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A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Structures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (7 July 2023) | Viewed by 26436

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jingzhou Xin

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State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
Interests: structural health monitoring; structural condition assessment; bridge engineering
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Dr. Yan Jiang

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Guest Editor

College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
Interests: structural health monitoring; data analysis; stochastic process; load identification and localization; random fatigue; artificial intelligence; structural vulnerability
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Dr. Bo Wu

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Guest Editor

School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
Interests: structure condition assessment; structural health monitoring; structural vibration control; wind-induced vibration; signal processing techniques; computational mechanics
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Prof. Dr. Simon X. Yang

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Guest Editor

Advanced Robotics & Intelligent Systems (ARIS) Lab, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
Interests: intelligent systems; robotics; control systems; sensors and multi-sensor fusion; wireless sensor networks; intelligent communications; intelligent transportation; machine learning; computational neuroscience
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As the key nodes of the interoperability of traffic systems, bridges are essential for the development of the economy and for guaranteeing social safety. However, when their service years are extended, bridges inevitably suffer from performance deterioration. Performance monitoring and evaluations of a bridge are crucial during the whole life cycle of the bridge, as these checks provide vital scientific research significance and engineering application value for ensuring the safety of bridges and for keeping road networks unblocked. The accelerated integration and convergence of civil engineering, materials science, and artificial intelligence have inspired researchers from diversified disciplines to become interested in the challenges of the emerging bridge-state perception methods. Research on intelligent monitoring and assessment in building structures has made significant progress in both theoretical investigations and practical applications.

This Special Issue is devoted to the new research and development activities in regard to the intelligent monitoring and assessment of bridges. The focus of this Special Issue includes several theoretical and practical problems related to new discoveries, innovative ideas, and improvements in the intelligent monitoring and assessment of bridge health. The papers to be included in the Special Issue will cover a broad range of theoretical and applied topics of interest. The topics of this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the following topics: structural health monitoring, nondestructive testing, artificial intelligence, damage identification, computer vision-based techniques, structure condition assessment, load identification, and data analysis.

Dr. Jingzhou Xin
Dr. Yan Jiang
Dr. Bo Wu
Prof. Dr. Simon X. Yang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

bridge health monitoring
bridge status assessment
bridge structures
artificial intelligence
data analysis
multisensor fusion

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 165 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Intelligent Bridge Health Monitoring and Assessment

by Jingzhou Xin, Yan Jiang, Bo Wu and Simon X. Yang

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1834; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071834 - 20 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1319

Abstract

Buildings play an indispensable role in urban development [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Building Health Monitoring and Assessment)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

17 pages, 4321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement in the Seismic Performance of a Super-Long-Span Concrete-Filled Steel-Tube-Arch Bridge

by Dan Ye, Yijin Tong, Lijun Gan, Zhuoran Tang and Ruijie Zhang

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1811; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071811 - 16 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1908

Abstract

The applicability of current seismic-performance-improvement technologies needs to be studied. This research took a super-long-span CFST arch bridge with a total length of 788 m as the object on which to perform a non-linear time-history analysis and a seismic-check calculation according to the seismic response, so as to reveal the seismic weak points of the arch bridge. After the completion of the bridge’s construction, we arranged and utilized the stayed buckle cables (SBCs) reasonably. The seismic performance of the super-long-span CFST arch bridge was improved through friction-pendulum bearings (FPBs) and SBCs. The research shows that FPBs can solve the problem of the insufficient shear resistance of bearings, and SBCs can address the problem whereby the compressive stress of the transverse connection of the main arch exceeds the allowable stress. Moreover, SBCs can increase the transverse stiffness of arch bridges and reduce their seismic responses. Finally, a combination of FPBs and SBCs was adopted to improve the overall seismic performance of the arch bridge and obtain the best seismic-performance-improvement effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Building Health Monitoring and Assessment)

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17 pages, 7086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Loading Scheme for Large-Scale Model Tests of Super-Long-Span Arch Bridge

by Yonghui Fan, Jianting Zhou, Chao Luo, Jun Yang, Jingzhou Xin and Shaorui Wang

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1639; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071639 - 27 Jun 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1816

Abstract

A reasonable and efficient loading scheme is needed to guarantee the success of large-scale bridge tests. In this study, an array-type, self-balancing pulley-group loading system was designed based on the world’s largest spanning arch bridge using a 1:10 scale model test. Automatic statistics of the required load at each loading point were realized using ANSYS, and a load optimization algorithm for loading points at different construction stages was proposed. Tests were carried out separately for the loading system using a single set of pulley groups and an array-type pulley group. Finite element models of the model bridge and the original bridge were established separately using ANSYS, and the stress results of different components during different construction stages of the main arch ring were compared. The research results show the following: (1) The load magnification factor of the single-pulley-group loading device is approximately 6.6 times, with a mechanical efficiency of 94.26%. (2) In the array-type loading system, the actual load at each loading point can reach the design value. The self-balancing characteristic of this system can eliminate the impact of vertical deformation of the structure on loading accuracy, verifying the reliability of the system. (3) The simulation results of the original bridge and the model bridge coincide well, and the stress of each component during the construction process has the same trend. At key construction stages, the maximum relative errors of the stress results of the rigid steel frame and the concrete inside the pipe of the two bridges are 8.33% and 9.34%, respectively, and the maximum absolute error of the bottom plate concrete is 0.66 MPa, verifying the correctness of the counterweight-optimization method. The loading scheme proposed in this paper can provide a reference for the design of loading systems with the same type of scale model test. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Building Health Monitoring and Assessment)

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18 pages, 4649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Diffusion Model of Cable Corrosion Factors Based on Optimized BP Neural Network Algorithm

by Shiya Li, Guowen Yao, Wei Wang, Xuanrui Yu, Xuanbo He, Chongyang Ran and Hong Long

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1485; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061485 - 8 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1301

Abstract

Corrosion factors enter the cable via diffusion and penetration from the defect position of the cable or the connection position between the anchoring system and the cable section, seriously affecting the cable’s durability. Exploring the transmission mechanism of corrosion factors in the cable structure is essential to reveal the durability and the long-term performance of the cable structure and to judge the corrosion damage of steel wires in the cable structure. Based on the machine learning (ML) method and the analytical solution of Fick’s second law, the laws between different temperatures, humidity, cable inclinations, cable defect areas, etc., and the diffusion coefficient of corrosion factors and the concentration of surface corrosion factors are obtained, also a spatial diffusion model of corrosion factors is established. According to the research, the optimum simulation result is achieved by employing the optimized back propagation (BP) neural network algorithm, which has a faster convergence speed and better robustness. Although ambient temperature, humidity, and corrosion time all impact the diffusion rate of corrosion factors, the tilt angle of the cable and the size of cable defects are the main factors influencing the diffusion coefficient of corrosion factors and the concentration of surface corrosion factors. The error between the concentration of corrosion factors calculated by the model in this article and the measured values at each spatial point of the cable is controlled within 15%, allowing for the spatial diffusion of corrosion factors to be effectively predicted and evaluated in practical engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Building Health Monitoring and Assessment)

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16 pages, 3737 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical and Numerical Examination of a Novel Method for Identifying Bridge Moving Force Using an Instrumented Vehicle

by Dexin Liu, Bo Liu, Xingui Li and Kang Shi

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1481; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061481 - 7 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1360

Abstract

This study presents a novel and highly efficient technique to identify moving forces by utilising the acceleration response of an instrumented moving vehicle. The complex task of determining moving forces is transformed into one of solving linear equations, made easier through the Newmark-β method. To overcome the ill-conditioned problem and improve the recognition accuracy, Tikhonov regularisation is employed. Uniquely, this approach necessitates the placement sensors on the vehicle alone to record the responses of the vehicle–bridge coupled system as it traverses the bridge. Once the coupled responses are acquired, the moving force is quickly identified using the proposed method. The reliability of this method is numerically verified using a case study of a single degree-of-freedom vehicle crossing a simply supported beam. The performance of the proposed method is further demonstrated by examining several typical external factors. The results indicate that the method presents a high recognition accuracy, demonstrating good robustness and reliability even amidst substantial environmental noise interference. This proposed method offers a new perspective for identifying the moving force of small- to medium-span bridges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Building Health Monitoring and Assessment)

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17 pages, 5333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Working Stress Measurement of Prestressed Rebars Using the Magnetic Resonance Method

by Junfeng Xia, Senhua Zhang, Leng Liao, Huiling Liu and Yisheng Sun

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1416; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061416 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1507

Abstract

Prestressed rebars are usually used to apply vertical prestress to concrete to prevent web cracking. The reduction of working stress will affect the durability of the structure. However, the existing working stress detection methods for prestressed rebars still need to be improved. To monitor the working stress of rebars, a magnetic resonance sensor was introduced to carry out experimental research. The correlation between rebar stress and the sensor’s induced voltage was theoretically analyzed using the magnetoelastic effect and magnetic resonance theory. A working stress monitoring method for prestressed rebars based on magnetic resonance was proposed. Working stress monitoring experiments were carried out for 16 mm, 18 mm, and 20 mm diameter rebars. The results showed that the induced voltage peak-to-peak value and the rebar prestress were nonlinearly correlated under different working conditions. Correlations between the characteristic indicators and the rebar working stress were obtained using nonlinear and linear fit. The cubic polynomial segmented fit outperformed the gradient overall linear fit, with the goodness of fit R² greater than 0.96. The average relative error values of working stress monitoring were less than 5% under different working conditions. This provides a new method for working stress measurement of vertical prestressed rebars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Building Health Monitoring and Assessment)

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15 pages, 5272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Optimal Arch Rib Inclination of Large Span Highway CFST through Arch Bridge

by Zengwu Liu, Yuexing Wu, Chengwei Wang, Yonghui Fan, Chao Luo and Shaorui Wang

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1415; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061415 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3745

Abstract

To investigate the reasonable range of the inclination angle of arch ribs, a spatial finite element method was employed based on a concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) basket-handle through an arch bridge with a span of 360 m. A spatial finite element model was established using Midas/Civil software, which was verified with actual bridge data. The effects of different arch rib inclination angles were investigated under static loads. The structural natural frequencies, linear elastic stability coefficients, internal forces, and displacements were comprehensively considered to determine the reasonable range of the inclination angle. The results show that when the inclination angle ranges between 8° and 10°, the first, third, and sixth natural frequencies of the structure are increased. It effectively improves the lateral and torsional stiffness of the arch ribs while ensuring optimal out-of-plane stability of the arch ribs. Compared with the parallel arch, the stability is improved by 20.2%. The effects of angle variation on displacement and internal force of the arch ribs were not significant. Considering all indicators, the optimal range of the inclination angle for the arch ribs of 300-m-level highway CFST arch bridges is suggested to be 8~10°. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Building Health Monitoring and Assessment)

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17 pages, 3911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Statistical Analyses of the Non-Uniform Longitudinal Temperature Distribution in Steel Box Girder Bridge

by Wenda Ma, Bo Wu, Dingsong Qin, Bin Zhao and Xianyi Yang

Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1316; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051316 - 18 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1340

Abstract

The frequently conventional assumption that bridge temperature is uniformly distributed on long-span bridges could lead to uncertainty when analyzing temperature effects. This study investigated the surface temperature of steel box girders on a long-span suspension bridge, emphasizing the distribution characteristics in the longitudinal (spanwise) direction. The girder surface temperature distribution was monitored using the long-term structural health monitoring system (SHMS). First, the probability density functions (PDF) of the girder surface temperature were analyzed. The results showed that the PDFs had bimodal characteristics and could be well-fitted using the weighted superposition of two normal distributions. Meanwhile, there was an obvious difference between the PDFs of the measuring points at different longitudinal sections of the bridge, which is inconsistent with the assumption that the temperature was uniformly distributed in the longitudinal direction. Subsequently, the longitudinal distributions of the girder surface temperature were statistically analyzed, and polynomial functions were introduced to fit the distribution curves along the left and right sides of the mid-span. A correlation analysis was then performed, highlighting the variability in temperature in the longitudinal direction. Additionally, the longitudinal temperature distribution pattern could be summarized as (i) the highest in the mid-span, the lowest in the tower, and increasing along the side span; (ii) there were also significant differences between the left and right sides of the mid-span. Finally, the time- and space- distributions of the temperature were studied, and a contour map was displayed. The results showed that the girder surface temperature had significant three-dimensional spatial characteristics and was not only non-uniformly distributed in space but also in time. This work is useful for a more accurate analysis of temperature effects on long-span bridges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Building Health Monitoring and Assessment)

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14 pages, 4074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction Study on the Alignment of a Steel-Concrete Composite Beam Track Cable-Stayed Bridge

by Xiaogang Li, Haoran Luo, Peng Ding, Xiaohu Chen and Shulin Tan

Buildings 2023, 13(4), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13040882 - 28 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1578

Abstract

Due to the alignment of track bridges directly affecting the safety and comfort of rail traffic operation, the alignment prediction of track bridges needs to be accurate. However, the structure of steel-concrete composite beam (SCCB) cable-stayed bridges is more complex, and the alignment prediction needs to be more accurate. To further improve the accuracy of alignment prediction for large-span SCCB track cable-stayed bridges, a method based on the response surface method (RSM) is proposed. In this paper, the Nanjimen Yangtze River Track Special Bridge was taken as a case for research. Considering the randomness of the influencing factors, the 95% confidence interval was obtained by using Monte Carlo (MC) sampling analysis, and the predicted values were within the confidence interval. The results show that the method integrates the confidence interval under each confidence level by simulating the long-term deformation of different years after bridge completion. The method could accurately predict the alignment of large-span SCCB track cable-stayed bridges, and thereby provide technical support for alignment control and ensure the safe and comfortable operation of rail transit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Building Health Monitoring and Assessment)

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17 pages, 4038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of the Debonding Failure of Beams Strengthened with FRP through Machine Learning Models

by Tianyu Hu, Hong Zhang and Jianting Zhou

Buildings 2023, 13(3), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030608 - 25 Feb 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2014

Abstract

Plate end (PE) debonding and intermediate crack (IC) debonding are the two main failure modes of beams strengthened with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) in flexure. Therefore, it is essential to clarify the force state of the structure when debonding occurs in strengthened beams. This paper collected 229 beams with debonding failure as the database, of which 128 were PE debonding and 101 were IC debonding. Correlation and grey correlation analysis were used to establish the indicator systems for predicting PE and IC debonding and to identify the critical indicators among them. Five machine learning models, linear regression, ridge regression, decision trees, random forests, and back propagation (BP) neural networks, were used to build the two debonding prediction models. Optimization of the best prediction among the five machine learning models took place using the Dung Beetle Optimizer (DBO) algorithm, which has competitive performance with state-of-the-art optimization approaches in terms of convergence rate, solution accuracy, and stability. Finally, the optimal prediction model was compared with the models suggested by codes, and it was found that the established model can well predict PE and IC debonding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Building Health Monitoring and Assessment)

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21 pages, 7829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Rapid Identification Technique of Moving Loads Based on MobileNetV2 and Transfer Learning

by Yilun Qin, Qizhi Tang, Jingzhou Xin, Changxi Yang, Zixiang Zhang and Xianyi Yang

Buildings 2023, 13(2), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020572 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2200

Abstract

Rapid and accurate identification of moving load is crucial for bridge operation management and early warning of overload events. However, it is hard to obtain them rapidly via traditional machine learning methods, due to their massive model parameters and complex network structure. To this end, this paper proposes a novel method to perform moving loads identification using MobileNetV2 and transfer learning. Specifically, the dynamic responses of a vehicle–bridge interaction system are firstly transformed into a two-dimensional time-frequency image by continuous wavelet transform to construct the database. Secondly, a pre-trained MobileNetV2 model based on ImageNet is transferred to the moving load identification task by transfer learning strategy for describing the mapping relationship between structural response and these specified moving loads. Then, load identification can be performed through inputting bridge responses into the established relationship. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by numerical simulation. The results show that it can accurately identify the vehicle weight, vehicle speed information, and presents excellent strong robustness. In addition, MobileNetV2 has faster identification speed and requires less computational resources than several traditional deep convolutional neural network models in moving load identification, which can provide a novel idea for the rapid identification of moving loads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Building Health Monitoring and Assessment)

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26 pages, 10844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Evolution Law of Internal Force and Deformation and Optimized Calculation Method for Internal Force of Cantilever Anti-Slide Pile under Trapezoidal Thrust Load

by Honghua Jin, Qingyang Ren and Songqiang Xiao

Buildings 2023, 13(2), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020322 - 21 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1658

Abstract

The evolution law of internal force and deformation of an anti-slide pile affects the slope stability and prevention design in a significant way. Based on the similarity theory, a test system for the bearing characteristics of a cantilever anti-slide pile was constructed, and the physical model test for the bearing characteristics of a cantilever anti-slide pile under trapezoidal thrust load was carried out. The distribution laws of internal force and deformation of a cantilever anti-slide pile were revealed, and the optimized calculation method for internal force of a cantilever anti-slide pile was proposed by taking the elastoplastic characteristics of steel bars and concrete into consideration. Furthermore, a numerical model was employed to conduct a parametric analysis of a cantilever anti-slide pile. The results show that the whole process of stress and deformation of a cantilever anti-slide pile can be classified as the uncracked stage, the cracks emerging and developing stage, and the steel bars yielding–failing stage. In the uncracked stage, the bending moment of the cantilever anti-slide pile calculated by the traditional method is smaller than that calculated by the optimized calculation method established in this paper. The traditional calculation method is no longer applicable in the stage of cracks emerging and developing. The lateral displacement and bending moment of the cantilever anti-slide pile are negatively and positively correlated with the strength of the pile material, respectively, and the influence of the deterioration of steel bars’ strength on the ultimate bearing performance of the anti-slide pile is more obvious than that of the deterioration of concrete strength. The bearing capacity of the anti-slide pile could not be significantly improved by increasing the length of the anchored section when the strength of the rock stratum embedded in anchored section was large enough. As the thrust load behind the pile increased, the difference of the bearing performances of the cantilever anti-slide pile under the uniform load and trapezoidal load increased gradually. The research results can provide guidance for the evaluation of the service performance of the cantilever anti-slide pile and the slope stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Building Health Monitoring and Assessment)

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19 pages, 5004 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on the Influence of Active Underpinning Process on Bridge Substructures during Shield Tunnelling: Numerical Simulation and Field Monitoring

by Fengqu Zheng, Yalong Jiang, Ning Wang, Daxin Geng and Changjie Xu

Buildings 2023, 13(1), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010241 - 15 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2006

Abstract

The pile foundation cutting and underpinning process during shield tunnelling significantly impacts the stability of bridge substructures. In this paper, the shield tunnel area from Hongguzhong Avenue Station to Yangming Park Station of Nanchang Metro Line 2 was taken as the research subject, which crosses the pile foundation underpinning project of the south approach section of Bayi Bridge. Through numerical simulation and on-site monitoring analysis, the influence of the active underpinning process of shield tunnelling pile foundation on the deformation of bridge substructure was studied. First, through analyzing on-site conditions and comparing technical solutions, an active gantry bridge pile foundation underpinning technology was proposed, and the specific construction steps were determined. On this basis, for the C15 pile foundation with the most complex working conditions, ABAQUS software was applied to simulate the jack-up, unloading and pile-cutting process during the pile foundation underpinning construction, and the displacement development of the bridge pier, underpinning beam and new pile during the whole construction process were analyzed. Finally, through on-site monitoring data analysis, the technology’s feasibility and safety were further verified. At the same time, according to the analysis of the monitoring results of the bridge piers, underpinning beams and new piles, the results from the finite element software were nearly the same as the trend shown by the monitoring results, and the displacement of the main structures of the lower part of the bridge was small and within the control range. The above research work verified the applicability of the active gantry type bridge pile foundation underpinning technology in the pile foundation underpinning condition of the single-column single-pile bridge in the narrow space curved bridge section, and is worthy of further promotion and application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Building Health Monitoring and Assessment)

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