Current Advances in the Science of Gluten-Free and Climate Resilient Crops for the Purpose of Sustainability, Food Security and Nutrition

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Grain".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 August 2022) | Viewed by 55026

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Wageningen University and Research, Food Technology Group, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Wageningen Campus l Building 118 (Axis)
Interests: food structuring; cereal and legume proteins; starch; sugars; fibers; food physics; bakery; dough rheology

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Guest Editor
University of Pretoria, Dept of Consumer & Food Sciences, Private Bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
Interests: : sensory and consumer science; food product development; cereal science and technology

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Guest Editor
VTT, Research team leader of Food Solutions
Interests: plant proteins; fibers; bio-processing; cereals; bakery; functional ingredients; food structure

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cereals and legumes are important sources of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, and constitute the basis of many staple foods. In developing countries, rural communities traditionally prepare meals consisting of foods from gluten-free indigenous cereals and pseudo-cereals as well as pulses. However, with rapid population growth, massive urbanization, and increasing disposable incomes, the consumption of wheat breads is increasing rapidly and displacing traditional meals. The bread products available to consumers, although tasty, are not nutritionally balanced. A major economic and food security problem resulting from this transition is that many developing countries rely on the importation of wheat. Furthermore, this dietary transition is resulting in a rise of noncommunicable diseases. Hence, the food system in these countries requires the valorization of locally available crops, which are naturally gluten-free, to replace wheat in breads and other bakery products. Such valorization would benefit the local baking industry as well as the small-scale farmers while opening new business opportunities along the crop value chains. Conversely, in the Western countries the increased prevalence of coeliac disease, gluten sensitivity, and irritable bowel syndrome have created a growing demand for high-quality gluten-free products. However, many current gluten-free products are low in dietary fiber, protein, micronutrients, and phytochemicals and high in starches, sugars, and fats. Furthermore, they usually contain many additives, such as hydrocolloids, which do not meet consumers’ demands for clean-label, natural ingredients.

In this Special Issue, we aim to publish innovative research results and review papers which provide a fundamental understanding and forward looking strategies for improving nutritional, sensory and chemico-physical properties of gluten-free crops for bakery applications.

Dr. Stefano Renzetti
Prof. Dr. Henriette de Kock
Dr. Emilia Nordlund
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Gluten-free
  • Cereals
  • Pseudo-cereals
  • Legumes
  • Bakery
  • Bio-processing
  • Processing technologies
  • Sensory quality
  • Physicochemical properties
  • Nutritional properties
  • Digestibility
  • Protein functionality
  • Starch functionality
  • Dough rheology
  • Textural quality

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 922 KiB  
Article
Effect of Bioprocessing on Techno-Functional Properties of Climate-Resilient African Crops, Sorghum and Cowpea
by Markus Nikinmaa, Stefano Renzetti, Riikka Juvonen, Natalia Rosa-Sibakov, Martijn Noort and Emilia Nordlund
Foods 2022, 11(19), 3049; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11193049 - 30 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2114
Abstract
Sorghum and cowpea are very compatible for intercropping in hot and dry environments, and they also have complementary nutritional compositions. Thus, the crops have the potential to improve food security in regions threatened by climate change. The aim of this study was to [...] Read more.
Sorghum and cowpea are very compatible for intercropping in hot and dry environments, and they also have complementary nutritional compositions. Thus, the crops have the potential to improve food security in regions threatened by climate change. The aim of this study was to investigate different enzymes (carbohydrate-degrading, proteases and phytases) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation to improve the techno-functional properties of sorghum and cowpea flours. Results show that sorghum carbohydrates were very resistant to hydrolysis induced by bioprocessing treatments. Most of the protease treatments resulted in low or moderate protein solubilization (from ca. 6.5% to 10%) in sorghum, while the pH adjustment to 8 followed by alkaline protease increased solubility to 40%. With cowpea, protease treatment combined with carbohydrate-degrading enzymes increased the solubility of proteins from 37% up to 61%. With regard to the techno-functional properties, LAB and amylase treatment decreased the sorghum peak paste viscosities (from 504 to 370 and 325 cPa, respectively), while LAB and chemical acidification increased cowpea viscosity (from 282 to 366 and 468 cPa, respectively). When the bioprocessed sorghum and cowpea were tested in breadmaking, only moderate effects were observed, suggesting that the modifications by enzymes and fermentation were not strong enough to improve breadmaking. Full article
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12 pages, 2264 KiB  
Article
Ingredients from Climate Resilient Crops to Enhance the Nutritional Quality of Gluten-Free Bread
by Megan Roozen and Luca Serventi
Foods 2022, 11(11), 1628; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111628 - 31 May 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2968
Abstract
One percent of the global population requires a gluten-free diet. With concurrent global warming and population growth, it is increasingly necessary to optimize the use of ingredients from resilient crops, such as tapioca. Tapioca flour is used in low proportions in bread due [...] Read more.
One percent of the global population requires a gluten-free diet. With concurrent global warming and population growth, it is increasingly necessary to optimize the use of ingredients from resilient crops, such as tapioca. Tapioca flour is used in low proportions in bread due to its lack of gluten. Sourdough fermentation can enhance the nutritional value of bread but also causes a sour taste. Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. globosum can reduce food acidity while synthesizing several nutrients, such as vitamin B12. Aquafaba is a known hydrocolloid and prebiotic. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the sourdough fermentation of a composite bread based on tapioca and brown rice flour, cultured with Lactobacillus lactis and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. globosum enriched in aquafaba. The bread quality was measured instrumentally (hardness, volume, moisture content) and with a semi-trained sensory panel (focus group). The co-fermentation of the Lactobacillus lactis and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. Globosum produced palatable bread, improving the appearance, taste, and texture in comparison to the yeast-leavened recipe. This co-fermentation also enabled shorter production times, reducing it from 1 h to 30 min. The addition of the aquafaba further improved the bread appearance, texture, and volume, although a bitter tasting crust was reported. The co-fermentation of the tapioca–brown rice composite flour with Lactobacillus lactis and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. globosum produced acceptable bread, which could provide a climate-resilient solution to food sustainability. The aquafaba addition further enhanced such improvements and the baking performance, offering sustainability in terms of nutrition, sensory quality, and price. Full article
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16 pages, 2577 KiB  
Article
Dry Heating of Cowpea Flour below Biopolymer Melting Temperatures Improves the Physical Properties of Bread Made from Climate-Resilient Crops
by Stefano Renzetti, Ine Heetesonne, Ruth T. Ngadze and Anita R. Linnemann
Foods 2022, 11(11), 1554; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111554 - 25 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2565
Abstract
Improving the technological functionality of climate-resilient crops (CRCs) to promote their use in staple foods, such as bread, is relevant to addressing food and nutrition security in Africa. Dry heating of cowpea flour (CPF) was studied as a simple technology to modulate CPF [...] Read more.
Improving the technological functionality of climate-resilient crops (CRCs) to promote their use in staple foods, such as bread, is relevant to addressing food and nutrition security in Africa. Dry heating of cowpea flour (CPF) was studied as a simple technology to modulate CPF physicochemical properties in relation to bread applications. For this purpose, the melting behavior of cowpea starch and proteins in CPF was first studied and modeled using Flory–Huggins theory for polymer melting. Next, dry-heating conditions were investigated based on the predicted biopolymer melting transitions in CPF to be well below starch and protein melting. The pasting properties (i.e., peak viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown and setback) of CPF could be selectively modulated depending on temperature-time combinations without altering the thermal behavior (i.e., melting enthalpies) of CPF. Water-binding capacity and soluble solids decreased with the increased severity of the temperature-time combinations. Dry-heated CPF added to CRC-based bread significantly improved crumb texture. In particular, dry heating at 100 °C for 2 h provided bread with the highest crumb softness, cohesiveness and resilience. The positive effects on the crumb texture could be largely related to enhanced starch integrity, as indicated by a reduction in breakdown viscosity after treatment. Overall, dry heating of CPF under defined conditions is a promising technology for promoting the use of CPF as a techno-functional and protein-rich ingredient in bread-type products. Full article
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16 pages, 748 KiB  
Article
Nutritional Quality, Antioxidant, Microstructural and Sensory Properties of Spontaneously Fermented Gluten-Free Finger Millet Biscuits
by Masala Mudau, Mpho Edward Mashau and Shonisani Eugenia Ramashia
Foods 2022, 11(9), 1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091265 - 27 Apr 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3744
Abstract
Finger millet (FM) is a nutritious and gluten-free cereal grain which is rich in dietary fibre, minerals and antioxidant properties, thereby making it an ideal raw material for preparing gluten-free foods for people suffering from celiac disease. Spontaneous fermentation of FM grains has [...] Read more.
Finger millet (FM) is a nutritious and gluten-free cereal grain which is rich in dietary fibre, minerals and antioxidant properties, thereby making it an ideal raw material for preparing gluten-free foods for people suffering from celiac disease. Spontaneous fermentation of FM grains has shown improved nutritional and functional properties of its flour and can be used as a functional ingredient for gluten free biscuits. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of spontaneous fermentation (SF) on the nutritional quality, antioxidant, microstructural, and sensory characteristics of gluten-free FM biscuits obtained from light and dark brown FM flours. Results showed that SF decreased ash, crude fibre, and crude fat contents as well as total phenolic and flavonoids contents. Protein content, carbohydrates content, energy values, antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP), and mineral content of FM biscuits increased due to SF. The colour properties such as lightness (L*), showed a significant increase as SF period increased in light brown FM biscuits, however dark brown FM biscuits showed no significant difference. The hue angle and colour differences (ΔE) of FM biscuits increased with the increasing period of SF, ranging from 43.20 to 53.76° and from 0.67 to 7.96, respectively. Spontaneous fermentation also decreased physical properties of biscuits such as diameter (4.76 to 4.54 cm), weight (12.77 to 11.99 g), and spread ratio (7.25 to 6.05), while an increase in thickness and hardness was noted. Spontaneous fermentation also induced changes on the microstructure of FM biscuits. Among the fermented biscuits, panelists preferred 24 h gluten-free fermented FM biscuits since they had better sensory properties. Overall, SF enhanced the nutritional value and health promoting compounds of gluten-free FM biscuits. Full article
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16 pages, 722 KiB  
Article
Perception of Gluten-Free Bread as Influenced by Information and Health and Taste Attitudes of Millennials
by Nomzamo Magano, Gerrie du Rand and Henriette de Kock
Foods 2022, 11(4), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040491 - 9 Feb 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3718
Abstract
Information on what drives consumers to like or dislike bread is needed to provide insight on developing gluten-free (GF) bread, using indigenous and sustainable crops in Africa, such as sorghum and millet. Consumer attitudes toward the health and taste aspects of food are [...] Read more.
Information on what drives consumers to like or dislike bread is needed to provide insight on developing gluten-free (GF) bread, using indigenous and sustainable crops in Africa, such as sorghum and millet. Consumer attitudes toward the health and taste aspects of food are major drivers of food choices. The objectives of this work were (1) to determine the health and taste attitudes (HTAs) and general perceptions of a group of millennial consumers in South Africa (n = 354), concerning GF breads; and (2) to determine whether HTAs affect the acceptability of sensory properties of commercial GF breads, as assessed by consumers (n = 173), under informed and uninformed conditions. Mean scores of the taste factors were higher compared to health factors, indicating a greater taste orientation. The sensory properties of standard wheat breads were preferred over two commercial GF breads, irrespective of the health/taste interests of consumers, or if they were informed/uninformed about the nature of the bread (GF or wheat). Knowledge that bread samples were GF reduced only the acceptability of the aroma of GF bread. GF bread was perceived as healthier, but less tasty. For this group of millennials, the sensory properties of bread was the main driver of choice. Full article
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17 pages, 7796 KiB  
Article
The Sensory Profiles of Flatbreads Made from Sorghum, Cassava, and Cowpea Flour Used as Wheat Flour Alternatives
by Rita Dankwa, Heikki Aisala, Eugenie Kayitesi and Henriette L. de Kock
Foods 2021, 10(12), 3095; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10123095 - 14 Dec 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3929
Abstract
Sorghum, cowpea, and cassava are underutilised gluten-free sources of flour that have the potential to be used in bread products in sub-Saharan Africa. Excessive wheat imports affect the economies of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, driving the search for wheat flour alternatives. To extend [...] Read more.
Sorghum, cowpea, and cassava are underutilised gluten-free sources of flour that have the potential to be used in bread products in sub-Saharan Africa. Excessive wheat imports affect the economies of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, driving the search for wheat flour alternatives. To extend the use of sorghum, cowpea, and cassava flours toward bread production, it is vital that the sensory properties of these flours are better understood. A trained sensory panel evaluated and described the sensory properties of flatbread models prepared from red non-tannin sorghum, fractions (whole and dehulled) of two cowpea varieties, cassava starch, and designated flour composites. The composites were prepared using cassava starch and sorghum flour at 0%, 35%, and 70%, respectively, with 30% cowpea flour. The addition of sorghum intensified sorghum aroma in flatbread, while cowpea flours contributed a beany flavour. Flatbreads from cassava-cowpea composites had a chewier and rubberier mouthfeel, an intense fermented aroma and flavour, and a sour aftertaste compared to single flours, but were most similar to the wheat flatbread, with a residual beany flavour. Information from this study can guide food product developers toward developing new bread products from sorghum, cassava, and cowpea composite flours, thereby moving Africa towards a more sustainable food system. Further research on the effects of the sensory characteristics on consumer liking of the flatbreads is needed. Full article
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17 pages, 4248 KiB  
Article
Sprouting Time Affects Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) Functionality and Bread-Baking Performance
by Gaetano Cardone, Rubina Rumler, Sofia Speranza, Alessandra Marti and Regine Schönlechner
Foods 2021, 10(10), 2285; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102285 - 27 Sep 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3343
Abstract
Despite being considered a climate-resilient crop, sorghum is still underutilized in food processing because of the limited starch and protein functionality. For this reason, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sprouting time on sorghum functional properties and the [...] Read more.
Despite being considered a climate-resilient crop, sorghum is still underutilized in food processing because of the limited starch and protein functionality. For this reason, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sprouting time on sorghum functional properties and the possibility to exploit sprouted sorghum in bread making. In this context, red sorghum was sprouted for 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h at 27 °C. Sprouting time did not strongly affect the sorghum composition in terms of total starch, fiber, and protein contents. On the other hand, the developed proteolytic activity had a positive effect on oil-absorption capacity, pasting, and gelation properties. Conversely, the increased α-amylase activity in sprouted samples (≥36 h) altered starch functionality. As regards sorghum-enriched bread, the blends containing 48 h-sprouted sorghum showed high specific volume and low crumb firmness. In addition, enrichment in sprouted sorghum increased both the in vitro protein digestibility and the slowly digestible starch fraction of bread. Overall, this study showed that 48 h-sprouted sorghum enhanced the bread-making performance of wheat-based products. Full article
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Review

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28 pages, 1128 KiB  
Review
Sorghum Flour Application in Bread: Technological Challenges and Opportunities
by Pervin Ari Akin, Ilkem Demirkesen, Scott R. Bean, Fadi Aramouni and Ismail Hakkı Boyaci
Foods 2022, 11(16), 2466; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11162466 - 16 Aug 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6419
Abstract
Sorghum has a long history of use in the production of different types of bread. This review paper discusses different types of bread and factors that affect the physicochemical, technological, rheological, sensorial, and nutritional properties of different types of sorghum bread. The main [...] Read more.
Sorghum has a long history of use in the production of different types of bread. This review paper discusses different types of bread and factors that affect the physicochemical, technological, rheological, sensorial, and nutritional properties of different types of sorghum bread. The main types of bread are unleavened (roti and tortilla), flatbread with a pre-ferment (injera and kisra), gluten-free and sorghum bread with wheat. The quality of sorghum flour, dough, and bread can be improved by the addition of different ingredients and using novel and traditional methods. Furthermore, extrusion, high-pressure treatment, heat treatment, and ozonation, in combination with techniques such as fermentation, have been reported for increasing sorghum functionality. Full article
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27 pages, 1012 KiB  
Review
Volatile Compounds in Pulses: A Review
by Adeline Karolkowski, Elisabeth Guichard, Loïc Briand and Christian Salles
Foods 2021, 10(12), 3140; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10123140 - 18 Dec 2021
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 5928
Abstract
The worldwide demand for pulse-based products is increasing in the face of climate change, but their acceptability is limited due to the presence of off-flavours. Off-notes contribute to negative perceptions of pulses (beany notes). Volatile compounds belong to a large variety of chemical [...] Read more.
The worldwide demand for pulse-based products is increasing in the face of climate change, but their acceptability is limited due to the presence of off-flavours. Off-notes contribute to negative perceptions of pulses (beany notes). Volatile compounds belong to a large variety of chemical classes. They are mainly produced from the oxidation of unsaturated free fatty acids and the degradation of amino acids during seed development, storage, and transformation (dehulling, milling, and starch or protein production). This review aims to provide an overview highlighting the identification of these molecules in different pulses, their potential origins, and their impact on perceptions. However, data on odour-active compounds in pulses are sparse, as they are limited to those of two studies on peas and lupins. A better knowledge of the volatile compounds involved in the off-notes and their origins should allow for drawing efficient strategies to limit their impact on overall perception for more acceptable healthy food design. Full article
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27 pages, 984 KiB  
Review
Functional Components and Anti-Nutritional Factors in Gluten-Free Grains: A Focus on Quinoa Seeds
by Valentina Melini and Francesca Melini
Foods 2021, 10(2), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020351 - 7 Feb 2021
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 7178
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has recently received increasing interest from both scientists and consumers due to its suitability in gluten-free diets, its sustainability, and its claimed superfood qualities. The aim of this paper is to systematically review up-to-date studies on quinoa functional [...] Read more.
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has recently received increasing interest from both scientists and consumers due to its suitability in gluten-free diets, its sustainability, and its claimed superfood qualities. The aim of this paper is to systematically review up-to-date studies on quinoa functional components and anti-nutritional factors, in order to define a baseline for food scientists approaching the investigation of quinoa phytochemicals and providing evidence for the identification of healthier sustainable foods. State of the art evaluations of phytochemical contents in quinoa seeds were obtained. It emerged that phenolic compounds are the most investigated functional components, and spectrophotometric methods have been mostly applied, despite the fact that they do not provide information about single components. Saponins are the most studied among anti-nutritional factors. Betalains, tannins, and phytoecdysteroids have been poorly explored. Information on factors affecting the phytochemical content at harvesting, such as quinoa ecotypes, crop geographical location and growing conditions, are not always available. A comprehensive characterization, encompassing several classes of functional components and anti-nutritional factors, is mainly available for quinoa varieties from South America. However, defining a standard of quality for quinoa seeds is still challenging and requires a harmonization of the analytical approaches, among others. Full article
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Other

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26 pages, 1897 KiB  
Perspective
Towards Sustainable Shifts to Healthy Diets and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa with Climate-Resilient Crops in Bread-Type Products: A Food System Analysis
by Martijn W. J. Noort, Stefano Renzetti, Vincent Linderhof, Gerrie E. du Rand, Nadéne J. M. M. Marx-Pienaar, Henriëtte L. de Kock, Nomzamo Magano and John R. N. Taylor
Foods 2022, 11(2), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11020135 - 6 Jan 2022
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 10549
Abstract
Massive urbanization and increasing disposable incomes favor a rapid transition in diets and lifestyle in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). As a result, the SSA population is becoming increasingly vulnerable to the double burden of malnutrition and obesity. This, combined with the increasing pressure to [...] Read more.
Massive urbanization and increasing disposable incomes favor a rapid transition in diets and lifestyle in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). As a result, the SSA population is becoming increasingly vulnerable to the double burden of malnutrition and obesity. This, combined with the increasing pressure to produce sufficient food and provide employment for this growing population together with the threat of climate change-induced declining crop yields, requires urgent sustainable solutions. Can an increase in the cultivation of climate-resilient crops (CRCs) and their utilization to produce attractive, convenient and nutritious bread products contribute to climate change adaptation and healthy and sustainable diets? A food system analysis of the bread food value chain in SSA indicates that replacement of refined, mostly imported, wheat in attractive bread products could (1) improve food and nutrition security, (2) bring about a shift to more nutritionally balanced diets, (3) increase economic inclusiveness and equitable benefits, and (4) improve sustainability and resilience of the food system. The food system analysis also provided systematic insight into the challenges and hurdles that need to be overcome to increase the availability, affordability and uptake of CRCs. Proposed interventions include improving the agronomic yield of CRCs, food product technology, raising consumer awareness and directing policies. Overall, integrated programs involving all stakeholders in the food system are needed. Full article
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