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Viruses
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Fish Virology
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Fish Virology

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 16681

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Isabel Bandín

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Guest Editor
Instituto de Acuicultura, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Interests: fish virology; virulence mechanisms; phylogenetics; diagnostic techniques
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Carlos P. Dopazo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
Interests: fish viruses; IPNV; NNV; diagnostics; virulence; epidemiology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Sandra Souto

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Acuicultura. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Interests: fish viruses; IPNV; NNV; diagnostics; virulence; epidemiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viral diseases are one of the main threats to fish farming worldwide. Although some fish viruses have been known for a long time, many aspects of viral biology are still unknown, and above all, there is a lack of effective ways to prevent and control viral infections in fish. In addition, the emergence of new infections, their host range, and the interaction with those host species must be studied. Finally, the effect of climate change on both farmed fish species and viral agents demands attention. For all these reasons, this Special Issue is devoted to and welcomes all contributions (research articles, short communications, or reviews) focused on any aspect of current research into fish viruses.

Prof. Isabel Bandín
Dr. Carlos P. Dopazo
Dr. Sandra Souto
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fish viruses
  • novel viral agents
  • epidemiology
  • pathology
  • diagnostics
  • immunology
  • prevention and control

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Related Special Issues

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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23 pages, 8815 KiB  
Article
Characterization of a New Toti-like Virus in Sea Bass, Dicentrarchus labrax
by Lénaïg Louboutin, Joëlle Cabon, Véronique Beven, Edouard Hirchaud, Yannick Blanchard and Thierry Morin
Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2423; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122423 - 13 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1237
Abstract
The European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax is the main species reared in Mediterranean aquaculture. Its larval stage, which is very sensitive and highly affected by sanitary and environmental conditions, is particularly scrutinized in hatcheries. Recently, a Mediterranean sea bass farm had to deal [...] Read more.
The European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax is the main species reared in Mediterranean aquaculture. Its larval stage, which is very sensitive and highly affected by sanitary and environmental conditions, is particularly scrutinized in hatcheries. Recently, a Mediterranean sea bass farm had to deal with an abnormal increase in mortality, especially between 20 and 35 days post-hatching (dph). Biological investigations led to the observation of cytopathic effects on three different fish cell lines after almost 3 weeks of culture at 14 °C in contact with homogenized affected larvae, suggesting the presence of a viral agent. High-throughput sequencing revealed a 6818-nucleotide-long RNA genome with six putative ORFs, corresponding to the organization of viruses belonging to the Totiviridae family. This genome clustered with the newly described and suggested Pistolvirus genus, sharing 45.5% to 37.2% nucleotide identity with other piscine toti-like viruses such as Cyclopterus lumpus toti-like virus (CLuTLV) or piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV), respectively. Therefore, we propose to name this new viral agent sea bass toti-like virus (SBTLV). Specific real-time RT-PCR confirmed the presence of the viral genome in the affected larval homogenate from different production batches and the corresponding cell culture supernatant. Experimental infections performed on sea bass fingerlings did not induce mortality, although the virus could be detected in various organs and a specific immune response was developed. Additional studies are needed to understand the exact involvement of this virus in the mortality observed in hatcheries and the potential associated cofactors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Virology)
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36 pages, 16874 KiB  
Article
Susceptibility and Permissivity of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae to Cypriniviruses
by Cindy Streiff, Bo He, Léa Morvan, Haiyan Zhang, Natacha Delrez, Mickael Fourrier, Isabelle Manfroid, Nicolás M. Suárez, Stéphane Betoulle, Andrew J. Davison, Owen Donohoe and Alain Vanderplasschen
Viruses 2023, 15(3), 768; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030768 - 17 Mar 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3752
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) represents an increasingly important model organism in virology. We evaluated its utility in the study of economically important viruses from the genus Cyprinivirus (anguillid herpesvirus 1, cyprinid herpesvirus 2 and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3)). This revealed that [...] Read more.
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) represents an increasingly important model organism in virology. We evaluated its utility in the study of economically important viruses from the genus Cyprinivirus (anguillid herpesvirus 1, cyprinid herpesvirus 2 and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3)). This revealed that zebrafish larvae were not susceptible to these viruses after immersion in contaminated water, but that infections could be established using artificial infection models in vitro (zebrafish cell lines) and in vivo (microinjection of larvae). However, infections were transient, with rapid viral clearance associated with apoptosis-like death of infected cells. Transcriptomic analysis of CyHV-3-infected larvae revealed upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes, in particular those encoding nucleic acid sensors, mediators of programmed cell death and related genes. It was notable that uncharacterized non-coding RNA genes and retrotransposons were also among those most upregulated. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of the zebrafish gene encoding protein kinase R (PKR) and a related gene encoding a protein kinase containing Z-DNA binding domains (PKZ) had no impact on CyHV-3 clearance in larvae. Our study strongly supports the importance of innate immunity-virus interactions in the adaptation of cypriniviruses to their natural hosts. It also highlights the potential of the CyHV-3-zebrafish model, versus the CyHV-3-carp model, for study of these interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Virology)
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10 pages, 1688 KiB  
Article
Effects of Non-Virion Gene Expression Level and Viral Genome Length on the Replication and Pathogenicity of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus
by Najib Abdellaoui, Seon Young Kim, Ki Hong Kim and Min Sun Kim
Viruses 2022, 14(9), 1886; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14091886 - 26 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1642
Abstract
Fish novirhabdoviruses, including viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV), and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), harbor a unique non-virion (NV) gene that is crucial for efficient replication and pathogenicity. The effective levels and the function of the N-terminal region of the [...] Read more.
Fish novirhabdoviruses, including viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV), and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), harbor a unique non-virion (NV) gene that is crucial for efficient replication and pathogenicity. The effective levels and the function of the N-terminal region of the NV protein, however, remain poorly understood. In the present study, several recombinant VHSVs, which completely lack (rVHSV-ΔNV) or harbor an additional (rVHSV-dNV) NV gene, were generated using reverse genetics. To confirm the function of the N-terminal region of the NV protein, recombinant VHSVs with the NV gene that gradually mutated from the start codon (ATG) to the stop codon (TGA), expressed as N-terminally truncated NV proteins (rVHSV-NV1, -NV2, and -NV3), were generated. CPE progression and viral growth analyses showed that epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells infected with rVHSV-ΔNV or rVHSV-NV3—which did not express NV protein—rarely showed CPE and viral replication as opposed to EPC cells infected with rVHSV-wild. Interestingly, regardless of the presence of two NV genes in the rVHSV-dNV genome, EPC cells infected with rVHSV-dNV or rVHSV-A-EGFP (control) failed to induce CPE and viral replication. In EPC cells infected with rVHSV-dNV or rVHSV-A-EGFP, which harbored a longer VHSV genome than the wild-type, Mx gene expression levels, which were detected by luciferase activity assay, were particularly high; Mx gene expression levels were higher in EPC cells infected with rVHSV-ΔNV, -NV2, or -NV3 than in those infected with rVHSV-wild or rVHSV-NV1. The total amount of NV transcript produced in EPC cells infected with rVHSV-wild was much higher than that in EPC cells infected with rVHSV-dNV. However, the expression levels of the NV gene per viral particle were significantly higher in EPC cells infected with rVHSV-dNV than in cells infected with rVHSV-wild. These results suggest that the NV protein is an essential component in the inhibition of host type-I interferon (IFN) and the induction of viral replication. Most importantly, viral genome length might affect viral replication efficiency to a greater extent than does NV gene expression. In in vivo pathogenicity experiments, the cumulative mortality rates of olive flounder fingerlings infected with rVHSV-dNV or rVHSV-wild were similar (60–70%), while those of fingerlings infected with rVHSV-A-EGFP were lower. Moreover, the virulence of rVHSV-ΔNV and rVHSV, both harboring a truncated NV gene (rVHSV-NV1, -NV2, and -NV3), was completely attenuated in the olive flounder. These results suggest that viral pathogenicity is affected by the viral replication rate and NV gene expression. In conclusion, the genome length and NV gene (particularly the N-terminal region) expression of VHSVs are closely associated with viral replication in host type-I IFN response and the viral pathogenicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Virology)
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12 pages, 2639 KiB  
Article
Juvenile Wels Catfish (Silurus glanis) Display Age-Related Mortality to European Catfish Virus (ECV) under Experimental Conditions
by Flóra Abonyi, Ádám Varga, Boglárka Sellyei, Edit Eszterbauer and Andor Doszpoly
Viruses 2022, 14(8), 1832; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14081832 - 21 Aug 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1929
Abstract
We have limited knowledge about the course of the European catfish virus (ECV) infection in different age groups of wels catfish (Silurus glanis). The results of this study demonstrate that an ECV strain isolated from the brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus [...] Read more.
We have limited knowledge about the course of the European catfish virus (ECV) infection in different age groups of wels catfish (Silurus glanis). The results of this study demonstrate that an ECV strain isolated from the brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) in Hungary could cause devastating losses among juvenile wels catfish. Furthermore, the age-related mortality rate following ECV infection was investigated in three virus challenge experiments at two different virus dosages. Eight-week-old (ca. 3 g), ten-week-old (ca. 8 g), and sixteen-week-old (ca. 55 g) catfish were infected with ECV at 21°C. In the youngest age group, 96% (at a 106 TCID50/mL dosage) and 100% (at 105 TCID50/mL) mortality rates were observed, while these rates were reduced to 56% and 68% in the ten-week-old groups, respectively. The mortality was significantly higher in the virus-exposed groups than in the control ones. In the sixteen-week-old group, 23% mortality was detected at a 105 TCID50/mL concentration of ECV. Here, a significant difference was not found between the exposed and control groups. The performed experiments show that different age groups of wels catfish may have various susceptibility to ECV. These findings draw attention to the importance of the prevention of/protection against virus infections in juvenile (up to 3-month-old) wels catfish in aquaculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Virology)
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19 pages, 3957 KiB  
Article
Evidence of Transcriptional Shutoff by Pathogenic Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus in Rainbow Trout
by Irene Cano, Eduarda M. Santos, Karen Moore, Audrey Farbos and Ronny van Aerle
Viruses 2021, 13(6), 1129; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13061129 - 11 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3420
Abstract
The basis of pathogenicity of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was analysed in the transcriptome of a rainbow trout cell line inoculated with pathogenic and non-pathogenic VHSV isolates. Although both VHSV isolates showed similar viral replication patterns, the number of differentially expressed genes [...] Read more.
The basis of pathogenicity of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was analysed in the transcriptome of a rainbow trout cell line inoculated with pathogenic and non-pathogenic VHSV isolates. Although both VHSV isolates showed similar viral replication patterns, the number of differentially expressed genes was 42-fold higher in cells inoculated with the non-pathogenic VHSV at 3 h post inoculation (hpi). Infection with the non-pathogenic isolate resulted in Gene Ontologies (GO) enrichment of terms such as immune response, cytokine-mediated signalling pathway, regulation of translational initiation, unfolded protein binding, and protein folding, and induced an over-representation of the p53, PPAR, and TGF-β signalling pathways. Inoculation with the pathogenic isolate resulted in the GO enrichment of terms related to lipid metabolism and the salmonella infection KEGG pathway involved in the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. Antiviral response was evident at 12hpi in cells infected with the pathogenic isolate. Overall, the data showed a delay in the response of genes involved in immune responses and viral sensing in cells inoculated with the pathogenic isolate and suggest transcriptional shutoff and immune avoidance as a critical mechanism of pathogenicity in VHSV. These pathways offer opportunities to further understand and manage VHSV pathogenicity in rainbow trout. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Virology)
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Review

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14 pages, 348 KiB  
Review
Fish Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection—An Overview of Five Major Antiviral Genes
by Maria del Mar Ortega-Villaizan, Veronica Chico and Luis Perez
Viruses 2022, 14(7), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14071546 - 15 Jul 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3404
Abstract
Fish viral diseases represent a constant threat to aquaculture production. Thus, a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in establishing an antiviral state associated with protection against virus replication and pathogenesis is paramount for a sustainable aquaculture industry. This review summarizes the [...] Read more.
Fish viral diseases represent a constant threat to aquaculture production. Thus, a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in establishing an antiviral state associated with protection against virus replication and pathogenesis is paramount for a sustainable aquaculture industry. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on five selected host innate immune-related genes in response to the most relevant viral pathogens in fish farming. Viruses have been classified as ssRNA, dsRNA, and dsDNA according to their genomes, in order to shed light on what those viruses may share in common and what response may be virus-specific, both in vitro (cell culture) as well as in vivo. Special emphasis has been put on trying to identify markers of resistance to viral pathogenesis. That is, those genes more often associated with protection against viral disease, a key issue bearing in mind potential applications into the aquaculture industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Virology)
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