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A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Remote Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 28197

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Guolong Cui

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Guest Editor

School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 61173, China
Interests: radar signal processing; detection and estimation; MIMO; passive sensing; waveform design

Dr. Bin Liao

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Guest Editor

College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
Interests: radar array signal processing; integrated sensing and communication

Dr. Yong Yang

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Guest Editor

School of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
Interests: radar detection; clutter modeling

Dr. Xianxiang Yu

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Guest Editor

School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 61173, China
Interests: MIMO radar; waveform design; radar array signal processing; electronic countermeasure technology
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) radar simultaneously emits multiple distinct waveforms through multiple transmitting antennas, exploiting multiple receiving antennas to receive the reflected signals. Compared with the traditional phased array radar and distributed radar, the MIMO radar possesses more degrees of freedom at the transmitting and processing ends due to its advantages in waveform diversity and space diversity, displaying excellent performance in terms of target detection, parameter estimation, fading mitigation, resolution enhancement, and clutter and jamming suppression, etc., having become an international front and hotspot in the field of radar research.

The present Special Issue aims to exhibit a number of recent advanced techniques in the fields of theory and application of the MIMO radar. Topics may cover anything from beampattern shaping, waveform design, target detection, parameter estimation, target identification, and clutter and jamming suppression for the MIMO radar. Additionally, novel techniques focusing on new conceptions combined with the MIMO radar (e.g., the distributed phased-MIMO radar with a short baseline, one-bit MIMO radar, MIMO dual-functional radar communication (DFRC), frequency diverse array (FDA) MIMO radar, and MIMO synthetic aperture radar (SAR)) are welcome. Articles may address, but are not limited, to the following topics:

MIMO radar waveform design;
MIMO radar array design;
MIMO radar beampattern optimization;
MIMO radar transmit-receive optimization;
MIMO radar detection, parameter estimation, and identification;
MIMO radar and communication spectrum coexistence;
MIMO radar clutter and jamming suppression.

Prof. Dr. Guolong Cui
Dr. Bin Liao
Dr. Yong Yang
Dr. Xianxiang Yu
Guest Editors

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Keywords

MIMO waveform design
MIMO array beampattern design
optimization theory
dual-function MIMO system
MIMO signal detection and estimation
MIMO clutter and jamming suppression

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Published Papers (14 papers)

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18 pages, 4769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phase Characteristics and Angle Deception of Frequency-Diversity-Array-Transmitted Signals Based on Time Index within Pulse

by Changlin Zhou, Chunyang Wang, Jian Gong, Ming Tan, Lei Bao and Mingjie Liu

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(21), 5171; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215171 - 30 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1156

Abstract

The transmitted beam of frequency diversity array (FDA) has the range–angle–time coupling property, which has essential applicative potential in angle deception and active anti-jamming. In this paper, the concept of time index within pulse is introduced. Firstly, the phase characteristics of FDA-transmitted signals based on the time index within pulse concept are studied. Then, the deceptive angle performance of FDA-transmitted signals is discussed. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the phase characteristics of the FDA signal are not related to the range, but to the time index within pulse. With the phase center as the reference point, the phase is equal as long as the time index within the pulse is the same. Angle deception and active anti-jamming can be achieved using the optimized frequency increment of each FDA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory and Applications of MIMO Radar)

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21 pages, 9027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Joint Design of Complementary Sequence and Receiving Filter with High Doppler Tolerance for Simultaneously Polarimetric Radar

by Yun Chen, Yunhua Zhang, Dong Li and Jiefang Yang

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(15), 3877; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153877 - 4 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1427

Abstract

Simultaneously polarimetric radar (SPR) realizes the rapid measurement of a target’s polarimetric scattering matrix by transmitting orthogonal radar waveforms of good ambiguity function (AF) properties and receiving their echoes via two orthogonal polarimetric channels at the same time, e.g., horizontal (H) and vertical (V) channels (antennas) sharing the same phase center. The orthogonality of the transmitted waveforms can be realized using low-correlated phase-coded sequences in the H and V channels. However, the Doppler tolerances of the waveforms composed by such coded sequences are usually quite low, and it is hard to meet the requirement of accurate measurement regarding moving targets. In this paper, a joint design approach for unimodular orthogonal complementary sequences along with the optimal receiving filter is proposed based on the majorization–minimization (MM) method via alternate iteration for obtaining simultaneously polarimetric waveforms (SPWs) of good orthogonality and of the desired AF. During design, the objective function used for minimizing the sum of the complementary integration sidelobe level (CISL) and the complementary integration isolation level (CIIL) is constructed under the mismatch constraint of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss. Different SPW examples are given to show the superior performance of our design in comparison with other designs. Finally, practical experiments implemented with different SPWs are conducted to show our advantages more realistically. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory and Applications of MIMO Radar)

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25 pages, 1529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MIMO DFRC Signal Design in Signal-Dependent Clutter

by Xue Yao, Bunian Pan, Tao Fan, Xianxiang Yu, Guolong Cui and Xiangfei Nie

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(13), 3256; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15133256 - 24 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1301

Abstract

This paper deals with the Dual-Function Radar and Communication (DFRC) signal design for a Multiple-Input–Multiple-Output (MIMO) system, considering the presence of signal-dependent clutter. A modulation methodology called Spectral Position Index and Amplitude (SPIA) modulation is proposed, which involves selecting passband and stopband positions and applying amplitude modulation. Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) is maximized to enhance radar detectability. Meanwhile, variable modulus and communication modulation constraints are enforced to ensure compatibility with the current hardware techniques and communication demand, respectively. In addition, the mainlobe width and sidelobe level constraints used to concentrate energy in a specific area of space are enforced. To tackle the resulting nonconvex and NP-hard optimization problem, an Iterative Block Enhancement (IBE) framework that alternately updates each signal in each emitting antenna is exploited to monotonically increase SINR. Each block involves the Dinkelbach’s Iterative Procedure (DIP), Sequential Convex Approximation (SCA) and Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) to obtain a single signal. The computational complexity and convergence of the algorithm are analyzed. Finally, the numerical results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed dual-function scheme in sidelobe signal-dependent clutter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory and Applications of MIMO Radar)

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11 pages, 2620 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Enhanced Radar Detection in the Presence of Specular Reflection Using a Single Transmitting Antenna and Three Receiving Antennas

by Yong Yang and Xue-Song Wang

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(12), 3204; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123204 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1382

Abstract

Radar target echoes undergo fading in the presence of specular reflection, which is adverse to radar detection. To address this problem, this paper proposes a radar detection method that uses a single transmitting antenna and three receiving antennas. The proposed method uses the maximum absolute value of the difference in the radar received signal power among the three receiving antennas as the test statistic. First, the target echo in the presence of specular reflection is analyzed. Then, selection of the required number of radar antennas and the heights at which they must be situated are discussed. Subsequently, analytical expressions of the radar detection probability and the false alarm probability are derived. Finally, simulation results are presented, which show that the proposed method improves radar detection performance in the presence of specular reflection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory and Applications of MIMO Radar)

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20 pages, 616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MIMO Radar Waveform Design for Multipath Exploitation Using Deep Learning

by Zixiang Zheng, Yue Zhang, Xiangyu Peng, Hanfeng Xie, Jinfan Chen, Junxian Mo and Yunfeng Sui

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(11), 2747; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15112747 - 25 May 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2025

Abstract

This paper investigates the design of waveforms for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar systems that can exploit multipath returns to enhance target detection performance. By making reasonable use of multipath information in the waveform design, MIMO radar can effectively improve the signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) of the receiver under a constant modulus (CM) constraint. However, optimizing the waveform design under these constraints is a challenging non-linear and non-convex problem that cannot be easily solved using traditional methods. To overcome this challenge, we proposed a novel waveform design method for MIMO radar in multipath scenarios based on deep learning. Specifically, we leveraged the powerful nonlinear fitting ability of neural networks to solve the non-convex optimization problem. First, we constructed a deep residual network and transform the CM constraint into a phase sequence optimization problem. Next, we used the constructed waveform optimization design problem as the loss function of the network. Finally, we used the adaptive moment estimation (Adam) optimizer to train the network. Simulation results demonstrated that our proposed method outperformed existing methods by achieving better SINR values for the receiver. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory and Applications of MIMO Radar)

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19 pages, 609 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Target Parameter Estimation Algorithm Based on Real-Valued HOSVD for Bistatic FDA-MIMO Radar

by Yuehao Guo, Xianpeng Wang, Jinmei Shi, Lu Sun and Xiang Lan

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(5), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051192 - 21 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1582

Abstract

Since there is a frequency offset between each adjacent antenna of FDA radar, there exists angle-range two-dimensional dependence in the transmitter. For bistatic FDA-multiple input multiple output (MIMO) radar, range-direction of departure (DOD)-direction of arrival (DOA) information is coupled in transmitting the steering vector. How to decouple the three information has become the focus of research. Aiming at the issue of target parameter estimation of bistatic FDA-MIMO radar, a real-valued parameter estimation algorithm based on high-order-singular value decomposition (HOSVD) is developed. Firstly, for decoupling DOD and range in transmitter, it is necessary to divide the transmitter into subarrays. Then, the forward–backward averaging and unitary transformation techniques are utilized to convert complex-valued data into real-valued data. The signal subspace is obtained by HOSVD, and the two-dimensional spatial spectral function is constructed. Secondly, the dimension of spatial spectrum is reduced by the Lagrange algorithm, so that it is only related to DOA, and the DOA estimation is obtained. Then the frequency increment between subarrays is used to decouple the DOD and range information, and eliminate the phase ambiguity at the same time. Finally, the DOD and range estimation automatically matched with DOA estimation are obtained. The proposed algorithm uses the multidimensional structure of high-dimensional data to promote performance. Meanwhile, the proposed real-valued tensor-based method can effectively cut down the computing time. Simulation results verify the high efficiency of the developed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory and Applications of MIMO Radar)

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19 pages, 434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MIMO Radar Transmit Waveform Design for Beampattern Matching via Complex Circle Optimization

by Weijie Xiong, Jinfeng Hu, Kai Zhong, Yibao Sun, Xiangqing Xiao and Gangyong Zhu

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(3), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15030633 - 20 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1865

Abstract

In this paper, we study the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar transmit waveform design method for beampattern matching. The purpose is to design the beampattern to approximate the actual one and minimize the cross-correlation sidelobes under the constant modulus constraint (CMC). Due to the CMC, the problem is non-convex, and the existing methods solve it with relaxation, resulting in performance degradation. Different from these methods, we notice that the CMC is the product of complex circles (CC). Based on this physical characteristic, the direct beampattern matching without relaxation (DBMWR) method is proposed. To be specific, we first formulate the original problem as an unconstrained quartic problem over the CC and then solve it by the proposed method without relaxation. Simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve a balance in terms of accuracy and computation complexity compared with other methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory and Applications of MIMO Radar)

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19 pages, 1473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An ADMM-qSPICE-Based Sparse DOA Estimation Method for MIMO Radar

by Yongwei Zhang, Yongchao Zhang, Jiawei Luo, Yulin Huang, Jianan Yan, Yin Zhang and Jianyu Yang

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(2), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020446 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2072

Abstract

In recent years, sparse direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar has attracted extensive attention and been extensively studied, especially the method based on the classic least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) estimator. The alternating-direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is an effective method for solving this problem at the cost of introducing an additional user parameter. To avoid introducing an additional user parameter, this paper adopts an equivalent transformation in the form of the generalized SParse Iterative Covariance-based Estimation (qSPICE) cost function to obtain a mean squared minimized form of the cost function. Then, the problem is transformed into a sparse optimization problem in the form of a weighted LASSO. Next, this unconstrained optimization problem is decomposed into three subproblems, which are solved separately to reduce the dimension of each problem and thus reduce the overall computational complexity based on ADMM. Simulation results and measured data indicate that the proposed method significantly outperforms the traditional super-resolution DOA estimation method and ADMM-LASSO method and slightly outperforms qSPICE in terms of resolution and sidelobe suppression capability. In addition, the proposed method has a much lower computational complexity and substantially fewer iterations than qSPICE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory and Applications of MIMO Radar)

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20 pages, 7585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ground Clutter Mitigation for Slow-Time MIMO Radar Using Independent Component Analysis

by Fawei Yang, Jinpeng Guo, Rui Zhu, Julien Le Kernec, Quanhua Liu and Tao Zeng

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(23), 6098; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236098 - 1 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2566

Abstract

The detection of low, slow and small (LSS) targets, such as small drones, is a developing area of research in radar, wherein the presence of ground clutter can be quite challenging. LSS targets, because of their unusual flying mode, can be easily shadowed by ground clutter, leading to poor radar detection performance. In this study, we investigated the feasibility and performance of a ground clutter mitigation method combining slow-time multiple-input multiple-output (st-MIMO) waveforms and independent component analysis (ICA) in a ground-based MIMO radar focusing on LSS target detection. The modeling of ground clutter under the framework of st-MIMO was first defined. Combining the spatial and temporal steering vector of st-MIMO, a universal signal model including the target, ground clutter, and noise was established. The compliance of the signal model for conducting ICA to separate the target was analyzed. Based on this, a st-MIMO-ICA processing scheme was proposed to mitigate ground clutter. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified with simulation and experimental data collected from an S-band st-MIMO radar system with a desirable target output signal-to-clutter-plus-noise ratio (SCNR). This work can shed light on the use of ground clutter mitigation techniques for MIMO radar to tackle LSS targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory and Applications of MIMO Radar)

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17 pages, 1364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Robust Sparse Imaging Algorithm Using Joint MIMO Array Manifold and Array Channel Outliers

by Jieru Ding, Zhiyi Wang, Xinghui Wu and Min Wang

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(16), 4120; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14164120 - 22 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1805

Abstract

The multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar imaging technology has attracted many scholars due to its many inherent advantages, such as avoiding complex motion compensation and imaging a quickly maneuvering target, compared to inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging. Although some imaging algorithms, such as the 2D fast iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm (2D-FISTA), can meet the demand for super-resolution, they are not directly suited to MIMO radar imaging, for which the MIMO manifold needs to be considered. In this paper, based on the above questions, we propose the MIMO radar imaging algorithm, utilizing the sparsity of the scattering map in space and the MIMO array manifold, even achieving a good performance in the presence of MIMO channel error. The sparse reconstruction algorithm is developed with the alternative direction method of multipliers (ADMM) with the help of 2D-FISTA and the

l_{p}

-norm. Then, two algorithms are derived: one is the exact sparse recovery algorithm, and the other is the inexact sparse recovery algorithm. Although the exact sparse recovery algorithm can converge to a more accurate precision than the inexact algorithm, the latter can converge at a faster speed. Finally, the results on simulation data validated the effectiveness of the algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory and Applications of MIMO Radar)

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16 pages, 3999 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Joint Design of Transmitting Waveform and Receiving Filter via Novel Riemannian Idea for DFRC System

by Yinan Zhao, Zhongqing Zhao, Fangqiu Tong, Ping Sun, Xiang Feng and Zhanfeng Zhao

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(14), 3548; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143548 - 14 Jul 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1400

Abstract

Recently, the problem of target detection in noisy environments for the Dual-Functional Radar Communication (DFRC) integration system has been a hot topic. In this paper, to suppress the noise and further enhance the target detection performance, a novel manifold Riemannian Improved Armijo Search Conjugate Gradient algorithm (RIASCG) framework has been proposed which jointly optimizes the integrated transmitting waveform and receiving filter. Therein, the reference waveform is first designed to achieve excellent pattern matching of radar beamforming. Furthermore, to ensure the quality of system information transmission, the energy of multi-user interference (MUI) of communication signals is incorporated as the constraint. Additionally, the typical similarity constraint is introduced to ensure the transmitting waveform with a good ambiguity function. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the designed waveform not only enhances the system’s target detection performance in noisy environments but also achieves a relatively good multi-user communication ability when compared with other prevalent waveforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory and Applications of MIMO Radar)

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13 pages, 6163 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Non-Uniform MIMO Array Design for Radar Systems Using Multi-Channel Transceivers

by Eunhee Kim, Ilkyu Kim and Wansik Kim

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010078 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2883

Abstract

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology has recently attracted attention with regard to improving the angular resolution of small antennas such as automotive radars. If appropriately placed, the co-located transmit and receive arrays can make a large virtual aperture. This paper proposes a new method for designing arrays by adopting a structure with minimum redundancy. The proposed structure can significantly increase the virtual array aperture while keeping the transmit and receive antennas at the same size. We describe the application of the proposed method to subarray-type antennas using multi-channel transceivers, which is essential for arranging RF hardware in a small antenna operating at high frequency. Further, we present an analysis of the final beam pattern and discuss its benefits and limitations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory and Applications of MIMO Radar)

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15 pages, 462 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Robust MIMO Waveform Design in the Presence of Unknown Mutipath Return

by Chongyi Fan, Zhuang Xie, Jian Wang, Zhou Xu and Xiaotao Huang

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(17), 4356; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174356 - 2 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1596

Abstract

Assuming uncertain multipath return, this paper considers the robust joint transmit waveform and the receiving filter bank design of a multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) radar for multipath exploitation. The actual multipath return is considered to belong to an uncertain set, and we focus on the worst-case optimization of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) in the output of the filter bank. The design is cast as a non-convex max–min problem, which is very hard to solve. To tackle it, an equivalent reformulation is utilized and a cyclic optimization paradigm is devised. At each iteration, the filter’s optimization problem is equal to a set of separate solvable problems, the closed-form solution to which can be given directly. Moreover, we have shown that the max–min problem for the waveform optimization belongs to the area of generalized fractional programming, and it can be globally solved by resorting to Dinkelbach’s algorithm. Through simulations, the superiority of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated via a number of examples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory and Applications of MIMO Radar)

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15 pages, 2425 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Radar Phase-Coded Waveform Design with Local Low Range Sidelobes Based on Particle Swarm-Assisted Projection Optimization

by Xiang Feng, Zhanfeng Zhao, Fengcong Li, Wenqing Cui and Yinan Zhao

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(17), 4186; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174186 - 25 Aug 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1737

Abstract

In modern electronic warfare, cognitive radar with knowledge-aided waveforms would show significant flexibility in anti-interference. In this paper, a novel method, named particle swarm-assisted projection optimization (PSAP), is introduced to design phase-coded waveforms with multi-level low range sidelobes, which mainly considers the stability for randomized initialization under the unimodular constraint. Firstly, the mathematical problem corresponding to avoid the range sidelobe masking from multiple non-cooperative targets or interference is formulated by giving different threat levels. Then, based on the alternating direction decomposition idea, the original problem is divided into triple-variable ones where these non-linear approximations can be solved via alternating projections along with FFT. Furthermore, the PSAP method with swarm intelligence, learning factor, and particle-assisted projection could ensure the optimization convergence in a parallel way, which could relax the non-convex constraint and enhance the global exploiting performance. Finally, simulations for several typical scenarios and numerical results are all provided to assess the waveforms generated by PSAP and other prevalent ones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory and Applications of MIMO Radar)

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