Journal of Composites Science

Research

Jump to: Review

18 pages, 3609 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of 3D Printing Parameters for Enhanced Mechanical Strength: Effects of Glass Fiber Reinforcement and Fill Ratio Using RSM and ANOVA

by Hussein Hadi Jawad, Naser Kordani, Abbasali Bagheri and Hamed Aghajani Derazkola

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(2), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9020063 (registering DOI) - 1 Feb 2025

Viewed by 191

Abstract

This research aimed to provide valuable insights for future studies and enhance manufacturing processes by investigating the effect of incorporating fibers into 3D printing to improve the mechanical properties of fabricated components. The experimental design was carried out using Design-Expert software, employing the [...] Read more.

This research aimed to provide valuable insights for future studies and enhance manufacturing processes by investigating the effect of incorporating fibers into 3D printing to improve the mechanical properties of fabricated components. The experimental design was carried out using Design-Expert software, employing the Central Composite Design (CCD) methodology. Seventeen experiments were conducted, with predefined input parameters, layer height, filler ratio, and printing speed, analyzed through the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Design-Expert version 12. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that the filler ratio had the most significant effect on fracture strength. The influence of different printing parameters printing speed, layer height, and filler ratio on the mechanical properties and print quality was systematically investigated. The results indicated that the filler ratio was the most critical factor, with a 100% fill ratio yielding the highest tensile strength. Conversely, a 50% fill ratio significantly reduced production costs, but at the expense of mechanical performance. Thus, if strength is the primary requirement, a higher fill ratio is recommended. The effect of printing speed was found to be less significant compared to layer height and filler ratio. The maximum recorded tensile strength was 540.65 N, achieved with a layer height of 0.5 mm, a 100% fill ratio, and a printing speed of 8 mm/s. In contrast, the lowest recorded tensile strength was 389.93 N, observed with a layer height of 0.4 mm, a 50% fill ratio, and a printing speed of 4 mm/s. After applying a transformation function, the data showed good alignment with the normal distribution on the probability plot, indicating that the assumption of normality was satisfied. Additionally, the incorporation of glass fibers significantly enhanced the mechanical strength of the printed samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

18 pages, 4260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Synthesis Conditions on the Structure, Composition, and Electromagnetic Properties of FeCoSm/C Nanocomposites

by Dmitriy Muratov, Lev Kozhitov, Irina Zaporotskova, Alena Popkova, Evgeniy Korovin, Sergey Boroznin and Natalia Boroznina

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(2), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9020062 (registering DOI) - 1 Feb 2025

Viewed by 220

Abstract

New materials are actively being developed for use in various fields of electronics, as they can significantly improve the performance of electronic devices and prevent adverse effects. Such materials include nanocomposites, which include nanoparticles of magnetic metals and alloys in a non-magnetic polymer [...] Read more.

New materials are actively being developed for use in various fields of electronics, as they can significantly improve the performance of electronic devices and prevent adverse effects. Such materials include nanocomposites, which include nanoparticles of magnetic metals and alloys in a non-magnetic polymer or carbon matrix. For the first time, we synthesized FeCoSm/C nanocomposites and studied the effect of synthesis conditions on their structure, composition, and electromagnetic properties. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of the heating processes of nanocomposite precursors allowed optimizing the mode of IR processing of precursors. X-ray phase analysis (XPA) showed that nanoparticles of a solid-metal solution based on the FeCo structure are formed, and at temperatures above 700 °C, the formation of SmCo5-x alloy nanoparticles is also possible. As the synthesis temperature increases, the average size of nanoparticles of alloys containing Sm increases. The effect of the metal ratio in the precursor on the structure, composition, and electromagnetic properties of FeCoSm/C nanocomposites is analyzed. It has been established that the most promising of all the studied materials are those obtained at a temperature of 700 °C with a metal ratio of Fe:Co:Sm = 50:40:10. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Titanium Dioxide/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite-Based Humidity Sensors with Improved Performance

by Ammar Al-Hamry, Igor A. Pašti and Olfa Kanoun

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9020060 - 27 Jan 2025

Viewed by 422

Abstract

Accurate relative humidity (RH) measurement is critical in many applications, from process control and material preservation to ensuring human comfort and well-being. This study presents high-performance humidity sensors based on titanium oxide nanoparticles/graphene oxide (TiO₂/GO) composites, which demonstrate excellent sensing capabilities [...] Read more.

Accurate relative humidity (RH) measurement is critical in many applications, from process control and material preservation to ensuring human comfort and well-being. This study presents high-performance humidity sensors based on titanium oxide nanoparticles/graphene oxide (TiO₂/GO) composites, which demonstrate excellent sensing capabilities compared to pure GO-based sensors. The multilayer structure of the TiO₂/GO composites enables the enhanced adsorption of water molecules and improved dynamic properties while providing dual-mode sensing capability through both resistive and capacitive measurements. Sensors with different TiO₂/GO ratios were systematically investigated to optimize performance over different humidity ranges. The TiO₂/GO sensor achieved remarkable sensitivity (8.66 × 10⁴ Ω/%RH), a fast response time (0.61 s), and fast recovery (0.87 s) with minimal hysteresis (4.09%). In particular, the sensors demonstrated excellent mechanical stability, maintaining reliable performance under bending conditions, together with excellent cyclic stability and long-term durability. Temperature dependence studies showed consistent performance under controlled temperature conditions, with the potential for temperature-compensated measurements. These results highlight TiO₂/GO nanocomposites as promising candidates for next-generation humidity sensing applications, offering enhanced sensitivity, mechanical flexibility, and operational stability. The dual-mode sensing capability combined with mechanical durability opens up new possibilities for flexible and wearable humidity-sensing devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

26 pages, 15675 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Toughness of Composite Cold-Formed Steel Beams with ECC and Different Stiffener Arrangements and Shapes

by Mahmoud T. Nawar, Ola A. Silem, Ishac Ibrahim, Hassan M. Maaly and Yasser E. Ibrahim

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9010024 - 7 Jan 2025

Viewed by 412

Abstract

This study investigates the toughness and load capacity of various innovative beam configurations of cold-formed steel beams (CFSB) using both ordinary concrete slabs and engineered cementitious composite (ECC) slabs. A finite element analysis with ABAQUS 20 was conducted on double-channel, sigma, G, and [...] Read more.

This study investigates the toughness and load capacity of various innovative beam configurations of cold-formed steel beams (CFSB) using both ordinary concrete slabs and engineered cementitious composite (ECC) slabs. A finite element analysis with ABAQUS 20 was conducted on double-channel, sigma, G, and omega sections, both with and without inverted lips, as well as the effects of L, channel, and trapezoidal stiffeners and length-to-depth ratios. The double-omega section with ordinary concrete achieved the highest first peak load of 365.2 kN and a toughness increase of 181.1%. Inverted lips enhanced toughness in the double-G and sigma sections, with increases of 156.9% and 158.3%, respectively. Among ECC configurations, the double-omega section with ECC3 slab reached 387.4 kN and a toughness increase of 199.5%. Thinner ordinary concrete sections (70 mm and 90 mm) negatively impacted toughness, emphasizing the need for adequate thickness. Trapezoidal stiffeners also improved toughness. These findings highlight the importance of geometrical design and material selection in optimizing CFSB performance, offering valuable insights for future design practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 10387 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Micro-Level Hybridization of Steel, Glass, and Polypropylene Filaments via Air Texturing: Mechanical and Morphological Analysis

by Jan Rehra, Matthias Overberg, Sebastian Schmeer, Anwar Abdkader and Chokri Cherif

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9010012 - 2 Jan 2025

Viewed by 358

Abstract

The increasing application of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites necessitates the development of composite structures that exhibit high stiffness, high strength, and favorable failure behavior to endure complex loading scenarios and improve damage tolerance. Achieving these properties can be facilitated by integrating conventional FRPCs [...] Read more.

The increasing application of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites necessitates the development of composite structures that exhibit high stiffness, high strength, and favorable failure behavior to endure complex loading scenarios and improve damage tolerance. Achieving these properties can be facilitated by integrating conventional FRPCs with metallic materials, which offer high ductility and superior energy absorption capabilities. However, there is a lack of effective solutions for the micro-level hybridization of high-performance filament yarns, metal filament yarns, and thermoplastic filament yarns. This study aims to investigate the hybridization of multi-material components at the micro-level using the air-texturing process. The focus is on investigating the morphological and the mechanical properties as well as the damage behavior in relation to the process parameters of the air-texturing process. The process-induced property changes were evaluated throughout the entire process, starting from the individual components, through the hybridization process, and up to the tape production. Tensile tests on multifilament yarns and tape revealed that the strength of the hybrid materials is significantly reduced due to the hybridization process inducing fiber damage. Morphological analyses using 3D scans and micrographs demonstrated that the degree of hybridization is enhanced due to the application of air pressure during the hybridization process. However, this phenomenon is also influenced by the flow movement of the PP matrix during the consolidation stage. The hybrid laminates exhibited a damage behavior that differs from the established behavior of layer-separated metal fiber hybrids, thereby supporting other failure and energy absorption mechanisms, such as fiber pull-out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 10087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Novel Three-Dimensional-Printed Wood–Polylactic Acid Interlayer on the Mode II Delamination of Composites

by Mazaher Salamat-Talab, Hossein Kazemi, Alireza Akhavan-Safar, Hossein Malekinejad, Ricardo J. C. Carbas and Lucas F. M. da Silva

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(12), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8120489 - 22 Nov 2024

Viewed by 795

Abstract

The interlayering method effectively enhances resistance against delamination in laminated composites. However, synthesis methods for interlayers have been limited and, at times, expensive. Consequently, this study investigates the effect of innovative 3D-printed wood–PLA interlayers on the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness (ILFT) of [...] Read more.

The interlayering method effectively enhances resistance against delamination in laminated composites. However, synthesis methods for interlayers have been limited and, at times, expensive. Consequently, this study investigates the effect of innovative 3D-printed wood–PLA interlayers on the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness (ILFT) of glass/epoxy composites. These interlayers feature a geometric structure comprising rhomboidal cell shapes, enabling the filament to maintain an equal volume percentage to the resin at the delamination interface. To this end, end-notch flexure (ENF) specimens were prepared, and the mode II ILFT was determined using the compliance-based beam method. The experimental results demonstrate a substantial increase in initiation load tolerance (

≅ 32

%) due to the 3D-printed interlayer. The R-curve analysis of the specimens with interlayers reveals significant enhancement in critical delamination parameters, including the length of the fracture process zone (

≅ 23 %

), initiation ILFT (

≅ 80 %

), and propagation ILFT (

≅ 44 %

), compared to the samples without interlayers. The fracture surface analysis of the reinforced specimens with interlayers demonstrated that the interlayer positively impacts the delamination resistance of the ENF specimens. They create a larger resin-rich area and increase surface friction at the delamination interface. Also, this facilitates a crack front pinning mechanism and changes the direction of crack growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 4579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Evaluation of Thread Transistor Based on Carbon-Nanotube Composite Thread with Ionic Gel and Its Application to Logic Gates

by Hiroki Kodaira and Takahide Oya

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(11), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8110463 - 8 Nov 2024

Viewed by 844

Abstract

We propose a new type of flexible transistor based on carbon-nanotube (CNT) composite thread (CNTCT), i.e., a thread transistor, with ionic gel. In our previous study, we demonstrated that transistor operation was possible by combining metallic and semiconducting CNTCTs as gate and channel [...] Read more.

We propose a new type of flexible transistor based on carbon-nanotube (CNT) composite thread (CNTCT), i.e., a thread transistor, with ionic gel. In our previous study, we demonstrated that transistor operation was possible by combining metallic and semiconducting CNTCTs as gate and channel with an insulating material. However, its performance was not sufficient. Therefore, we here aim to improve it. For this, we tried to apply ionic gel as a dielectric layer to it. With this, the transistor was expected to be an electric-double-layer transistor. The transistor performance was improved, and the on/off ratio of the transistor increased by more than 4. This is a large value compared to our previous work. In addition, we not only evaluated the performance of the transistors, but also investigated whether they could be used as logic circuits. It was confirmed that the logic circuit composed of the thread transistor also operated correctly and stably for a long period of time. It was also confirmed that the output changed in response to weak external forces. These results indicate that it is a flexible transistor that can be used in a wide range of applications such as logic circuits and sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Removal of Ibuprofen from Aqueous Solutions by Using Graphene Oxide@MgO

by Natalia Malouchi, Athanasia K. Tolkou, Konstantinos N. Maroulas, Ioannis A. Katsoyiannis and George Z. Kyzas

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(10), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100434 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 924

Abstract

In this study, a new composite adsorbent, namely magnesium oxide modified graphene oxide (hereafter abbreviated GO@MgO), was prepared for the removal of Ibuprofen (IBU), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) compound. Graphene oxide was modified with MgO to improve its properties. Several factors important [...] Read more.

In this study, a new composite adsorbent, namely magnesium oxide modified graphene oxide (hereafter abbreviated GO@MgO), was prepared for the removal of Ibuprofen (IBU), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) compound. Graphene oxide was modified with MgO to improve its properties. Several factors important for the evolution of the adsorption process were investigated, such as the dose of the adsorbent, the pH, and the initial IBU content, as well as the duration of the procedure and temperature. According to the results obtained, it was found that at pH 3.0 ± 0.1, by applying 0.5 g/L GO@MgO to 100 mg/L IBU, more than 80% was removed, reaching 96.3% with the addition of 1.5 g/L adsorbent in 24 h. After 30 min, the equilibrium was reached (77% removal) by adding 0.5 g/L of GO@MgO. This study proves that GO@MgO is capable of economical and efficient adsorption. The IBU kinetic data followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to interpret the adsorption, but the Freundlich model described the adsorption method more accurately. The positive values of ΔH⁰ (14.465 kJ/mol) confirm the endothermic nature of the adsorption. Due to the increase of ΔG⁰ values with temperature, the adsorption of IBU on GO@MgO is considered to be spontaneous. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 3868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PLGA/Ti-Zn as Nanocomposite for Drug Delivery of Oleoresin

by Noé Rodríguez-Barajas, Ubaldo de Jesús Martin-Camacho, Jasmin Salazar-Mendoza, Suresh Ghotekar, Jorge Alberto Sánchez-Burgos, Oscar Arturo González-Vargas, Mamoun Fellah, Monserrat Macías-Carballo, Yanet Karina Gutiérrez-Mercado, Gabriela Camargo-Hernández, Christian Martin Rodríguez-Razón and Alejandro Pérez-Larios

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(10), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100431 - 16 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1422

Abstract

Capsicum annuum L. var. “Chile de árbol” combined with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and TiO₂-ZnO oxides synthesized at different molar ratios and pH (Ti-Zn A and B 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) via the sol-gel method was characterized by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, [...] Read more.

Capsicum annuum L. var. “Chile de árbol” combined with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and TiO₂-ZnO oxides synthesized at different molar ratios and pH (Ti-Zn A and B 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) via the sol-gel method was characterized by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC-DAD), and a release profile through mathematical models to explain its behavior. Furthermore, FTIR revealed the presence of PLGA, TiO₂, and ZnO as well as amino group characteristics from oleoresin components, principally alkaloid groups (capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin), as evidenced by HPLC, to identify the presence of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. The UV-Vis spectra showed a slight hypsochromic shift in the PLGA treatments. The release profile demonstrated a higher controllable release in the PLGA treatments than in the double nanoemulsions. Moreover, it is important to note that the effect of NPs influenced the release profile itself, increasing the release when NPs were synthesized at an acidic pH. Therefore, the TiZnOl/PLGA A characteristics suggest that these results have potential for pharmaceutical (as drug carriers) and medical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 13296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Degradability and Mechanical–Rheological Correlations of PLA/Silk Composites

by Mohammadreza Mansourieh, Soheil Farshbaf Taghinezhad, Amin Abbasi, Yuanyuan Chen and Declan Devine

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(10), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100428 - 16 Oct 2024

Viewed by 938

Abstract

High-strength biodegradable polymer composites have potential applications in a variety of biomedical applications. This study investigates the influence of silk fiber on the properties of the commonly used biodegradable polylactic acid-based composites, focusing on mechanical, rheological, morphological, and degradation characteristics. Mechanical tests revealed [...] Read more.

High-strength biodegradable polymer composites have potential applications in a variety of biomedical applications. This study investigates the influence of silk fiber on the properties of the commonly used biodegradable polylactic acid-based composites, focusing on mechanical, rheological, morphological, and degradation characteristics. Mechanical tests revealed that the addition of 2.5 wt% silk fibers enhanced the ductility of PLA composites, increasing tensile strain at break from 7.39% for pure PLA to 11.51% for the composite. However, higher silk contents (≥10 wt%) resulted in lower elongation at breaks but higher moduli, indicating a trade-off between flexibility and the structural rigidity of the composite. Rheological tests demonstrated that the presence of silk fibers up to 7.5% improved the storage modulus, reflecting better network formation within the PLA matrix. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) photomicrographs illustrated improved fiber dispersion, while higher contents introduced voids and stress concentrations, adversely affecting mechanical properties. Degradation tests in phosphate-buffered saline at 37 °C showed that silk additions slowed PLA degradation, suggesting controlled degradation suitable for biomedical applications. The optimal silk fiber content for balancing mechanical integrity and flexibility was identified to be ca 7.5 wt%, providing insights into the design of PLA/silk composites for enhanced performance in practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 3743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Hybridization and Treatment Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Enset and Sisal Hybrid Composites

by Abera Endesha Bekele and Hirpa G. Lemu

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(9), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8090377 - 21 Sep 2024

Viewed by 700

Abstract

Natural fibers are among the most employed reinforcements in the manufacturing process of innovative fiber-based composite materials. As with any composite materials, the properties of composites depend on the type and properties of the fiber, fiber structure, composition (hybridization), and treatment. In this [...] Read more.

Natural fibers are among the most employed reinforcements in the manufacturing process of innovative fiber-based composite materials. As with any composite materials, the properties of composites depend on the type and properties of the fiber, fiber structure, composition (hybridization), and treatment. In this study, the composite was fabricated by using hand lay-up with 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100 Enset/Sisal (E/S) hybridization ratio. Three cases, i.e., untreated, 5%, and 10% NaOH treatment were considered. The effects of hybridization and treatment on the mechanical and water absorption properties of woven and unidirectional orientation of E/S hybrid composite were evaluated by using a two-factors analysis of variance. The fiber–matrix interfacial fractured surface was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The treated (5% NaOH) and woven fiber orientation exhibited better mechanical properties than untreated and unidirectional hybrid composites. The flexural and tensile strength of the woven composite was improved by 5% and 9%, respectively, when compared with woven untreated 50/50 volume ratio of composites. In both samples and orientations, the hybridization effects show a higher percentage contribution to the mechanical properties. But, in both orientations of composite samples, the treatment effects show a higher percentage contribution for water absorption properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 5023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Nanotube–Carbon Nanocoil Hybrid Film Decorated by Amorphous Silicon as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Huan Chen, Chen Wang, Zeng Fan, Chuanhui Cheng, Liang Hao and Lujun Pan

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(9), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8090350 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 954

Abstract

Silicon (Si) as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has attracted much attention due to its high theoretical specific capacity (4200 mAh/g). However, the specific capacity and cycle stability of the LIBs are reduced due to the pulverization caused by the expansion [...] Read more.

Silicon (Si) as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has attracted much attention due to its high theoretical specific capacity (4200 mAh/g). However, the specific capacity and cycle stability of the LIBs are reduced due to the pulverization caused by the expansion of Si coated on Cu (copper) foil during cycles. In order to solve this problem, researchers have used an ultra-thin Si deposition layer as the electrode, which improves cyclic stability and obtains high initial coulomb efficiency of LIBs. However, suitable substrate selection is crucial to fabricate an ultrathin Si deposition layer electrode with excellent performance, and a substrate with a three-dimensional porous structure is desirable to ensure the deposition of an ultrathin Si layer on the whole surface of the substrate. In this paper, the Si thin layer has been deposited on a binder-free hybrid film of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanocoils (CNCs) by magnetron sputtering. Compared with densely packed CNT film and flat Cu foil, the loose and porous film provides a large surface area and space for Si deposition, and Si can be deposited not only on the surface but also in the interior part of the film. The film provides a large number of channels for the diffusion and transmission of Li⁺, resulting in the rapid diffusion rate of Li⁺, which improves the effective lithium storage utilization of Si. Furthermore, the CNC itself is super elastic, and film provides an elastic skeleton for the Si deposition layer, which eases its volume expansion during charge and discharge processes. Electrochemical tests have showed that the Si/CNT–CNC film electrode has excellent performance as anode for LIBs. After 200 cycles, the Si/CNT–CNC film electrode still had possessed a specific capacity of 2500 mAh/g, a capacity retention of 92.8% and a coulomb efficiency of 99%. This paper provides an effective way to fabricate high performance Si-nanocarbon composite electrodes for LIBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Fabrication of Zirconia Parts with Smooth Surface Texture and Tight Tolerances

by Laurent Spitaels, Valentin Dambly, Aiora Beobide Otaegi, Julien Bossu, Cathy Delmotte, Gregory Martic, Enrique Juste, Raoul Carrus, Pedro-José Arrazola, Fabrice Petit, Edouard Rivière-Lorphèvre and François Ducobu

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070233 - 22 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1013

Abstract

The conventional manufacturing chain for technical ceramics is too expensive for the production of small series or unique parts with complex designs. Hybrid machines that combine additive and subtractive processes can be an interesting solution to overcome this technology lock-in. However, despite the [...] Read more.

The conventional manufacturing chain for technical ceramics is too expensive for the production of small series or unique parts with complex designs. Hybrid machines that combine additive and subtractive processes can be an interesting solution to overcome this technology lock-in. However, despite the great interest in hybrid machines for metallic parts, there is a lack of data in the literature when it comes to ceramics. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to closing this gap. It is the first to evaluate the achievable geometrical tolerances according to ISO 2768-2 as well as the surface textures of composite zirconia parts shaped sequentially by pellet additive manufacturing (PAM, from ceramic injection molding feedstock) and finish milling. The green parts were then debinded and sintered to analyze the influence of these steps. Compared to the initial green parts, the sintered parts exhibited shiny and smooth surfaces with sharp edges. Flatness, parallelism and perpendicularity all achieved an H (fine) class, while the surface textures were significantly improved, resulting in arithmetic roughness (Ra) below 1.6 µm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development, Dielectric Response, and Functionality of ZnTiO₃/BaTiO₃/Epoxy Resin Hybrid Nanocomposites

by Anastasios C. Patsidis, Eleftherios I. Koufakis, Georgios N. Mathioudakis, Orestis Vryonis and Georgios C. Psarras

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060225 - 15 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1318

Abstract

In the present work, hybrid nanocomposites of an epoxy resin reinforced with ZnTiO₃ and BaTiO₃ nanoparticles, at various filler contents, were fabricated and studied. The successful integration of ceramic nanofillers and the fine distribution of nanoparticles were confirmed via X-ray Diffraction [...] Read more.

In the present work, hybrid nanocomposites of an epoxy resin reinforced with ZnTiO₃ and BaTiO₃ nanoparticles, at various filler contents, were fabricated and studied. The successful integration of ceramic nanofillers and the fine distribution of nanoparticles were confirmed via X-ray Diffraction patterns and Scanning Electron Microscopy images, respectively. Dielectric properties and related relaxation phenomena were investigated via Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy in a wide range of frequencies and temperatures. Data analysis showed that dielectric permittivity increases with filler content, although optimum performance does not correspond to the maximum ZnTiO₃ content. Four relaxation processes were observed and attributed to interfacial polarization (IP) (at low frequencies and high temperatures), glass-to-rubber transition (α-relaxation) of the epoxy matrix (at intermediate frequencies and temperatures), and local rearrangements of polar side groups of the macromolecules (β-relaxation) and small flexible groups of the main polymer chain (γ-relaxation) occurring at low temperatures and high frequencies. The ability of hybrid nanocomposites to store and retrieve energy was studied under dc conditions by employing a charging/discharging sequence. The stored and retrieved energy increases with filler content and charging voltage. The optimum ability of energy recovering, shown by the epoxy/7 phr ZnTiO₃/7 phr BaTiO₃ nanocomposite, ranges between 30 and 50 times more than the matrix, depending on the time instant. The employed nanoparticles induce piezoelectric properties in the nanocomposites, as found by the increase in the piezoelectric coefficient with filler content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 9430 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bolt-Hole Elongation of Woven Carbon-Epoxy Composite Plates and Joints Using the Digital Image Correlation Technique

by Masoud Mehrabian, Aouni Lakis, Jr. and Rachid Boukhili

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(5), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8050180 - 12 May 2024

Viewed by 1217

Abstract

The elongation of the bolt hole is an important parameter for assessing the failure of bolted joints. However, direct experimental measurement using strain gauges and extensometers is difficult. This article shows that digital image correlation (DIC) can overcome the difficulties and provide important [...] Read more.

The elongation of the bolt hole is an important parameter for assessing the failure of bolted joints. However, direct experimental measurement using strain gauges and extensometers is difficult. This article shows that digital image correlation (DIC) can overcome the difficulties and provide important indications of the failure mechanisms of bolted joints. Hole elongation was measured using DIC in the following carbon/epoxy composite configurations: standard open-hole tensile (OHT) and filled-hole tensile (FHT), single-lap shear only-bolted (OB), and single-lap shear hybrid-bolted/bonded (HBB) joints. For each configuration, the hole-elongation changes were tracked for cross-ply (CP) and quasi-isotropic (QI) stacking sequences with two thicknesses. In the tensile load direction for OHT and FHT cases, CP showed a greater hole elongation than QI. However, the opposite trend was observed in the transverse direction. In OB joints, bypass loads contributed more to the hole elongation than bearing action. In HBB joints, it has been observed that the adhesive significantly reduces hole elongation, particularly for CP configurations. Moreover, it was found that in HBB joints, hole elongation was independent of laminate lay-up, while it was very determinative in OB joints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Verification of the Inverse Scale Effect Hypothesis on Viscosity and Diffusion by Azo-Amino Acid Schiff Base Copper Complexes

by Yoshitora Wadayama, Ai Kaneda, Taiga Imae, Daisuke Nakane and Takashiro Akitsu

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(5), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8050177 - 10 May 2024

Viewed by 972

Abstract

Microdroplets generated in microfluidic devices are attracting attention as a new chemical reaction field and are expected to improve reactivity. One of the effects of microscaling is that the ratio of the force that acts on the diffusion and movement of substances to [...] Read more.

Microdroplets generated in microfluidic devices are attracting attention as a new chemical reaction field and are expected to improve reactivity. One of the effects of microscaling is that the ratio of the force that acts on the diffusion and movement of substances to gravity is different from that of ordinary solvents. Recently, we proposed a hypothesis for determining reaction acceleration through micro-miniaturization: If a reaction is inhibited by setting the volume and viscosity of the solution to conditions that are unfavorable to the reaction on a normal scale, that reaction can be promoted in microfluidics. Therefore, for the purpose of this verification, (1) we used an amino acid Schiff base copper(II) complex with an azobenzene group to demonstrate the polarization-induced orientation in a polymer film (the redirection that is mechanically maintained in a soft matter matrix). Numerical data on optical anisotropy parameters were reported. (2) When the reaction is confirmed to be promoted in laminar flow in a microfluidic device and its azo derivative, a copper(II) complex is used to increase the solvent viscosity or diffusion during synthesis on a normally large scale. We will obtain and discuss data on the investigation of changing the solvent volume as a region. The range of experimental conditions for volume and viscosity did not lead to an improvement in synthetic yield, nor did (3) the comparison of solvents and viscosity for single-crystal growth of amino acid Schiff base copper(II) complexes having azobenzene groups. A solvent whose viscosity was measured was used, but microcrystals were obtained using the diffusion method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Multidisciplinary Design of a Hybrid Rocket Launcher with a Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel

by Alain Souza, Paulo Teixeira Gonçalves, Frederico Afonso, Fernando Lau, Nuno Rocha and Afzal Suleman

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(3), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8030109 - 19 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2156

Abstract

A multidisciplinary design optimisation (MDO) study of a hybrid rocket launcher is presented, with a focus on quantifying the impact of using composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) as the oxidiser tank. The rocket hybrid propulsion system (RHPS) consists of a combination of solid [...] Read more.

A multidisciplinary design optimisation (MDO) study of a hybrid rocket launcher is presented, with a focus on quantifying the impact of using composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) as the oxidiser tank. The rocket hybrid propulsion system (RHPS) consists of a combination of solid fuel (paraffin) and liquid oxidiser (NOx). The oxidiser is conventionally stored in metallic vessels. Alternative design concepts involving composite-based pressure vessels are explored that could lead to significant improvements in the overall performance of the rocket. This design choice may potentially affect parameters such as total weight, thrust curve, and maximum altitude achieved. With this eventual impact in mind, structural considerations such as wall thickness for the COPV are integrated into an in-house MDO framework to conceptually optimise a hybrid rocket launcher. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

24 pages, 3355 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposites for Marine Applications: A Review

by Yang Huang, Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan, Farah Syazwani Shahar, Rafał Grzejda and Andrzej Łukaszewicz

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(10), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100430 - 16 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1856

Abstract

Highly efficient fiber-reinforced composites find extensive application in diverse industries. Yet, conventional fiber-reinforced composites have significant environmental impacts during both manufacturing and disposal. Environmentally friendly fiber-reinforced composites have garnered significant attention within the framework of sustainable development. Utilizing natural fibers in place of [...] Read more.

Highly efficient fiber-reinforced composites find extensive application in diverse industries. Yet, conventional fiber-reinforced composites have significant environmental impacts during both manufacturing and disposal. Environmentally friendly fiber-reinforced composites have garnered significant attention within the framework of sustainable development. Utilizing natural fibers in place of synthetic fibers and progressively decreasing the use of synthetic fibers are the main approaches to achieving a balance between economic progress and environmental quality. Attention is increasingly being drawn to natural fiber-reinforced biocomposites that exhibit outstanding environmental performance, exceptional physical and mechanical capabilities, and biological features. The lightweight and high-strength characteristics of these biocomposites enable them to significantly decrease the weight of structures, making them increasingly popular in many industries. The objective of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of hybrid fiber-reinforced biocomposites in marine applications, specifically examining their mechanical characteristics, resistance to seawater, and ability to absorb moisture, all while advocating for sustainable material methodologies. To achieve this objective, the paper delineates the distinction between synthetic and natural fibers, examines the benefits of hybrid fiber-reinforced biocomposite materials, and addresses the obstacles and effective approaches in their production and application in seawater. Considering the review analysis, it can be inferred that the use of fiber-reinforced biocomposites in maritime applications shows significant potential and has abundant untapped growth prospects in the future years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Published Papers (18 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI