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Viruses
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Host Factors in Plant Viral Infections
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Host Factors in Plant Viral Infections

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viruses of Plants, Fungi and Protozoa".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 26100

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Maria Amelia Sánchez Pina

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Plant Pathology Group, Department Stress Biology & Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
Interests: plant virology; plant virus-host interaction; cellular biology of plant viral infections; RNA plant viruses; plant virus replication; plant viral factories; plant viral-like particles; plant viral movement; plant viral transmission; plant host factors; in vivo imaging; light microscopy; confocal laser scanning microscopy; electron microscopy; in situ hybridization; immunocytochemistry; immunogold labelling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Virus infections are the cause of numerous plant disease syndromes that are generally characterized by the induction of disease symptoms such as developmental abnormalities, chlorosis, and necrosis. How viruses induce these disease symptoms represents a long-standing question in plant pathology. Recent studies indicate that symptoms are derived from specific interactions between virus and host components. Many of these interactions have been found to contribute to the successful completion of the virus life-cycle, although the role of other interactions in the infection process is not yet known. However, all share the potential to disrupt host physiology.

The simple, obligate nature of viruses requires them to usurp or divert cellular resources, including host factors, away from their normal functions. As viruses invade susceptible plants, they create conditions that favor systemic infections by suppressing multiple layers of innate host defenses. When viruses meddle in these defense mechanisms, which are interlinked with basic cellular functions, phenotypic changes can result that contribute to disease symptoms.

A successful infection by a plant virus results from the complex interplay between the host plant and the invading virus. Host factors are implicated in all the major steps of the infection process. Some host factors are diverted for the viral genome translation, some are recruited to improvise the viral replicase complexes for genome multiplication, and others are components of transport complexes for cell-to-cell spread via plasmodesmata and systemic movement through the phloem.

For this Special Issue of Viruses, entitled “Host Factors in Plant Virus Infections”, we invite original research, review, and perspective pieces focusing on the host–pathogen interface.

Dr. Maria Amelia Sánchez Pina
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • host factors
  • proviral host factors
  • symptoms
  • co-opted cellular factors
  • virus-host interactions
  • virus infection
  • host responses
  • viral pathogenesis

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review, Other

2 pages, 205 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue: “Host Factors in Plant Viral Infections”
by María Amelia Sánchez Pina
Viruses 2023, 15(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010024 - 21 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1130
Abstract
I would like to thank all the authors that have published their manuscripts, the scientists who reviewed submitted manuscripts and made suggestions that improved the reports, and the editorial staff workers who put this Special Issue together [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host Factors in Plant Viral Infections)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review, Other

18 pages, 3322 KiB  
Article
StREM1.3 REMORIN Protein Plays an Agonistic Role in Potyvirus Cell-to-Cell Movement in N. benthamiana
by Marion Rocher, Vincent Simon, Marie-Dominique Jolivet, Luc Sofer, Anne-Flore Deroubaix, Véronique Germain, Sébastien Mongrand and Sylvie German-Retana
Viruses 2022, 14(3), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030574 - 10 Mar 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3188
Abstract
REMORIN proteins belong to a plant-specific multigene family that localise in plasma membrane nanodomains and in plasmodesmata. We previously showed that in Nicotiana benthamiana, group 1 StREM1.3 limits the cell-to-cell spread of a potexvirus without affecting viral replication. This prompted us to [...] Read more.
REMORIN proteins belong to a plant-specific multigene family that localise in plasma membrane nanodomains and in plasmodesmata. We previously showed that in Nicotiana benthamiana, group 1 StREM1.3 limits the cell-to-cell spread of a potexvirus without affecting viral replication. This prompted us to check whether an effect on viral propagation could apply to potyvirus species Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Potato virus A (PVA). Our results show that StREM1.3 transient or stable overexpression in transgenic lines increases potyvirus propagation, while it is slowed down in transgenic lines underexpressing endogenous NbREMs, without affecting viral replication. TuMV and PVA infection do not alter the membranous localisation of StREM1.3. Furthermore, StREM1.3-membrane anchoring is necessary for its agonist effect on potyvirus propagation. StREM1.3 phosphocode seems to lead to distinct plant responses against potexvirus and potyvirus. We also showed that StREM1.3 interacts in yeast and in planta with the key potyviral movement protein CI (cylindrical inclusion) at the level of the plasma membrane but only partially at plasmodesmata pit fields. TuMV infection also counteracts StREM1.3-induced plasmodesmata callose accumulation at plasmodesmata. Altogether, these results showed that StREM1.3 plays an agonistic role in potyvirus cell-to-cell movement in N. benthamiana. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host Factors in Plant Viral Infections)
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16 pages, 5222 KiB  
Article
NSvc4 Encoded by Rice Stripe Virus Targets Host Chloroplasts to Suppress Chloroplast-Mediated Defense
by Zongdi Li, Chenyang Li, Shuai Fu, Yu Liu, Yi Xu, Jianxiang Wu, Yaqin Wang and Xueping Zhou
Viruses 2022, 14(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010036 - 24 Dec 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3460
Abstract
Our previous research found that NSvc4, the movement protein of rice stripe virus (RSV), could localize to the actin filaments, endoplasmic reticulum, plasmodesmata, and chloroplast, but the roles of NSvc4 played in the chloroplast were opaque. Here, we confirm the accumulation of NSvc4 [...] Read more.
Our previous research found that NSvc4, the movement protein of rice stripe virus (RSV), could localize to the actin filaments, endoplasmic reticulum, plasmodesmata, and chloroplast, but the roles of NSvc4 played in the chloroplast were opaque. Here, we confirm the accumulation of NSvc4 in the chloroplasts and the N-terminal 1–73 amino acids of NSvc4 are sufficient to localize to chloroplasts. We provide evidence to show that chloroplast-localized NSvc4 can impair the chloroplast-mediated immunity. Expressing NSvc4 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves results in the decreased expression of defense-related genes NbPR1, NbPR2, and NbWRKY12 and the inhibition of chloroplast-derived ROS production. In addition, generation of an infectious clone of potato virus X (PVX) carrying NSvc4 facilitates PVX infection in N. benthamiana plants. Moreover, we identify two chloroplast-related host factors, named NbGAPDH-A and NbPsbQ1, both of which can interact with NSvc4. Knockdown of NbGAPDH-A or NbPsbQ1 can both promote RSV infection. Our results decipher a detailed function of NSvc4 in the chloroplast. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host Factors in Plant Viral Infections)
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13 pages, 1303 KiB  
Article
An Importin-β-like Protein from Nicotiana benthamiana Interacts with the RNA Silencing Suppressor P1b of the Cucumber Vein Yellowing Virus, Modulating Its Activity
by Beatriz García, Leonor Bedoya, Juan Antonio García and Bernardo Rodamilans
Viruses 2021, 13(12), 2406; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13122406 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2082
Abstract
During a plant viral infection, host–pathogen interactions are critical for successful replication and propagation of the virus through the plant. RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs) are key players of this interplay, and they often interact with different host proteins, developing multiple functions. In the [...] Read more.
During a plant viral infection, host–pathogen interactions are critical for successful replication and propagation of the virus through the plant. RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs) are key players of this interplay, and they often interact with different host proteins, developing multiple functions. In the Potyviridae family, viruses produce two main RSSs, HCPro and type B P1 proteins. We focused our efforts on the less known P1b of cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV), a type B P1 protein, to try to identify possible factors that could play a relevant role during viral infection. We used a chimeric expression system based on plum pox virus (PPV) encoding a tagged CVYV P1b in place of the canonical HCPro. We used that tag to purify P1b in Nicotiana-benthamiana-infected plants and identified by mass spectrometry an importin-β-like protein similar to importin 7 of Arabidopsis thaliana. We further confirmed the interaction by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays and defined its nuclear localization in the cell. Further analyses showed a possible role of this N. benthamiana homolog of Importin 7 as a modulator of the RNA silencing suppression activity of P1b. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host Factors in Plant Viral Infections)
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26 pages, 3486 KiB  
Article
An Isoform of the Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor 1A (eEF1a) Acts as a Pro-Viral Factor Required for Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Disease in Nicotiana benthamiana
by Tieme A. Helderman, Laurens Deurhof, André Bertran, Sjef Boeren, Like Fokkens, Richard Kormelink, Matthieu H. A. J. Joosten, Marcel Prins and Harrold A. van den Burg
Viruses 2021, 13(11), 2190; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112190 - 30 Oct 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3881
Abstract
The tripartite genome of the negative-stranded RNA virus Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) is assembled, together with two viral proteins, the nucleocapsid protein and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, into infectious ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs). These two viral proteins are, together, essential for viral replication [...] Read more.
The tripartite genome of the negative-stranded RNA virus Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) is assembled, together with two viral proteins, the nucleocapsid protein and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, into infectious ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs). These two viral proteins are, together, essential for viral replication and transcription, yet our knowledge on the host factors supporting these two processes remains limited. To fill this knowledge gap, the protein composition of viral RNPs collected from TSWV-infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants, and of those collected from a reconstituted TSWV replicon system in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was analysed. RNPs obtained from infected plant material were enriched for plant proteins implicated in (i) sugar and phosphate transport and (ii) responses to cellular stress. In contrast, the yeast-derived viral RNPs primarily contained proteins implicated in RNA processing and ribosome biogenesis. The latter suggests that, in yeast, the translational machinery is recruited to these viral RNPs. To examine whether one of these cellular proteins is important for a TSWV infection, the corresponding N. benthamiana genes were targeted for virus-induced gene silencing, and these plants were subsequently challenged with TSWV. This approach revealed four host factors that are important for systemic spread of TSWV and disease symptom development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host Factors in Plant Viral Infections)
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13 pages, 2623 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Analysis of the RAV Transcription Factor Genes in Rice Reveals Their Response Patterns to Hormones and Virus Infection
by Changhai Chen, Yanjun Li, Hehong Zhang, Qiang Ma, Zhongyan Wei, Jianping Chen and Zongtao Sun
Viruses 2021, 13(5), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13050752 - 25 Apr 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3118
Abstract
The RAV family is part of the B3 superfamily and is one of the most abundant transcription factor families in plants. Members have highly conserved B3 or AP2 DNA binding domains. Although the RAV family genes of several species have been systematically identified [...] Read more.
The RAV family is part of the B3 superfamily and is one of the most abundant transcription factor families in plants. Members have highly conserved B3 or AP2 DNA binding domains. Although the RAV family genes of several species have been systematically identified from genome-wide studies, there has been no comprehensive study to identify rice RAV family genes. Here, we identified 15 genes of the RAV family in the rice genome and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, conserved domains, and chromosomal distribution. Based on domain similarity and phylogenetic topology, rice RAV transcription factors were phylogenetically clustered into four groups. qRT-PCR analyses showed that expression of these RAV genes was significantly up-regulated or down-regulated by plant hormone treatments, including BL, NAA, IAA, MeJA, and SA. Most of the rice RAV genes were dramatically down-regulated in response to rice stripe virus (RSV) and mostly up-regulated in response to Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV). These results suggest that the rice RAV genes are involved in diverse signaling pathways and in varied responses to virus infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host Factors in Plant Viral Infections)
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Review

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15 pages, 3043 KiB  
Review
Exploring New Routes for Genetic Resistances to Potyviruses: The Case of the Arabidopsis thaliana Phosphoglycerates Kinases (PGK) Metabolic Enzymes
by Mamoudou Diop and Jean-Luc Gallois
Viruses 2022, 14(6), 1245; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061245 - 8 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2840
Abstract
The development of recessive resistance by loss of susceptibility is a consistent strategy to combat and limit damages caused by plant viruses. Susceptibility genes can be turned into resistances, a feat that can either be selected among the plant’s natural diversity or engineered [...] Read more.
The development of recessive resistance by loss of susceptibility is a consistent strategy to combat and limit damages caused by plant viruses. Susceptibility genes can be turned into resistances, a feat that can either be selected among the plant’s natural diversity or engineered by biotechnology. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the phosphoglycerate kinases (PGK), which have emerged as a new class of susceptibility factors to single-stranded positive RNA viruses, including potyviruses. PGKs are metabolic enzymes involved in glycolysis and the carbon reduction cycle, encoded by small multigene families in plants. To fulfil their role in the chloroplast and in the cytosol, PGKs genes encode differentially addressed proteins. Here, we assess the diversity and homology of chloroplastic and cytosolic PGKs sequences in several crops and review the current knowledge on their redundancies during plant development, taking Arabidopsis as a model. We also show how PGKs have been shown to be involved in susceptibility—and resistance—to viruses. Based on this knowledge, and drawing from the experience with the well-characterized translation initiation factors eIF4E, we discuss how PGKs genes, in light of their subcellular localization, function in metabolism, and susceptibility to viruses, could be turned into efficient genetic resistances using genome editing techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host Factors in Plant Viral Infections)
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7 pages, 617 KiB  
Review
Top Three Strategies of ss(+)RNA Plant Viruses: Great Opportunists and Ecosystem Tuners with a Small Genome
by Volodymyr V. Oberemok, Yelizaveta V. Puzanova, Anatoly V. Kubyshkin and Rina Kamenetsky-Goldstein
Viruses 2021, 13(11), 2304; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112304 - 18 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2374
Abstract
ss(+)RNA viruses represent the dominant group of plant viruses. They owe their evolutionary superiority to the large number of mutations that occur during replication, courtesy of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Natural selection rewards successful viral subtypes, whose effective tuning of the ecosystem regulates the [...] Read more.
ss(+)RNA viruses represent the dominant group of plant viruses. They owe their evolutionary superiority to the large number of mutations that occur during replication, courtesy of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Natural selection rewards successful viral subtypes, whose effective tuning of the ecosystem regulates the interactions between its participants. Thus, ss(+)RNA viruses act as shuttles for the functionally important genes of the participants in symbiotic relationships within the ecosystem, of which the most common ecological triad is “plant–virus–insect”. Due to their short life cycle and large number of offspring, RNA viruses act as skillful tuners of the ecosystem, which benefits both viruses and the system as a whole. A fundamental understanding of this aspect of the role played by viruses in the ecosystem makes it possible to apply this knowledge to the creation of DNA insecticides. In fact, since the genes that viruses are involved in transferring are functionally important for both insects and plants, silencing these genes (for example, in insects) can be used to regulate the pest population. RNA viruses are increasingly treated not as micropathogens but as necessary regulators of ecosystem balance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host Factors in Plant Viral Infections)
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Other

10 pages, 2045 KiB  
Brief Report
Impact of the Potential m6A Modification Sites at the 3′UTR of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus RNA3 in the Viral Infection
by Luis Alvarado-Marchena, Mireya Martínez-Pérez, Jesús R. Úbeda, Vicente Pallas and Frederic Aparicio
Viruses 2022, 14(8), 1718; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14081718 - 4 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2501
Abstract
We have previously reported the presence of m6A in the AMV (Alfamovirus, Bromoviridae) genome. Interestingly, two of these putative m6A-sites are in hairpin (hp) structures in the 3’UTR of the viral RNA3. One site (2012AAACU2016 [...] Read more.
We have previously reported the presence of m6A in the AMV (Alfamovirus, Bromoviridae) genome. Interestingly, two of these putative m6A-sites are in hairpin (hp) structures in the 3’UTR of the viral RNA3. One site (2012AAACU2016) is in the loop of hpB, within the coat protein binding site 1 (CPB1), while the other (1900UGACC1904) is in the lower stem of hpE, a loop previously associated with AMV negative-strand RNA synthesis. In this work, we have performed in vivo experiments to assess the role of these two regions, containing the putative m6A-sites in the AMV cycle, by introducing compensatory point mutations to interfere with or abolish the m6A-tag of these sites. Our results suggest that the loop of hpB could be involved in viral replication/accumulation. Meanwhile, in the 1900UGACC1904 motif of the hpE, the maintenance of the adenosine residue and the lower stem hpE structure are necessary for in vivo plus-strand accumulation. These results extend our understanding of the requirements for hpE in the AMV infection cycle, indicating that both the residue identity and the base-pairing capacity in this structure are essential for viral accumulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host Factors in Plant Viral Infections)
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