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Medicinal Plants and Their Marker Compounds

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A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Phytochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 37482

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Dr. Olga Maria Duarte Silva

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Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: pharmacognosy; medicinal plants; herbal medicines quality, efficacy, and safety; ethnopharmacology; ethnopharmacy; rational phytotherapy; natural products
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Dr. Serrano Rita

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Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, Dept. of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies (DFFTS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: pharmaceutical botany; pharmacognosy; medicinal plants; ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology; herbal medicines’ control methods (quality, efficacy, and safety); biological activity in vitro.
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Currently, medicinal plants and herbal medicinal products remain an integral part of conventional health systems and of the traditional and complementary health systems, being essential in the primary healthcare of most of the global population. The increase in the quality, safety, and efficacy studies on these medicines, using modern chemical, biological, and toxicological tools, is improving the scientific evidence on their usefulness as medicines. On the other hand, the isolation of natural products from medicinal plants and their use as active constituents of medicines (e.g., morphine and atropine), or as a model for their synthesis or semi-synthesis, is another use which is of particular interest.

In this Special Issue, articles (original research papers, perspectives, hypotheses, opinions, reviews, modelling approaches, and methods) that focus on pharmacognostic, pharmacological, clinical pharmacokinetic, toxicological, and pharmacovigilance studies of medicinal plants, herbal preparations, and their major marker compounds are most welcome.

Dr. Olga Maria Duarte Silva
Dr. Serrano Rita
Guest Editors

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Keywords

efficacy
herbal medicines
medicinal plants
safety
biological activity

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Related Special Issue

Medicinal Plants and Their Marker Compounds—Second Edition in Plants (3 articles)

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phlomidis Radix Extract Alleviates Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathic Pain by Modulating Spinal TRPV1 in Mice

by Keun-Tae Park, Seong-Gyu Ko and Woojin Kim

Plants 2023, 12(22), 3819; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223819 - 10 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1441

Abstract

Paclitaxel is a chemotherapeutic drug reported to have excellent activity against tumors; however, various side effects, including peripheral neuropathy, limit its use in some cases. In this study, the effect of Phlomidis radix (P.Radix) extract was assessed on paclitaxel-induced cold and mechanical peripheral neuropathy in mice. Multiple paclitaxel injections (accumulative dose of 8 mg/kg, i.p.) induced increased behavioral responses to cold and mechanical stimuli in mice from D10 to D21 after the first paclitaxel injection. Cold and mechanical stimuli were performed by acetone drop and von Frey filament, respectively. Oral administrations of 25% ethanol extract of P.Radix (300 and 500 mg/kg) relieved cold and mechanical pain in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, among the various transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel subfamilies, paclitaxel upregulated the spinal gene expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and melastatin 4 (TRPM4), but not ankyrin 1 (TRPA1). However, 500 mg/kg but not 300 mg/kg of P.Radix extract significantly downregulated the gene expression of TRPV1 but not TRPM4. Among the components of P.Radix, sesamoside was identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the administration of sesamoside (7.5 mg/kg, i.p.) showed a similar analgesic effect to 300 mg/kg P.Radix. These results suggest that P.Radix and sesamoside should be considered when treating paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Their Marker Compounds)

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24 pages, 9596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Chemical Profile, and Antidermatophytic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antitumor Activities of Withania chevalieri A.E. Gonç. Ethanolic Extract

by Edmilson Emanuel Monteiro Correia, Artur Figueirinha, Lisa Rodrigues, José Pinela, Ricardo C. Calhelha, Lillian Barros, Chantal Fernandes, Lígia Salgueiro and Teresa Gonçalves

Plants 2023, 12(13), 2502; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132502 - 30 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1886

Abstract

Withania chevalieri, endogenous from Cape Verde, is a medicinal plant used in ethnomedicine with a large spectrum of applications, such as treating skin fungal infections caused by dermatophytes. The aim of this work was to chemically characterize the W. chevalieri crude ethanolic extract (WcCEE), and evaluate its bioactivities as antidermatophytic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer, as well as its cytotoxicity. WcCEE was chemically characterized via HPLC–MS. The minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal fungicidal concentration, time-kill and checkerboard assays were used to study the antidermatophytic activity of WcCEE. As an approach to the mechanism of action, the cell wall components, β-1,3-glucan and chitin, and cell membrane ergosterol were quantified. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allowed for the study of the fungal ultrastructure. WcCEE contained phenolic acids, flavonoids and terpenes. It had a concentration-dependent fungicidal activity, not inducing relevant resistance, and was endowed with synergistic effects, especially terbinafine. TEM showed severely damaged fungi; the cell membrane and cell wall components levels had slight modifications. The extract had antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities, with low toxicity to non-tumoral cell lines. The results demonstrated the potential of WcCEE as an antidermatophytic agent, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity, to be safely used in pharmaceutical and dermocosmetic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Their Marker Compounds)

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19 pages, 21875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Reports on the Portuguese Endemic Species, Santolina impressa: Secretory Structures, Essential Oil Composition and Antiviral Activity

by Ana Margarida Rodrigues, Ana Rita Mendes, Maria Filomena Caeiro, Ana Cristina Figueiredo and Lia Ascensão

Plants 2023, 12(13), 2391; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132391 - 21 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1634

Abstract

Santolina impressa is an aromatic Asteraceae species endemic to Portugal, traditionally used for its anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to characterize S. impressa secretory structures, analyze the essential oil (EO) from the aerial organs, and evaluate its antiviral activity against herpes simplex viruses HSV-1 and HSV-2. Secretory structures were investigated by light and scanning microscopy, and the secretion was histochemically characterized. The EO from the aerial organs in full blooming was analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Antiviral assays were performed by direct contact with viral suspensions (virucidal effect), and in infected Vero E6 cells, at different time periods during the viral replication cycle. Two types of secretory structures were described, biseriate glandular trichomes and secretory ducts, producing an oleoresin and a resin rich in flavonoids, respectively. Fifty compounds were identified in S. impressa EO, accounting for 87% of the total constituents. Monoterpenes constituted the main EO fraction (82%), with β-pinene (13%) and β-phellandrene (10%) being their major components. The EO interacted with HSV-1 and HSV-2 in a dose-dependent manner, thereby inactivating both viral infections. The EO did not evidence a virucidal effect but inhibited the HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection in Vero cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, further studies are needed to investigate the mode of action in the replication cycle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Their Marker Compounds)

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14 pages, 1049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vernonia britteniana Root Phytochemical Studies, In Vitro Cercaricidal Activity on the Larval Stage of Schistosoma mansoni and Antioxidant Activities

by Maria dos Anjos Valente, Pedro Ferreira, Katelene Lima, Isabel B. Moreira da Silva, Paula Nobre, Isabel Neto, Mavilde Pires, Berta São Braz, Rita Serrano, Silvana Belo and Olga Silva

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1788; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091788 - 27 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1877

Abstract

Vernonia britteniana Hiern. (Asteraceae) is a medicinal plant used in traditional Angolan medicine against schistosomiasis. Our study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and the cercaricidal and antioxidant activities in vitro of a traditional herbal preparation (Water-Vbr) and a 70% hydroethanolic extract (EtOH70%-Vbr) prepared with this medicinal plant. The activity of the extracts against Schistosoma mansoni cercariae was assessed at different extract concentrations (500, 438, and 125 µg/mL) and at different time intervals, and the phytochemical profiles were obtained by LC-UV-ESI/MS-MS. In addition, the major chemical classes of the identified metabolites were quantified by colorimetry, and the antioxidant potential was assessed using the DPPH and FRAP methods. After 30 min, 100% cercarial mortality was observed at a concentration of 500 μg/mL after exposure, and after 120 min, an LC₅₀ of 438 μg/mL was observed for both extracts. Phenolic acid derivatives (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid; 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid; 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid; and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid) and triterpenoids (stigmastane-type steroidal saponins; vernoamyoside D and vernonioside D1; vernoamyoside B; and vernoniamyoside A and C) were identified as the main secondary metabolites. The Water-Vbr extract showed the highest antioxidant activity—DPPH: IC₅₀ = 1.769 ± 0.049 µg/mL; FRAP: mean = 320.80 ± 5.1325 µgAAE/g. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Their Marker Compounds)

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16 pages, 3739 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Hypericum foliosum Quality Botanical and Chemical Markers and In Vitro Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities

by Gonçalo Infante Caldeira, Guanghong Zhang, Luís Pleno Gouveia, Mafalda Videira, Rita Serrano and Olga Silva

Plants 2023, 12(5), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051087 - 1 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1991

Abstract

Hypericum foliosum Aiton is an endemic Azorean Hypericum species. Even though the aerial parts of Hypericum foliosum are not described in any official pharmacopoeia, they are utilized in local traditional medicine due to their diuretic, hepatoprotective, and antihypertensive properties. This plant has previously been the subject of phytochemical characterization and has been studied for its antidepressant activity, showing significant results in animal models. The lack of a description of the main characteristics of the aerial parts, which would be necessary to properly identify this medicinal plant species, contributes to the possibility of misidentification events. We performed macroscopic and microscopic analyses that identified specific differential characteristics, such as the absence of dark glands, the dimensions of the secretory pockets in the leaf, and the presence of translucent glands in the powder. To continue our previous work on the biological activity of Hypericum foliosum, ethanol, dichloromethane/ethanol, and water extracts were prepared and studied for their antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Extracts showed in vitro selective cytotoxic activity in human lung cancer cell line A549, colon cancer cell line HCT 8, and breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, with dichloromethane/ethanol showing higher activity against all cell lines (IC₅₀ values of 71.49, 27.31, and 9.51 µg/mL, respectively). All extracts also showed significant antioxidant activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Their Marker Compounds)

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12 pages, 1255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antimalarial and Cytotoxic Activity of Native Plants Used in Cabo Verde Traditional Medicine

by Anyse P. Essoh, Gustavo Capatti Cassiano, Filipa Mandim, Lillian Barros, Isildo Gomes, Márcia Melo Medeiros, Mónica Moura, Pedro Vitor Lemos Cravo and Maria M. Romeiras

Plants 2023, 12(4), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040963 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2435

Abstract

Medicinal plants have historically been a source of drugs in multiple applications, including the treatment of malaria infections. The Cabo Verde archipelago harbors a rich diversity of native plants, most of which are used for medicinal purposes. The present study investigated the in vitro antiplasmodial activities of four native plants from Cabo Verde (i.e., Artemisia gorgonum, Lavandula rotundifolia, Sideroxylon marginatum, and Tamarix senegalensis). Traditional preparations of these medicinal plants, namely aqueous extracts (infusions) and ethanolic extracts, were tested against both chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) Plasmodium falciparum strains using the SYBR Green detection method. The in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated in Caco-2 and PLP2 cells using a sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay. An ethanolic extract of A. gorgonum and infusions of T. senegalensis exhibited high antiplasmodial activities (EC₅₀ < 5 μg/mL) without cytotoxicity (GI₅₀ > 400 μg/mL). Extracts of L. rotundifolia and S. marginatum exhibited moderate activities, with EC₅₀ values ranging from 10–30 μg/mL. The A. gorgonum ethanolic extract showed activity toward early ring stages, and parasites treated with the T. senegalensis infusions progressed to the early trophozoite stage, although did not develop further to the late trophozoite or schizont stages. Antimalarial activities and the lack of cytotoxicity of the extracts are reported in the present study and support previous claims by traditional practitioners for the use of these plants against malaria while suggesting their ethnopharmacological usefulness as future antimalarials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Their Marker Compounds)

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14 pages, 3064 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Diospyros villosa Root Monographic Quality Studies

by Adriana Ribeiro, Rita Serrano, Isabel B. Moreira da Silva, Elsa T. Gomes, João F. Pinto and Olga Silva

Plants 2022, 11(24), 3506; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243506 - 14 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3476

Abstract

Diospyros villosa L. (De Winter) (Ebenaceae) is a shrub whose root (DVR) is used as a toothbrush and to treat oral infections in Mozambique. The present work aims at establishing monographic quality criteria to allow the sustainable and safe development of pharmaceutical preparations with this herbal drug. This includes setting botanical (qualitative and quantitative) and chemical identification parameters, purity tests (loss on drying and total ash), quantifying the major classes of constituents identified, and particle size characterization of the powdered drug. DVR samples are cylindrical and microscopically characterized by: a periderm, with six layers of flattened phellem cells, with slightly thickened walls and few layers of phelloderm; cortical parenchyma with brachysclereids with a short, roughly isodiametric form (13.82–442.14 μm² × 10³), surrounded by a ring of prismatic calcium oxalate crystals; uniseriate medullary rays and prominent vessels of the xylem with single or double shape; numerous single and clustered starch grains, within the cortical parenchyma, medullar parenchyma, and ray cells. Polyphenols, mainly hydrolyzable tannins (212.29 ± 0.005 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of dried DVR), are the main marker class of constituents. Furthermore, the average diameter of the particles of the powder, 0.255 mm, allows its classification as a fine powder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Their Marker Compounds)

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27 pages, 1706 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exploring Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.): A Comprehensive Assessment of Its Characteristics, Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemical Aspects, and Pharmacological Activities

by Widad Dahmani, Nabia Elaouni, Abdelhadi Abousalim, Zachée Louis Evariste Akissi, Abdelkhaleq Legssyer, Abderrahim Ziyyat and Sevser Sahpaz

Plants 2023, 12(18), 3303; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12183303 - 18 Sep 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6471

Abstract

The carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is currently considered one of the most valuable fruit and forest trees in various fields and sectors of activity. It is a versatile plant, belonging to the Fabaceae family. It is widely used in traditional medicine to treat many diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and gastrointestinal disorders, given that all its parts (leaves, flowers, pods, seeds, wood, bark, and roots) are useful and hold value in many areas. Its importance has increased significantly in recent years. Originating from the Middle East, it is recognized for its ecological and industrial significance. Previous studies conducted on Ceratonia siliqua L. have revealed the presence of several compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, carbohydrates, minerals, and proteins. The carob tree demonstrates antihypertensive, antidepressant, anti-obesity, and antihyperglycemic activities. This plant is known for its medicinal and therapeutic virtues. Moreover, it is particularly interesting to consider the pharmacological activities of the major phytochemical compounds present in the different extracts of this plant, such as phenolic acids, for example, coumaric and gallic acids, as well as flavonoids such as kaempferol and quercetin. Therefore, this review aims to analyze some aspects of this plant, especially the taxonomy, cytogeography, traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological activities of Ceratonia siliqua L., in addition to its biological properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Their Marker Compounds)

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34 pages, 9951 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Genus Diospyros: A Review of Novel Insights into the Biological Activity and Species of Mozambican Flora

by Adriana Ribeiro, Rita Serrano, Isabel B. Moreira da Silva, Elsa T. Gomes, João F. Pinto and Olga Silva

Plants 2023, 12(15), 2833; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152833 - 31 Jul 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3845

Abstract

Species of the Diospyros L. genus (Ebenaceae family) have been largely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases, especially infectious ones. To date, active major compounds such as naphthoquinones, triterpenoids, and tannins have been isolated and pharmacologically validated from Diospyros species. The present study summarizes the information available in the literature on the species described in the Flora of Mozambique. To do so, scientific databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) were searched using various keywords and Boolean connectors to gather and summarize the information. Of the 31 native and naturalized species in the Flora of Mozambique, 17 are used in different regions of Africa and were described for their traditional uses. They were reported to treat more than 20 diseases, mostly infectious, in the gastrointestinal and oral cavity compartments. This work provides an overview of the therapeutical potential of Diospyros species and explores novel insights on the antimicrobial potential of extracts and/or isolated compounds of these Mozambican species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Their Marker Compounds)

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25 pages, 807 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review on the Therapeutic Effects of Ayahuasca

by Joana Gonçalves, Ângelo Luís, Eugenia Gallardo and Ana Paula Duarte

Plants 2023, 12(13), 2573; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132573 - 7 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7444

Abstract

Traditional therapies, resorting to the use of plants, have acquired a great demand over the years, both for economic reasons and the preference for natural treatments. Some studies suggest that ayahuasca may have beneficial properties in treating some physical and psychological imbalances. Thus, we carried out a systematic review of studies published up to December 2022, where these themes were addressed. The search was carried out in the PubMed database, and only studies written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals were included. Thus, 228 publications were identified, of which 66 were included in the present study. The reviewed studies suggest that ayahuasca may have beneficial effects on various physical and psychological conditions, namely in the treatment of depression, anxiety and various diseases of the neurobiological system, as well as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, demonstrating its therapeutic potential. The number of studies that address this issue has also been growing, demonstrating interest in the search for alternative treatments. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review where all the findings of therapeutic effects associated with the consumption of ayahuasca are reviewed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Their Marker Compounds)

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14 pages, 1799 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Genus Cynometra: A Review of Ethnomedicine, Chemical, and Biological Data

by Shabnam Sabiha, Rita Serrano, Kamrul Hasan, Isabel B. Moreira da Silva, João Rocha, Nurul Islam and Olga Silva

Plants 2022, 11(24), 3504; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243504 - 14 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3135

Abstract

Cynometra L. is a Fabaceae genus that is widely distributed throughout the tropics, consisting of tropical forest trees with ecological and economic importance since they are used as food and herbal medicines by the populations of their natural habitats. Our goal is to provide a review of the research data concerning the potential of this botanical genus as a source of herbal medicines and secondary metabolites that are useful for human health. To that end, scientific databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched using the following terms: Cynometra, medicine, chemical, biological activity, toxicity, and “AND” as the Boolean connector. Eleven Cynometra species (9.7%) were reported to be used in traditional medicine to treat different ailments. A total of 185 secondary metabolites of various chemical classes, mainly flavonoids and terpenoids, were identified in eight Cynometra species (7.1%). Vitexin was the only flavonoid identified as bioactive in the sequence of bioguided studies on this botanical genus. Ten species (8.8%) were submitted to in vitro and in vivo biological activity assays. The main evaluated activities were in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities, but no human clinical trials or safety data about this genus were found. Cynometra cauliflora and Cynometra ramiflora were the most studied species. The present work confirms the use of Cynometra species as a source of medicinal plants. However, more experimental studies must be conducted to better understand this botanical genus’s usefulness as a source of raw materials for pharmaceutical use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Their Marker Compounds)

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