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Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (18 December 2019) | Viewed by 107361

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Pasquale Daponte

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
Interests: ADC and DAC modeling and testing; digital signal processing; distributed measurement systems; aerial photogrammetry; unmanned aerial systems (UASs); automatic test equipment for UASs
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Eulalia Balestrieri

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
Interests: digital signal processing in telecommunications; data converter characterization; medical measurement; standardization; unmanned aerial systems (UASs)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace (MetroAeroSpace) (http://www.metroaerospace.org/home) will be held in Torino, Italy, 19–21 June 2019. Authors of papers related to Sensors presented at the Workshop are invited to submit extended versions of their work to the Special Issue for publication.

This new edition will keep pursuing the state of the art and practice started over the past years.
Attention is paid, but not limited to, new technology for metrology-assisted production in aerospace industry, aircraft component measurement, sensors and associated signal conditioning for aerospace, and calibration methods for electronic test and measurement for aerospace.
The program is designed to raise the interest of a wide group of researchers, operators and decision-makers from metrology and aerospace fields, by presenting the most innovative solutions in this field from the scientific and technological point of view.

Topics:

  • Electronic instrumentation for aerospace
  • Automatic test equipment for aerospace
  • Sensors and sensor systems for aerospace applications
  • Wireless sensor networks in aerospace
  • Attitude and heading reference systems
  • Monitoring systems in aerospace
  • Metrology for navigation and precise positioning
  • Sensors and Data Fusion Techniques for Avionics and Air Traffic Management
  • Flight Testing Instrumentation and Flight Test Techniques

Important Dates:

  • December 15, 2018 - Special Session Proposal
  • January 20, 2019 - Extended Abstract Submission Deadline
  • March 20, 2019 - Notification of Acceptance
  • May 1, 2019 - Final Paper Submission Deadline

Prof. Dr. Pasquale Daponte
Dr. Eulalia Balestrieri
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (23 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 12044 KiB  
Article
Numerical and Experimental UAV Structure Investigation by Pre-Flight Load Test
by Artur Kurnyta, Wojciech Zielinski, Piotr Reymer, Krzysztof Dragan and Michal Dziendzikowski
Sensors 2020, 20(11), 3014; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113014 - 26 May 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4881
Abstract
This paper presents the preparation and execution of on-ground static and engine load tests for the composite unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The test was conducted for pre-flight structural strength verification of the remotely piloted aerial target named HORNET, after introducing some structural modifications. [...] Read more.
This paper presents the preparation and execution of on-ground static and engine load tests for the composite unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The test was conducted for pre-flight structural strength verification of the remotely piloted aerial target named HORNET, after introducing some structural modifications. The ground tests were performed before the flight test campaign, to ensure the strength and operational safety of the modified structure. The panel method and Computer Aided Design (CAD) modelling were adopted for numerical evaluation of aerodynamic and inertial forces’ distribution to simulate loading scenarios for launch, flight and parachute deploying conditions during the static test. Then, the multi-stage airframe static test was prepared and executed with the use of a designed modular test rig, artificial masses, as well as a wireless strain measurement system to perform structure verification. The UAV was investigated with 150% of the typical load spectrum. Furthermore, an engine test was also conducted on a ground test stand to verify strain and vibration levels in correspondence to engine speed, as well as the reliability of data link and the lack of its interferences with wireless control and telemetry. In the article, data achieved from the numerical and experimental parts of the test are discussed, as well as post-test remarks are given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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15 pages, 8929 KiB  
Article
The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Remote Sensing Systems
by Aleksander Olejnik, Łukasz Kiszkowiak, Robert Rogólski, Grzegorz Chmaj, Michał Radomski, Maciej Majcher and Łukasz Omen
Sensors 2020, 20(7), 2003; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072003 - 3 Apr 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4643
Abstract
This paper describes the possibility of using a small autonomous helicopter to perform tasks using a remote sensing system. This article further shows the most effective way to properly set up autopilot and to process its validation during flight tests. The most important [...] Read more.
This paper describes the possibility of using a small autonomous helicopter to perform tasks using a remote sensing system. This article further shows the most effective way to properly set up autopilot and to process its validation during flight tests. The most important components of the remote sensing system are described and the possibilities of using this system to monitor gas transmission and distribution networks are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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29 pages, 11772 KiB  
Article
The Design and Implementation of a Custom Platform for the Experimental Tuning of a Quadcopter Controller
by Michał Waliszkiewicz, Konrad Wojtowicz, Zdzisław Rochala and Eulalia Balestrieri
Sensors 2020, 20(7), 1940; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071940 - 30 Mar 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5665
Abstract
This paper describes the development process of the quadcopter-based unmanned flying platform, designed for testing and experimentation purposes. The project features custom-made hardware, which includes the prototype quadcopter frame and the flight controller, and software solutions, such as control loop setup. The article [...] Read more.
This paper describes the development process of the quadcopter-based unmanned flying platform, designed for testing and experimentation purposes. The project features custom-made hardware, which includes the prototype quadcopter frame and the flight controller, and software solutions, such as control loop setup. The article specifies the controller tuning used for the initialization of the flight stabilization system and presents the final results of the quadcopter performance evaluation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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17 pages, 1380 KiB  
Article
Hybridized-GNSS Approaches to Train Positioning: Challenges and Open Issues on Uncertainty
by Susanna Spinsante and Cosimo Stallo
Sensors 2020, 20(7), 1885; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071885 - 29 Mar 2020
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5654
Abstract
In recent years, the development of advanced systems and applications has propelled the adoption of autonomous railway traffic and train positioning, with several ongoing initiatives and experimental testbeds aimed at proving the suitability and reliability of the Global Navigation Satellite System signals and [...] Read more.
In recent years, the development of advanced systems and applications has propelled the adoption of autonomous railway traffic and train positioning, with several ongoing initiatives and experimental testbeds aimed at proving the suitability and reliability of the Global Navigation Satellite System signals and services, in this specific application domain. To satisfy the strict safety and accuracy requirements aimed at assuring the position solution’s integrity, availability, accuracy and reliability, recent proposals suggest the hybridization of the Global Navigation Satellite System with other technologies. The integration with localization techniques that are expected to be available with the upcoming fifth generation mobile communication networks is among the most promising approaches. In this work, different approaches to the design of hybrid positioning solutions for the railway sector are examined, under the perspective of the uncertainty evaluation of the attained results and performance. In fact, the way the uncertainty associated to the positioning measurements performed by different studies is reported is often not consistent with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, and this makes it very difficult to fairly compare the different approaches in order to identify the best emerging solution. Under this perspective, the review provided by this work highlights a number of open issues that should drive future research activities in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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21 pages, 9316 KiB  
Article
Integration and Investigation of Selected On-Board Devices for Development of the Newly Designed Miniature UAV
by Aleksander Olejnik, Robert Rogólski, Łukasz Kiszkowiak and Michał Szcześniak
Sensors 2020, 20(6), 1752; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061752 - 21 Mar 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5953
Abstract
The article is a development of the topic generally presented in the conference proceedings issued after the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Aerospace. In contrast to topics presented in the conference, the article describes in detail avionic equipment and on-board systems [...] Read more.
The article is a development of the topic generally presented in the conference proceedings issued after the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Aerospace. In contrast to topics presented in the conference, the article describes in detail avionic equipment and on-board systems integration process and their in-flight adjustment in regard to the newly designed miniature unmanned aerial vehicle (mini-UAV). The mini-airplane was constructed and assembled in the course of the research project, the purpose of which was to show implementation of a totally new mini-UAV design. The intention of the work was to develop a new unmanned system including an originally constructed small airplane with elements purchased from open market. Such approach should allow to construct a new aerial unmanned system, which technologically would not be very advanced but should be easy to use and relatively inexpensive. The demonstrator mini-airplane has equipment typical for such an object, i.e., electric propulsion, autopilot system, camera head and parachute device for recovery. The key efforts in the project were taken to elaborate an original but easy to use system, to integrate subsystem elements and test them so to prove their functionality and reliability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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23 pages, 29480 KiB  
Article
LiDAR-Based System and Optical VHR Data for Building Detection and Mapping
by Silvia Liberata Ullo, Chiara Zarro, Konrad Wojtowicz, Giuseppe Meoli and Mariano Focareta
Sensors 2020, 20(5), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051285 - 27 Feb 2020
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6591
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to highlight how the employment of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technique can enhance greatly the performance and reliability of many monitoring systems applied to the Earth Observation (EO) and Environmental Monitoring. A short presentation of LiDAR [...] Read more.
The aim of this paper is to highlight how the employment of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technique can enhance greatly the performance and reliability of many monitoring systems applied to the Earth Observation (EO) and Environmental Monitoring. A short presentation of LiDAR systems, underlying their peculiarities, is first given. References to some review papers are highlighted, as they can be regarded as useful guidelines for researchers interested in using LiDARs. Two case studies are then presented and discussed, based on the use of 2D and 3D LiDAR data. Some considerations are done on the performance achieved through the use of LiDAR data combined with data from other sources. The case studies show how the LiDAR-based systems, combined with optical Very High Resolution (VHR) data, succeed in improving the analysis and monitoring of specific areas of interest, specifically how LiDAR data help in exploring external environment and extracting building features from urban areas. Moreover the discussed Case Studies demonstrate that the use of the LiDAR data, even with a low density of points, allows the development of an automatic procedure for accurate building features extraction, through object-oriented classification techniques, therefore by underlying the importance that even simple LiDAR-based systems play in EO and Environmental Monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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15 pages, 4786 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Modelling and Experimental Characterization of a Self-Powered Structural Health-Monitoring System with MFC Piezoelectric Patches
by Gianpietro Di Rito, Mario Rosario Chiarelli and Benedetto Luciano
Sensors 2020, 20(4), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20040950 - 11 Feb 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3806
Abstract
The paper deals with theoretical and experimental studies for the development of a self-powered structural health monitoring (SHM) system using macro-fiber composite (MFC) patches. The basic idea is to integrate the actuation, sensing, and energy harvesting capabilities of the MFC patches in a [...] Read more.
The paper deals with theoretical and experimental studies for the development of a self-powered structural health monitoring (SHM) system using macro-fiber composite (MFC) patches. The basic idea is to integrate the actuation, sensing, and energy harvesting capabilities of the MFC patches in a SHM system operating in different regimes. As an example, during flight, under the effects of normal structural vibrations, the patches can work as energy harvesters by maintaining or restoring the battery charge of the stand-by SHM electronic board; on the other hand, if relevant/abnormal loadings are applied, or if local faults produce a noticeable stiffness variation of the monitored component, the patches can act as sensors for the power-up SHM board. During maintenance, the patches can then work as actuators, to stress the structure with pre-defined load profiles, as well as sensors, to monitor the structural response. In this paper, the investigation, based on the electromechanical impedance technique, is carried out on a system prototype made of a cantilevered composite laminate with six MFC patches. A high-fidelity nonlinear model of the system, including the piezoelectric hysteresis of the patches and three vibration modes of the laminate beam, is presented and validated with experiments. The results support the potential feasibility of the system, pointing out that the energy storage can be used for recharging a 3V-65mAh Li-ion battery, suitable for low-power electronic boards. The model is finally used to characterize a condition-monitoring algorithm in terms of false alarms rejection and vulnerability to dormant faults, by simulating built-in tests to be performed during maintenance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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16 pages, 5898 KiB  
Article
Measurement System of a Magnetic Suspension System for a Jet Engine Rotor
by Paulina Kurnyta-Mazurek, Artur Kurnyta and Maciej Henzel
Sensors 2020, 20(3), 862; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030862 - 6 Feb 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3642
Abstract
This paper presents laboratory results on the measurement system of a magnetic suspension bearing system for a jet engine rotor of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Magnetic suspension technology enables continuous diagnostics of a rotary machine and eliminates of the negative properties of [...] Read more.
This paper presents laboratory results on the measurement system of a magnetic suspension bearing system for a jet engine rotor of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Magnetic suspension technology enables continuous diagnostics of a rotary machine and eliminates of the negative properties of classical bearings. This rotor-bearing system consists of two radial magnetic bearings and one axial (thrust) magnetic bearing. The concept of the bearing system with a magnetically suspended rotor for UAV is presented in this paper. Rotor geometric and inertial characteristics were assumed according to the parameters of a TS-21 jet engine. Preliminary studies of the measurement system of rotor engines were made on a laboratory stand with homopolar active magnetic bearings. The measurement system consisted of strain gauges, accelerometers, and contactless proximity sensors. During the research, strains were registered with the use of a wireless data acquisition (DAQ) system. Measurements were performed for different operational parameters of rotational rotor speed, control system parameters, and with the presence of disturbance signals from the control system. In this paper, obtained operational characteristics are presented and discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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15 pages, 9013 KiB  
Article
Characterization of a COTS-Based RF Receiver for Cubesat Applications
by Antonio Lovascio, Antonella D’Orazio and Vito Centonze
Sensors 2020, 20(3), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030776 - 31 Jan 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3999
Abstract
This paper reports the experimental results of a test campaign performed on the radio-frequency (RF) receiver prototype operating at a 2025–2110 MHz frequency range, designed and fabricated for CubeSat applications. The prototype has been tested through a board-level test approach for the verification [...] Read more.
This paper reports the experimental results of a test campaign performed on the radio-frequency (RF) receiver prototype operating at a 2025–2110 MHz frequency range, designed and fabricated for CubeSat applications. The prototype has been tested through a board-level test approach for the verification of the functional requirements and a component-level one for specific characterization measures. The tests have shown the following results: a −115–−70 dBm sensitivity range, 390 MHz intermediate frequency, a 0 dBm output power level with ±1 dB error, a 2.34 dB noise figure, and a 4.86 W power absorption. Such results have been largely achieved implementing an automatic gain control system by cascading two Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) amplifiers. Moreover, an innovative technique based on RF test points has been successfully experimented and validated to measure the S-parameters of a custom low-pass filter integrated on the receiver, showing the possibility of even characterizing the single COTS components exposed to radiation through a unique board-level test setup. The technique may have a great impact on the cost reduction of electronic boards for space applications, since it would avoid using expensive evaluation boards for each COTS component that needs a radiation test. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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16 pages, 6011 KiB  
Article
“MicroMED” Optical Particle Counter: From Design to Flight Model
by Diego Scaccabarozzi, Bortolino Saggin, Riccardo Somaschini, Marianna Magni, Pietro Valnegri, Francesca Esposito, Cesare Molfese, Fabio Cozzolino and Giuseppe Mongelluzzo
Sensors 2020, 20(3), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030611 - 22 Jan 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3364
Abstract
MicroMED (Micro Martian Environmental Dust Systematic Analyzer (MEDUSA)) instrument was selected for the ExoMars 2020 mission to study the airborne dust on the red planet through in situ measurements of the size distribution and concentration. This characterization has never been done before and [...] Read more.
MicroMED (Micro Martian Environmental Dust Systematic Analyzer (MEDUSA)) instrument was selected for the ExoMars 2020 mission to study the airborne dust on the red planet through in situ measurements of the size distribution and concentration. This characterization has never been done before and would have a strong impact on the understanding of Martian climate and Aeolian processes on Mars. The MicroMED is an optical particle counter that exploits the measured intensity of light scattered by dust particles when crossing a collimated laser beam. The measurement technique is well established for laboratory and ground applications but in order to be mounted on the Dust Suite payload within the framework of ExoMars 2020 mission, the instrument must be compatible with harsh mechanical and thermal environments and the tight mass budget of the mission payload. This work summarizes the thermo-mechanical design of the instrument, the manufacturing of the flight model and its successful qualification in expected thermal and mechanical environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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18 pages, 2069 KiB  
Article
Improving Depth Resolution of Ultrasonic Phased Array Imaging to Inspect Aerospace Composite Structures
by Reza Mohammadkhani, Luca Zanotti Fragonara, Janardhan Padiyar M., Ivan Petrunin, João Raposo, Antonios Tsourdos and Iain Gray
Sensors 2020, 20(2), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20020559 - 20 Jan 2020
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 6121
Abstract
In this paper, we present challenges and achievements in development and use of a compact ultrasonic Phased Array (PA) module with signal processing and imaging technology for autonomous non-destructive evaluation of composite aerospace structures. We analyse two different sets of ultrasonic scan data, [...] Read more.
In this paper, we present challenges and achievements in development and use of a compact ultrasonic Phased Array (PA) module with signal processing and imaging technology for autonomous non-destructive evaluation of composite aerospace structures. We analyse two different sets of ultrasonic scan data, acquired from 5 MHz and 10 MHz PA transducers. Although higher frequency transducers promise higher axial (depth) resolution in PA imaging, we face several signal processing challenges to detect defects in composite specimens at 10 MHz. One of the challenges is the presence of multiple echoes at the boundary of the composite layers called structural noise. Here, we propose a wavelet transform-based algorithm that is able to detect and characterize defects (depth, size, and shape in 3D plots). This algorithm uses a smart thresholding technique based on the extracted statistical mean and standard deviation of the structural noise. Finally, we use the proposed algorithm to detect and characterize defects in a standard calibration specimen and validate the results by comparing to the designed depth information. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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17 pages, 3673 KiB  
Article
Magnetometer Calibration for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Cooperative Flight Data
by Roberto Opromolla
Sensors 2020, 20(2), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20020538 - 18 Jan 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4541
Abstract
This paper presents a new method to improve the accuracy in the heading angle estimate provided by low-cost magnetometers on board of small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). This task can be achieved by estimating the systematic error produced by the magnetic fields generated [...] Read more.
This paper presents a new method to improve the accuracy in the heading angle estimate provided by low-cost magnetometers on board of small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). This task can be achieved by estimating the systematic error produced by the magnetic fields generated by onboard electric equipment. To this aim, calibration data must be collected in flight when, for instance, the level of thrust provided by the electric engines (and, consequently, the associated magnetic disturbance) is the same as the one occurring during nominal flight operations. The UAV whose magnetometers need to be calibrated (chief) must be able to detect and track a cooperative vehicle (deputy) using a visual camera, while flying under nominal GNSS coverage to enable relative positioning. The magnetic biases’ determination problem can be formulated as a system of non-linear equations by exploiting the acquired visual and GNSS data. The calibration can be carried out either off-line, using the data collected in flight (as done in this paper), or directly on board, i.e., in real time. Clearly, in the latter case, the two UAVs should rely on a communication link to exchange navigation data. Performance assessment is carried out by conducting multiple experimental flight tests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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19 pages, 7715 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Back-Scattering and Multipath in a Suburban Area after the Calibration of an X-Band Commercial Radar
by Gaspare Galati, Gabriele Pavan and Christoph Wasserzier
Sensors 2020, 20(2), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20020463 - 14 Jan 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3543
Abstract
The increasing interest in the radar detection of low-elevation and small-size targets in complicated ground environments (such as urban, suburban, and mixed country areas) calls for a precise quantification of the radar detection capabilities in those areas. Hence, a set of procedures is [...] Read more.
The increasing interest in the radar detection of low-elevation and small-size targets in complicated ground environments (such as urban, suburban, and mixed country areas) calls for a precise quantification of the radar detection capabilities in those areas. Hence, a set of procedures is devised and tested, both theoretically and experimentally, using a commercial X-band radar, to (i) calibrate the radar sensor (with an online evaluation of its losses) using standard scatterers, (ii) measure the multipath effect and compensate for it, and (iii) create “true radar cross section” maps of the area of interest for both point and distributed clutter. The above methods and the related field results are aimed at future qualification procedures and practical usage of small, cheap, and easily moveable radars for the detection of low-observable air targets, such as unmanned air vehicles/systems (UAV/UAS), in difficult ground areas. A significant set of experimental results as discussed in the paper confirms the great relevance of multipath in ground-based radar detection, with the need for correcting measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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17 pages, 6110 KiB  
Article
Attitude Sensor from Ellipsoid Observations: A Numerical and Experimental Validation
by Dario Modenini, Alfredo Locarini and Marco Zannoni
Sensors 2020, 20(2), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20020433 - 13 Jan 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2970
Abstract
The preliminary design and validation of a novel, high accuracy horizon-sensor for small satellites is presented, which is based on the theory of attitude determination from ellipsoid observations. The concept consists of a multi-head infrared sensor capturing images of the Earth limb. By [...] Read more.
The preliminary design and validation of a novel, high accuracy horizon-sensor for small satellites is presented, which is based on the theory of attitude determination from ellipsoid observations. The concept consists of a multi-head infrared sensor capturing images of the Earth limb. By fitting an ellipse to the imaged limb arcs, and exploiting some analytical results available from projective geometry, a closed form solution for computing the attitude matrix is provided. The algorithm is developed in a dimensionless framework, requiring the knowledge of the shape of the imaged target, but not of its size. As a result, the solution is less sensitive to the limb shift caused by the atmospheric own radiance. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, a numerical simulator is developed, which generates images captured in low Earth orbit, including also the presence of the atmosphere. In addition, experimental validation is provided due to a dedicated testbed, making use of a miniature infrared camera. Results show that our sensor concept returns rms errors of few hundredths of a degree or less in determining the local nadir direction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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15 pages, 7038 KiB  
Article
Determining Wheel Forces and Moments on Aircraft Landing Gear with a Dynamometer Sensor
by Jaroslaw Pytka, Piotr Budzyński, Tomasz Łyszczyk, Jerzy Józwik, Joanna Michałowska, Arkadiusz Tofil, Dariusz Błażejczak and Jan Laskowski
Sensors 2020, 20(1), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010227 - 31 Dec 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7735
Abstract
This paper describes airfield measurement of forces and moments that act on a landing gear wheel. For the measurement, a wheel force sensor was used. The sensor was designed and built based on strain gage technology and was embedded in the left landing [...] Read more.
This paper describes airfield measurement of forces and moments that act on a landing gear wheel. For the measurement, a wheel force sensor was used. The sensor was designed and built based on strain gage technology and was embedded in the left landing gear wheel of a test aircraft. The sensor is capable of measuring simultaneously three perpendicular forces and three moments and sends data to a handheld device wirelessly. For the airfield tests, the sensor was installed on a PZL 104 Wilga 35A multipurpose aircraft. The aircraft was towed at a “marching man” speed and the measurements were performed at three driving modes: Free rolling, braking, and turning. The paper contains results obtained in the field measurements performed on a grassy runway of the Rzeszów Jasionka Aerodrome, Poland. Rolling resistance of aircraft tire, braking friction, as well as aligning moment were analyzed and discussed with respect to surface conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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19 pages, 5307 KiB  
Article
Monitoring the Risk of the Electric Component Imposed on a Pilot During Light Aircraft Operations in a High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field
by Joanna Michałowska, Arkadiusz Tofil, Jerzy Józwik, Jarosław Pytka, Stanisław Legutko, Zbigniew Siemiątkowski and Andrzej Łukaszewicz
Sensors 2019, 19(24), 5537; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245537 - 14 Dec 2019
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4247
Abstract
High-frequency electromagnetic fields can have a negative effect on both the human body and electronic devices. The devices and systems utilized in radio communications constitute the most numerous sources of electromagnetic fields. The following research investigates values of the electric component of electromagnetic [...] Read more.
High-frequency electromagnetic fields can have a negative effect on both the human body and electronic devices. The devices and systems utilized in radio communications constitute the most numerous sources of electromagnetic fields. The following research investigates values of the electric component of electromagnetic field intensification determined with the ESM 140 dosimeter during the flights of four aircrafts—Cessna C152, Cessna C172, Aero AT3 R100, and Robinson R44 Raven helicopter—from the airport in Depultycze Krolewskie near Chelm, Poland. The point of reference for the obtained results were the normative limits of the electromagnetic field that can affect a pilot in the course of a flight. The maximum value registered by the dosimeter was E = 3.307 V/m for GSM 1800 frequencies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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15 pages, 4145 KiB  
Article
Application of GNSS/INS and an Optical Sensor for Determining Airplane Takeoff and Landing Performance on a Grassy Airfield
by Jaroslaw Pytka, Piotr Budzyński, Jerzy Józwik, Joanna Michałowska, Arkadiusz Tofil, Tomasz Łyszczyk and Dariusz Błażejczak
Sensors 2019, 19(24), 5492; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245492 - 12 Dec 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4559
Abstract
The performance of a PZL 104 Wilga 35A airplane was determined and analyzed in this work. Takeoff and landing distances were determined by means of two different methods: one which utilized a Global Navigation Satellite System/Inertial Navigation System (GNSS/INS) sensor and another in [...] Read more.
The performance of a PZL 104 Wilga 35A airplane was determined and analyzed in this work. Takeoff and landing distances were determined by means of two different methods: one which utilized a Global Navigation Satellite System/Inertial Navigation System (GNSS/INS) sensor and another in which airplane ground speed was measured with the use of an optical non-contact sensor. Based on the airfield measurements, takeoff and landing distances as well as rolling resistance coefficients were determined for the used airplane on a grassy runway at the Radawiec airfield, located near Lublin, southeast Poland. The study was part of the “GARFIELD” project that is expected to deliver an online information system on grassy airfield conditions. It was concluded that both sensors were suitable for the aimed research. The results obtained in this study showed the effects of high grass upon the takeoff and landing performances of the test airplane. Also, the two methods were compared against each other, and the final results were compared to calculations of ground distances by means of the chosen analytical models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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20 pages, 14616 KiB  
Article
Secondary Radar Beacons for Local Ad-Hoc Autonomous Robot Localization Systems
by Martin Schütz, Tatiana Pavlenko and Martin Vossiek
Sensors 2019, 19(24), 5484; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245484 - 12 Dec 2019
Viewed by 3681
Abstract
In this paper, we present a detailed analysis and implementation of secondary radar beacons designed for a local ad-hoc localization and landing system (LAOLa) to support the navigation of autonomous ground and aerial vehicles. We discuss a switched linear feedback network as a [...] Read more.
In this paper, we present a detailed analysis and implementation of secondary radar beacons designed for a local ad-hoc localization and landing system (LAOLa) to support the navigation of autonomous ground and aerial vehicles. We discuss a switched linear feedback network as a virtually coherent oscillator and show how to use it as a secondary radar transponder. Further, we present a signal model for the beat signal of the transponder response in an FMCW radar system, which is more detailed than in previously published papers. An actual transponder realization in the 24 GHz ISM band is presented. Its RF performance was evaluated both in the laboratory and in the field. Finally, we put forward some ideas on how to overcome the range measurement inaccuracy inherent in this transponder concept. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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17 pages, 7685 KiB  
Article
Radiolocation Devices for Detection and Tracking Small High-Speed Ballistic Objects—Features, Applications, and Methods of Tests
by Marek Brzozowski, Mariusz Pakowski, Mirosław Nowakowski, Mirosław Myszka and Mirosław Michalczewski
Sensors 2019, 19(24), 5362; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245362 - 5 Dec 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4644
Abstract
This article describes radiolocation devices dedicated to the detection and tracking of small high-speed ballistic objects and multifunctional radars. This functionality is implemented by applying space search technology and adaptive algorithms for detection and tracking of air objects in parallel with classic search [...] Read more.
This article describes radiolocation devices dedicated to the detection and tracking of small high-speed ballistic objects and multifunctional radars. This functionality is implemented by applying space search technology and adaptive algorithms for detection and tracking of air objects in parallel with classic search and tracking of objects in controlled airspace. This article presents examples of the construction of both types of devices produced by foreign companies and Polish industry. The following sections present methods for testing radars with the function of tracking small high-speed ballistic objects along with examples of results of observations of combat ammunition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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17 pages, 3829 KiB  
Article
Preliminary Design of a Model-Free Synthetic Sensor for Aerodynamic Angle Estimation for Commercial Aviation
by Angelo Lerro, Alberto Brandl, Manuela Battipede and Piero Gili
Sensors 2019, 19(23), 5133; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235133 - 23 Nov 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5828
Abstract
Heterogeneity of the small aircraft category (e.g., small air transport (SAT), urban air mobility (UAM), unmanned aircraft system (UAS)), modern avionic solution (e.g., fly-by-wire (FBW)) and reduced aircraft (A/C) size require more compact, integrated, digital and modular air data system (ADS) able to [...] Read more.
Heterogeneity of the small aircraft category (e.g., small air transport (SAT), urban air mobility (UAM), unmanned aircraft system (UAS)), modern avionic solution (e.g., fly-by-wire (FBW)) and reduced aircraft (A/C) size require more compact, integrated, digital and modular air data system (ADS) able to measure data from the external environment. The MIDAS project, funded in the frame of the Clean Sky 2 program, aims to satisfy those recent requirements with an ADS certified for commercial applications. The main pillar lays on a smart fusion between COTS solutions and analytical sensors (patented technology) for the identification of the aerodynamic angles. The identification involves both flight dynamic relationships and data-driven state observer(s) based on neural techniques, which are deterministic once the training is completed. As this project will bring analytical sensors on board of civil aircraft as part of a redundant system for the very first time, design activities documented in this work have a particular focus on airworthiness certification aspects. At this maturity level, simulated data are used, real flight test data will be used in the next stages. Data collection is described both for the training and test aspects. Training maneuvers are defined aiming to excite all dynamic modes, whereas test maneuvers are collected aiming to validate results independently from the training set and all autopilot configurations. Results demonstrate that an alternate solution is possible enabling significant savings in terms of computational effort and lines of codes but they show, at the same time, that a better training strategy may be beneficial to cope with the new neural network architecture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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14 pages, 4069 KiB  
Article
Design and CFD Analysis of the Fluid Dynamic Sampling System of the “MicroMED” Optical Particle Counter
by Giuseppe Mongelluzzo, Francesca Esposito, Fabio Cozzolino, Gabriele Franzese, Alan Cosimo Ruggeri, Carmen Porto, Cesare Molfese, Diego Scaccabarozzi and Bortolino Saggin
Sensors 2019, 19(22), 5037; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19225037 - 19 Nov 2019
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2914
Abstract
MicroMED is an optical particle counter that will be part of the ExoMars 2020 mission. Its goal is to provide the first ever in situ measurements of both size distribution and concentration of airborne Martian dust. The instrument samples Martian air, and it [...] Read more.
MicroMED is an optical particle counter that will be part of the ExoMars 2020 mission. Its goal is to provide the first ever in situ measurements of both size distribution and concentration of airborne Martian dust. The instrument samples Martian air, and it is based on an optical system that illuminates the sucked fluid by means of a collimated laser beam and detects embedded dust particles through their scattered light. By analyzing the scattered light profile, it is possible to obtain information about the dust grain size and speed. To do that, MicroMED’s fluid dynamic design should allow dust grains to cross the laser-illuminated sensing volume. The instrument’s Elegant Breadboard was previously developed and tested, and Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis enabled determining its criticalities. The present work describes how the design criticalities were solved by means of a CFD simulation campaign. At the same time, it was possible to experimentally validate the results of the analysis. The updated design was then implemented to MicroMED’s Flight Model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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16 pages, 2863 KiB  
Article
A Complete EGSE Solution for the SpaceWire and SpaceFibre Protocol Based on the PXI Industry Standard
by Luca Dello Sterpaio, Antonino Marino, Pietro Nannipieri, Gianmarco Dinelli, Daniele Davalle and Luca Fanucci
Sensors 2019, 19(22), 5013; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19225013 - 16 Nov 2019
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4726
Abstract
This article presents a complete test equipment for the promising on-board serial high-speed SpaceFibre protocol, published by the European Committee for Space Standardization. SpaceFibre and SpaceWire are standard communication protocols for the latest technology sensor devices intended for on-board satellites and spacecrafts in [...] Read more.
This article presents a complete test equipment for the promising on-board serial high-speed SpaceFibre protocol, published by the European Committee for Space Standardization. SpaceFibre and SpaceWire are standard communication protocols for the latest technology sensor devices intended for on-board satellites and spacecrafts in general, especially for sensors based on image acquisition, such as scanning radiometers or star-tracking devices. The new design aims to provide the enabling tools to the scientific community and the space industry in order to promote the adoption of open standards in space on-board communications for current- and future-generation spacecraft missions. It is the first instrument expressly designed for LabVIEW users, and it offers tools and advanced features for the test and development of new SpaceFibre devices. In addition, it supports the previous SpaceWire standard and cross-communications. Thanks to novel cutting-edge design methods, the system complex architecture can be implemented on natively supported LabVIEW programmable devices. The presented system is highly customizable in terms of interface support and is provided with a companion LabVIEW application and LabVIEW Application Programming Interface (API) for user custom automated test-chains. It offers real-time capabilities and supports data rates up to 6.25 Gbps.The proposed solutions is then fairly compared with other currently available SpaceFibre test equipment. Its comprehensiveness and modularity make it suitable for either on-board device developments or spacecraft system integrations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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20 pages, 8964 KiB  
Article
Improved Multi-GNSS PPP Software for Upgrading the DEMETRA Project Time Monitoring Service
by Wei Huang, Pascale Defraigne, Giovanna Signorile and Ilaria Sesia
Sensors 2019, 19(20), 4389; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204389 - 11 Oct 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2632
Abstract
The H2020 DEMETRA project provides short latency clock monitoring services to the time users using the Atomium precise point positioning (PPP) software developed by the Royal Observatory of Belgium. In this paper, three recent updates of the current Atomium software are introduced: adding [...] Read more.
The H2020 DEMETRA project provides short latency clock monitoring services to the time users using the Atomium precise point positioning (PPP) software developed by the Royal Observatory of Belgium. In this paper, three recent updates of the current Atomium software are introduced: adding Galileo signals in the PPP computation; the option to constrain the receiver clock; PPP with integer ambiguity resolution. The advantages of these updates are demonstrated: Combining the Galileo and global positioning system (GPS) signals for PPP time transfer will further improve the frequency stability inside the computation batch; PPP with receiver clock constraint is not only used to reduce the short-term noise of the clock measurements but can also be used for some specific applications to a keep continuous clock solution in the computation batch or retrieve correct clock measurements from extremely noisy environments; the integer PPP allows a continuous clock solution, and improves the mid-term and long-term stability of the frequency transfer compared to the current PPP frequency transfer techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace)
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