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18 pages, 7257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Resistance Fault-Detection and Fault-Tolerance for Asymmetrical Six-Phase Surface-Mounted AC Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives

by Claudio Rossi, Yasser Gritli, Alessio Pilati, Gabriele Rizzoli, Angelo Tani and Domenico Casadei

Energies 2020, 13(12), 3089; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123089 - 15 Jun 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3062

Abstract

In the last decade, the interest for higher reliability in several industrial applications has boosted the research activities in multiphase permanent magnet synchronous motors realized by multiple three-phase winding sets. In this study, a mathematical model of an asymmetric surface-mounted six-phase permanent magnet [...] Read more.

In the last decade, the interest for higher reliability in several industrial applications has boosted the research activities in multiphase permanent magnet synchronous motors realized by multiple three-phase winding sets. In this study, a mathematical model of an asymmetric surface-mounted six-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor under high resistance connections was developed. By exploiting the intrinsic properties of multiphase machines in terms of degrees of freedom, an improved field-oriented control scheme is presented that allows online fault detection and a quite undisturbed operating condition of the machine under high resistance connections. More specifically, the proposed strategies for online fault-detection and fault-tolerance are based on the use of multi-reference frame current regulators. The feasibility of the proposed approach was theoretically analyzed, then confirmed by numerical simulations. In order to validate experimentally the proposed strategies, the entire control system was implemented using TMS-320F2812 based platform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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17 pages, 2758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Salient Brushless Synchronous Generator Main Exciter Design for More Electric Aircraft

by Filip Kutt, Michał Michna and Grzegorz Kostro

Energies 2020, 13(11), 2696; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13112696 - 27 May 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5019

Abstract

This paper presents a prototype of high speed brushless synchronous generators (BSG) design for the application in autonomous electric power generation systems (e.g., airplane power grid). Commonly used salient pole field of the main generator part of BSG was replaced with a prototype [...] Read more.

This paper presents a prototype of high speed brushless synchronous generators (BSG) design for the application in autonomous electric power generation systems (e.g., airplane power grid). Commonly used salient pole field of the main generator part of BSG was replaced with a prototype non-salient pole field. The main objective of the research is an investigation into the advantages and disadvantages of a cylindrical field of the main generator part of BSG over the original salient pole field. The design process of the prototype generator is presented with a focus on the electromagnetic and mechanical finite element method (FEM) analysis. The measurements of prototype and commercial BSG were conducted for the nominal speed of 8 krpm. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed solution were established based on measurements in load and no-load conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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13 pages, 6195 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of an Off-Line Optimized Firing Angle Modulation and Torque Sharing Functions for Switched Reluctance Motor Control

by Peter Bober and Želmíra Ferková

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2435; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102435 - 12 May 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3136

Abstract

In this paper, a comparison of the simple firing angle modulation method (FAM) and the more advanced torque sharing function (TSF)-based control of switched reluctance motor (SRM) is presented. The off-line procedure to tailor and optimize the parameters of chosen methods for off-the-shelf [...] Read more.

In this paper, a comparison of the simple firing angle modulation method (FAM) and the more advanced torque sharing function (TSF)-based control of switched reluctance motor (SRM) is presented. The off-line procedure to tailor and optimize the parameters of chosen methods for off-the-shelf SRM is explained. Objective functions for optimization are motor efficiency, torque ripple, and integral square error. The off-line optimization uses a finite element method (FEM) model of the SRM. The model was verified by measurement on the SRM. Simulation results showed that FAM has comparable efficiency to TSF, but has a much higher value of torque ripple. The presented off-line procedure can be used for single or multi-objective optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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18 pages, 5474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Physics Tool for Electrical Machine Sizing

by Yerai Moreno, Gaizka Almandoz, Aritz Egea, Patxi Madina and Ana Julia Escalada

Energies 2020, 13(7), 1651; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13071651 - 2 Apr 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3371

Abstract

Society is turning to electrification to reduce air pollution, increasing electric machine demand. For industrial mass production, a detailed design of one machine is usually done first, then a design of similar machines, but different ratings are reached by geometry scaling. This design [...] Read more.

Society is turning to electrification to reduce air pollution, increasing electric machine demand. For industrial mass production, a detailed design of one machine is usually done first, then a design of similar machines, but different ratings are reached by geometry scaling. This design process may be highly time-consuming, so, in this paper, a new sizing method is proposed to reduce this time, maintaining accuracy. It is based on magnetic flux and thermal maps, both linked with an algorithm so that the sizing process of an electrical machine can be carried out in less than one minute. The magnetic flux maps are obtained by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and the thermal maps are obtained by analytical models based on Lumped Parameter Circuits (LPC), applying a time-efficient procedure. The proposed methodology is validated in a real case study, sizing 10 different industrial machines. Then, the accuracy of the sizing tool is validated performing the experimental test over the 10 machines. A very good agreement is achieved between the experimental results and the performances calculated by the sizing tools, as the maximum error is around 5%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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9 pages, 4910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining the Position of the Brushless DC Motor Rotor

by Krzysztof Kolano

Energies 2020, 13(7), 1607; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13071607 - 1 Apr 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 8908

Abstract

In brushless direct current (or BLDC) motors with more than one pole pair, the status of standard shaft position sensors assumes the same distribution several times for its full mechanical rotation. As a result, a simple analysis of the signals reflecting their state [...] Read more.

In brushless direct current (or BLDC) motors with more than one pole pair, the status of standard shaft position sensors assumes the same distribution several times for its full mechanical rotation. As a result, a simple analysis of the signals reflecting their state does not allow any determination of the mechanical position of the shaft of such a machine. This paper presents a new method for determining the mechanical position of a BLDC motor rotor with a number of pole pairs greater than one. In contrast to the methods used so far, it allows us to determine the mechanical position using only the standard position sensors in which most BLDC motors are equipped. The paper describes a method of determining the mechanical position of the rotor by analyzing the distribution of errors resulting from the accuracy proposed by the BLDC motor’s Hall sensor system. Imprecise indications of the rotor position, resulting from the limited accuracy of the production process, offer a possibility of an indirect determination of the rotor’s angular position of such a machine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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14 pages, 3420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mathematical Modelling of Drive System with an Elastic Coupling Based on Formal Analogy between the Transmission Shaft and the Electric Transmission Line

by Andrzej Popenda, Marek Lis, Marcjan Nowak and Krzysztof Blecharz

Energies 2020, 13(5), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051181 - 4 Mar 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3804

Abstract

In the paper, the kinematic structure of the transmission shaft between the driving motor and the working mechanism is studied. The analysis is based on electrical and mechanical similarities. The equivalent circuits, typical for electrical systems, are defined for the transmission shaft concerned. [...] Read more.

In the paper, the kinematic structure of the transmission shaft between the driving motor and the working mechanism is studied. The analysis is based on electrical and mechanical similarities. The equivalent circuits, typical for electrical systems, are defined for the transmission shaft concerned. Modelling of the transmission shaft based on a formal analogy between the transmission shaft and the electric transmission line is also proposed. The results of a computer simulation and experimental test are presented. The results confirm the high conformity of the proposed mathematical model with the physical object. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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21 pages, 10592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Flexible Algorithm for the Optimization of Slot Filling Factors in Electrical Machines

by Armin Dietz, Antonino Oscar Di Tommaso, Fabrizio Marignetti, Rosario Miceli and Claudio Nevoloso

Energies 2020, 13(5), 1041; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051041 - 26 Feb 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3704

Abstract

The continuous development in the field of industrial automation and electric mobility has led to the need for more efficient electrical machines with a high power density. The improvement of electrical machines’ slot filling factors is one of the measures to satisfy these [...] Read more.

The continuous development in the field of industrial automation and electric mobility has led to the need for more efficient electrical machines with a high power density. The improvement of electrical machines’ slot filling factors is one of the measures to satisfy these requirements. In recent years, this topic has aroused greater interest in the industrial sector, since the evolution of the winding technological manufacturing processes allows an economically sustainable realization of ordered winding arrangements, rather than random ones. Moreover, the manufacture of electrical machines’ windings must be preceded by an accurate design phase in which it is possible to evaluate the maximum slot filling factor obtainable for a given wire shape and for its dimensions. For this purpose, this paper presents an algorithmic approach for the evaluation of maximum slot filling factors in electrical machines under an ideal geometric premise. In particular, this algorithm has a greater degree of flexibility with respect to the algorithm approaches found in the literature, since the study has been extended to round, rectangular and hexagonal wire sections. Furthermore, the slot filling factor calculation was carried out both for standard and non-standard slots. The algorithmic approach proposed can be considered as an additional useful tool for the fast design of electrical machine windings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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19 pages, 2110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Modulation Technique to Mitigate Common Mode Voltage Effects in Star-Connected Five-Phase AC Drives

by Markel Fernandez, Andres Sierra-Gonzalez, Endika Robles, Iñigo Kortabarria, Edorta Ibarra and Jose Luis Martin

Energies 2020, 13(3), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030607 - 31 Jan 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3164

Abstract

Star-connected multiphase AC drives are being considered for electromovility applications such as electromechanical actuators (EMA), where high power density and fault tolerance is demanded. As for three-phase systems, common-mode voltage (CMV) is an issue for multiphase drives. CMV leads to shaft voltages between [...] Read more.

Star-connected multiphase AC drives are being considered for electromovility applications such as electromechanical actuators (EMA), where high power density and fault tolerance is demanded. As for three-phase systems, common-mode voltage (CMV) is an issue for multiphase drives. CMV leads to shaft voltages between rotor and stator windings, generating bearing currents which accelerate bearing degradation and produce high electromagnetic interferences (EMI). CMV effects can be mitigated by using appropriate modulation techniques. Thus, this work proposes a new Hybrid PWM algorithm that effectively reduces CMV in five-phase AC electric drives, improving their reliability. All the mathematical background required to understand the proposal, i.e., vector transformations, vector sequences and calculation of analytical expressions for duty cycle determination are detailed. Additionally, practical details that simplify the implementation of the proposal in an FPGA are also included. This technique, HAZSL5M5-PWM, extends the linear range of the AZSL5M5-PWM modulation, providing a full linear range. Simulation results obtained in an accurate multiphase EMA model are provided, showing the validity of the proposed modulation approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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18 pages, 2757 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Comparative Analysis of High Frequency Signal Injection Based Torque Estimation Methods for SPMSM, IPMSM and SynRM

by Maria Martinez, David Reigosa, Daniel Fernandez and Fernando Briz

Energies 2020, 13(3), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030592 - 28 Jan 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3390

Abstract

Torque estimation in permanent magnet synchronous machines and synchronous reluctance machines is required in many applications. Torque produced by a permanent magnet synchronous machine depends on the permanent magnets’ flux and

d q

-axes inductances, whereas torque in synchronous reluctance machines depends on [...] Read more.

Torque estimation in permanent magnet synchronous machines and synchronous reluctance machines is required in many applications. Torque produced by a permanent magnet synchronous machine depends on the permanent magnets’ flux and

d q

-axes inductances, whereas torque in synchronous reluctance machines depends on the

d q

-axes inductances. Consequently, precise knowledge of these parameters is required for proper torque estimation. The use of high frequency signal both for permanent magnets’ flux and

d q

-axes inductances estimation has been recently shown to be a viable option. This paper reviews the physical principles, implementation and performance of high-frequency signal injection based torque estimation for permanent magnet synchronous machines and synchronous reluctance machines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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15 pages, 5374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Field Characteristics and Stator Core Losses of High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

by Dajun Tao, Kai Liang Zhou, Fei Lv, Qingpeng Dou, Jianxiao Wu, Yutian Sun and Jibin Zou

Energies 2020, 13(3), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030535 - 22 Jan 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4526

Abstract

This study focuses on the core losses in the stator region of high-speed permanent magnet synchronous motors, magnetic field characteristics in the load region, and variations in iron losses caused by changes in these areas. A two-pole 120 kW high-speed permanent magnet synchronous [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the core losses in the stator region of high-speed permanent magnet synchronous motors, magnetic field characteristics in the load region, and variations in iron losses caused by changes in these areas. A two-pole 120 kW high-speed permanent magnet synchronous motor is used as the object of study, and a two-dimensional transient electromagnetic field-variable load circuit combined calculation model is established. Based on electromagnetic field theory, the electromagnetic field of the high-speed permanent magnet synchronous motor under multi-load conditions is calculated using the time-stepping finite element method. The magnetic field distribution of the high-speed permanent magnet synchronous motor under a multi-load condition is obtained, and the variations in iron core losses in different parts of the motor under multi-load conditions are further analyzed. The calculation results show that most of the stator iron core losses are dissipated in the stator yoke. The stator yoke iron loss under the no-load condition exceeds 70% of the total stator iron core loss. The stator yoke iron loss under rated operation conditions exceeds 50% of the total stator iron core loss. The stator loss under rated load operation conditions is higher than that under no-load operation. These observations are sufficient to demonstrate that the running status of high-speed motors is closely related to the stator iron losses, which have significance in determining the reasonable yoke structure of high-speed and high-power motors and the cooling methods of motor stators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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15 pages, 10922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Line-Start Permanent Magnet Assistance Synchronous Reluctance Motor for Improving Efficiency and Power Factor

by Hyunwoo Kim, Yeji Park, Huai-Cong Liu, Pil-Wan Han and Ju Lee

Energies 2020, 13(2), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020384 - 13 Jan 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8290

Abstract

In order to improve the efficiency, a line-start synchronous reluctance motor (LS-SynRM) is studied as an alternative to an induction motor (IM). However, because of the saliency characteristic of SynRM, LS-SynRM have a limited power factor. Therefore, to improve the efficiency and power [...] Read more.

In order to improve the efficiency, a line-start synchronous reluctance motor (LS-SynRM) is studied as an alternative to an induction motor (IM). However, because of the saliency characteristic of SynRM, LS-SynRM have a limited power factor. Therefore, to improve the efficiency and power factor of electric motors, we propose a line-start permanent magnet assistance synchronous reluctance motor (LS-PMA-SynRM) with permanent magnets inserted into LS-SynRM. IM and LS-SynRM are selected as reference models, whose performances are analyzed and compared with that of LS-PMA-SynRM using a finite element analysis. The performance of LS-PMA-SynRM is analyzed considering the position and length of its permanent magnet, as well as its manufacture. The final model of LS-PMA-SynRM is designed for improving the efficiency and power factor of electric motors compared with LS-SynRM. To verify the finite element analysis (FEA) result, the final model is manufactured, experiments are conducted, and the performance of LS-PMA-SynRM is verified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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13 pages, 5804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acoustic Noise Computation of Electrical Motors Using the Boundary Element Method

by Sabin Sathyan, Ugur Aydin and Anouar Belahcen

Energies 2020, 13(1), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010245 - 3 Jan 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5578

Abstract

This paper presents a numerical method and computational results for acoustic noise of electromagnetic origin generated by an induction motor. The computation of noise incorporates three levels of numerical calculation steps, combining both the finite element method and boundary element method. The role [...] Read more.

This paper presents a numerical method and computational results for acoustic noise of electromagnetic origin generated by an induction motor. The computation of noise incorporates three levels of numerical calculation steps, combining both the finite element method and boundary element method. The role of magnetic forces in the production of acoustic noise is established in the paper by showing the magneto-mechanical and vibro-acoustic pathway of energy. The conversion of electrical energy into acoustic energy in an electrical motor through electromagnetic, mechanical, or acoustic platforms is illustrated through numerical computations of magnetic forces, mechanical deformation, and acoustic noise. The magnetic forces were computed through 2D electromagnetic finite element simulation, and the deformation of the stator due to these forces was calculated using 3D structural finite element simulation. Finally, boundary element-based computation was employed to calculate the sound pressure and sound power level in decibels. The use of the boundary element method instead of the finite element method in acoustic computation reduces the computational cost because, unlike finite element analysis, the boundary element approach does not require heavy meshing to model the air surrounding the motor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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16 pages, 5203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Torque Control of PMSM with Modified Finite Set Model Predictive Control

by GuangQing Bao, WuGang Qi and Ting He

Energies 2020, 13(1), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010234 - 3 Jan 2020

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 4131

Abstract

A direct torque control (DTC) with a modified finite set model predictive strategy is proposed in this paper. The eight voltage space vectors of two-level inverters are taken as the finite control set and applied to the model predictive direct torque control of [...] Read more.

A direct torque control (DTC) with a modified finite set model predictive strategy is proposed in this paper. The eight voltage space vectors of two-level inverters are taken as the finite control set and applied to the model predictive direct torque control of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The duty cycle of each voltage vector in the finite set can be estimated by a cost function, which is designed based on factors including the torque error, maximum torque per ampere (MTPA), and stator current constraints. Lyapunov control theory is introduced in the determination of the weight coefficients of the cost function to guarantee stability, and thus the optimal voltage vector reference value of the inverter is obtained. Compared with the conventional finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) method, the torque ripple is reduced and the robustness of the system is clearly improved. Finally, the simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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17 pages, 4833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics Analysis and Measurement of Inverter-Fed Induction Motors for Stator and Rotor Fault Detection

by Jing Tang, Yongheng Yang, Jie Chen, Ruichang Qiu and Zhigang Liu

Energies 2020, 13(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010101 - 24 Dec 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3609

Abstract

Inverter-fed induction motors (IMs) contain a serious of current harmonics, which become severer under stator and rotor faults. The resultant fault components in the currents affect the monitoring of the motor status. With this background, the fault components in the electromagnetic torque under [...] Read more.

Inverter-fed induction motors (IMs) contain a serious of current harmonics, which become severer under stator and rotor faults. The resultant fault components in the currents affect the monitoring of the motor status. With this background, the fault components in the electromagnetic torque under stator faults considering harmonics are derived in this paper, and the fault components in current harmonics under rotor faults are analyzed. More importantly, the monitoring based on the fault characteristics (both in the torque and current) is proposed to provide reliable stator and rotor fault diagnosis. Specifically, the fault components induced by stator faults in the electromagnetic torque are discussed in this paper, and then, fault components are characterized in the torque spectrum to identify stator faults. To achieve so, a full-order flux observer is adopted to calculate the torque. On the other hand, under rotor faults, the sidebands caused by time and space harmonics in the current are analyzed and exploited to recognize rotor faults, being the motor current signature analysis (MCSA). Experimental tests are performed on an inverter-fed 2.2 kW/380 V/50 Hz IM, which verifies the analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed fault diagnosis methods of inverter-fed IMs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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21 pages, 6351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Frequency Square-Wave Voltage Injection Scheme-Based Position Sensorless Control of IPMSM in the Low- and Zero- Speed Range

by Shuang Wang, Jianfei Zhao and Kang Yang

Energies 2019, 12(24), 4776; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12244776 - 14 Dec 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4262

Abstract

In this paper, a new sensorless control scheme with the injection of a high-frequency square-wave voltage of an interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) at low- and zero-speed operation is proposed. Conventional schemes may face the problems of obvious current sampling noise and slow [...] Read more.

In this paper, a new sensorless control scheme with the injection of a high-frequency square-wave voltage of an interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) at low- and zero-speed operation is proposed. Conventional schemes may face the problems of obvious current sampling noise and slow identification in the process of magnetic polarity detection at zero speed operation, and the effects of inverter voltage error on the rotor position estimation accuracy at low speed operation. Based on the principle analysis of d-axis magnetic circuit characteristics, a method for determining the direction of magnetic polarity of d-axis two-opposite DC voltage offset by uninterruptible square-wave injection is proposed, which is fast in convergence rate of magnetic polarity detection and more distinct. In addition, the strategy injects a two-opposite high-frequency square-wave voltage vectors other than the one voltage vector into the estimated synchronous reference frame (SRF), which can reduce the effects of inverter voltage error on the rotor position estimation accuracy. With this approach, low-pass filter (LPF) and band-pass filter (BPF), which are used to obtain the fundamental current component and high-frequency current response with rotor position information respectively in the conventional sensorless control, are removed to simplify the signal process for estimating the rotor position and further improve control bandwidth. Finally, the experimental results on an IPMSM drive platform indicate that the rotor position with good steady state and dynamic performance can be obtained accurately at low-and zero-speed operation with the sensorless control strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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42 pages, 6173 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control of Six-Phase Asymmetrical Machines—An Overview

by Pedro Gonçalves, Sérgio Cruz and André Mendes

Energies 2019, 12(24), 4693; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12244693 - 10 Dec 2019

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 5884

Abstract

Recently, the control of multiphase electric drives has been a hot research topic due to the advantages of multiphase machines, namely the reduced phase ratings, improved fault tolerance and lesser torque harmonics. Finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is one of the [...] Read more.

Recently, the control of multiphase electric drives has been a hot research topic due to the advantages of multiphase machines, namely the reduced phase ratings, improved fault tolerance and lesser torque harmonics. Finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is one of the most promising high performance control strategies due to its good dynamic behaviour and flexibility in the definition of control objectives. Although several FCS-MPC strategies have already been proposed for multiphase drives, a comparative study that assembles all these strategies in a single reference is still missing. Hence, this paper aims to provide an overview and a critical comparison of all available FCS-MPC techniques for electric drives based on six-phase machines, focusing mainly on predictive current control (PCC) and predictive torque control (PTC) strategies. The performance of an asymmetrical six-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine is compared side-by-side for a total of thirteen PCC and five PTC strategies, with the aid of simulation and experimental results. Finally, in order to determine the best and the worst performing control strategies, each strategy is evaluated according to distinct features, such as ease of implementation, minimization of current harmonics, tuning requirements, computational burden, among others. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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17 pages, 10799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Robust Control System for Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor of Electric Medium Bus Based on Torque Optimal Distribution Method

by Shuang Wang, Jianfei Zhao, Tingzhang Liu and Minqi Hua

Energies 2019, 12(24), 4681; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12244681 - 9 Dec 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2703

Abstract

In this paper, an adaptive robust drive control system for an axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor of an electric medium-sized bus based on the optimal torque distribution method is studied. The drive control system is mainly divided into two parts. First, a [...] Read more.

In this paper, an adaptive robust drive control system for an axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor of an electric medium-sized bus based on the optimal torque distribution method is studied. The drive control system is mainly divided into two parts. First, a torque distribution method is proposed. The optimal torque distribution method based on particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to increase the high efficiency interval of the system and apply it to the energy feedback braking. Secondly, in order to reduce the nonlinear disturbance of the system and improve the accuracy of the unified control, this paper models and studies the vector system based on adaptive robust control. Finally, the whole drive control system is modeled, simulated and experimented. The simulation and experimental results show that the torque distribution method proposed in this paper can effectively increase the high-efficiency running time of the electric medium bus, and improve the shortcomings of insufficient mileage of the electric medium-sized bus. The use of a current controller based on adaptive robust control improves the control accuracy of the drive system and can effectively suppress the disturbances generated by it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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18 pages, 6915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Design of PMSM Based on Automated Finite Element Analysis and Metamodeling

by Yong-Min You

Energies 2019, 12(24), 4673; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12244673 - 9 Dec 2019

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4177

Abstract

To obtain accurate optimal design results in electric machines, the finite element analysis (FEA) technique should be used; however, it is time-consuming. In addition, when the design of experiments (DOE) is conducted in the optimal design process, mechanical design, analysis, and post process [...] Read more.

To obtain accurate optimal design results in electric machines, the finite element analysis (FEA) technique should be used; however, it is time-consuming. In addition, when the design of experiments (DOE) is conducted in the optimal design process, mechanical design, analysis, and post process must be performed for each design point, which requires a significant amount of design cost and time. This study proposes an automated DOE procedure through linkage between an FEA program and optimal design program to perform DOE easily and accurately. Parametric modeling was developed for the FEA model for automation, the files required for automation were generated using the macro function, and the interface between the FEA and optimal design program was established. Shape optimization was performed on permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) for small electric vehicles to maximize torque while maintaining efficiency, torque ripple, and total harmonic distortion of the back EMF using the built-in automation program. Fifty FEAs were performed for the experimental points selected by optimal Latin hypercube design and their results were analyzed by screening. Eleven metamodels were created for each output variable using the DOE results and root mean squared error tests were conducted to evaluate the predictive performance of the metamodels. The optimization design based on metamodels was conducted using the hybrid metaheuristic algorithm to determine the global optimum. The optimum design results showed that the average torque was improved by 2.5% in comparison to the initial model, while satisfying all constraints. Finally, the optimal design results were verified by FEA. Consequently, it was found that the proposed optimal design method can be useful for improving the performance of PMSM as well as reducing design cost and time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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19 pages, 3924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electromagnetic Field Analysis and Design of an Efficient Outer Rotor Inductor in the Low-Speed Section for Driving Electric Vehicles

by Myeong-Hwan Hwang, Hae-Sol Lee, Se-Hyeon Yang, Hyun-Rok Cha and Sung-Jun Park

Energies 2019, 12(24), 4615; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12244615 - 4 Dec 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3274

Abstract

Currently, the eco-friendly vehicle market is growing continuously. In the automobile industry, various electric vehicle models are being developed, and several technological innovations are being made. Certain limited vehicle types, such as passenger cars, are being converted to electric vehicles; moreover, a variety [...] Read more.

Currently, the eco-friendly vehicle market is growing continuously. In the automobile industry, various electric vehicle models are being developed, and several technological innovations are being made. Certain limited vehicle types, such as passenger cars, are being converted to electric vehicles; moreover, a variety of small electric vehicles, including smart mobility vehicles, are being developed. The driving motor of an electric vehicle, e.g., a brushless Direct Current motor (BLDC), is one of the key components that determine its driving performance. However, since the recent hike in prices of the rare earth magnets used in BLDCs, the development of induction motor with lower cost and a simple product structure has become essential. Therefore, this study proposes an optimized design for an outer rotor induction motor with high efficiency in the low-speed section for electric vehicles. The motor designed in this study is efficient for speeds less than 1000 rpm, and our experimental results prove that the prototypes can provide up to 84.8% efficiency. This optimized motor is expected to have widespread application in the eco-friendly vehicle market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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13 pages, 3717 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of the Thermal and Mechanical Strength of the Starting Cage of Double-Cage Induction Motors

by Jan Mróz and Wojciech Poprawski

Energies 2019, 12(23), 4551; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12234551 - 29 Nov 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2989

Abstract

This article discusses the thermal and mechanical exposure of the starting cage of a double-cage induction motor rotor during start-up. Damage to the starting cage is the most common cause of failure of a double-cage winding during long start-ups. It has been indicated [...] Read more.

This article discusses the thermal and mechanical exposure of the starting cage of a double-cage induction motor rotor during start-up. Damage to the starting cage is the most common cause of failure of a double-cage winding during long start-ups. It has been indicated that the end region of the double-cage winding is a key area in the search for a more damage-resistant solution. Among the available studies on improving the mechanical strength of double-cage windings, which typically focuses on improving the cooling system, modifying the shape of the slots, or altering the bar material, a new concept of improving the mechanical strength through the modification of the structure of the end region has appeared. This is achieved by applying sleeves onto the ends of the starting cage bars, which helps to reduce the temperature of the connection between the starting bars and the end rings. A simulation of the temperature field of a double-cage induction motor with this new design is performed and discussed in this paper. It has been confirmed that the new design solution effectively improves the mechanical strength of the starting cage, making it less prone to damage caused by thermal stresses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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17 pages, 15005 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved UDE-Based Flux-Weakening Control Strategy for IPMSM

by Xin Gu, Tao Li, Xinmin Li, Guozheng Zhang and Zhiqiang Wang

Energies 2019, 12(21), 4077; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12214077 - 25 Oct 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3277

Abstract

Interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) are usually used in electric vehicle drives and in other applications. In order to enlarge the speed range of IPMSMs, the flux-weakening control method is adopted. The traditional flux-weakening control strategy degrades the control performance because of [...] Read more.

Interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) are usually used in electric vehicle drives and in other applications. In order to enlarge the speed range of IPMSMs, the flux-weakening control method is adopted. The traditional flux-weakening control strategy degrades the control performance because of parameter mismatches caused by variation of motor parameters. An improved uncertainty and disturbance estimator (UDE)-based flux-weakening control strategy is proposed for IPMSM drives in this paper. The parameter tuning method in the UDE-based control is improved. In addition, a flux-weakening adjusting factor is put forward to reduce the torque fluctuation when the operation point switches between the constant torque region and the flux-weakening region. This factor can be adjusted online by a lookup table. Finally, the validity of proposed method is verified by the simulation and experimental results. The results show that the proposed control strategy can effectively enhance the robustness of the system in the flux-weakening region, and make the system switch more smoothly between the constant torque region and the flux-weakening region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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15 pages, 12442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigation Method of Slot Harmonic Cogging Torque Considering Unevenly Magnetized Permanent Magnets in PMSM

by Chaelim Jeong, Dongho Lee and Jin Hur

Energies 2019, 12(20), 3887; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12203887 - 14 Oct 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3683

Abstract

This paper presents a mitigation method of slot harmonic cogging torque considering unevenly magnetized magnets in a permanent magnet synchronous motor. In previous studies, it has been confirmed that non-uniformly magnetized permanent magnets cause an unexpected increase of cogging torque because of additional [...] Read more.

This paper presents a mitigation method of slot harmonic cogging torque considering unevenly magnetized magnets in a permanent magnet synchronous motor. In previous studies, it has been confirmed that non-uniformly magnetized permanent magnets cause an unexpected increase of cogging torque because of additional slot harmonic components. However, these studies did not offer a countermeasure against it. First, in this study, the relationship between the residual magnetic flux density of the permanent magnet and the cogging torque is derived from the basic form of the Maxwell stress tensor equation. Second, the principle of the slot harmonic cogging torque generation is explained qualitatively, and the mitigation method of the slot harmonic component is proposed. Finally, the proposed method is verified with the finite element analysis and experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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20 pages, 7666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Rotor Eddy Current Loss Estimation Method for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines with Small Inductance and a Conductive Rotor Sleeve

by Le Pei, Liyi Li, Qingbo Guo, Rui Yang and Pengcheng Du

Energies 2019, 12(19), 3760; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193760 - 30 Sep 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2947

Abstract

Typically, permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) with small inductance can achieve a higher power density and higher power factor. Thus, in many industrial applications, more and more PMSMs are being designed with small inductance. Compared with traditional PMSMs, current harmonics in small inductance [...] Read more.

Typically, permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) with small inductance can achieve a higher power density and higher power factor. Thus, in many industrial applications, more and more PMSMs are being designed with small inductance. Compared with traditional PMSMs, current harmonics in small inductance PMSMs are much more abundant, and the amplitudes are usually high. These current harmonics will cause large eddy current losses (ECLs) on the rotor, making the estimation of ECLs necessary in the design stage. Currently, ECL estimation methods are usually based on frequency order information, which cannot tell the travelling direction of the harmonic magneto-wave, resulting in the inaccuracy of the estimation. This article proposes a novel estimation method based on the mechanism of the formation of space-vector pulse width modulation (PWM), which considers both the frequency order and travelling direction of the harmonic wave, resulting in the improvement of the accuracy. Besides this, by using double Fourier analysis (DFA) instead of traditional fast Fourier analysis (FFA), the predicted frequencies of the current harmonics are more accurate and free of the troubles caused by traditional FFA-based methods. Simulation study and experiments are conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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21 pages, 9758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Fault-Tolerant Quad-Channel Brushless Direct Current Motor

by Mariusz Korkosz, Piotr Bogusz and Jan Prokop

Energies 2019, 12(19), 3667; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193667 - 25 Sep 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2440

Abstract

In this study, a permanent magnet brushless direct current machine with multi-phase windings is proposed for critical drive systems. We have named the solution, which has four-stator winding, a quad-channel permanent magnet brushless direct current (QCBLDC) motor. The stator windings are supplied by [...] Read more.

In this study, a permanent magnet brushless direct current machine with multi-phase windings is proposed for critical drive systems. We have named the solution, which has four-stator winding, a quad-channel permanent magnet brushless direct current (QCBLDC) motor. The stator windings are supplied by four independent power converters under quad-channel operation (QCO) mode. After a fault in either one, two, or three channels, further operation of the machine can be continued in triple-channel operation (TCO) mode, dual-channel operation (DCO) mode, or single-channel operation (SCO) mode. In this paper, a novel mathematical model is proposed for a QCBLDC machine. This model takes into account the nonlinearity of a magnetic circuit and all of the couplings between the phases within a given channel, as well as between channels. Based on numerical calculations, the static electromagnetic moment and the coupled fluxes were determined for the individual windings of the variants and work modes being analyzed. A normal work condition can be achieved in the QCO or DCO modes. For the DCO mode, an acceptable case uses a balanced magnetic pull (A and C channels supplied). The DCO A and B type work mode is comparable to the DCO A and C mode with regard to its efficiency in processing electrical energy. The vibroacoustic parameters of this mode, however, are much worse. In fault states, TCO, DCO, and SCO work modes are possible. As the number of active channels decreases, the efficiency of energy processing also decreases. In a critical situation, the motor works in overload mode (SCO mode). Laboratory tests conducted for one of the variants demonstrated that the TCO work mode is characterized by worse vibroacoustic parameters than the DCO A and C mode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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31 pages, 17502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Implementation of a Speed-Loop-Periodic-Controller-Based Fault-Tolerant SPMSM Drive System

by Tian-Hua Liu, Muhammad Syahril Mubarok, Muhammad Ridwan and Suwarno

Energies 2019, 12(19), 3593; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193593 - 20 Sep 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2499

Abstract

This paper proposes a speed-loop periodic controller design for fault-tolerant surface permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM) drive systems. Faulty conditions, including an open insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), a short-circuited IGBT, or a Hall-effect current sensor fault are investigated. The fault-tolerant SPMSM drive system [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a speed-loop periodic controller design for fault-tolerant surface permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM) drive systems. Faulty conditions, including an open insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), a short-circuited IGBT, or a Hall-effect current sensor fault are investigated. The fault-tolerant SPMSM drive system using a speed-loop periodic controller has better performance than when using a speed-loop PI controller under normal or faulty conditions. The superiority of the proposed speed-loop-periodic-controller-based SPMSM drive system includes faster transient responses and better load disturbance responses. A detailed design of the speed-loop periodic controller and its related fault-tolerant method, including fault detection, diagnosis, isolation, and control are included. In addition, a current estimator is also proposed to estimate the stator current. When the Hall-effect current sensor is faulty, the estimated current is used to replace the current of the faulty sensor. A 32-bit digital signal processor, type TMS-320F-2808, is used to execute the fault-tolerant method and speed-loop periodic control. Measured experimental results validate the theoretical analysis. The proposed implementation of a fault-tolerant SPMSM drive system and speed-loop periodic controller design can be easily applied in industry due to its simplicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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19 pages, 8410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Online Current Loop Tuning for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Servo Motor Drives with Deadbeat Current Control

by Zih-Cing You, Cheng-Hong Huang and Sheng-Ming Yang

Energies 2019, 12(18), 3555; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12183555 - 17 Sep 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3358

Abstract

High bandwidths and accurate current controls are essential in high-performance permanent magnet synchronous (PMSM) servo drives. Compared with conventional proportional–integral control, deadbeat current control can considerably enhance the current control loop bandwidth. However, because the deadbeat current control performance is strongly affected by [...] Read more.

High bandwidths and accurate current controls are essential in high-performance permanent magnet synchronous (PMSM) servo drives. Compared with conventional proportional–integral control, deadbeat current control can considerably enhance the current control loop bandwidth. However, because the deadbeat current control performance is strongly affected by the variations in the electrical parameters, tuning the controller gains to achieve a satisfactory current response is crucial. Because of the prompt current response provided by the deadbeat controller, the gains must be tuned within a few control periods. Therefore, a fast online current loop tuning scheme is proposed in this paper. This scheme can accurately identify the controller gain in one current control period because the scheme is directly derived from the discrete-time motor model. Subsequently, the current loop is tuned by updating the deadbeat controller with the identified gains within eight current control periods or a speed control period. The experimental results prove that in the proposed scheme, the motor current can simultaneously have a critical-damped response equal to its reference in two current control periods. Furthermore, satisfactory current response is persistently guaranteed because of an accurate and short time delay required for the current loop tuning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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20 pages, 7683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of Synchronous Reluctance Motor with Limited Amount of Permanent Magnet

by Duc-Kien Ngo and Min-Fu Hsieh

Energies 2019, 12(18), 3504; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12183504 - 11 Sep 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6443

Abstract

This paper analyzes the performance of a synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) equipped with a limited amount of a permanent magnet (PM). This is conventionally implemented by inserting PMs in rotor flux barriers, and this is often called the PM-assisted SynRM (PMa-SynRM). However, common [...] Read more.

This paper analyzes the performance of a synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) equipped with a limited amount of a permanent magnet (PM). This is conventionally implemented by inserting PMs in rotor flux barriers, and this is often called the PM-assisted SynRM (PMa-SynRM). However, common PMa-SynRMs could be vulnerable to irreversible demagnetization. Therefore, motor performance and PM demagnetization should be simultaneously considered, and this would require the PM to be properly arranged. In this paper, various rotor configurations are carefully studied and compared in order to maximize the motor performance, avoid irreversible demagnetization and achieve higher PM utilization. Moreover, the field weakening capability is investigated and improved by regulating armature excitation. A particular rotor type with flux intensification was found to possess higher PM utilization, lower demagnetization possibility with fairly high performance. Thus, suitable rotor configurations are recommended for certain applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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21 pages, 12469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Electromagnetic Design and Analysis of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors for Electric Vehicles

by Jianfei Zhao, Qingjiang Han, Ying Dai and Minqi Hua

Energies 2019, 12(18), 3451; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12183451 - 6 Sep 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5572

Abstract

In order to provide a complete solution for designing and analyzing the axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor (AFPMSM) for electric vehicles, this paper covers the electromagnetic design and multi-physics analysis technology of AFPMSM in depth. Firstly, an electromagnetic evaluation method based on [...] Read more.

In order to provide a complete solution for designing and analyzing the axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor (AFPMSM) for electric vehicles, this paper covers the electromagnetic design and multi-physics analysis technology of AFPMSM in depth. Firstly, an electromagnetic evaluation method based on an analytical algorithm for efficient evaluation of AFPMSM was studied. The simulation results were compared with the 3D electromagnetic field simulation results to verify the correctness of the analytical algorithm. Secondly, the stator core was used to open the auxiliary slot to optimize the torque ripple of the AFPMSM, which reduced the torque ripple peak-to-peak value by 2%. From the perspective of ensuring the reliability, safety, and driving comfort of the traction motor in-vehicle working conditions, multi-physics analysis software was used to analyze and check the vibration and noise characteristics and temperature rise of several key operating conditions of the automotive AFPMSM. The analysis results showed that the motor designed in this paper can operate reliably. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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17 pages, 6627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Torque Control Strategy of PMSM Drive Considering On-Line MTPA Operation

by Zhanqing Zhou, Xin Gu, Zhiqiang Wang, Guozheng Zhang and Qiang Geng

Energies 2019, 12(15), 2951; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12152951 - 31 Jul 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4113

Abstract

An improved direct torque control with space-vector modulation (DTC-SVM) scheme is presented in this paper. In the conventional DTC-SVM scheme, torque control performance is affected by the load conditions, due to the inappropriate linearization of the relationship between the flux angle and electromagnetic [...] Read more.

An improved direct torque control with space-vector modulation (DTC-SVM) scheme is presented in this paper. In the conventional DTC-SVM scheme, torque control performance is affected by the load conditions, due to the inappropriate linearization of the relationship between the flux angle and electromagnetic torque. Different from the conventional method, a torque controller with load angle estimation (TC-LAE) is proposed and the change rate of torque is regulated according to the variation of the load conditions, which could ensure the rapidity and consistency of torque performance at different load conditions. Meanwhile, an online permanent magnet synchronous motor and maximum torque per ampere (PMSM-MTPA) operation strategy based on the fitting solving method is proposed instead of the traditional two-dimensional look-up table, and the reference value of flux amplitude is calculated online to meet the MTPA requirement with the proposed method. The improved strategy is applied on a 6 kW PMSM, and the simulation and experimental results verified the effectiveness and the feasibility of the proposed strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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21 pages, 2845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Novel Rotor Flux Estimation Scheme Based on the Induction Motor Mathematical Model Including Rotor Deep-Bar Effect

by Grzegorz Utrata, Jaroslaw Rolek and Andrzej Kaplon

Energies 2019, 12(14), 2676; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12142676 - 12 Jul 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3321

Abstract

During torque transients, rotor electromagnetic parameters of an induction motor (IM) vary due to the rotor deep-bar effect. The accurate representation of rotor electromagnetic parameter variability by an adopted IM mathematical model is crucial for a precise estimation of the rotor flux space [...] Read more.

During torque transients, rotor electromagnetic parameters of an induction motor (IM) vary due to the rotor deep-bar effect. The accurate representation of rotor electromagnetic parameter variability by an adopted IM mathematical model is crucial for a precise estimation of the rotor flux space vector. An imprecise estimation of the rotor flux phase angle leads to incorrect decoupling of electromagnetic torque control and rotor flux amplitude regulation which in turn, causes deterioration in field-oriented control of IM drives. Variability of rotor electromagnetic parameters resulting from the rotor deep-bar effect can be modeled by the IM mathematical model with rotor multi-loop representation. This paper presents a study leading to define the unique rotor flux space vector on the basis of the IM mathematical model with rotor two-terminal network representation. The novel rotor flux estimation scheme was validated with the laboratory test bench employing the IM of type Sg 132S-4 with two variants of rotor construction: a squirrel-cage rotor and a solid rotor manufactured from magnetic material S235JR. The accuracy verification of the rotor flux estimation was performed in a slip frequency range corresponding to the IM load adjustment range up to 1.30 of the stator rated current. This study proved the correct operation of the developed rotor flux estimation scheme and its robustness against electromagnetic parameter variability resulting from the rotor deep-bar effect in the considered slip frequency range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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17 pages, 9439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Super-Twisting Sliding-Mode Stator Flux Observer for Sensorless Direct Torque and Flux Control of IPMSM

by Junlei Chen, Shuo Chen, Xiang Wu, Guojun Tan and Jianqi Hao

Energies 2019, 12(13), 2564; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12132564 - 3 Jul 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3501

Abstract

The scheme based on direct torque and flux control (DTFC) as well as active flux is a good choice for the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) sensorless control. The precision of the stator flux observation is essential for this scheme. However, the [...] Read more.

The scheme based on direct torque and flux control (DTFC) as well as active flux is a good choice for the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) sensorless control. The precision of the stator flux observation is essential for this scheme. However, the performance of traditional observers like pure integrator and the low-pass filter (LPF) is severely deteriorated by disturbances, especially dc offset. Recently, a sliding-mode stator flux observer (SMFO) was proposed to reduce the dc offset in the estimated stator flux. However, it cannot eliminate the dc offset totally and will cause the chattering problem. To solve these problems, a novel super-twisting sliding-mode stator flux observer (STSMFO) is proposed in this paper. Compared with SMFO, STSMFO can reduce the chattering and fully eliminate the dc offset without any amplitude and phase compensation. Then, the precision of the stator flux and rotor position can be greatly improved over a wide speed region. The detailed mathematical analysis has been given for comparing it with another three traditional observers. The numerical simulations and experimental testing with an IPMSM drive platform have been implemented to verify the capability of the proposed sensorless scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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29 pages, 12801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Fault-Tolerant Dual-Channel BLDC and SR Motors

by M. Korkosz, P. Bogusz, J. Prokop, B. Pakla and G. Podskarbi

Energies 2019, 12(13), 2489; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12132489 - 28 Jun 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2852

Abstract

This article presents the results of a comparative analysis of two electronically commutated brushless direct current machines intended for fault-tolerant drives. Two machines designed by the authors were compared: a 12/14 dual-channel brushless direct current motor (DCBLDCM) with permanent magnets and a 12/8 [...] Read more.

This article presents the results of a comparative analysis of two electronically commutated brushless direct current machines intended for fault-tolerant drives. Two machines designed by the authors were compared: a 12/14 dual-channel brushless direct current motor (DCBLDCM) with permanent magnets and a 12/8 dual-channel switched reluctance motor (DCSRM). Information is provided here on the winding configuration, the parameters, and the power converters of both machines. We developed mathematical models of the DCBLDCM and DCSRM which accounted for the nonlinearity of their magnetization characteristics in dual-channel operation (DCO) and single-channel operation (SCO) modes. The static torque characteristics and flux characteristics of both machines were compared for operation in DCO and SCO modes. The waveforms of the current and the electromagnetic torque are presented for DCO and SCO operating conditions. For DCO mode, an analysis of the behavior of both machines under fault conditions (i.e., asymmetrical control, shorted coil, and open phase) was performed. The two designs were compared, and their strengths and weaknesses were indicated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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14 pages, 11952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Commutation Torque Ripple Suppression Strategy of Brushless DC Motor Considering Back Electromotive Force Variation

by Xinmin Li, Guokai Jiang, Wei Chen, Tingna Shi, Guozheng Zhang and Qiang Geng

Energies 2019, 12(10), 1932; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12101932 - 20 May 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3201

Abstract

This paper presents a commutation torque ripple suppression strategy for brushless DC motor (BLDCM) in the high-speed region, which considers the back electromotive force (back-EMF) variation during the commutation process. In the paper, the influence of actual back-EMF variation on the torque and [...] Read more.

This paper presents a commutation torque ripple suppression strategy for brushless DC motor (BLDCM) in the high-speed region, which considers the back electromotive force (back-EMF) variation during the commutation process. In the paper, the influence of actual back-EMF variation on the torque and outgoing phase current during the commutation process is analyzed. A modified smooth torque mechanism is then reconstructed considering the back-EMF variation, based on which a novel torque ripple suppression strategy is further designed. Compared with the traditional strategy which controls the chopping duty cycle relatively smoothly in the commutation process, the proposed strategy dynamically regulates the chopping duty cycle, which makes it show a gradual decrease. This strategy can suppress the commutation torque ripple even in a long commutation process, and broaden the speed range of the commutation torque ripple reduction. Under the experimental conditions of this paper, the proposed strategy can effectively reduce the commutation torque ripple in the high-speed region, and avoid the outgoing phase current cannot be reduced to zero. The experimental results verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the feasibility of the proposed strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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25 pages, 7971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Modeling and Comparison of Two Consequent-Pole Magnetic-Geared Machines for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

by Hang Zhao, Chunhua Liu, Zaixin Song and Jincheng Yu

Energies 2019, 12(10), 1888; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12101888 - 17 May 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3845

Abstract

The exact mathematical modeling of electric machines has always been an effective tool for scholars to understand the working principles and structure requirements of novel machine topologies. This paper provides an analytical modeling method—the harmonic modeling method (HMM)—for two types of consequent-pole magnetic-geared [...] Read more.

The exact mathematical modeling of electric machines has always been an effective tool for scholars to understand the working principles and structure requirements of novel machine topologies. This paper provides an analytical modeling method—the harmonic modeling method (HMM)—for two types of consequent-pole magnetic-geared machines, namely the single consequent-pole magnetic-geared machine (SCP-MGM) and the dual consequent-pole magnetic-geared machine (DCP-MGM). By dividing the whole machine domain into different ring-like subdomains and solving the Maxwell equations, the magnetic field distribution and electromagnetic parameters of the two machines can be obtained, respectively. The two machines were applied in the propulsion systems of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The electromagnetic performances of two machines under different operating conditions were also compared. It turns out that the DCP-MGM can reach a larger electromagnetic torque compared to that of the SCP-MGM under the same conditions. Finally, the predicted results were verified by the finite element analysis (FEA). A good agreement can be observed between HMM and FEA. Furthermore, HMM can also be applied to the mathematical modeling of other consequent-pole electric machines in further study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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16 pages, 4122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smart-Sensors to Estimate Insulation Health in Induction Motors via Analysis of Stray Flux

by Israel Zamudio-Ramirez, Roque Alfredo Osornio-Rios, Miguel Trejo-Hernandez, Rene de Jesus Romero-Troncoso and Jose Alfonso Antonino-Daviu

Energies 2019, 12(9), 1658; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091658 - 1 May 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3517

Abstract

Induction motors (IMs) are essential components in industrial applications. These motors have to perform numerous tasks under a wide variety of conditions, which affects performance and reliability and gradually brings faults and efficiency losses over time. Nowadays, the industrial sector demands the necessary [...] Read more.

Induction motors (IMs) are essential components in industrial applications. These motors have to perform numerous tasks under a wide variety of conditions, which affects performance and reliability and gradually brings faults and efficiency losses over time. Nowadays, the industrial sector demands the necessary integration of smart-sensors to effectively diagnose faults in these kinds of motors before faults can occur. One of the most frequent causes of failure in IMs is the degradation of turn insulation in windings. If this anomaly is present, an electric motor can keep working with apparent normality, but factors such as the efficiency of energy consumption and mechanical reliability may be reduced considerably. Furthermore, if not detected at an early stage, this degradation could lead to the breakdown of the insulation system, which could in turn cause catastrophic and irreversible failure to the electrical machine. This paper proposes a novel methodology and its application in a smart-sensor to detect and estimate the healthiness of the winding insulation in IMs. This methodology relies on the analysis of the external magnetic field captured by a coil sensor by applying suitable time-frequency decomposition (TFD) tools. The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is used to decompose the signal into different approximation and detail coefficients as a pre-processing stage to isolate the studied fault. Then, due to the importance of diagnosing stator winding insulation faults during motor operation at an early stage, this proposal introduces an indicator based on wavelet entropy (WE), a single parameter capable of performing an efficient diagnosis. A smart-sensor is able to estimate winding insulation degradation in IMs using two inexpensive, reliable, and noninvasive primary sensors: a coil sensor and an E-type thermocouple sensor. The utility of these sensors is demonstrated through the results obtained from analyzing six similar IMs with differently induced severity faults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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18 pages, 13512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Optimization of a Magnetically Levitated Inductive Reaction Sphere for Spacecraft Attitude Control

by Liming Yuan, Jie Zhang, Si-Lu Chen, Yusheng Liang, Jinhua Chen, Chi Zhang and Guilin Yang

Energies 2019, 12(8), 1553; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081553 - 24 Apr 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3484

Abstract

The inductive reaction sphere (RS) brings the benefit of simple, economical, and miniaturized design, and it is capable of multi-DOF torque generation. Thus, it is a suitable choice for the angular momentum exchange actuator in attitude control of micro-spacecrafts. To synthesize symmetric distribution [...] Read more.

The inductive reaction sphere (RS) brings the benefit of simple, economical, and miniaturized design, and it is capable of multi-DOF torque generation. Thus, it is a suitable choice for the angular momentum exchange actuator in attitude control of micro-spacecrafts. To synthesize symmetric distribution of eddy currents and improve the speed and stability of rotation, a novel 4-pole winding design is proposed. However, the developed simplified analytical model shows that reduced pole number degrades the torque generation. To enhance the output torque of 4-pole RS, its curved cores and electromagnets are redesigned to enable the side teeth to be functional. As the analytical torque model for the RS with the slotted cores is not available, a constrained optimization problem is formulated, and the optimized parameters are calculated based on the prediction model from supported vector machine and finite element analysis. The lab prototypes are developed to validate the proposed design and test the speed performance. The experimental results show that the 4-pole RS prototype obtains a stable rotation over 700 rpm about X, Y and Z axis respectively with the angular momentum of 0.08 kg·m

^{2}

/s, being superior to the 6-pole counterpart. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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9 pages, 2764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Analysis of Outer Rotor Permanent-Magnet Vernier Machines with Overhang Structure for In-Wheel Direct-Drive Application

by Dong Yu, Xiaoyan Huang, Lijian Wu and Youtong Fang

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1238; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071238 - 1 Apr 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4089

Abstract

This paper presents a novel outer rotor permanent-magnet vernier machine (PMVM) for in-wheel direct-drive application. The overhang structures of the rotor and flux modulation pole (FMP) are introduced. The soft magnetic composite (SMC) was adopted in the FMP overhang to allow more axial [...] Read more.

This paper presents a novel outer rotor permanent-magnet vernier machine (PMVM) for in-wheel direct-drive application. The overhang structures of the rotor and flux modulation pole (FMP) are introduced. The soft magnetic composite (SMC) was adopted in the FMP overhang to allow more axial flux. The 3-D finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out to prove that the proposed machine can effectively utilize the end winding space to enhance the air-gap flux density. Hence the PMVM can offer 27.3% and 14.5% higher torque density than the conventional machine with no overhang structure and the machine with only rotor overhang structure, respectively. Nevertheless, the efficiency of the proposed machine is slightly lower than the conventional ones due to the extra losses from the overhang structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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19 pages, 7352 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensorless Control for IPMSM Based on Adaptive Super-Twisting Sliding-Mode Observer and Improved Phase-Locked Loop

by Shuo Chen, Xiao Zhang, Xiang Wu, Guojun Tan and Xianchao Chen

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1225; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071225 - 29 Mar 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4642

Abstract

In traditional sensorless control of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) for medium and high speed domains, a control strategy based on a sliding-mode observer (SMO) and phase-locked loop (PLL) is widely applied. A new strategy for IPMSM sensorless control based on [...] Read more.

In traditional sensorless control of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) for medium and high speed domains, a control strategy based on a sliding-mode observer (SMO) and phase-locked loop (PLL) is widely applied. A new strategy for IPMSM sensorless control based on an adaptive super-twisting sliding-mode observer and improved phase-locked loop is proposed in this paper. A super-twisting sliding-mode observer (STO) can eliminate the chattering problem without low-pass filters (LPFs), which is an effective method to obtain the estimated back electromotive forces (EMFs). However, the constant sliding-mode gains in STO may cause instability in the high speed domain and chattering in the low speed domain. The speed-related adaptive gains are proposed to achieve the accurate estimation of the observer in wide speed range and the corresponding stability is proved. When the speed of IPMSM is reversed, the traditional PLL will lose its accuracy, resulting in a position estimation error of 180°. The improved PLL based on a simple strategy for signal reconstruction of back EMF is proposed to ensure that the motor can realize the direction switching of speed stably. The proposed strategy is verified by experimental testing with a 60-kW IPMSM sensorless drive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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14 pages, 3937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Vector Control Strategy for a Six-Phase Induction Motor with Low Torque Ripples and Harmonic Currents

by Hamidreza Heidari, Anton Rassõlkin, Toomas Vaimann, Ants Kallaste, Asghar Taheri, Mohammad Hosein Holakooie and Anouar Belahcen

Energies 2019, 12(6), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061102 - 21 Mar 2019

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3897

Abstract

In this paper, a new vector control strategy is proposed to reduce torque ripples and harmonic currents represented in switching table-based direct torque control (ST-DTC) of a six-phase induction motor (6PIM). For this purpose, a new set of inputs is provided for the [...] Read more.

In this paper, a new vector control strategy is proposed to reduce torque ripples and harmonic currents represented in switching table-based direct torque control (ST-DTC) of a six-phase induction motor (6PIM). For this purpose, a new set of inputs is provided for the switching table (ST). These inputs are based on the decoupled current components in the synchronous reference frame. Indeed, using both field-oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) concepts, precise inputs are applied to the ST in order to achieve better steady-state torque response. By applying the duty cycle control strategy, the loss subspace components are eliminated through a suitable selection of virtual voltage vectors. Each virtual voltage vector is based on a combination of a large and a medium vector to make the average volt-seconds in loss subspace near to zero. Therefore, the proposed strategy not only notably reduces the torque ripples, but also suppresses the low frequency current harmonics, simultaneously. Simulation and experimental results clarify the high performance of the proposed scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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21 pages, 3776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Speed Controller Design Using H_infinity Theory for High-Performance Sensorless Induction Motor Drives

by Ahmed A. Zaki Diab, Abou-Hashema M. El-Sayed, Hossam Hefnawy Abbas and Montaser Abd El Sattar

Energies 2019, 12(5), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12050961 - 12 Mar 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4510

Abstract

In this paper, a robust speed control scheme for high dynamic performance sensorless induction motor drives based on the H_infinity (H_∞) theory has been presented and analyzed. The proposed controller is robust against system parameter variations and achieves good dynamic performance. [...] Read more.

In this paper, a robust speed control scheme for high dynamic performance sensorless induction motor drives based on the H_infinity (H_∞) theory has been presented and analyzed. The proposed controller is robust against system parameter variations and achieves good dynamic performance. In addition, it rejects disturbances well and can minimize system noise. The H_∞ controller design has a standard form that emphasizes the selection of the weighting functions that achieve the robustness and performance goals of motor drives in a wide range of operating conditions. Moreover, for eliminating the speed encoder—which increases the cost and decreases the overall system reliability—a motor speed estimation using a Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) is included. The estimated speed of the motor is used as a control signal in a sensor-free field-oriented control mechanism for induction motor drives. To explore the effectiveness of the suggested robust control scheme, the performance of the control scheme with the proposed controllers at different operating conditions such as a sudden change of the speed command/load torque disturbance is compared with that when using a classical controller. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate that the presented control scheme with the H_∞ controller and MRAS speed estimator has a reasonable estimated motor speed accuracy and a good dynamic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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13 pages, 6450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Magnet-Axis-Shifted Hybrid Permanent Magnet Machine for Electric Vehicle Applications

by Ya Li, Hui Yang, Heyun Lin, Shuhua Fang and Weijia Wang

Energies 2019, 12(4), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040641 - 16 Feb 2019

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5431

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel magnet-axis-shifted hybrid permanent magnet (MAS-HPM) machine, which features an asymmetrical magnet arrangement, i.e., low-cost ferrite and high-performance NdFeB magnets, are placed in the two sides of a “▽”-shaped rotor pole. The proposed magnet-axis-shift (MAS) effect can effectively reduce [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a novel magnet-axis-shifted hybrid permanent magnet (MAS-HPM) machine, which features an asymmetrical magnet arrangement, i.e., low-cost ferrite and high-performance NdFeB magnets, are placed in the two sides of a “▽”-shaped rotor pole. The proposed magnet-axis-shift (MAS) effect can effectively reduce the difference between the optimum current angles for maximizing permanent magnet (PM) and reluctance torques, and hence the torque capability of the machine can be further improved. The topology and operating principle of the proposed MAS-HPM machine are introduced and are compared with the BMW i3 interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine as a benchmark. The electromagnetic characteristics of the two machines are investigated and compared by finite element analysis (FEA), which confirms the effectiveness of the proposed MAS design concept for torque improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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20 pages, 5840 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wound Synchronous Machine Sensorless Control Based on Signal Injection into the Rotor Winding

by Jongwon Choi and Kwanghee Nam

Energies 2018, 11(12), 3278; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123278 - 24 Nov 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4107

Abstract

A sensorless position scheme was developed for wound synchronous machines. The demodulation process is fundamentally the same as the conventional signal-injection method. The scheme is different from techniques for permanent-magnet synchronous machines, in that it injects a carrier signal into the field (rotor) [...] Read more.

A sensorless position scheme was developed for wound synchronous machines. The demodulation process is fundamentally the same as the conventional signal-injection method. The scheme is different from techniques for permanent-magnet synchronous machines, in that it injects a carrier signal into the field (rotor) winding. The relationship between the high-frequency current responses and the angle estimation error was derived with cross-coupling inductances. Furthermore, we develop a compensation method for the cross-coupling effect, and present several advantages of the proposed method in comparison with signal injection into the stator winding. This method is very robust against magnetic saturation because it does not depend on the saliency of the rotor. Furthermore, the proposed method does not need to check the polarity at a standstill. Experiments were performed to demonstrate the improvement in the compensation of cross-coupling, and the robustness against magnetic saturation with full-load operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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Review

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24 pages, 430 KiB

Open AccessReview

High Technology Readiness Level Techniques for Brushless Direct Current Motors Failures Detection: A Systematic Review

by Vito Mario Fico, María Ángeles Martín Prats and Carmelina Ierardi

Energies 2020, 13(7), 1573; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13071573 - 1 Apr 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2900

Abstract

Many papers related to this topic can be found in the bibliography; however, just a modest percentage of the introduced techniques are developed to a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) sufficiently high to be implementable in industrial applications. This paper is focused precisely on [...] Read more.

Many papers related to this topic can be found in the bibliography; however, just a modest percentage of the introduced techniques are developed to a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) sufficiently high to be implementable in industrial applications. This paper is focused precisely on the review of this specific topic. The investigation on the state of the art has been carried out as a systematic review, a very rigorous and reliable standardised scientific methodology, and tries to collect the articles which are closer to a possible implementation. This selection has been carefully done with the definition of a series of rules, drawn to represent the adequate level of readiness of fault detection techniques which the various articles propose. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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22 pages, 8433 KiB

Open AccessReview

Control Strategies for Induction Motors in Railway Traction Applications

by Ahmed Fathy Abouzeid, Juan Manuel Guerrero, Aitor Endemaño, Iker Muniategui, David Ortega, Igor Larrazabal and Fernando Briz

Energies 2020, 13(3), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030700 - 6 Feb 2020

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 7575

Abstract

This paper analyzes control strategies for induction motors in railway applications. The paper will focus on drives operating with a low switching to fundamental frequency ratio and in the overmodulation region or six-step operation, as these are the most challenging cases. Modulation methods, [...] Read more.

This paper analyzes control strategies for induction motors in railway applications. The paper will focus on drives operating with a low switching to fundamental frequency ratio and in the overmodulation region or six-step operation, as these are the most challenging cases. Modulation methods, efficient modes of operation of the drive and the implications for its dynamic performance, and machine design will also be discussed. Extensive simulation results, as well as experimental results, obtained from a railway traction drive, are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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17 pages, 6431 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Review of Time and Space Harmonics in Multi-Phase Induction Machine

by Vladimir Kindl, Radek Cermak, Zelmira Ferkova and Bohumil Skala

Energies 2020, 13(2), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020496 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 7813

Abstract

Modern multiphase electric machines take advantage of additional degrees of freedom for various purposes, including harmonic current injection to increase torque per ampere. This new approach introduces a non-sinusoidal air gap flux density distribution causing additional technical problems and so the conventional assumptions [...] Read more.

Modern multiphase electric machines take advantage of additional degrees of freedom for various purposes, including harmonic current injection to increase torque per ampere. This new approach introduces a non-sinusoidal air gap flux density distribution causing additional technical problems and so the conventional assumptions need to be revised. The paper presents a methodology for synthesis of air gap magnetic field generated by a symmetrically distributed multiphase windings including the rotor field reaction due to the machine’s load. The proposed method is suitable either for single-layer or double layer windings and can be adopted either for full-pitched or chorded winding including slots effects. The article analyses the air gap flux density harmonic content and formulates conclusions important to multiphase induction motors. It also discusses effects of time harmonic currents and illustrates the principle of changing number of pole-pairs typical for harmonic currents being injected to increase torque. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rotating Electric Machines)

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