Pharmaceuticals

Research

21 pages, 6227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Evaluation of Glucosyl-, Acyl- and Silyl- Resveratrol Derivatives as Retinoprotective Agents: Piceid Octanoate Notably Delays Photoreceptor Degeneration in a Retinitis Pigmentosa Mouse Model

by Lourdes Valdés-Sánchez, Seyed Mohamadmehdi Moshtaghion, Estefanía Caballano-Infantes, Pablo Peñalver, Rosario Rodríguez-Ruiz, José Luis González-Alfonso, Francisco José Plou, Tom Desmet, Juan C. Morales and Francisco J. Díaz-Corrales

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(11), 1482; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17111482 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 499

Abstract

Background: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the leading cause of inherited blindness in adults, is marked by the progressive degeneration of rod photoreceptors in the retina. While gene therapy has shown promise in treating RP in patients with specific mutations, no effective therapies currently exist [...] Read more.

Background: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the leading cause of inherited blindness in adults, is marked by the progressive degeneration of rod photoreceptors in the retina. While gene therapy has shown promise in treating RP in patients with specific mutations, no effective therapies currently exist for the majority of patients with diverse genetic backgrounds. Additionally, no intervention can yet prevent or delay photoreceptor loss across the broader RP patient population. Resveratrol (RES), a naturally occurring polyphenol, has shown cytoprotective effects in various neurodegenerative disease models; however, its therapeutic potential is limited by low bioavailability. Methods: In this study, we synthesized novel RES derivatives and assessed their retinoprotective effects in a murine model of RP (rd10 mice). Results: Among these derivatives, piceid octanoate (PIC-OCT) significantly delayed photoreceptor degeneration in the RP model, demonstrating superior efficacy compared to RES. Conclusions: PIC-OCT shows strong potential as a leading candidate for developing new therapeutic strategies for RP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 1292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Machine Learning Approach to Gene Expression in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

by Jelena Pavić, Marko Živanović, Irena Tanasković, Ognjen Pavić, Vesna Stanković, Katarina Virijević, Tamara Mladenović, Jelena Košarić, Bogdan Milićević, Safi Ur Rehman Qamar, Lazar Velicki, Ivana Novaković, Andrej Preveden, Dejana Popović, Milorad Tesić, Stefan Seman and Nenad Filipović

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(10), 1364; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17101364 - 12 Oct 2024

Viewed by 703

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common heart disorder characterized by the thickening of the heart muscle, particularly in the left ventricle, which increases the risk of cardiac complications. This study aims to analyze the expression of apoptosis-regulating genes (CASP8, CASP9 [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common heart disorder characterized by the thickening of the heart muscle, particularly in the left ventricle, which increases the risk of cardiac complications. This study aims to analyze the expression of apoptosis-regulating genes (CASP8, CASP9, CASP3, BAX, and BCL2) in blood samples from HCM patients, to better understand their potential as biomarkers for disease progression. Methods: Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to evaluate gene expression in blood samples from 93 HCM patients. The correlation between apoptosis-regulating genes was conducted and clinical parameters were integrated for feature importance and clustering analysis. Results: Most patients exhibited significant downregulation of CASP8, CASP9, and CASP3. In contrast, BAX expression was elevated in 71 out of 93 patients, while BCL2 was increased in 55 out of 93 patients. Correlation analysis revealed weak negative correlations between the BAX/BCL2 ratio and CASP gene expression. Conclusions: These findings suggest that reduced expression of apoptotic genes may indicate a protective cellular mechanism, which could serve as a biomarker for disease progression. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential for therapeutic modulation of these pathways to improve patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 2547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inhibition of Development and Metabolism of Dual-Species Biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei (Pichia kudriavzevii) by Organoselenium Compounds

by Gabriela de Souza Calvi, Giulia Nicolle Jácome Cartaxo, Qiuxin Lin Carretoni, André Luiz Missio da Silva, Denilson Nogueira de Moraes, José Geraldo da Cruz Pradella and Maricilia Silva Costa

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(8), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17081078 - 16 Aug 2024

Viewed by 718

Abstract

Although Candida albicans is the most frequently identified Candida species in clinical settings, a significant number of infections related to the non-albicans Candida (NAC) species, Candida krusei, has been reported. Both species are able to produce biofilms and have been an [...] Read more.

Although Candida albicans is the most frequently identified Candida species in clinical settings, a significant number of infections related to the non-albicans Candida (NAC) species, Candida krusei, has been reported. Both species are able to produce biofilms and have been an important resistance-related factor to antimicrobial resistance. In addition, the microbial relationship is common in the human body, contributing to the formation of polymicrobial biofilms. Considering the great number of reports showing the increase in cases of resistance to the available antifungal drugs, the development of new and effective antifungal agents is critical. The inhibitory effect of Organoselenium Compounds (OCs) on the development of Candida albicans and Candida krusei was recently demonstrated, supporting the potential of these compounds as efficient antifungal drugs. In addition, OCs were able to reduce the viability and the development of biofilms, a very important step in colonization and infection caused by fungi. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the Organoselenium Compounds (p-MeOPhSe)₂, (PhSe)_2, and (p-Cl-PhSe)₂ on the development of dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei produced using either RPMI-1640 or Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) media. The development of dual-species biofilms was evaluated by the determination of both metabolic activity, using a metabolic assay based on the reduction of XTT (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide sodium salt) assay and identification of either Candida albicans and Candida krusei on CHROMagar Candida medium. Biofilm formation using RPMI-1640 was inhibited in 90, 55, and 20% by 30 µM (p-MeOPhSe)₂, (PhSe)_2, and (p-Cl-PhSe)₂, respectively. However, biofilms produced using SDB presented an inhibition of 62, 30 and 15% in the presence of 30 µM (p-MeOPhSe)₂, (PhSe)_2, and (p-Cl-PhSe)₂, respectively. The metabolic activity of 24 h biofilms was inhibited by 35, 30 and 20% by 30 µM (p-MeOPhSe)₂, (PhSe)_2, and (p-Cl-PhSe)₂, respectively, with RPMI-1640; however, 24 h biofilms formed using SDB were not modified by the OCs. In addition, a great reduction in the number of CFUs of Candida albicans (93%) in biofilms produced using RPMI-1640 in the presence of 30 µM (p-MeOPhSe)₂ was observed. However, biofilms formed using SDB and treated with 30 µM (p-MeOPhSe)₂ presented a reduction of 97 and 69% in the number of CFUs of Candida albicans and Candida krusei, respectively. These results demonstrated that Organoselenium Compounds, mainly (p-MeOPhSe)_2, are able to decrease the metabolic activity of dual-species biofilms by reducing both Candida albicans and Candida krusei cell number during biofilm formation using either RPMI-1640 or SDB. Taken together, these results demonstrated the potential of the OCs to inhibit the development of dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 6217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Physicochemical Properties–Activity Relationship and Discovering New 1,2-Dihydropyridine Derivatives as Promising Inhibitors for PIM1-Kinase: Evidence from Principal Component Analysis, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Studies

by Hanna Dib, Mahmoud Abu-Samha, Khaled Younes and Mohamed A. O. Abdelfattah

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(7), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17070880 - 3 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1108

Abstract

In this study, we evaluated the physicochemical properties related to the previously reported anticancer activity of a dataset comprising thirty 1,2-dihydropyridine derivatives. We utilized Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify the most significant influencing factors. The PCA analysis showed that the first two [...] Read more.

In this study, we evaluated the physicochemical properties related to the previously reported anticancer activity of a dataset comprising thirty 1,2-dihydropyridine derivatives. We utilized Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify the most significant influencing factors. The PCA analysis showed that the first two principal components accounted for 59.91% of the total variance, indicating a strong correlation between the molecules and specific descriptors. Among the 239 descriptors analyzed, 18 were positively correlated with anticancer activity, clustering with the 12 most active compounds based on their IC₅₀ values. Six of these variables—LogP, Csp3, b_1rotN, LogS, TPSA, and lip_don—are related to drug-likeness potential. Thus, we then ranked the 12 compounds according to these six variables and excluded those violating the drug-likeness criteria, resulting in a shortlist of nine compounds. Next, we investigated the binding affinity of these nine shortlisted compounds with the use of molecular docking towards the PIM-1 Kinase enzyme (PDB: 2OBJ), which is overexpressed in various cancer cells. Compound 6 exhibited the best docking score among the docked compounds, with a docking score of −11.77 kcal/mol, compared to −12.08 kcal/mol for the reference PIM-1 kinase inhibitor, 6-(5-bromo-2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile. To discover new PIM-1 kinase inhibitors, we designed nine novel compounds featuring hybrid structures of compound 6 and the reference inhibitor. Among these, compound 31 displayed the best binding affinity, with a docking score of −13.11 kcal/mol. Additionally, we performed PubChem database mining using the structure of compound 6 and the similarity search tool, identifying 16 structurally related compounds with various reported biological properties. Among these, compound 52 exhibited the best binding affinity, with a docking score of −13.03 kcal/mol. Finally, molecular dynamics (MD) studies were conducted to confirm the stability of the protein–ligand complexes obtained from docking the studied compounds to PIM-1 kinase, validating the potential of these compounds as PIM-1 kinase inhibitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5053 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extracellular Matrix Stiffness-Induced Mechanotransduction of Capillarized Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells

by Qingjuan Wu, Quanmei Sun, Qiang Zhang, Ning Wang, Wenliang Lv and Dong Han

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(5), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17050644 - 16 May 2024

Viewed by 1271

Abstract

The mechanobiological response mechanism of the fenestrae of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) to the physical stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM) remains unclear. We investigated how the mechanical properties of their substrates affect the LSECs’ fenestrae by the nitric oxide (NO)-dependent pathway [...] Read more.

The mechanobiological response mechanism of the fenestrae of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) to the physical stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM) remains unclear. We investigated how the mechanical properties of their substrates affect the LSECs’ fenestrae by the nitric oxide (NO)-dependent pathway and how they relate to the progression of hepatic sinus capillarization during liver fibrosis. We detected different stiffnesses of ECM in the progress of liver fibrosis (LF) and developed polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAM) substrates to simulate them. Softer stiffness substrates contributed to LSECs maintaining fenestrae phenotype in vitro. The stiffness of liver fibrosis tissue could be reversed in vivo via treatment with anti-ECM deposition drugs. Similarly, the capillarization of LSECs could be reversed by decreasing the ECM stiffness. Our results also indicate that the NO-dependent pathway plays a key regulatory role in the capillarization of ECM-LSECs. Our study reveals ECM-induced mechanotransduction of capillarized LSECs through a NO-dependent pathway via a previously unrevealed mechanotransduction mechanism. The elucidation of this mechanism may offer precise biomechanics-specific intervention strategies targeting liver fibrosis progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 5232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Iterative In Silico Screening for Optimizing Stable Conformation of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nanobodies

by Wenyuan Shang, Xiujun Hu, Xiaoman Lin, Shangru Li, Shuchang Xiong, Bingding Huang and Xin Wang

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(4), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17040424 - 27 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1964

Abstract

Nanobodies (Nbs or VHHs) are single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies. Nbs have special and unique characteristics, such as small size, good tissue penetration, and cost-effective production, making Nbs a good candidate for the diagnosis and treatment of viruses and other [...] Read more.

Nanobodies (Nbs or VHHs) are single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies. Nbs have special and unique characteristics, such as small size, good tissue penetration, and cost-effective production, making Nbs a good candidate for the diagnosis and treatment of viruses and other pathologies. Identifying effective Nbs against COVID-19 would help us control this dangerous virus or other unknown variants in the future. Herein, we introduce an in silico screening strategy for optimizing stable conformation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nbs. Firstly, various complexes containing nanobodies were downloaded from the RCSB database, which were identified from immunized llamas. The primary docking between Nbs and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain was performed through the ClusPro program, with the manual screening leaving the reasonable conformation to the next step. Then, the binding distances of atoms between the antigen–antibody interfaces were measured through the NeighborSearch algorithm. Finally, filtered nanobodies were acquired according to HADDOCK scores through HADDOCK docking the COVID-19 spike protein with nanobodies under restrictions of calculated molecular distance between active residues and antigenic epitopes less than 4.5 Å. In this way, those nanobodies with more reasonable conformation and stronger neutralizing efficacy were acquired. To validate the efficacy ranking of the nanobodies we obtained, we calculated the binding affinities (∆G) and dissociation constants (Kd) of all screened nanobodies using the PRODIGY web tool and predicted the stability changes induced by all possible point mutations in nanobodies using the MAESTROWeb server. Furthermore, we examined the performance of the relationship between nanobodies’ ranking and their number of mutation-sensitive sites (Spearman correlation > 0.68); the results revealed a robust correlation, indicating that the superior nanobodies identified through our screening process exhibited fewer mutation hotspots and higher stability. This correlation analysis demonstrates the validity of our screening criteria, underscoring the suitability of these nanobodies for future development and practical implementation. In conclusion, this three-step screening strategy iteratively in silico greatly improved the accuracy of screening desired nanobodies compared to using only ClusPro docking or default HADDOCK docking settings. It provides new ideas for the screening of novel antibodies and computer-aided screening methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 1602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Potential Role of the Extracellular Matrix Glycoprotein Reelin in Glioblastoma Biology

by Erika Ongemach, Daniela Zerrinius, Philipp Heimann, Christian Rainer Wirtz, Klaus-Michael Debatin, Mike-Andrew Westhoff and Aurelia Peraud

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(3), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17030401 - 21 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1415

Abstract

Glioblastoma, the most common and lethal primary adult brain tumor, cannot be successfully removed surgically due to its highly invasive nature. Therapeutically, approaches must be aimed at a systemic brain disease and not merely at a tumor located within the brain, unless a [...] Read more.

Glioblastoma, the most common and lethal primary adult brain tumor, cannot be successfully removed surgically due to its highly invasive nature. Therapeutically, approaches must be aimed at a systemic brain disease and not merely at a tumor located within the brain, unless a successful containment strategy can be found. Reelin, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, plays an important role in neuronal migration and serves here as a natural stop signal. Interestingly, the expression of reelin is negatively associated with tumor grade and, within glioblastoma, correlates with increased overall survival. To further elucidate a potential biological reason for these findings, we looked at the cellular behavior of glioblastoma cell lines grown on a pure fibronectin matrix or a matrix with reelin inserts. While reelin had no significant effects on cellular metabolism, proliferation, or resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, it did significantly affect the cells’ interaction with fibronectin. Both matrix attachment and detachment were modulated by reelin, and thus, the invasion and motility of cells interacting with a reelin-containing matrix were altered. The data presented in this work strongly suggest that reelin might be a potential modulator of underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to glioblastoma invasion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Esterase-Responsive Polyglycerol-Based Nanogels for Intracellular Drug Delivery in Rare Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

by Sebastian Schötz, Adele K. Griepe, Björn B. Goerisch, Sally Kortam, Yael Shammai Vainer, Mathias Dimde, Hanna Koeppe, Stefanie Wedepohl, Elisa Quaas, Katharina Achazi, Avi Schroeder and Rainer Haag

Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(11), 1618; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16111618 - 16 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1603

Abstract

Rare gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are caused by mutations in the KIT and PDGFRA genes. Avapritinib (BLU-285) is a targeted selective inhibitor for mutated KIT and PDGFRA receptors that can be used to treat these tumors. However, there are subtypes of GISTs that [...] Read more.

Rare gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are caused by mutations in the KIT and PDGFRA genes. Avapritinib (BLU-285) is a targeted selective inhibitor for mutated KIT and PDGFRA receptors that can be used to treat these tumors. However, there are subtypes of GISTs that exhibit resistance against BLU-285 and thus require other treatment strategies. This can be addressed by employing a drug delivery system that transports a combination of drugs with distinct cell targets. In this work, we present the synthesis of esterase-responsive polyglycerol-based nanogels (NGs) to overcome drug resistance in rare GISTs. Using inverse nanoprecipitation mediated with inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder cyclizations (iEDDA) between dPG-methyl tetrazine and dPG-norbornene, multi-drug-loaded NGs were formed based on a surfactant-free encapsulation protocol. The obtained NGs displayed great stability in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) and did not trigger hemolysis in red blood cells over a period of 24 h. Exposing the NGs to Candida Antarctica Lipase B (CALB) led to the degradation of the NG network, indicating the capability of targeted drug release. The bioactivity of the loaded NGs was tested in vitro on various cell lines of the GIST-T1 family, which exhibit different drug resistances. Cell internalization with comparable uptake kinetics of the NGs could be confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and flow cytometry for all cell lines. Cell viability and live cell imaging studies revealed that the loaded NGs are capable of intracellular drug release by showing similar IC₅₀ values to those of the free drugs. Furthermore, multi-drug-loaded NGs were capable of overcoming BLU-285 resistance in T1-α-D842V + G680R cells, demonstrating the utility of this carrier system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 14537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Profiling Analysis of Tryptophan Metabolites in the Urine of Patients with Parkinson’s Disease Using LC–MS/MS

by So Hyeon Chung, Dallah Yoo, Tae-Beom Ahn, Wonwoong Lee and Jongki Hong

Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(10), 1495; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16101495 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2152

Abstract

Although Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a representative neurodegenerative disorder and shows characteristic motor impediments, the pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment targets for PD have not yet been clearly identified. Since several tryptophan metabolites produced by gut microbiota could pass the blood–brain barrier and, furthermore, [...] Read more.

Although Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a representative neurodegenerative disorder and shows characteristic motor impediments, the pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment targets for PD have not yet been clearly identified. Since several tryptophan metabolites produced by gut microbiota could pass the blood–brain barrier and, furthermore, might influence the central nervous system, tryptophan metabolites within the indole, kynurenine, and serotonin metabolic pathways might be the most potent targets for PD development. Furthermore, most metabolites are circulated via the blood, play roles in and/or are metabolized via the host organs, and finally are excreted into the urine. Therefore, profiling the overall tryptophan metabolic pathways in urine samples of patients with PD is important to understanding the pathological mechanisms, finding biomarkers, and discovering therapeutic targets for PD. However, the development of profiling analysis based on tryptophan metabolism pathways in human urine samples is still challenging due to the wide physiological ranges, the varied signal response, and the structural diversity of tryptophan metabolites in complicated urine matrices. In this study, an LC–MS/MS method was developed to profile 21 tryptophan metabolites within the indole, kynurenine, and serotonin metabolic pathways in human urine samples using ion-pairing chromatography and multiple reaction monitoring determination. The developed method was successfully applied to urine samples of PD patients (n = 41) and controls (n = 20). Further, we investigated aberrant metabolites to find biomarkers for PD development and therapeutic targets based on the quantitative results. Unfortunately, most tryptophan metabolites in the urine samples did not present significant differences between control and PD patients, except for indole-3-acetic acid. Nonetheless, indole-3-acetic acid was reported for the first time for its aberrant urinary levels in PD patients and tentatively selected as a potential biomarker for PD. This study provides accurate quantitative results for 21 tryptophan metabolites in biological samples and will be helpful in revealing the pathological mechanisms of PD development, discovering biomarkers for PD, and further providing therapeutic targets for various PD symptoms. In the near future, to further investigate the relationship between gut microbial metabolites and PD, we will employ studies on microbial metabolites using plasma and stool samples from control and PD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research, Other

18 pages, 2651 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pharmaceutical Agents for Targeting Autophagy and Their Applications in Clinics

by Ulash Kench, Susanna Sologova, Elena Smolyarchuk, Vladimir Prassolov and Pavel Spirin

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(10), 1355; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17101355 - 11 Oct 2024

Viewed by 701

Abstract

Autophagy is the process by which damaged regions of the cytoplasm and intracellular pathogens are degraded. This mechanism often serves an adaptive role in cells, enhancing their survival. It plays a direct or indirect role in the development of various pathological conditions within [...] Read more.

Autophagy is the process by which damaged regions of the cytoplasm and intracellular pathogens are degraded. This mechanism often serves an adaptive role in cells, enhancing their survival. It plays a direct or indirect role in the development of various pathological conditions within the body. This phenomenon is common in various malignant diseases, where autophagy is associated with the resistance of transformed cells to chemotherapy. Conversely, abnormal activation of autophagy can trigger cell death, a process often seen in neurodegenerative conditions. Given that dysregulation of autophagy is associated with the progression of numerous pathological conditions, this is of significant interest to the developers of drugs that can effectively modulate autophagy for both basic research and clinical applications. Here, we provide a brief description of the mechanism of macroautophagy, the most prevalent form of autophagy identified in humans. We also discuss the clinical potential of drugs that can modulate autophagy, highlighting their use in combating diseases associated with direct or indirect dysregulation of this essential process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 3267 KiB

Open AccessReview

Long-Acting Gel Formulations: Advancing Drug Delivery across Diverse Therapeutic Areas

by Hossein Omidian and Renae L. Wilson

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(4), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17040493 - 12 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4742

Abstract

This multifaceted landscape of long-acting gels in diverse medical fields, aims to enhance therapeutic outcomes through localized treatment and controlled drug release. The objective involves advancements spanning cancer treatment, immunotherapy, diabetes management, neuroendocrine disorders, ophthalmic applications, contraception, HIV/AIDS treatment, chronic diseases, wound care, [...] Read more.

This multifaceted landscape of long-acting gels in diverse medical fields, aims to enhance therapeutic outcomes through localized treatment and controlled drug release. The objective involves advancements spanning cancer treatment, immunotherapy, diabetes management, neuroendocrine disorders, ophthalmic applications, contraception, HIV/AIDS treatment, chronic diseases, wound care, and antimicrobial treatments. It explores the potential of long-acting gels to offer sustained and extended drug release, targeted therapy, and innovative administration routes while addressing limitations such as scalability challenges and regulatory hurdles. Future directions focus on personalized therapies, biodegradability, combination therapies, interdisciplinary innovation, regulatory considerations, and patient-centric development. This comprehensive review highlights the pivotal role of long-acting gels in transforming therapeutic approaches and improving patient outcomes across various medical conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 1030 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Therapeutic Trip of Melatonin Eye Drops: From the Ocular Surface to the Retina

by Dario Rusciano and Cristina Russo

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(4), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17040441 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3114

Abstract

Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule found in living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants and mammals. It possesses various properties, partly due to its robust antioxidant nature and partly owed to its specific interaction with melatonin receptors present in almost all tissues. Melatonin [...] Read more.

Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule found in living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants and mammals. It possesses various properties, partly due to its robust antioxidant nature and partly owed to its specific interaction with melatonin receptors present in almost all tissues. Melatonin regulates different physiological functions and contributes to the homeostasis of the entire organism. In the human eye, a small amount of melatonin is also present, produced by cells in the anterior segment and the posterior pole, including the retina. In the eye, melatonin may provide antioxidant protection along with regulating physiological functions of ocular tissues, including intraocular pressure (IOP). Therefore, it is conceivable that the exogenous topical administration of sufficiently high amounts of melatonin to the eye could be beneficial in several instances: for the treatment of eye pathologies like glaucoma, due to the IOP-lowering and neuroprotection effects of melatonin; for the prevention of other dysfunctions, such as dry eye and refractive defects (cataract and myopia) mainly due to its antioxidant properties; for diabetic retinopathy due to its metabolic influence and neuroprotective effects; for macular degeneration due to the antioxidant and neuroprotective properties; and for uveitis, mostly owing to anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. This paper reviews the scientific evidence supporting the use of melatonin in different ocular districts. Moreover, it provides data suggesting that the topical administration of melatonin as eye drops is a real possibility, utilizing nanotechnological formulations that could improve its solubility and permeation through the eye. This way, its distribution and concentration in different ocular tissues may support its pleiotropic therapeutic effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 1914 KiB

Open AccessReview

BRCA1 and Its Vulnerable C-Terminal BRCT Domain: Structure, Function, Genetic Mutations and Links to Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast and Ovarian Cancer

by Tala Ismail, Safa Alzneika, Emna Riguene, Salwa Al-maraghi, Aya Alabdulrazzak, Noof Al-Khal, Sara Fetais, Angelos Thanassoulas, Halema AlFarsi and Michail Nomikos

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(3), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17030333 - 4 Mar 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3411

Abstract

The BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes for the BRCA1 protein, which plays a vital role in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, and the maintenance of genomic stability. The BRCA1 protein interacts with a variety of other proteins that play essential [...] Read more.

The BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes for the BRCA1 protein, which plays a vital role in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, and the maintenance of genomic stability. The BRCA1 protein interacts with a variety of other proteins that play essential roles in gene regulation and embryonic development. It is a large protein composed of multiple domains. The C-terminal region of the BRCA1 protein consists of two BRCT domains connected by a short linker. The BRCT domains are crucial in protein–protein interactions as well as in DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation through their phosphoprotein binding modules that recognize the phosphorylated protein sequence motif of other kinases. Mutations within the BRCT domain can disrupt the normal function of BRCA1 and lead to an increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. Herein, we explore the structural characteristics of BRCA1, focusing on the BRCT domain, its interactions with key cellular components, and its involvement in various cellular processes. In addition, the impact of BRCT domain mutations on breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility, prognosis, and treatment options is discussed. By providing a comprehensive understanding of the BRCT domain of BRCA1, this review aims to shed light on the role of this important domain in the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic approaches for breast and ovarian cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1163 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Chitinase-3-like Protein-1 (YKL40) in the Therapy of Cancer and Other Chronic-Inflammation-Related Diseases

by Ming-Cheng Chang, Chun-Tang Chen, Ping-Fang Chiang and Ying-Cheng Chiang

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(3), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17030307 - 27 Feb 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5907

Abstract

Chitinase-3-like protein-1 (CHI3L1), also known as YKL40, is a glycoprotein that belongs to the chitinase protein family. It is involved in various biological functions, including cell proliferation and tissue remodeling, with inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities. Several studies have shown that CHI3L1 [...] Read more.

Chitinase-3-like protein-1 (CHI3L1), also known as YKL40, is a glycoprotein that belongs to the chitinase protein family. It is involved in various biological functions, including cell proliferation and tissue remodeling, with inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities. Several studies have shown that CHI3L1(YKL40) is upregulated in various diseases, such as cancer, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease, among others. Although the expression level of CHI3L1(YKL40) is associated with disease activity, severity, and prognosis, its potential as a therapeutic target is still under investigation. In this review, we summarize the biological functions, pathological roles, and potential clinical applications of specific inhibitors and targeted therapies related to CHI3L1(YKL40). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1771 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antiviral Potential of Azathioprine and Its Derivative 6- Mercaptopurine: A Narrative Literature Review

by Carolina Rios-Usuga, Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez and Julian Ruiz-Saenz

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(2), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17020174 - 30 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1789

Abstract

The use of azathioprine (AZA) in human medicine dates back to research conducted in 1975 that led to the development of several drugs, including 6-mercaptopurine. In 1958, it was shown that 6-mercaptopurine decreased the production of antibodies against earlier administered antigens, raising the [...] Read more.

The use of azathioprine (AZA) in human medicine dates back to research conducted in 1975 that led to the development of several drugs, including 6-mercaptopurine. In 1958, it was shown that 6-mercaptopurine decreased the production of antibodies against earlier administered antigens, raising the hypothesis of an immunomodulatory effect. AZA is a prodrug that belongs to the thiopurine group of drugs that behave as purine analogs. After absorption, it is converted into 6-mercaptopurine. Subsequently, it can be degraded through various enzymatic pathways into inactive compounds and biologically active compounds related to the mechanism of action, which has been the subject of study to evaluate a possible antiviral effect. This study aims to examine the metabolism, mechanism of action, and antiviral potential of AZA and its derivatives, exploring AZA impact on antiviral targets and adverse effects through a narrative literature review. Ultimately, the review will provide insights into the antiviral mechanism, present evidence of its in vitro effectiveness against various DNA and RNA viruses, and suggest in vivo studies to further demonstrate its antiviral effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4955 KiB

Open AccessReview

Molecular Marvels: Small Molecules Paving the Way for Enhanced Gene Therapy

by Sebastian Hasselbeck and Xinlai Cheng

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17010041 - 27 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2764

Abstract

In the rapidly evolving landscape of genetic engineering, the advent of CRISPR-Cas technologies has catalyzed a paradigm shift, empowering scientists to manipulate the genetic code with unprecedented accuracy and efficiency. Despite the remarkable capabilities inherent to CRISPR-Cas systems, recent advancements have witnessed the [...] Read more.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of genetic engineering, the advent of CRISPR-Cas technologies has catalyzed a paradigm shift, empowering scientists to manipulate the genetic code with unprecedented accuracy and efficiency. Despite the remarkable capabilities inherent to CRISPR-Cas systems, recent advancements have witnessed the integration of small molecules to augment their functionality, introducing new dimensions to the precision and versatility of gene editing applications. This review delves into the synergy between CRISPR-Cas technologies based specifically on Cas9 and small-molecule drugs, elucidating the pivotal role of chemicals in optimizing target specificity and editing efficiency. By examining a diverse array of applications, ranging from therapeutic interventions to agricultural advancements, we explore how the judicious use of chemicals enhances the precision of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genetic modifications. In this review, we emphasize the significance of small-molecule drugs in fine-tuning the CRISPR-Cas9 machinery, which allows researchers to exert meticulous control over the editing process. We delve into the mechanisms through which these chemicals bolster target specificity, mitigate off-target effects, and contribute to the overall refinement of gene editing outcomes. Additionally, we discuss the potential of chemical integration in expanding the scope of CRISPR-Cas9 technologies, enabling tailored solutions for diverse genetic manipulation challenges. As CRISPR-Cas9 technologies continue to evolve, the integration of small-molecule drugs emerges as a crucial avenue for advancing the precision and applicability of gene editing techniques. This review not only synthesizes current knowledge but also highlights future prospects, paving the way for a deeper understanding of the synergistic interplay between CRISPR-Cas9 systems and chemical modulators in the pursuit of more controlled and efficient genetic modifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 3585 KiB

Open AccessReview

At the Crossroads of the cGAS-cGAMP-STING Pathway and the DNA Damage Response: Implications for Cancer Progression and Treatment

by Tatyana V. Korneenko, Nikolay B. Pestov, Ivan A. Nevzorov, Alexandra A. Daks, Kirill N. Trachuk, Olga N. Solopova and Nickolai A. Barlev

Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(12), 1675; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16121675 - 1 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4780

Abstract

The evolutionary conserved DNA-sensing cGAS-STING innate immunity pathway represents one of the most important cytosolic DNA-sensing systems that is activated in response to viral invasion and/or damage to the integrity of the nuclear envelope. The key outcome of this pathway is the production [...] Read more.

The evolutionary conserved DNA-sensing cGAS-STING innate immunity pathway represents one of the most important cytosolic DNA-sensing systems that is activated in response to viral invasion and/or damage to the integrity of the nuclear envelope. The key outcome of this pathway is the production of interferon, which subsequently stimulates the transcription of hundreds of genes. In oncology, the situation is complex because this pathway may serve either anti- or pro-oncogenic roles, depending on context. The prevailing understanding is that when the innate immune response is activated by sensing cytosolic DNA, such as DNA released from ruptured micronuclei, it results in the production of interferon, which attracts cytotoxic cells to destroy tumors. However, in tumor cells that have adjusted to significant chromosomal instability, particularly in relapsed, treatment-resistant cancers, the cGAS–STING pathway often supports cancer progression, fostering the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we review this intricate pathway in terms of its association with cancer progression, giving special attention to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and gliomas. As the development of new cGAS–STING-modulating small molecules and immunotherapies such as oncolytic viruses involves serious challenges, we highlight several recent fundamental discoveries, such as the proton-channeling function of STING. These discoveries may serve as guiding lights for potential pharmacological advancements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 418 KiB

Open AccessReview

Phage Therapy—Challenges, Opportunities and Future Prospects

by Beata Zalewska-Piątek

Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(12), 1638; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16121638 - 22 Nov 2023

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5799

Abstract

The increasing drug resistance of bacteria to commonly used antibiotics creates the need to search for and develop alternative forms of treatment. Phage therapy fits this trend perfectly. Phages that selectively infect and kill bacteria are often the only life-saving therapeutic option. Full [...] Read more.

The increasing drug resistance of bacteria to commonly used antibiotics creates the need to search for and develop alternative forms of treatment. Phage therapy fits this trend perfectly. Phages that selectively infect and kill bacteria are often the only life-saving therapeutic option. Full legalization of this treatment method could help solve the problem of multidrug-resistant infectious diseases on a global scale. The aim of this review is to present the prospects for the development of phage therapy, the ethical and legal aspects of this form of treatment given the current situation of such therapy, and the benefits of using phage products in persons for whom available therapeutic options have been exhausted or do not exist at all. In addition, the challenges faced by this form of therapy in the fight against bacterial infections are also described. More clinical studies are needed to expand knowledge about phages, their dosage, and a standardized delivery system. These activities are necessary to ensure that phage-based therapy does not take the form of an experiment but is a standard medical treatment. Bacterial viruses will probably not become a miracle cure—a panacea for infections—but they have a chance to find an important place in medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

26 pages, 943 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Efficacy and Safety of Biologic Drugs in the Treatment of Moderate–Severe Crohn’s Disease: A Systematic Review

by Ana Avedillo-Salas, Sara Corral-Cativiela, Ana Fanlo-Villacampa and Jorge Vicente-Romero

Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(11), 1581; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16111581 - 8 Nov 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2490

Abstract

Conventional therapy is the most commonly used treatment for Crohn’s disease (CD), but it does not always achieve disease control, which is why the use of biologic drugs is increasing. The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy and safety of [...] Read more.

Conventional therapy is the most commonly used treatment for Crohn’s disease (CD), but it does not always achieve disease control, which is why the use of biologic drugs is increasing. The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy and safety of biologic drugs in adult patients diagnosed with moderate–severe CD. An intensive search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and Medline to collect phase 2 or 3 clinical trials published between 2018 and 2023 that were randomized, placebo-controlled and double-blind trials analyzing the efficacy and safety of biologic drugs in adult patients diagnosed with CD. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. Thirteen clinical trials evaluating eight biologic drugs were included. Upadacitinib, vedolizumab, adalimumab, guselkumab, mirikizumab, ustekinumab and risankizumab showed statistically significant efficacy across different clinical, endoscopic, histological, genetic, biomarker or quality-of-life parameters. However, PF-00547659 only showed statistically significant results for the CDAI-70 at week 12. In terms of safety, the incidence and severity of adverse effects were analyzed, with all drugs being well tolerated and presenting a good safety profile since most adverse effects were mild. Biologic drugs can be considered an effective and safe option for the treatment of moderate–severe CD in adult patients with an inadequate response or intolerance to conventional therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Published Papers (19 papers)

Research

Review

Other

Planned Papers

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI