inflammatory omega 6 series. It is still unknown whether the concomitance of nephrotic syndrome affects the potential [...] Read more.

The fatty acid profiles of patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) are different from that of healthy controls, even during remission, revealing an increase of the pro-inflammatory omega 6 series. It is still unknown whether the concomitance of nephrotic syndrome affects the potential positive effects of the Mediterranean diet on the levels of omega 3 and 6 fatty acids. We performed a cross-sectional study to evaluate the association between the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and fatty acid profile in 54 children with INS. The dietary habits were assessed through the validated Kidmed questionnaire. Patients with higher adherence had lower levels of linoleic acid and total omega-6. Moreover, a negative correlation between proteinuria and the anti-inflammatory omega-3 series was found. In conclusion, patients with INS with proteinuria and low adherence to the Mediterranean diet have an imbalance in the omega-6/omega-3 ratio that may benefit from following the Mediterranean diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

22 pages, 1555 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protein Quality in Infant Formulas Marketed in Brazil: Assessments on Biodigestibility, Essential Amino Acid Content and Proteins of Biological Importance

by Cristine Couto de Almeida, Diego dos Santos Baião, Katia Christina Leandro, Vania Margaret Flosi Paschoalin, Marion Pereira da Costa and Carlos Adam Conte-Junior

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3933; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113933 - 3 Nov 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3074

Abstract

Infant formulas, designed to provide similar nutritional composition and performance to human milk, are recommended when breastfeeding is not enough to provide for the nutritional needs of children under 12 months of age. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the [...] Read more.

Infant formulas, designed to provide similar nutritional composition and performance to human milk, are recommended when breastfeeding is not enough to provide for the nutritional needs of children under 12 months of age. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the protein quality and essential amino acid content of both starting (phase 1) and follow-up (phase 2) formulas from different manufacturers. The chemical amino acid score and protein digestibility corrected by the amino acid score were calculated. The determined protein contents in most formulas were above the maximum limit recommended by FAO and WHO guidelines and at odds with the protein contents declared in the label. All infant formulas contained lactoferrin (0.06 to 0.44 g·100 g⁻¹) and α-lactalbumin (0.02 to 1.34 g·100 g⁻¹) below recommended concentrations, whereas ĸ-casein (8.28 to 12.91 g·100 g⁻¹), α-casein (0.70 to 2.28 g·100 g⁻¹) and β-lactoglobulin (1.32 to 4.19 g·100 g⁻¹) were detected above recommended concentrations. Essential amino acid quantification indicated that threonine, leucine and phenylalanine were the most abundant amino acids found in the investigated infant formulas. In conclusion, infant formulas are still unconforming to nutritional breast milk quality and must be improved in order to follow current global health authority guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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19 pages, 6840 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Limited Eating and Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adolescents with Obesity: A Pilot Study

by Alaina P. Vidmar, Monica Naguib, Jennifer K. Raymond, Sarah Jeanne Salvy, Elizabeth Hegedus, Choo Phei Wee and Michael I. Goran

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3697; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113697 - 21 Oct 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6052

Abstract

Due to its simplicity, time-limited eating (TLE) may represent a more feasible approach for treating adolescents with obesity compared to other caloric restriction regimens. This pilot study examines the feasibility and safety of TLE combined with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in adolescents. Fifty [...] Read more.

Due to its simplicity, time-limited eating (TLE) may represent a more feasible approach for treating adolescents with obesity compared to other caloric restriction regimens. This pilot study examines the feasibility and safety of TLE combined with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in adolescents. Fifty adolescents with BMI ≥95th percentile were recruited to complete a 12-week study. All received standard nutritional counseling, wore a CGM daily, and were randomized to: (1) Prolonged eating window: 12 h eating/12 h fasting + blinded CGM; (2) TLE (8 h eating/16 h fasting, 5 days per week) + blinded CGM; (3) TLE + real-time CGM feedback. Recruitment, retention, and adherence were recorded as indicators of feasibility. Weight loss, dietary intake, physical activity, eating behaviors, and quality of life over the course of the intervention were explored as secondary outcomes. Forty-five participants completed the study (16.4 ± 1.3 years, 64% female, 49% Hispanic, 75% public insurance). There was high adherence to prescribed eating windows (TLE 5.2 d/wk [SD 1.1]; control 6.1 d/wk [SD 1.4]) and daily CGM wear (5.85 d/wk [SD 4.8]). Most of the adolescents (90%) assigned to TLE reported that limiting their eating window and wearing a CGM was feasible without negative impact on daily functioning or adverse events. There were no between-group difference in terms of weight loss, energy intake, quality of life, physical activity, or eating behaviors. TLE combined with CGM appears feasible and safe among adolescents with obesity. Further investigation in larger samples, with a longer intervention duration and follow-up assessments are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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13 pages, 280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Educational Intervention of Healthy Life Promotion for Children with a Migrant Background or at Socioeconomic Disadvantage in the North of Italy: Efficacy of Telematic Tools in Improving Nutritional and Physical Activity Knowledge

by Roberto Franceschi, Elena Fornari, Monica Ghezzi, Eleonora Buzzi, Margherita Toschi, Silvia Longhi, Rosa Maimone, Stefano Forti, Sara Carneri, Fateh Moghadam Pirous, Beatrice Agostini, Tommaso Iori, Marta Gibin, Stefania Porchia, Massimo Soffiati and Claudio Maffeis

Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3634; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103634 - 17 Oct 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3381

Abstract

The aim of the “Smuovi La Salute” (“Shake Your Health”) project was to implement an integrated and comprehensive model to prevent and treat overweight and obesity in low socioeconomic status (SES) and minority groups living in three different districts in the north of [...] Read more.

The aim of the “Smuovi La Salute” (“Shake Your Health”) project was to implement an integrated and comprehensive model to prevent and treat overweight and obesity in low socioeconomic status (SES) and minority groups living in three different districts in the north of Italy. An app and a cookbook promoting transcultural nutrition and a healthy lifestyle were developed, and no-cost physical activities were organized. Healthy lifestyle teaching was implemented in 30 primary school classrooms. Learning was assessed through pre- and post-intervention questionnaires. At the Obesity Pediatric Clinic, overweight and obese children of migrant background or low SES were trained on transcultural nutrition and invited to participate in the project. Primary school students increased their knowledge about healthy nutrition and the importance of physical activity (p-value < 0.001). At the Obesity Pediatric Clinic, after 6 months, pre–post-intervention variation in their consumption of vegetables and fruit was +14% (p < 0.0001) and no variation in physical activity habits occurred (p = 0.34). In this group, the BMI z-score was not significantly decreased (−0.17 ± 0.63, p= 0.15). This study demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of telematic tools and targeted community approaches in improving students’ knowledge with regard to healthy lifestyle, particularly in schools in suburbs with a high density of migrants and SES families. Comprehensive and integrated approaches provided to the obese patients remain mostly ineffective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

10 pages, 543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is High Milk Intake Good for Children’s Health? A National Population-Based Observational Cohort Study

by Yoowon Kwon, Seung Won Lee, Young Sun Cho, Su Jin Jeong and Man Yong Han

Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3494; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103494 - 2 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4088

Abstract

Milk is widely considered as a beneficial product for growing children. This study was designed to describe the milk consumption status of Korean children aged 30–36 months and to investigate its association with the risk of obesity and iron deficiency anemia (IDA). This [...] Read more.

Milk is widely considered as a beneficial product for growing children. This study was designed to describe the milk consumption status of Korean children aged 30–36 months and to investigate its association with the risk of obesity and iron deficiency anemia (IDA). This nationwide administrative study used data from the Korean national health insurance system and child health screening examinations for children born in 2008 and 2009. In total, 425,583 children were included, and they were divided into three groups based on daily milk consumption: low milk group (do not drink or drink <200 mL milk per day, n = 139,659), reference group (drink 200–499 mL milk per day, n = 255,670), and high milk group (drink ≥500 mL milk per day, n = 30,254). After adjusting variable confounding factors, the consumption of a large amount of milk of ≥500 mL per day at the age of 30–36 months was associated with an increased risk of obesity at the age of 42–72 months and IDA after the age of 30 months. These results may provide partial evidence for dietary guidelines for milk consumption in children that are conducive to health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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12 pages, 859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Are Infants Suspected to Have Cow’s Milk Allergy Managed? A Real World Study Report

by Yvan Vandenplas, Simona Belohlavkova, Axel Enninger, Pavel Frühauf, Niten Makwana and Anette Järvi

Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 3027; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093027 - 30 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3845

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnosis and management of infants presenting with symptoms attributable to cow’s milk allergy (CMA) in a real life setting and to test how the Cow’s Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS^®) can be used [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnosis and management of infants presenting with symptoms attributable to cow’s milk allergy (CMA) in a real life setting and to test how the Cow’s Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS^®) can be used to support the awareness to diagnose cow’s milk protein allergy in primary care practice. The CoMiSS is an awareness tool based on various symptoms such as crying, gastrointestinal symptoms, dermatological and respiratory symptoms. The study was conducted on 268 infants from four countries (Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, UK) aged 0 to 18 months consulting for CMA related symptoms. The analysis was based on two visits of these subjects. The results show an average CoMiSS of 11 at the first visit. After a therapeutic dietary intervention, the score at the second visit, which happened 3 weeks ± 5 days after the first one, dropped to an average value of 4. A satisfaction questionnaire completed by the primary care practitioners suggested an overall high level of satisfaction with the application of the CoMiSS tool in routine practice. These data highlight a huge discrepancy in the diagnosis and management of infants suspected of CMA in the different countries. The findings suggest that the CoMISS questionnaire is an effective tool in aiding awareness of CMPA in primary health care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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7 pages, 241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Irene Rutigliano, Gianpaolo De Filippo, Luigi Pastore, Giovanni Messina, Carlo Agostoni and Angelo Campanozzi

Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2586; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082586 - 28 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3121

Abstract

The prevalence of primary hypertension in pediatric patients is increasing, especially as a result of the increased prevalence of obesity in children. New diagnostic guidelines for blood pressure were published by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 2017 to better define classes [...] Read more.

The prevalence of primary hypertension in pediatric patients is increasing, especially as a result of the increased prevalence of obesity in children. New diagnostic guidelines for blood pressure were published by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 2017 to better define classes of hypertension in children. The aim of our study is to evaluate the impact of new guidelines on diagnosis of hypertension in pediatrics and their capacity to identify the presence of cardiovascular and metabolic risk. Methods: Retrospective clinical and laboratory data from 489 overweight and obese children and adolescents were reviewed. Children were classified according to the 2004 and 2017 AAP guidelines for systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Lipid profile and glucose metabolism data were recorded; triglyceride/HDL ratio (TG/HDL) was calculated as an index of endothelial dysfunction. Hepatic steatosis was detected using the ultrasonographic steatosis score. Results: Children with elevated blood pressure increased from 12.5% with the 2004 AAP to 23.1% with the 2017 AAP criteria (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant increase in children with high blood pressure in all age groups according to the new cut-off values. Notably, the diagnosis of hypertension according to 2017 AAP criteria had a greater positive association with Hepatic Steatosis (rho 0.2, p < 0.001) and TG/HDL ratio (rho 0.125, p = 0.025). Conclusions: The 2017 AAP tables offer the opportunity to better identify overweight and obese children at risk for organ damage, allowing an earlier and more impactful prevention strategy to be designed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

13 pages, 906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between Food Preferences, Food Approach, and Food Avoidance in a Polish Adolescents’ COVID-19 Experience (PLACE-19) Study Population

by Dominika Guzek, Dominika Skolmowska and Dominika Głąbska

Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2427; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072427 - 15 Jul 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4780

Abstract

Food preferences are among the strongest predictors of the food choices of adolescents. These are associated with appetitive traits (food approach and avoidance) to some extent. However, no research has been conducted so far analyzing the association between food preferences and appetitive traits [...] Read more.

Food preferences are among the strongest predictors of the food choices of adolescents. These are associated with appetitive traits (food approach and avoidance) to some extent. However, no research has been conducted so far analyzing the association between food preferences and appetitive traits of adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between food preferences and appetitive traits in adolescents (aged 15–20 years) within the Polish Adolescents’ COVID-19 Experience (PLACE-19) Study population. The PLACE-19 Study was carried out in a population-based sample of 2448 secondary school students sampled across the country (random quota sampling). Food preferences (including the preference for vegetables, fruit, meat/fish, dairy, snacks, and starches) of the adolescents were assessed using the validated Food Preference Questionnaire (FPQ) while their appetitive traits (hunger, food responsiveness, emotional overeating, enjoyment of food, satiety responsiveness, emotional undereating, food fussiness, slowness in eating) were assessed using the validated Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire (AEBQ). The k-means clustering was performed to identify the homogenous clusters of respondents based on their preferences, and linear regression was performed to determine the relationship between food preferences and appetitive traits with a model adjusted for sex and age. Based on their preferences, three homogenous clusters of respondents were defined: low-preferring respondents (low preference for all food categories), respondents preferring snacking foods (low preference for all food categories, except for fruit and snacks), and high-preferring respondents (high preference for all food categories). The low-preferring respondents showed the lowest values for all appetitive traits (p = 0.0008), as well as the lowest total score (p = 0.0001), except for food fussiness, for which they showed the highest value (p = 0.0008). All preference scores were positively associated with traits such as hunger, food responsiveness, enjoyment of food, and emotional under-eating, while negatively associated with food fussiness (all p < 0.05). The largest amount of variance was observed for preference for dairy (14.6%; R² = 0.146, p = 0.008) and snacks with respect to enjoyment of food (16.2%; R² = 0.162, p = 0.008), for vegetable with respect to food fussiness (22%; R² = 0.220, p = 0.008), and for meat/fish with respect to enjoyment of food (19.9%; R² = 0.199, p = 0.008) and food fussiness combined (19.1%; R² = 0.191, p = 0.008). These results support the association of food preferences with both food approach traits and food avoidance traits. Full article

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10 pages, 236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Determinants of Anemia in Children Aged 6–36 Months: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia

by Diana Sunardi, Saptawati Bardosono, Ray W. Basrowi, Erika Wasito and Yvan Vandenplas

Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2397; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072397 - 13 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5405

Abstract

Anemia has been acknowledged as worldwide problem, including in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study aims to explore dietary determinants as risk factors for anemia in children aged 6–36 months living in a poor urban area of Jakarta. The study was done in Kampung Melayu [...] Read more.

Anemia has been acknowledged as worldwide problem, including in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study aims to explore dietary determinants as risk factors for anemia in children aged 6–36 months living in a poor urban area of Jakarta. The study was done in Kampung Melayu sub-district in Jakarta, Indonesia. Data was collected within two weeks in September–October 2020. A structured questionnaire for a 24-h recall and a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) were used to collect the dietary intake data, and venous blood was withdrawn to determine the hemoglobin levels. Bivariate chi-square and multiple logistic regression tests were executed to explore the dietary determinant factors for anemia. We recruited 180 subjects. The average hemoglobin concentration was 11.4 ± 1.7 mg/dL; the anemia prevalence was 29.4%. The following variables were significantly associated with higher risk of anemia: no cow’s milk formula consumption, inadequate intake of fats, protein, calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. Only cow’s milk formula consumption and zinc intake were revealed as the determinant factors of anemia. In conclusion, the prevalence of anemia was 29.4% among children aged 6–36 months old. Anemia was significantly associated with two dietary determinants as risk factors that are cow’s milk formula consumption and zinc intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

12 pages, 853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimated Prevalence and Care Pathway of Feeding and Eating Disorders in a French Pediatric Population

by Valérie Bertrand, Lyvia Tiburce, Thibaut Sabatier, Damien Dufour, Pierre Déchelotte and Marie-Pierre Tavolacci

Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 2048; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062048 - 15 Jun 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5330

Abstract

Feeding and Eating Disorders (FED) are mostly described in infants and adolescents but are less well-known in children. Information on the prevalence of FED in the general pediatric population is still limited. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and [...] Read more.

Feeding and Eating Disorders (FED) are mostly described in infants and adolescents but are less well-known in children. Information on the prevalence of FED in the general pediatric population is still limited. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and the care pathway of FED in a population aged 0–18 years old, using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 classification. Two physicians interviewed 401 families using a questionnaire including demographics, BMI, dietary behavior data, and age-appropriate screening tools. Qualitative and quantitative variables were compared using the Chi² test and Student’s t-test, respectively. After a headcount adjustment based on the French population by age group, the estimated prevalence rate was 3% [95%CI (1.7–5.1)] for Avoidant and Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), and 9.7% [95%CI (7.2–13.0)] for Unspecified FED (UFED), which included other restrictive and compulsive FED. The median age for ARFID was 4.8 years (0.8–9 years), and 7.5 years (0.6–17 years) for UFED. The interviews did not identify cases of anorexia, bulimia, binge eating disorder, other specified FED, pica or rumination. Only 15.2% of children with an FED were receiving medical care. The development of validated pediatric screening tools, as well as the training of health professionals in children FED is necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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Review

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12 pages, 671 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of Nutrition on Linear Growth

by Elena Inzaghi, Valentina Pampanini, Annalisa Deodati and Stefano Cianfarani

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1752; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091752 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 8382

Abstract

Linear growth is a complex process and is considered one of the best indicators of children’s well-being and health. Genetics, epigenetics and environment (mainly stress and availability of nutrients) are the main regulators of growth. Nutrition exerts its effects on growth throughout the [...] Read more.

Linear growth is a complex process and is considered one of the best indicators of children’s well-being and health. Genetics, epigenetics and environment (mainly stress and availability of nutrients) are the main regulators of growth. Nutrition exerts its effects on growth throughout the course of life with different, not completely understood mechanisms. Cells have a sophisticated sensing system, which allows growth processes to occur in the presence of an adequate nutrient availability. Most of the nutritional influence on growth is mediated by hormonal signals, in turn sensitive to nutritional cues. Both macro- and micro-nutrients are required for normal growth, as demonstrated by the impairment of growth occurring when their intake is insufficient. Clinical conditions characterized by abnormal nutritional status, including obesity and eating disorders, are associated with alterations of growth pattern, confirming the tight link between growth and nutrition. The precise molecular mechanisms connecting nutrition to linear growth are far from being fully understood and further studies are required. A better understanding of the interplay between nutrients and the endocrine system will allow one to develop more appropriate and effective nutritional interventions for optimizing child growth. Full article

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11 pages, 289 KiB

Open AccessReview

Egg Allergy in Children and Weaning Diet

by Carlo Caffarelli, Arianna Giannetti, Arianna Rossi and Giampaolo Ricci

Nutrients 2022, 14(8), 1540; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081540 - 7 Apr 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4419

Abstract

Eggs are a fundamental food in the human diet, and together with cow’s milk, they are the most common food allergen. This work highlights the main nutritional characteristics of eggs to show how their absence from a child’s diet can constitute a serious [...] Read more.

Eggs are a fundamental food in the human diet, and together with cow’s milk, they are the most common food allergen. This work highlights the main nutritional characteristics of eggs to show how their absence from a child’s diet can constitute a serious deficiency. We then analyze the risk factors that facilitate the onset of egg allergy. The third part of the paper reports possible interventions to lower the appearance of food allergy that have been occurred in trials. The last part of the paper is a synthesis of this research study that has been taken from several of the latest guidelines or from position papers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

24 pages, 1875 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutraceuticals in Paediatric Patients with Dyslipidaemia

by Giuseppe Banderali, Maria Elena Capra, Claudia Viggiano, Giacomo Biasucci and Cristina Pederiva

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030569 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4204

Abstract

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the main cause of death and morbidity in the world. Childhood is a critical period during which atherosclerosis may begin to develop; in the presence of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), the lifelong elevation of LDL cholesterol levels greatly accelerates [...] Read more.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the main cause of death and morbidity in the world. Childhood is a critical period during which atherosclerosis may begin to develop; in the presence of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), the lifelong elevation of LDL cholesterol levels greatly accelerates atherosclerosis. Lowering LDL-C levels is associated with a well-documented reduction in cardiovascular disease risk. Current guidelines support the dietary and lifestyle approach as the primary strategy of intervention in children and adolescents with FH. Nutraceuticals (functional foods or dietary supplements of plant or microbial origin) are included in the EU guidelines as lifestyle interventions and may provide an additional contribution in reducing LDL levels when pharmacological therapy is not yet indicated. Meta-analyses of randomised clinical trials have demonstrated that the same nutraceuticals improve lipid profile, including lowering LDL-C, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. In this narrative review, starting from current scientific evidence, we analyse the benefits and limitations of the nutraceuticals in children and adolescents with dyslipidaemia, and we try to evaluate their use and safety in clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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15 pages, 2090 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of Nutritional Interventions on the Cognitive Development of Preschool-Age Children: A Systematic Review

by Marina Roberts, Terezie Tolar-Peterson, Abby Reynolds, Caitlin Wall, Nicole Reeder and Gina Rico Mendez

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030532 - 26 Jan 2022

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 21007

Abstract

The developing human brain requires all essential nutrients to form and to maintain its structure. Infant and child cognitive development is dependent on adequate nutrition. Children who do not receive sufficient nutrition are at high risk of exhibiting impaired cognitive skills. This systematic [...] Read more.

The developing human brain requires all essential nutrients to form and to maintain its structure. Infant and child cognitive development is dependent on adequate nutrition. Children who do not receive sufficient nutrition are at high risk of exhibiting impaired cognitive skills. This systematic review aimed to examine the effects of nutritional interventions on cognitive outcomes of preschool-age children. PubMed, PsycInfo, Academic Search Complete, and Cochrane Library electronic databases were searched to identify Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) published after the year 2000. Studies assessing the effects of food-based, single, and multiple micronutrient interventions on the cognition of nourished and undernourished children aged 2–6 years were deemed eligible. A total of 12 trials were identified. Eight out of the twelve studies found significant positive effects on cognitive outcomes. Iron and multiple-micronutrients supplementation yield improvements in the cognitive abilities of undernourished preschool-age children. Increased fish consumption was found to have a beneficial effect in the cognitive outcomes of nourished children. On the other hand, B-vitamin, iodized salt, and guava powder interventions failed to display significant results. Findings of this review highlight the importance of adequate nutrition during preschool years, and the crucial role sufficient nutrition plays in cognitive development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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17 pages, 603 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effectiveness of Nutritional Strategies on Improving the Quality of Diet of Children from 6 to 12 Years Old: A Systematic Review

by Naroa Andueza, Santiago Navas-Carretero and Marta Cuervo

Nutrients 2022, 14(2), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020372 - 15 Jan 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6133

Abstract

Dietary habits, that are formed during childhood and consolidated in adulthood, are known to influence the development of future chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of nutritional interventions carried [...] Read more.

Dietary habits, that are formed during childhood and consolidated in adulthood, are known to influence the development of future chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of nutritional interventions carried out in recent years focused on improving the quality of the diet of the child population. A systematic search of the PubMed and Scopus databases was performed from January 2011 until September 2021. A total of 910 articles were identified and screened based on their title, abstract and full text. Finally, 12 articles were included in the current systematic review. Of those, in six studies the intervention was based on the provision of healthy meals and in the other six studies the intervention focused on modifying the school environment. Six of the studies selected included other components in their intervention such as nutritional education sessions, physical activity and/or families. A wide variety of methods were used for diet assessments, from direct method to questionnaires. The results suggest that interventions that modify the school environment or provide different meals or snacks may be effective in improving children’s dietary patterns, both in the short and long term. Further research is necessary to evaluate the real effectiveness of strategies with multidisciplinary approach (nutritional sessions, physical activity and family’s involvement). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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31 pages, 1498 KiB

Open AccessReview

Metabolic Derangement in Pediatric Patient with Obesity: The Role of Ketogenic Diet as Therapeutic Tool

by Valeria Calcaterra, Elvira Verduci, Martina Chiara Pascuzzi, Vittoria Carlotta Magenes, Giulia Fiore, Elisabetta Di Profio, Elisavietta Tenuta, Alessandra Bosetti, Carolina Federica Todisco, Enza D’Auria and Gianvincenzo Zuccotti

Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2805; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082805 - 16 Aug 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6416

Abstract

Obesity is defined as a condition characterized by an excessive fat accumulation that has negative health consequences. Pediatric obesity is associated with an increased risk for many diseases, including impaired glycemic and lipidic control that may lead to the development of chronic, and [...] Read more.

Obesity is defined as a condition characterized by an excessive fat accumulation that has negative health consequences. Pediatric obesity is associated with an increased risk for many diseases, including impaired glycemic and lipidic control that may lead to the development of chronic, and potentially disabling, pathologies, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular events, in adult life. The therapeutic strategy initially starts with interventions that are aimed at changing lifestyle and eating behavior, to prevent, manage, and potentially reverse metabolic disorders. Recently, the ketogenic diet (KD) has been proposed as a promising dietary intervention for the treatment of metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors related to obesity in adults, and a possible beneficial role has also been proposed in children. KD is very low in carbohydrate, high in fat, and moderate to high in protein that may have the potential to promote weight loss and improve lipidic derangement, glycemic control, and insulin sensitivity. In this review, we present metabolic disorders on glycemic and lipidic control in children and adolescents with obesity and indication of KD in pediatrics, discussing the role of KD as a therapeutic tool for metabolic derangement. The results of this review may suggest the validity of KD and the need to further research its potential to address metabolic risk factors in pediatric obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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18 pages, 1453 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutritional Approach to Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease in Childhood

by Maria Elena Capra, Cristina Pederiva, Claudia Viggiano, Raffaella De Santis, Giuseppe Banderali and Giacomo Biasucci

Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2359; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072359 - 10 Jul 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6539

Abstract

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a major mortality and morbidity cause in adulthood worldwide. The atherosclerotic process starts even before birth, progresses through childhood and, if not stopped, eventually leads to CHD. Therefore, it is important to start prevention from the earliest stages [...] Read more.

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a major mortality and morbidity cause in adulthood worldwide. The atherosclerotic process starts even before birth, progresses through childhood and, if not stopped, eventually leads to CHD. Therefore, it is important to start prevention from the earliest stages of life. CHD prevention can be performed at different interventional stages: primordial prevention is aimed at preventing risk factors, primary prevention is aimed at early identification and treatment of risk factors, secondary prevention is aimed at reducing the risk of further events in those patients who have already experienced a CHD event. In this context, CHD risk stratification is of utmost importance, in order to tailor the preventive and therapeutic approach. Nutritional intervention is the milestone treatment in pediatric patients at increased CHD risk. According to the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease theory, the origins of lifestyle-related disease is formed in the so called “first thousand days” from conception, when an insult, either positive or negative, can cause life-lasting consequences. Nutrition is a positive epigenetic factor: an adequate nutritional intervention in a developmental critical period can change the outcome from childhood into adulthood. Full article

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25 pages, 419 KiB

Open AccessReview

Probiotics in Pediatrics. A Review and Practical Guide

by Leontien Depoorter and Yvan Vandenplas

Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072176 - 24 Jun 2021

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 10797

Abstract

The potential benefit of the administration of probiotics in children has been studied in many settings globally. Probiotics products contain viable micro-organisms that confer a health benefit on the host. Beneficial effects of selected probiotic strains for the management or prevention of selected [...] Read more.

The potential benefit of the administration of probiotics in children has been studied in many settings globally. Probiotics products contain viable micro-organisms that confer a health benefit on the host. Beneficial effects of selected probiotic strains for the management or prevention of selected pediatric conditions have been demonstrated. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of current available evidence on the efficacy of specific probiotics in selected conditions to guide pediatricians in decision-making on the therapeutic or prophylactic use of probiotic strains in children. Evidence to support the use of certain probiotics in selected pediatric conditions is often available. In addition, the administration of probiotics is associated with a low risk of adverse events and is generally well tolerated. The best documented efficacy of certain probiotics is for treatment of infectious gastroenteritis, and prevention of antibiotic-associated, Clostridioides difficile-associated and nosocomial diarrhea. Unfortunately, due to study heterogeneity and in some cases high risk of bias in published studies, a broad consensus is lacking for specific probiotic strains, doses and treatment regimens for some pediatric indications. The current available evidence thus limits the systematic administration of probiotics. The most recent meta-analyses and reviews highlight the need for more well-designed, properly powered, strain-specific and dedicated-dose response studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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2 pages, 214 KiB

Open AccessReply

Reply to Henschel et al. Comment on “Qiu et al. Effect of Protein-Rich Breakfast on Subsequent Energy Intake and Subjective Appetite in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta–Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2840”

by Meijuan Qiu, Yu Zhang and Yuna He

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1656; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071656 - 29 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1291

Abstract

We want to thank Henschel et al. [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

3 pages, 206 KiB

Open AccessComment

Comment on Qiu et al. Effect of Protein-Rich Breakfast on Subsequent Energy Intake and Subjective Appetite in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta–Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2840

by Beate Henschel, Xiwei Chen, Stephanie L. Dickinson, Andrew W. Brown and David B. Allison

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1653; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071653 - 29 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2028

Abstract

In reading Qiu et al. [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

1 pages, 170 KiB

Open AccessReply

Reply to von Bünau et al. Comment on “Depoorter, L.; Vandenplas, Y. Probiotics in Pediatrics. A Review and Practical Guide. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2176”

by Yvan Vandenplas and Leontien Depoorter

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040725 - 9 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1303

Abstract

We agree with Prof. Stange and Erhardt for their comment on our paper on Probiotics in Pediatrics [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

2 pages, 166 KiB

Open AccessComment

Comment on Depoorter, L.; Vandenplas, Y. Probiotics in Pediatrics. A Review and Practical Guide. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2176

by Rudolf von Bünau, Andreas Erhardt and Eduard Stange

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040724 - 9 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1378

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We read the review by Depoorter et al. [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

19 pages, 3530 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effect of Protein-Rich Breakfast on Subsequent Energy Intake and Subjective Appetite in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta–Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Meijuan Qiu, Yu Zhang, Zheng Long and Yuna He

Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2840; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082840 - 18 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 10452

Abstract

Breakfast has been labeled “the most important meal of the day”, especially for children and adolescents. Dietary protein intake may benefit and regulate appetite and energy balance. However, few meta–analyses have been conducted to examine the effect of protein–rich (PR) breakfast on both [...] Read more.

Breakfast has been labeled “the most important meal of the day”, especially for children and adolescents. Dietary protein intake may benefit and regulate appetite and energy balance. However, few meta–analyses have been conducted to examine the effect of protein–rich (PR) breakfast on both children and adolescents. This meta–analytic study was conducted to examine the effect of consuming a PR breakfast on short–term energy intake and appetite in children and adolescents. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China Biology Medicine disc (CBM), and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in January 1990–January 2021. The inclusion criteria applied were RCTs in children and adolescents (7–19 year) comparing PR breakfast consumption with normal protein (NP)/traditional breakfast consumption. Finally, ten studies were included in the analysis, eight studies examined the effect of consuming PR breakfast on SEI (n = 824), and nine studies examined the effect on appetite (fullness = 736, hunger = 710). Our meta-analysis using the random–effects model shows that participants assigned to consume PR breakfast had lower SEI (MD, −111.2 kcal; 95% CI: −145.4, −76.9), higher fullness (MD, 7.4 mm; 95% CI: 6.0, 8.8), and lower hunger (MD, −8.5 mm; 95% CI: −9. 7, −7.3) than those assigned to consume NP/traditional breakfast. However, there was considerable inconsistency across the trial results. Our review suggests that the consumption of PR breakfast could be an excellent strategy for weight management by declining SEI and suppressing appetite, and provides new evidence of the relationship between energy balance and obesity. However, since most eligible studies were of low quality, the results ought to be interpreted cautiously. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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