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Volume 6
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Fluids, Volume 6, Issue 5 (May 2021) – 24 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The high-performance morphing wings have long inspired the aerospace industry to mimic natural flyers. However, the practical implementation of morphing wings brings its fair share of challenges, including numerical modeling. Large and rapid deformations of a wing moving at high speeds strongly influence the aerodynamic performance; this has contributed to the added complexity of morphing wings’ aerodynamic analysis. Nevertheless, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFDs) allows for the study of such complex mechanisms. This study investigates the flow response to bioinspired wing-morphing flap near-stall angles with the use of high-fidelity turbulence modeling and dynamic mesh methods to uncover the dynamic effects arising from the transient deformation. View this paper.
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10 pages, 1525 KiB  
Article
On the Comparison of Flow Physics between Minimal and Extended Flow Units in Turbulent Channels
by Ethan A. Davis, Siamak Mirfendereski and Jae Sung Park
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050192 - 20 May 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2649
Abstract
Direct numerical simulations were performed to study the effects of the domain size of a minimal flow unit (MFU) and its inherent periodic boundary conditions on flow physics of a turbulent channel flow in a range of [...] Read more.
Direct numerical simulations were performed to study the effects of the domain size of a minimal flow unit (MFU) and its inherent periodic boundary conditions on flow physics of a turbulent channel flow in a range of 200≤Reτ≤1000. This was accomplished by comparing turbulent statistics with those computed in sub-domains (SD) of extended domain simulations. The dimensions of the MFU and SD were matched, and SD dynamics were set to minimize artificial periodicities. Streamwise and spanwise dimensions of healthy MFUs were found to increase linearly with Reynolds number. It was also found that both MFU and SD statistics and dynamics were healthy and in good agreement. This suggests that healthy MFU dynamics represent extended-domain dynamics well up to Reτ=1000, indicating a nearly negligible effect of periodic conditions on MFUs. However, there was a small deviation within the buffer layer for the MFU at Reτ=200, which manifested in an increased mean velocity and a tail in the Q2 quadrant of the u′-v′ plane. Thus, it should be noted that when considering an MFU domain size, stricter criteria may need to be put in place to ensure healthy turbulent dynamics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Turbulent Flows at Solid and Free Surface Boundaries in Memory of William W. Willmarth)
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14 pages, 12940 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Magnus Force on Check Ball Behavior in a Hydraulic L Shaped Pipe
by Shinji Kajiwara
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050191 - 19 May 2021
Viewed by 2187
Abstract
This paper presents the effect of the rotational speed of a check ball in a hydraulic L-tube on the translational motion caused by the Magnus effect. A spring-driven ball check valve is one of the most important components of a hydraulic system and [...] Read more.
This paper presents the effect of the rotational speed of a check ball in a hydraulic L-tube on the translational motion caused by the Magnus effect. A spring-driven ball check valve is one of the most important components of a hydraulic system and controls the position of the ball to prevent backflow. To simplify the structure, the springs must be eliminated. To this end, it is necessary to clarify the flow pattern of the check ball in an L-shaped pipe and the rotational and translational behaviors of the ball. In this study, the position of the inlet pipe and the availability of the check were determined using Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) tools. By moving the position of the inlet pipe from the top to the bottom of the housing, the direction of the rotation of the ball was reversed, and the behavior changed significantly. It was found that the Magnus force, which causes the ball to levitate by rotating it in the opposite direction to the flow, acts to shorten the floating time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling the Behaviour of Water Systems to Increase Sustainability)
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11 pages, 244 KiB  
Article
Statistical Model of Turbulent Dispersion Recapitulated
by J. J. H. Brouwers
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050190 - 18 May 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1827
Abstract
A comprehensive summary and update is given of Brouwers’ statistical model that was developed during the previous decade. The presented recapitulated model is valid for general inhomogeneous anisotropic velocity statistics that are typical of turbulence. It succeeds and improves the semiempirical and heuristic [...] Read more.
A comprehensive summary and update is given of Brouwers’ statistical model that was developed during the previous decade. The presented recapitulated model is valid for general inhomogeneous anisotropic velocity statistics that are typical of turbulence. It succeeds and improves the semiempirical and heuristic models developed during the previous century. The model is based on a Langevin and diffusion equation of which the derivation involves (i) the application of general principles of physics and stochastic theory; (ii) the application of the theory of turbulence at large Reynolds numbers, including the Lagrangian versions of the Kolmogorov limits; and (iii) the systematic expansion in powers of the inverse of the universal Lagrangian Kolmogorov constant C0, C0 about 6. The model is unique in the collected Langevin and diffusion models of physics and chemistry. Presented results include generally applicable expressions for turbulent diffusion coefficients that can be directly implemented in numerical codes of computational fluid mechanics used in environmental and industrial engineering praxis. This facilitates the more accurate and reliable prediction of the distribution of the mean concentration of passive or almost passive admixture such as smoke, aerosols, bacteria, and viruses in turbulent flow, which are all issues of great societal interest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Turbulent Flow)
11 pages, 1735 KiB  
Article
Diesel Migration and Distribution in Capillary Fringe Using Different Spill Volumes via Image Analysis
by Motasem Y. D. Alazaiza, Tahra Al Maskari, Ahmed Albahansawi, Salem S. Abu Amr, Mohammed F. M. Abushammala and Maher Aburas
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050189 - 17 May 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2653
Abstract
Laboratory-scale column experiments were conducted to assess the impact of different LNAPL volumes on LANPL migration behavior in capillary zone in porous media. Three different volumes of diesel (50 mL, 100 mL, and 150 mL) were released in different experiments using a 1D [...] Read more.
Laboratory-scale column experiments were conducted to assess the impact of different LNAPL volumes on LANPL migration behavior in capillary zone in porous media. Three different volumes of diesel (50 mL, 100 mL, and 150 mL) were released in different experiments using a 1D rectangular column filled with natural sand. The water table was set at 29 cm from the bottom of the column. The image analysis results provided quantitative time-dependent data on the LNAPL distribution through the duration for the experiments. Results demonstrated that the higher diesel volume (150 mL) exhibited the faster LNAPL migration through all experiments. This observation was due to the high volume of diesel as compared to other cases which provides high pressure to migrate deeper in a short time. In all experiments, the diesel migration was fast during the first few minutes of observation and then, the velocity was decreased gradually. This is due to pressure exerted by diesel in order to allow the diesel to percolate through the sand voids. Overall, this study proved that the image analysis can be a good and reliable tool to monitor the LNAPL migration in porous media. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluids and Surfaces)
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16 pages, 4625 KiB  
Article
Heat Enhancement Effectiveness Using Multiple Twisted Tape in Rectangular Channels
by M. Ziad Saghir, Ayman Bayomy and Md Abdur Rahman
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050188 - 14 May 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2110
Abstract
Heat enhancement and heat removal have been the subject of considerable research in the energy system field. Flow-through channels and pipes have received much attention from engineers involved in heat exchanger design and construction. The use of insert tape is one of many [...] Read more.
Heat enhancement and heat removal have been the subject of considerable research in the energy system field. Flow-through channels and pipes have received much attention from engineers involved in heat exchanger design and construction. The use of insert tape is one of many ways to mix fluids, even in a laminar flow regime. The present study focused on the use of different twisted tapes with different pitch-to-pitch distances and lengths to determine the optimum design for the best possible performance energy coefficient. The results revealed that twisted tape of one revolution represented the optimal design configuration and provided the largest Nusselt number. The length of the tape played a major role in the pressure drop. The results revealed that the insertion of a shorter twisted tape can create mixing while minimizing the changes in the pressure drop. In particular, the best performance evaluation criterion is found for a short tape located towards the exit of the channel. The highest performance energy coefficient was obtained for the half-twisted tape for a Reynolds number varying between 200 and 600. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Convection in Fluid and Porous Media)
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34 pages, 6157 KiB  
Article
Traveling-Standing Water Waves
by Jon Wilkening
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050187 - 14 May 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3062
Abstract
We propose a new two-parameter family of hybrid traveling-standing (TS) water waves in infinite depth that evolve to a spatial translation of their initial condition at a later time. We use the square root of the energy as an amplitude parameter and introduce [...] Read more.
We propose a new two-parameter family of hybrid traveling-standing (TS) water waves in infinite depth that evolve to a spatial translation of their initial condition at a later time. We use the square root of the energy as an amplitude parameter and introduce a traveling parameter that naturally interpolates between pure traveling waves moving in either direction and pure standing waves in one of four natural phase configurations. The problem is formulated as a two-point boundary value problem and a quasi-periodic torus representation is presented that exhibits TS-waves as nonlinear superpositions of counter-propagating traveling waves. We use an overdetermined shooting method to compute nearly 50,000 TS-wave solutions and explore their properties. Examples of waves that periodically form sharp crests with high curvature or dimpled crests with negative curvature are presented. We find that pure traveling waves maximize the magnitude of the horizontal momentum among TS-waves of a given energy. Numerical evidence suggests that the two-parameter family of TS-waves contains many gaps and disconnections where solutions with the given parameters do not exist. Some of these gaps are shown to persist to zero-amplitude in a fourth-order perturbation expansion of the solutions in powers of the amplitude parameter. Analytic formulas for the coefficients of this perturbation expansion are identified using Chebyshev interpolation of solutions computed in quadruple-precision. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Free Surface Hydrodynamics)
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21 pages, 35533 KiB  
Article
Hydrodynamic Characterisation of a Garman-Type Hydrokinetic Turbine
by Santiago Laín, Leidy T. Contreras and Omar D. López
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050186 - 14 May 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2673
Abstract
This paper presents a numerical study of the effects of the inclination angle of the turbine rotation axis with respect to the main flow direction on the performance of a prototype hydrokinetic turbine of the Garman type. In particular, the torque and force [...] Read more.
This paper presents a numerical study of the effects of the inclination angle of the turbine rotation axis with respect to the main flow direction on the performance of a prototype hydrokinetic turbine of the Garman type. In particular, the torque and force coefficients are evaluated as a function of the turbine angular velocity and axis operation angle regarding the mainstream direction. To accomplish this purpose, transient simulations are performed using a commercial solver (ANSYS-Fluent v. 19). Turbulent features of the flow are modelled by the shear stress transport (SST) transitional turbulence model, and results are compared with those obtained with its basic version (i.e., nontransitional), hereafter called standard. The behaviour of the power and force coefficients for the various considered tip speed ratios are presented. Pressure and skin friction coefficients on the blades are analysed at each computed turbine angular speed by means of contour plots and two-dimensional profiles. Moreover, the pressure and viscous contributions to the torque and forces experienced by the hydrokinetic turbine are examined in detail. It is demonstrated that the reason behind the higher power coefficient predictions of the transitional turbulence model, close to 6% at maximum efficiency, regarding its standard counterpart, is the smaller computed viscous torque contribution in the former. As a result, the power coefficient of the inclined turbine is around 35% versus the 45% obtained for the turbine with its rotation axis parallel to flow direction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Simulation of Turbulent Flows)
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9 pages, 810 KiB  
Article
Turbulence of Capillary Waves on Shallow Water
by Natalia Vladimirova, Ivan Vointsev, Alena Skoba and Gregory Falkovich
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050185 - 13 May 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2011
Abstract
We consider the developed turbulence of capillary waves on shallow water. Analytic theory shows that an isotropic cascade spectrum is unstable with respect to small angular perturbations, in particular, to spontaneous breakdown of the reflection symmetry and generation of nonzero momentum. By computer [...] Read more.
We consider the developed turbulence of capillary waves on shallow water. Analytic theory shows that an isotropic cascade spectrum is unstable with respect to small angular perturbations, in particular, to spontaneous breakdown of the reflection symmetry and generation of nonzero momentum. By computer modeling we show that indeed a random pumping, generating on average zero momentum, produces turbulence with a nonzero total momentum. A strongly anisotropic large-scale pumping produces turbulence whose degree of anisotropy decreases along a cascade. It tends to saturation in the inertial interval and then further decreases in the dissipation interval. Surprisingly, neither the direction of the total momentum nor the direction of the compensated spectrum anisotropy is locked by our square box preferred directions (side or diagonal) but fluctuate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Free Surface Hydrodynamics)
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13 pages, 5496 KiB  
Article
PIV-Measurements of Centrifugal Instabilities in a Rectangular Curved Duct with a Small Aspect Ratio
by Afshin Goharzadeh and Peter Rodgers
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050184 - 13 May 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2751
Abstract
In this study, experimental measurements were undertaken using non-intrusive particle image velocimetry (PIV) to investigate fluid flow within a 180° rectangular, curved duct geometry of a height-to-width aspect ratio of 0.167 and a curvature of 0.54. The duct was constructed from Plexiglas to [...] Read more.
In this study, experimental measurements were undertaken using non-intrusive particle image velocimetry (PIV) to investigate fluid flow within a 180° rectangular, curved duct geometry of a height-to-width aspect ratio of 0.167 and a curvature of 0.54. The duct was constructed from Plexiglas to permit optical access to flow pattern observations and flow velocity field measurements. Silicone oil was used as working fluid because it has a similar refractive index to Plexiglas. The measured velocity fields within the Reynolds number ranged from 116 to 203 and were presented at the curved channel section inlet and outlet, as well as at the mid-channel height over the complete duct length. It was observed from spanwise measurements that the transition to unsteady secondary flows generated the creation of wavy structures linked with the formation of Dean vortices close to the outer channel wall. This flow structure became unsteady with increasing Reynolds number. Simultaneously, the presence of Dean vortices in the spanwise direction influenced the velocity distribution in the streamwise direction. Two distinct regions defined by a higher velocity distribution were observed. Fluid particles were accelerated near the inner wall of the channel bend and subsequently downstream near the outer channel wall. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Complex Fluids)
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19 pages, 39580 KiB  
Article
Thermo-Environmental Performance of Four Different Shapes of Solar Greenhouse Dryer with Free Convection Operating Principle and No Load on Product
by Edwin Villagran, Juan Camilo Henao-Rojas and German Franco
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050183 - 13 May 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4719
Abstract
Solar drying using greenhouse dryers is a viable method from the technical, economic, and environmental perspectives, allowing the drying of agricultural products for conservation purposes in different regions of the world. In Colombia, the drying of aromatic plants such as mint (Mentha [...] Read more.
Solar drying using greenhouse dryers is a viable method from the technical, economic, and environmental perspectives, allowing the drying of agricultural products for conservation purposes in different regions of the world. In Colombia, the drying of aromatic plants such as mint (Mentha spicata) is usually done directly and in open fields, which exposes the product to contamination and loss of quality. Therefore, the objective of this research was to use a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD-3D) model previously successfully validated and implemented in this work to study the performance of air flow patterns, temperature, and humidity inside four greenhouse-type dryers contemplated for a region with hot and humid climatic conditions. The results found allowed us to observe that the spatial distribution of temperature and relative humidity are related to the air flows generated inside each dryer, therefore, there were differences of up to 7.91 °C and 23.81% for the same evaluated scenario. The study also allowed us to conclude that the CFD methodology is an agile and precise tool that allows us to evaluate prototypes that have not been built to real scale, which allows us to generate useful information for decision-making regarding the best prototype to build under a specific climate condition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermo-Fluid Dynamics of Industrial Systems)
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22 pages, 406 KiB  
Article
Cross Diffusion Effect on Linear and Nonlinear Double Diffusive Convection in a Viscoelastic Fluid Saturated Porous Layer with Internal Heat Source
by A.A. Altawallbeh
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050182 - 12 May 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2423
Abstract
Double diffusive convection in a binary viscoelastic fluid saturated porous layer in the presence of a cross diffusion effect and an internal heat source is studied analytically using linear and nonlinear stability analysis. The linear stability theory is based on the normal mode [...] Read more.
Double diffusive convection in a binary viscoelastic fluid saturated porous layer in the presence of a cross diffusion effect and an internal heat source is studied analytically using linear and nonlinear stability analysis. The linear stability theory is based on the normal mode technique, while the nonlinear theory is based on a minimal representation of truncated double Fourier series. The modified Darcy law for the viscoelastic fluid of the Oldroyd type is considered to model the momentum equation. The onset criterion for stationary and oscillatory convection and steady heat and mass transfer have been obtained analytically using linear and nonlinear theory, respectively. The combined effect of an internal heat source and cross diffusion is investigated. The effects of Dufour, Soret, internal heat, relaxation and retardation time, Lewis number and concentration Rayleigh number on stationary, oscillatory, and heat and mass transport are depicted graphically. Heat and mass transfer are presented graphically in terms of Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, respectively. It is reported that the stationary and oscillatory convection are significantly influenced with variation of Soret and Defour parameters. An increment of the internal heat parameter has a destabilizing effect as well as enhancing the heat transfer process. On the other hand, an increment of internal heat parameter has a variable effect on mass transfer. It is found that there is a critical value for the thermal Rayleigh number, below which increasing internal heat decreases the Sherwood number, while above it increasing the internal heat increases the Sherwood number. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Convection in Fluid and Porous Media)
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15 pages, 880 KiB  
Article
Resonant Periods of Seiches in Semi-Closed Basins with Complex Bottom Topography
by Ikha Magdalena, Nadhira Karima and Hany Qoshirotur Rif’atin
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050181 - 9 May 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3611
Abstract
Seiches and resonances are two closely related phenomena that can cause damage to coastal areas. Seiches that occur in a basin at a distinct period named the resonant period may generate resonance when a wave induced by external forces enters the basin and [...] Read more.
Seiches and resonances are two closely related phenomena that can cause damage to coastal areas. Seiches that occur in a basin at a distinct period named the resonant period may generate resonance when a wave induced by external forces enters the basin and has the same period as the seiches. Studying this period has become essential if we want to understand the resonance better. Thus, in this paper, we derive the resonant period in various shapes of semi-closed basin using the shallow water equations. The equations are then solved analytically using the separation of variables method and numerically using the finite volume method on staggered grid to discover the resonant period for each basin. To validate the numerical scheme, we compare its results against the analytical resonant periods, resulting in a very small error for each basin, suggesting that the numerical model is quite reliable in the estimation of the analytical resonant period. Further, resonant wave profiles are also observed. It is revealed that, in the coupled rectangular basin, the maximum wave elevation is disproportionate to the ratio of the length of the basin, while, in the trapezoidal basin, the ratio of the depth of the basin has no significant impact on the maximum wave elevation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical and Numerical Modeling of Water Waves)
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18 pages, 5975 KiB  
Article
Near Stall Unsteady Flow Responses to Morphing Flap Deflections
by Chawki Abdessemed, Yufeng Yao and Abdessalem Bouferrouk
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050180 - 7 May 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4208
Abstract
The unsteady flow characteristics and responses of an NACA 0012 airfoil fitted with a bio-inspired morphing trailing edge flap (TEF) at near-stall angles of attack (AoA) undergoing downward deflections are investigated at a Reynolds number of 0.62 × 106 near stall. An [...] Read more.
The unsteady flow characteristics and responses of an NACA 0012 airfoil fitted with a bio-inspired morphing trailing edge flap (TEF) at near-stall angles of attack (AoA) undergoing downward deflections are investigated at a Reynolds number of 0.62 × 106 near stall. An unsteady geometric parametrization and a dynamic meshing scheme are used to drive the morphing motion. The objective is to determine the susceptibility of near-stall flow to a morphing actuation and the viability of rapid downward flap deflection as a control mechanism, including its effect on transient forces and flow field unsteadiness. The dynamic flow responses to downward deflections are studied for a range of morphing frequencies (at a fixed large amplitude), using a high-fidelity, hybrid RANS-LES model. The time histories of the lift and drag coefficient responses exhibit a proportional relationship between the morphing frequency and the slope of response at which these quantities evolve. Interestingly, an overshoot in the drag coefficient is captured, even in quasi-static conditions, however this is not seen in the lift coefficient. Qualitative analysis confirms that an airfoil in near stall conditions is receptive to morphing TEF deflections, and that some similarities triggering the stall exist between downward morphing TEFs and rapid ramp-up type pitching motions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Biofluid Mechanics)
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39 pages, 814 KiB  
Article
Hydrodynamics of Collapsing Glass Tubes and Measuring of Glass Viscosities: Analytic Results beyond Asymptotic Approaches for Rapidly Varying Viscosities
by Thomas Klupsch
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050179 - 6 May 2021
Viewed by 2238
Abstract
We present novel analytic solutions of the axial-symmetric boundary value problem of the Stokes equation for incompressible liquids with rapidly varying viscosity, which cover the hydrodynamics of collapsing glass tubes with moving torch. We meet requirements to optimize the contactless measuring of dynamical [...] Read more.
We present novel analytic solutions of the axial-symmetric boundary value problem of the Stokes equation for incompressible liquids with rapidly varying viscosity, which cover the hydrodynamics of collapsing glass tubes with moving torch. We meet requirements to optimize the contactless measuring of dynamical viscosities and surface tensions of molten glasses through collapsing for tools working with sharply peaked axial temperature courses. We study model solutions for axial courses of the reciprocal viscosity specified as Gaussians extended on small distances compared to the outer tube radius, and we neglect the boundary inclination, corresponding to measuring conditions for large torch velocities. The surface tension is assumed to be constant across the collapsing zone. The boundary value problem becomes disentangled, changing to a gradually independent hierarchy of streaming function, vorticity, and pressure. Axial Fourier transforms are introduced to focus on solutions for infinitely extended tubes. Beyond the predictions of the asymptotic collapsing theory, a successively increasing steepness of the reciprocal viscosity induces an increasing radial pressure gradient that acts against the surface tension and diminishes the collapsing efficiency. The arising systematic error in evaluating the viscosity from experimental data in virtue of the asymptotic collapsing theory is corrected. Error estimations regarding deviations from the specified viscosity course, the neglected boundary inclination, and heat conduction within the tube wall are outlined, and preconditions to simplify the measuring of surface tensions through collapsing are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Complex Fluids)
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17 pages, 2910 KiB  
Article
Rheological Characterization of a Concentrated Phosphate Slurry
by Souhail Maazioui, Abderrahim Maazouz, Fayssal Benkhaldoun, Driss Ouazar and Khalid Lamnawar
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050178 - 2 May 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4454
Abstract
Phosphate ore slurry is a suspension of insoluble particles of phosphate rock, the primary raw material for fertilizer and phosphoric acid, in a continuous phase of water. This suspension has a non-Newtonian flow behavior and exhibits yield stress as the shear rate tends [...] Read more.
Phosphate ore slurry is a suspension of insoluble particles of phosphate rock, the primary raw material for fertilizer and phosphoric acid, in a continuous phase of water. This suspension has a non-Newtonian flow behavior and exhibits yield stress as the shear rate tends toward zero. The suspended particles in the present study were assumed to be noncolloidal. Various grades and phosphate ore concentrations were chosen for this rheological investigation. We created some experimental protocols to determine the main characteristics of these complex fluids and established relevant rheological models with a view to simulate the numerical flow in a cylindrical pipeline. Rheograms of these slurries were obtained using a rotational rheometer and were accurately modeled with commonly used yield-pseudoplastic models. The results show that the concentration of solids in a solid–liquid mixture could be increased while maintaining a desired apparent viscosity. Finally, the design equations for the laminar pipe flow of yield pseudoplastics were investigated to highlight the role of rheological studies in this context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics)
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9 pages, 952 KiB  
Article
Diffusion Mechanisms for the Occurrence of the Instability of Mechanical Equilibrium of a Ternary Gas Mixture Containing Carbon Dioxide
by Vladimir Kossov, Olga Fedorenko, Adilet Kalimov and Aiym Zhussanbayeva
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050177 - 1 May 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2337
Abstract
Mixing of carbon dioxide dissolved in a multicomponent gas mixture at different pressures was researched. It was found that the mechanical equilibrium of the ternary gas mixture 0.4163H2 (1) + 0.5837CO2 (2) − N2 (3) is violated at a pressure [...] Read more.
Mixing of carbon dioxide dissolved in a multicomponent gas mixture at different pressures was researched. It was found that the mechanical equilibrium of the ternary gas mixture 0.4163H2 (1) + 0.5837CO2 (2) − N2 (3) is violated at a pressure of p = 0.7 MPa and structured flows appear in the system. The pressure area (from 0.7 to 1.5 MPa) at which the conditions of priority transfer of components with the highest molecular weight in the mixture are realised in the system is fixed. To analyse the effect of pressure on the process of changing “diffusion–convection” modes, a mathematical model, which takes into account the kinetic features of multicomponent mixing, was applied. It was shown that the change in the modes of mass transfer is associated with a significant difference in the diffusion ability of the components. It is noted that the difference in the diffusion coefficients of components results in the nonlinearity of the concentration distribution, which leads to the inversion of the density gradient of the gas mixture, which is the cause of convective flows. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flow and Heat Transfer Intensification in Chemical Engineering)
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15 pages, 2457 KiB  
Article
A Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for the Small-Scale Dynamics of Wave, Ice Floe and Interstitial Grease Ice Interaction
by Rutger Marquart, Alfred Bogaers, Sebastian Skatulla, Alberto Alberello, Alessandro Toffoli, Carina Schwarz and Marcello Vichi
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050176 - 29 Apr 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3223
Abstract
The marginal ice zone is a highly dynamical region where sea ice and ocean waves interact. Large-scale sea ice models only compute domain-averaged responses. As the majority of the marginal ice zone consists of mobile ice floes surrounded by grease ice, finer-scale modelling [...] Read more.
The marginal ice zone is a highly dynamical region where sea ice and ocean waves interact. Large-scale sea ice models only compute domain-averaged responses. As the majority of the marginal ice zone consists of mobile ice floes surrounded by grease ice, finer-scale modelling is needed to resolve variations of its mechanical properties, wave-induced pressure gradients and drag forces acting on the ice floes. A novel computational fluid dynamics approach is presented that considers the heterogeneous sea ice material composition and accounts for the wave-ice interaction dynamics. Results show, after comparing three realistic sea ice layouts with similar concentration and floe diameter, that the discrepancy between the domain-averaged temporal stress and strain rate evolutions increases for decreasing wave period. Furthermore, strain rate and viscosity are mostly affected by the variability of ice floe shape and diameter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical and Numerical Modeling of Water Waves)
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14 pages, 4919 KiB  
Article
Study of Different Alternatives for Dynamic Simulation of a Steam Generator Using MATLAB
by Cristhian Álvarez, Edwin Espinel and Carlos J. Noriega
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050175 - 29 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3078
Abstract
This work presents the simulation of a steam generator or water-tube boiler through the implementation in MATLAB® for a proposed mathematical model. Mass and energy balances for the three main components of the boiler—the drum, the riser and down-comer tubes—are presented. Three [...] Read more.
This work presents the simulation of a steam generator or water-tube boiler through the implementation in MATLAB® for a proposed mathematical model. Mass and energy balances for the three main components of the boiler—the drum, the riser and down-comer tubes—are presented. Three alternative solutions to the ordinary differential equation (ODE) were studied, based on Runge–Kutta 4th order method, Heun’s method, and MATLAB function Ode45. The best results were obtained using MATLAB® function Ode45 based on the Runge–Kutta 4th Order Method. The error was less than 5% for the simulation of the steam pressure in the drum, the total volume of water in the boiler, and the mixture quality in relation to what was reported. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Numerical Methods for Multiphase Flows, Volume II)
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13 pages, 3529 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of High-Reynolds-Number Air-Ventilated Water Flow under Solid Body with Surface Geometry Variations
by Konstantin I. Matveev and Jeffrey M. Collins
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050174 - 29 Apr 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2275
Abstract
Air-ventilated cavities formed under or around the hulls of marine vehicles can reduce water drag. Hull configurations with partial air ventilation where air cavities reattach to body surfaces are of special practical interest, since the required air supply rates to achieve significant drag [...] Read more.
Air-ventilated cavities formed under or around the hulls of marine vehicles can reduce water drag. Hull configurations with partial air ventilation where air cavities reattach to body surfaces are of special practical interest, since the required air supply rates to achieve significant drag reduction can be made rather low. However, formation and stability of such air cavities are sensitive to the hull geometry and operational conditions. In this study, an attempt is made to numerically simulate one setup with a partial air cavity that was previously tested experimentally at high Reynolds numbers, above 50 million. A computational fluid dynamics software Star-CCM+ has been employed for numerical modeling. Stable and unstable states of the air-cavity setup, characterized by long and collapsing air cavities, respectively, were modeled at two air supply rates near the stability boundary. Numerical results were similar to experimental data at the optimal water speed for the tested geometry, when a long air cavity was sustained at a minimal air supply rate. For water speeds that were substantially higher or lower than the optimal case, a stable cavity could not be maintained with small air supply rates for the given hull geometry. Numerical simulations demonstrated how alterations of the body surface could help sustain long air cavities across a broader speed range using air supply rates that were similar to the optimal case. These findings suggest that morphing hull surfaces can potentially be used for control of drag-reducing air cavities and expand the viable operating range for their application to marine vehicles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supercavitation)
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21 pages, 2849 KiB  
Article
Experiments and Modeling of a Compliant Wall Response to a Turbulent Boundary Layer with Dynamic Roughness Forcing
by David P. Huynh, Yuting Huang and Beverley J. McKeon
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050173 - 26 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2630
Abstract
The response of a compliant surface in a turbulent boundary layer forced by a dynamic roughness is studied using experiments and resolvent analysis. Water tunnel experiments are carried out at a friction Reynolds number of Reτ≈410, with flow and [...] Read more.
The response of a compliant surface in a turbulent boundary layer forced by a dynamic roughness is studied using experiments and resolvent analysis. Water tunnel experiments are carried out at a friction Reynolds number of Reτ≈410, with flow and surface measurements taken with 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) and stereo digital image correlation (DIC). The narrow band dynamic roughness forcing enables analysis of the flow and surface responses coherent with the forcing frequency, and the corresponding Fourier modes are extracted and compared with resolvent modes. The resolvent modes capture the structures of the experimental Fourier modes and the resolvent with eddy viscosity improves the matching. The comparison of smooth and compliant wall resolvent modes predicts a virtual wall feature in the wall normal velocity of the compliant wall case. The virtual wall is revealed in experimental data using a conditional average informed by the resolvent prediction. Finally, the change to the resolvent modes due to the influence of wall compliance is studied by modeling the compliant wall boundary condition as a deterministic forcing to the smooth wall resolvent framework. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Turbulent Flows at Solid and Free Surface Boundaries in Memory of William W. Willmarth)
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19 pages, 3040 KiB  
Article
A Mathematical Model for a Conceptual Design and Analyses of UAV Stabilization Systems
by Vadim Kramar, Aleksey Kabanov and Sergey Dudnikov
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050172 - 26 Apr 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2748
Abstract
This article considers the principle of constructing mathematical models of functionally complex multidimensional multiloop continuous–discrete UAV stabilization systems. This is based on the proposal for constructing a mathematical model based on the class of the considered complexity of the stabilization system-multidimensionality, multi-rating, and [...] Read more.
This article considers the principle of constructing mathematical models of functionally complex multidimensional multiloop continuous–discrete UAV stabilization systems. This is based on the proposal for constructing a mathematical model based on the class of the considered complexity of the stabilization system-multidimensionality, multi-rating, and elasticity. Multiloop (multidimensional) UAV stabilization systems are often characterized by the control of several interconnected state elements and the existence of several channels for the propagation of signals and mutual connections between individual objects. This is due to the need not only to take into account the numerous disturbing factors (for example, wind) acting on the control object as well as the need to use several points of application of control actions. Additionally, an important point is the possible separation of the mutual influence of the roll and yaw channels of the UAV on its synthesis and analysis. For this purpose, a mathematical model has been constructed using a description in the form of transfer functions, and therefore, in the form of structural diagrams. The principle of obtaining transfer functions is shown to demonstrate additional dynamic constraints introduced by elastic deformations into the stabilization loop through gyroscopic devices and accelerometers. This will make it possible to formulate a methodology for analyzing the influence of aeroelastic constraints on the stabilization loop, which will allow developing approaches to formulate requirements for the effective placement of gyroscopes and accelerometers on the UAV. The proposed approach allows creating a complete system of analysis and synthesis tools for complex multidimensional continuous–discrete UAV stabilization systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aerodynamics and Design of Fixed Wing UAVs)
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13 pages, 36618 KiB  
Article
Switching Action of a Bistable Fluidic Amplifier for Ultrasonic Testing
by Thorge Schweitzer, Marla Hörmann, Benjamin Bühling and Bernhard Bobusch
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050171 - 25 Apr 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2552
Abstract
Air-coupled ultrasonic testing is widely used in the industry for the non-destructive testing of compound materials. It provides a fast and efficient way to inspect large concrete civil infrastructures for damage that might lead to catastrophic failure. Due to the large penetration depths [...] Read more.
Air-coupled ultrasonic testing is widely used in the industry for the non-destructive testing of compound materials. It provides a fast and efficient way to inspect large concrete civil infrastructures for damage that might lead to catastrophic failure. Due to the large penetration depths required for concrete structures, the use of traditional piezoelectric transducer requires high power electric systems. In this study, a novel fluidic transducer based on a bistable fluidic amplifier is investigated. Previous experiments have shown that the switching action of the device produces a high-power broadband ultrasonic signal. This study will provide further insight into the switching behaviour of the fluidic switch. Therefore, parametric CFD simulations based on compressible supersonic RANS simulations were performed, varying the inlet pressure and velocity profiles for the control flow. Switching times are analyzed with different methods, and it was found that these are mostly independent of the slope of the velocity profile at the control port. Furthermore, it was found that an inversely proportional relationship exists between flow velocity in the throat and the switching time. The results agree with the theoretical background established by experimental studies that can be found in the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluidic Oscillators-Devices and Applications)
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14 pages, 3388 KiB  
Article
An Analytical Solution for Unsteady Laminar Flow in Tubes with a Tapered Wall Thickness
by Travis Wiens and Elnaz Etminan
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050170 - 23 Apr 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2724
Abstract
Transient fluid flows through tubes are critical in such topics as water hammer, ram pumps and pipeline dynamics. While analytical solutions exist in the literature for simple geometries such as tapered and non-tapered tube diameters, one area that is lacking is the case [...] Read more.
Transient fluid flows through tubes are critical in such topics as water hammer, ram pumps and pipeline dynamics. While analytical solutions exist in the literature for simple geometries such as tapered and non-tapered tube diameters, one area that is lacking is the case where the wave speed changes along the length. An example of this is a flexible pipe with a tapered wall thickness. In order to calculate the transient pressure response of such a system, this previously required a computationally expensive gridded method of characteristics (MOC) solution. This paper describes an analytical solution to the dynamic laminar flow of liquid in a tube where the wave speed varies along its length. This frequency-domain solution includes frequency-dependent friction effects. A comparison to a method of characteristics (MOC) solution is used to verify the solution. The paper also discusses some numerical issues and provides an approximate method that can be used for high-frequency calculations where limited numerical precision can cause errors. Finally, a preliminary comparison of the computational performance is presented, in which the new method is an order of magnitude faster to calculate than an MOC solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unsteady Flows in Pipes)
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12 pages, 2712 KiB  
Article
Static Pressure Distribution on Long Cylinders as a Function of the Yaw Angle and Reynolds Number
by William W. Willmarth and Timothy Wei
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050169 - 22 Apr 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2449
Abstract
This paper addresses the challenges of pressure-based sensing using axisymmetric probes whose axes are at small angles to the mean flow. Mean pressure measurements around three yawed circular cylinders with aspect ratios of 28, 64, and 100 were made to determine the effect [...] Read more.
This paper addresses the challenges of pressure-based sensing using axisymmetric probes whose axes are at small angles to the mean flow. Mean pressure measurements around three yawed circular cylinders with aspect ratios of 28, 64, and 100 were made to determine the effect of changes in the yaw angle, γ, and freestream velocity on the average pressure coefficient, C¯pN, and drag coefficient, CDN. The existence of four distinct types of circumferential pressure distributions—subcritical, transitional, supercritical, and asymmetric—were confirmed, along with the appropriateness of scaling C¯pN and CDN on a streamwise Reynolds number, Resw, based on the freestream velocity and the fluid path length along the cylinder in the streamwise direction. It was found that there was a distinct difference in the values of CDN and C¯pN at identical Resw values for cylinders yawed between 5° and 30°, and for cylinders at greater than a 30° yaw. For γ < 5°, there did not appear to be any large-scale vortices in the near wake, and CDN and C¯pN appeared to become independent of Resw. Over the range of 5° ≤ γ ≤ 30°, there was a complex interplay of freestream speed, yaw angle, and aspect ratio that affected the formation and shedding of Kármán-like vortices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Turbulent Flows at Solid and Free Surface Boundaries in Memory of William W. Willmarth)
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