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Research on Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in China (Volume II)
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Research on Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in China (Volume II)

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 28575

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Shihua Wang

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Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
Interests: fungi; A. flavus; secondary metabolite; mycotoxins; biosynthetic pathway; antibody; detection; regulation; control; post-translation modification
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Yang Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
Interests: fungi toxins; A. flavus; prevention, control and detoxification
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Qi Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Reference Lab for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Key Lab of Detection for Mycotoxin, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs PRC, Lab of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs PRC, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
Interests: fluorescence immunosensor; functional biomaterials and nanomaterials for capture; analysis; diagnosis; warning; prevention of and reduction in toxins
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Pathogenic fungi are one of the most abundant and widely distributed fungal genera in China. These fungi are not only causal agents of plant, animal and human diseases but also produce a group of toxic fungal metabolites found in a wide range of food and feed products called “mycotoxins”. Mycotoxins have received public attention due to their severe health effects. Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Alternaria are the main mycotoxin-producing pathogenic fungal genera. Mycotoxin contamination is one of the most significant problems in China, and it is even more severe in humid and warm environments. The growth of pathogenic fungi and mycotoxin contamination imposes economic burdens on the food and feed industries. Agricultural economic losses are also associated with the mycotoxin contamination of crops and agro-products.  Currently, mycotoxins are the most significant hazard and emerging threat to the sustainable development of food safety and security in China. Research on the inhibition of pathogenic fungi and biosynthesis and the regulation of mycotoxins is very important to control mycotoxin production. Risk assessments, detection assays, prediction and early warnings are critical methods used to prevent and control fungal growth and mycotoxin contamination. Detoxification is the ideal way to reduce mycotoxin contamination in the food and feed industries. The microbial degradation of mycotoxins is an emerging technique that can overcome the threat of mycotoxin contamination. Hence, the submission of paper on this main topic is very welcome. Othjer topics for this Special Issue include: the research progress in the isolation, characterization and prevention of pathogenic fungi and mycotoxin; risk assessments; toxicity; biosynthesis; regulation of mechanisms of secondary fungal metabolites; control of mycotoxins; detection, prediction, early warning, detoxification, and prevention of mycotoxins in China.

Prof. Dr. Shihua Wang
Prof. Dr. Yang Liu
Prof. Dr. Qi Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • pathogenic fungi
  • mycotoxins
  • occurrence
  • risk assessment
  • toxicity
  • contamination
  • isolation
  • detection
  • food and feed industries
  • prevention and control
  • mycotoxin’s detoxification

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 196 KiB  
Editorial
Research on Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in China (Volume II)
by Tanvir Ahmad, Qi Zhang, Shihua Wang and Yang Liu
Toxins 2024, 16(3), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16030114 - 26 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1664
Abstract
The presence of pathogenic fungi and contamination of mycotoxins in food and feed pose significant threats and challenging issues to food in the world [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in China (Volume II))

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

14 pages, 3444 KiB  
Article
Efficient Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus to Reduce Aflatoxin Contamination on Peanuts over Ag-Loaded Titanium Dioxide
by Dandan Yang, Hailian Wei, Xianglong Yang, Ling Cheng, Qi Zhang, Peiwu Li and Jin Mao
Toxins 2023, 15(3), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15030216 - 10 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2553
Abstract
Peanuts are susceptible to aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus. Exploring green, efficient, and economical ways to inhibit Aspergillus flavus is conducive to controlling aflatoxin contamination from the source. In this study, Ag-loaded titanium dioxide composites showed more than 90% inhibition rate against [...] Read more.
Peanuts are susceptible to aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus. Exploring green, efficient, and economical ways to inhibit Aspergillus flavus is conducive to controlling aflatoxin contamination from the source. In this study, Ag-loaded titanium dioxide composites showed more than 90% inhibition rate against Aspergillus flavus under visible light irradiation for 15 min. More importantly, this method could also reduce the contaminated level of Aspergillus flavus to prevent aflatoxins production in peanuts, and the concentrations of aflatoxin B1, B2, and G2 were decreased by 96.02 ± 0.19%, 92.50 ± 0.45%, and 89.81 ± 0.52%, respectively. It was found that there are no obvious effects on peanut quality by evaluating the changes in acid value, peroxide value, and the content of fat, protein, polyphenols, and resveratrol after inhibition treatment. The inhibition mechanism was that these reactive species (•O2−, •OH−, h+, and e−) generated from photoreaction destroyed cell structures, then led to the reduced viability of Aspergillus flavus spores. This study provides useful information for constructing a green and efficient inhibition method for Aspergillus flavus on peanuts to control aflatoxin contamination, which is potentially applied in the field of food and agri-food preservation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in China (Volume II))
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16 pages, 3915 KiB  
Article
Histone 2-Hydroxyisobutyryltransferase Encoded by Afngg1 Is Involved in Pathogenicity and Aflatoxin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus
by Jing Wang, Liuke Liang, Shan Wei, Shuaibing Zhang, Yuansen Hu and Yangyong Lv
Toxins 2023, 15(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010007 - 21 Dec 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2204
Abstract
Aflatoxin, a carcinogenic secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus flavus, is a significant threat to human health and agricultural production. Histone 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation is a novel post-translational modification that regulates various biological processes, including secondary metabolism. In this study, we identified the novel histone [...] Read more.
Aflatoxin, a carcinogenic secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus flavus, is a significant threat to human health and agricultural production. Histone 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation is a novel post-translational modification that regulates various biological processes, including secondary metabolism. In this study, we identified the novel histone 2-hydroxyisobutyryltransferase Afngg1 in A. flavus, and explored its role in cell growth, development and aflatoxin biosynthesis. Afngg1 gene deletion markedly decreased lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation modification of histones H4K5 and H4K8 compared with the control strain. Additionally, Afngg1 deletion inhibited mycelial growth of A. flavus, and the number of conidia and hydrophobicity were significantly decreased. Notably, aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis and sclerotia production were completely inhibited in the ΔAfngg1 strain. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of the ΔAfngg1 strain infecting peanut and corn grains was also diminished, including reduced spore production and aflatoxin biosynthesis compared with A. flavus control and Afngg1 complementation strains. Transcriptome analysis showed that, compared with control strains, differentially expressed genes in ΔAfngg1 were mainly involved in chromatin remodelling, cell development, secondary metabolism and oxidative stress. These results suggest that Afngg1 is involved in histone 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation and chromatin modification, and thus affects cell development and aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. flavus. Our results lay a foundation for in-depth research on the 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation modification in A. flavus, and may provide a novel target for aflatoxin contamination prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in China (Volume II))
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22 pages, 4120 KiB  
Article
Genetic Interaction of Global Regulators AflatfA and AflatfB Mediating Development, Stress Response and Aflatoxins B1 Production in Aspergillus flavus
by Xiuna Wang, Wenjie Zha, Bin Yao, Lan Yang and Shihua Wang
Toxins 2022, 14(12), 857; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14120857 - 4 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1892
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus produces carcinogenic and mutagenic aflatoxins, which cause economic losses and risk of food safety by contaminating grains, food and feed. In this study, we characterized two bZIP transcription factors, AflatfA and AflatfB, and their genetic interaction. Compared to the wild type [...] Read more.
Aspergillus flavus produces carcinogenic and mutagenic aflatoxins, which cause economic losses and risk of food safety by contaminating grains, food and feed. In this study, we characterized two bZIP transcription factors, AflatfA and AflatfB, and their genetic interaction. Compared to the wild type (WT), AflatfA deletion and AflatfA and AflatfB double deletion both caused retarded vegetative growth of mycelia. Relative to WT, the AflatfA deletion strain (ΔAflatfA) and AflatfA and AflatfB double deletion strain (ΔAflatfAΔAflatfB) produced more sclerotia, whereas the AflatfB deletion strain (ΔAflatfB) produced less sclerotia. After 4 °C preservation and incubation at 50 °C, conidia viability dramatically decreased in the ΔAflatfA and ΔAflatfAΔAflatfB but ΔAflatfB mutants, whereas conidia viability of the ΔAflatfAΔAflatfB strain was higher after storage at 4 °C than in AflatfA mutant. Conidia of ΔAflatfA, ΔAflatfB and ΔAflatfAΔAflatfB strains significantly increased in sensitivity to H2O2 in comparison with WT. Compared to WT, the mycelium of ΔAflatfA and ΔAflatfB strains were more sensitive to H2O2; conversely, the ΔAflatfAΔAflatfB strain showed less sensitivity to H2O2. ΔAflatfA and ΔAflatfAΔAflatfB strains displayed less sensitivity to the osmotic reagents NaCl, KCl and Sorbitol, in comparison with WT and ΔAflatfB strains. When on YES medium and hosts corn and peanut, ΔAflatfA and ΔAflatfAΔAflatfB strains produced less aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) than ΔAflatfB, and the AFB1 yield of ΔAflatfB was higher than that of WT. When WT and mutants were inoculated on corn and peanut, the ΔAflatfA and ΔAflatfAΔAflatfB but not ΔAflatfB mutants produced less conidia than did WT. Taken together, this study reveals that AflatfA controls more cellular processes, and the function of AflatfA is stronger than that of AflatfB when of the same process is regulated, except the response to H2O2, which might result from the effect of AflatfA on the transcriptional level of AflatfB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in China (Volume II))
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12 pages, 19014 KiB  
Article
The Potential of Alternaria Toxins Production by A. alternata in Processing Tomatoes
by Qiaomei Qin, Yingying Fan, Qinlan Jia, Shuaishuai Duan, Fengjuan Liu, Binxin Jia, Guangquan Wang, Wanhui Guo and Cheng Wang
Toxins 2022, 14(12), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14120827 - 24 Nov 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2221
Abstract
As a filamentous and spoilage fungus, Alternaria spp. can not only infect processing tomatoes, but also produce a variety of mycotoxins which harm the health of human beings. To explore the production of Alternaria toxins in processing tomatoes during growth and storage, four [...] Read more.
As a filamentous and spoilage fungus, Alternaria spp. can not only infect processing tomatoes, but also produce a variety of mycotoxins which harm the health of human beings. To explore the production of Alternaria toxins in processing tomatoes during growth and storage, four main Alternaria toxins and four conjugated toxins were detected by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-IMS QToF MS) in processing tomatoes on different days after being inoculated with A. alternata. The results show that the content of Alternaria toxins in an in vivo assay is higher than that under field conditions. Tenuazonic acid (TeA) is the predominant toxin detected in the field (205.86~41,389.19 μg/kg) and in vivo (7.64~526,986.37 μg/kg) experiments, and the second-most abundant toxin is alternariol (AOH). In addition, a small quantity of conjugated toxins, AOH-9-glucoside (AOH-9-Glc) and alternariol monomethyl ether-3-glucoside (AME-3-Glc), were screened in the in vivo experiment. This is the first time the potential of Alternaria toxins produced in tomatoes during the harvest period has been studied in order to provide data for the prevention and control of Alternaria toxins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in China (Volume II))
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16 pages, 3075 KiB  
Article
Glutamine Synthetase Contributes to the Regulation of Growth, Conidiation, Sclerotia Development, and Resistance to Oxidative Stress in the Fungus Aspergillus flavus
by Sen Wang, Ranxun Lin, Elisabeth Tumukunde, Wanlin Zeng, Qian Bao, Shihua Wang and Yu Wang
Toxins 2022, 14(12), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14120822 - 23 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2413
Abstract
The basic biological function of glutamine synthetase (Gs) is to catalyze the conversion of ammonium and glutamate to glutamine. This synthetase also performs other biological functions. However, the roles of Gs in fungi, especially in filamentous fungi, are not fully understood. Here, we [...] Read more.
The basic biological function of glutamine synthetase (Gs) is to catalyze the conversion of ammonium and glutamate to glutamine. This synthetase also performs other biological functions. However, the roles of Gs in fungi, especially in filamentous fungi, are not fully understood. Here, we found that conditional disruption of glutamine synthetase (AflGsA) gene expression in Aspergillus flavus by using a xylose promoter leads to a complete glutamine deficiency. Supplementation of glutamine could restore the nutritional deficiency caused by AflGsA expression deficiency. Additionally, by using the xylose promoter for the downregulation of AflgsA expression, we found that AflGsA regulates spore and sclerotic development by regulating the transcriptional levels of sporulation genes abaA and brlA and the sclerotic generation genes nsdC and nsdD, respectively. In addition, AflGsA was found to maintain the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to aid in resisting oxidative stress. AflGsA is also involved in the regulation of light signals through the production of glutamine. The results also showed that the recombinant AflGsA had glutamine synthetase activity in vitro and required the assistance of metal ions. The inhibitor molecule L-α-aminoadipic acid suppressed the activity of rAflGsA in vitro and disrupted the morphogenesis of spores, sclerotia, and colonies in A. flavus. These results provide a mechanistic link between nutrition metabolism and glutamine synthetase in A. flavus and suggest a strategy for the prevention of fungal infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in China (Volume II))
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13 pages, 3330 KiB  
Article
GTPase Rac Regulates Conidiation, AFB1 Production and Stress Response in Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus flavus
by Ling Qin, Lan Yang, Jiaru Zhao, Wanlin Zeng, Minxuan Su, Shihua Wang and Jun Yuan
Toxins 2022, 14(9), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090581 - 24 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1952
Abstract
As a member of the Rho family, Rac plays important roles in many species, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, DNA damage responses, metabolism, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression. In this study, by constructing Rac-deleted mutants in Aspergillus flavus, it was found that the deletion [...] Read more.
As a member of the Rho family, Rac plays important roles in many species, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, DNA damage responses, metabolism, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression. In this study, by constructing Rac-deleted mutants in Aspergillus flavus, it was found that the deletion of Rac gene led to the decline of growth and development, conidia production, AFB1 toxin synthesis, and seed infection ability of A. flavus. The deletion of Rac gene also caused the disappearance of A. flavus sclerotium, indicating that Rac is required for sclerotium formation in A. flavus. The sensitivity of Rac-deficient strains responding to cell wall stress and osmotic pressure stress increased when compared to A.flavus WT. The Western blot result showed that mitogen-activated serine/threonine-protein kinase Slt2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase Hog1 proteins were no longer phosphorylated in Rac-deficient strains of A. flavus, showing that Rac may be used as a molecular switch to control the Slt2-MAPK cascade pathway and regulate the osmotic Hog-MAPK cascade pathway in A. flavus in response to external stress. Altogether, these results indicated that Rac was involved in regulating the growth and development, conidia formation and AFB1 synthesis, and response to cell wall stress and osmotic pressure stress in A. flavus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in China (Volume II))
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16 pages, 2891 KiB  
Article
Insights into the Underlying Mechanism of Ochratoxin A Production in Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88 Using Different Carbon Sources
by Shan Wei, Chaojiang Hu, Ping Nie, Huanchen Zhai, Shuaibing Zhang, Na Li, Yangyong Lv and Yuansen Hu
Toxins 2022, 14(8), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080551 - 12 Aug 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2283
Abstract
Aspergillus niger produces carcinogenic ochratoxin A (OTA), a serious food safety and human health concern. Here, the ability of A. niger CBS 513.88 to produce OTA using different carbon sources was investigated and the underlying regulatory mechanism was elucidated. The results indicated that [...] Read more.
Aspergillus niger produces carcinogenic ochratoxin A (OTA), a serious food safety and human health concern. Here, the ability of A. niger CBS 513.88 to produce OTA using different carbon sources was investigated and the underlying regulatory mechanism was elucidated. The results indicated that 6% sucrose, glucose, and arabinose could trigger OTA biosynthesis and that 1586 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) overlapped compared to a non-inducing nutritional source, peptone. The genes that participated in OTA and its precursor phenylalanine biosynthesis, including pks, p450, nrps, hal, and bzip, were up-regulated, while the genes involved in oxidant detoxification, such as cat and pod, were down-regulated. Correspondingly, the activities of catalase and peroxidase were also decreased. Notably, the novel Gal4-like transcription factor An12g00840 (AnGal4), which is vital in regulating OTA biosynthesis, was identified. Deletion of AnGal4 elevated the OTA yields by 47.65%, 54.60%, and 309.23% using sucrose, glucose, and arabinose as carbon sources, respectively. Additionally, deletion of AnGal4 increased the superoxide anion and H2O2 contents, as well as the sensitivity to H2O2, using the three carbon sources. These results suggest that these three carbon sources repressed AnGal4, leading to the up-regulation of the OTA biosynthetic genes and alteration of cellular redox homeostasis, ultimately triggering OTA biosynthesis in A. niger. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in China (Volume II))
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15 pages, 3164 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Monoclonal Antibody against Deoxynivalenol and Development of Immunoassays
by Hoyda Elsir Mokhtar, Aidi Xu, Yang Xu, Mohamed Hassan Fadlalla and Shihua Wang
Toxins 2022, 14(8), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080533 - 3 Aug 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2262
Abstract
Fusarium toxins are the largest group of mycotoxins, which contain more than 140 known secondary metabolites of fungi. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most important compounds of this class due to its high toxicity and its potential to harm mankind and animals [...] Read more.
Fusarium toxins are the largest group of mycotoxins, which contain more than 140 known secondary metabolites of fungi. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most important compounds of this class due to its high toxicity and its potential to harm mankind and animals and a widespread contaminant of agricultural commodities, such as wheat, corn, barley, oats, bread, and biscuits. Herein, a hybridoma cell 8G2 secreting mAb against DON was produced by fusing the splenocytes with a tumor cell line Sp2/0. The obtained mAb had a high affinity (2.39 × 109 L/mol) to DON. An indirect competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ic-ELISA) showed that the linear range for DON detection was 3.125–25 μg/mL, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 18.125 μg/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) of 7.875 μg/mL. A colloidal gold nanoparticle (AuNP) with 20 nm in diameter was synthesized for on-site detection of DON within 10 min with vLOD of 20 μg/mL. To improve the limit of detection, the gold nanoflower (AuNF) with a larger size (75 nm) was used to develop the AuNF-based strip with vLOD of 6.67 μg/mL. Compared to the vLOD of a convectional AuNP-based strip, the AuNF-based strip was three times lower. Herein, three immunoassay methods (ic-ELISA and AuNP/AuNF-based strips) were successfully developed, and these methods could be applied for the DON detection in agricultural products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in China (Volume II))
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16 pages, 2541 KiB  
Article
Deoxynivalenol Biosynthesis in Fusarium pseudograminearum Significantly Repressed by a Megabirnavirus
by Ke Li, Dongmei Liu, Xin Pan, Shuwei Yan, Jiaqing Song, Dongwei Liu, Zhifang Wang, Yuan Xie, Junli Dai, Jihong Liu, Honglian Li, Xiaoting Zhang and Fei Gao
Toxins 2022, 14(7), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070503 - 19 Jul 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2422
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin widely detected in cereal products contaminated by Fusarium. Fusarium pseudograminearum megabirnavirus 1 (FpgMBV1) is a double-stranded RNA virus infecting Fusarium pseudograminearum. In this study, it was revealed that the amount of DON in F. pseudograminearum was significantly [...] Read more.
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin widely detected in cereal products contaminated by Fusarium. Fusarium pseudograminearum megabirnavirus 1 (FpgMBV1) is a double-stranded RNA virus infecting Fusarium pseudograminearum. In this study, it was revealed that the amount of DON in F. pseudograminearum was significantly suppressed by FpgMBV1 through a high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) assay. A total of 2564 differentially expressed genes were identified by comparative transcriptomic analysis between the FpgMBV1-containing F. pseudograminearum strain FC136-2A and the virus-free strain FC136-2A-V-. Among them, 1585 genes were up-regulated and 979 genes were down-regulated. Particularly, the expression of 12 genes (FpTRI1, FpTRI3, FpTRI4, FpTRI5, FpTRI6, FpTRI8, FpTRI10, FpTRI11, FpTRI12, FpTRI14, FpTRI15, and FpTRI101) in the trichothecene biosynthetic (TRI) gene cluster was significantly down-regulated. Specific metabolic and transport processes and pathways including amino acid and lipid metabolism, ergosterol metabolic and biosynthetic processes, carbohydrate metabolism, and biosynthesis were regulated. These results suggest an unrevealing mechanism underlying the repression of DON and TRI gene expression by the mycovirus FpgMBV1, which would provide new methods in the detoxification of DON and reducing the yield loss in wheat. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in China (Volume II))
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Review

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22 pages, 2204 KiB  
Review
Current Review of Mycotoxin Biodegradation and Bioadsorption: Microorganisms, Mechanisms, and Main Important Applications
by Seyni Ndiaye, Minhui Zhang, Mouhamed Fall, Nicolas M. Ayessou, Qi Zhang and Peiwu Li
Toxins 2022, 14(11), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110729 - 25 Oct 2022
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5454
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi. Food/feed contamination by mycotoxins is a great threat to food safety. The contamination can occur along the food chain and can cause many diseases in humans and animals, and it also can cause economic losses. Many [...] Read more.
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi. Food/feed contamination by mycotoxins is a great threat to food safety. The contamination can occur along the food chain and can cause many diseases in humans and animals, and it also can cause economic losses. Many detoxification methods, including physical, chemical, and biological techniques, have been established to eliminate mycotoxins in food/feed. The biological method, with mycotoxin detoxification by microorganisms, is reliable, efficient, less costly, and easy to use compared with physical and chemical ones. However, it is important to discover the metabolite’s toxicity resulting from mycotoxin biodegradation. These compounds can be less or more toxic than the parent. On the other hand, mechanisms involved in a mycotoxin’s biological control remain still unclear. Mostly, there is little information about the method used by microorganisms to control mycotoxins. Therefore, this article presents an overview of the most toxic mycotoxins and the different microorganisms that have a mycotoxin detoxification ability. At the same time, different screening methods for degradation compound elucidation are given. In addition, the review summarizes mechanisms of mycotoxin biodegradation and gives some applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in China (Volume II))
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