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A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2022) | Viewed by 30590

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Dr. Milka Mileva

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Department of Virology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
Interests: antioxidant activity; oxidative stress; free radicals; virus; antioxidants; biotechnology; biostatistics; cancer research; reactive oxygen species; biomarkers
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Dear Colleagues,

Recently, numerous studies have focused their attention on natural bioactive compounds, which have been proven to play a potentially beneficial role in the fight against a wide range of human diseases, from "modern" metabolic disorders, chronic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, to resistant pathogens, bacteria, viruses, and fungi, whose higher resistance to conventional drugs is a very serious problem for human health.

It turns out that the source of valuable molecules is often products that are considered to be waste in technological production or agricultural byproducts which are discarded without being recovered. Thus, a large number of these natural functional ingredients still remain unused, and a clear understanding of the mechanisms of their beneficial properties needs innovative and original research.

Potential topics in this issue include but are not limited to the following:

Useful and original approaches for the utilization of residual and waste products from technological productions and agricultural activity;
Preparation, isolation, identification, and examination of natural extracts or synthetic drugs that are modified analogs of natural biomolecules with valuable biological properties;
Formulation and delivery of anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal compounds with high stability and good bioavailability in order to potentiate their activity;
Exploration of the putative activity in the cascade of events controlling the development of disease;
In vivo and in vitro screening, which involves specific compounds to identify them as new, leading compounds, with the potential to cause relief of symptoms and to influence the progression of the disease.

We kindly invite you to send your latest research results or review articles to this Special Issue, which will clarify the biological effects of your research waste products, natural compounds, and demonstrate the mechanisms underlying their biological activity, using various experimental models related to the extraction and purification of natural functional components and their application, the presence of hazardous substances, and useful properties of these extracts or compounds in various diseases. Please note that in the studies of complex mixtures of natural products or newly synthesized substances, the characterization of chemicals using analytical methodologies such as HPLC, MS, LC-MS, and HPLC-MS must be included.

Dr. Milka Mileva
Guest Editor

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Life is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

residual products
waste products
multidrug resistance
cancer
natural compounds and antioxidants
anti-inflammatory effect
antiviral properties
antifungal activity

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Related Special Issue

The Role of Renewable Resources for Ecology and Human Health: 2nd Edition in Life (4 articles)

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 170 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

The Role of Renewable Resources for Ecology and Human Health

by Milka Mileva

Life 2023, 13(4), 879; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13040879 - 25 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1046

Abstract

Scientists are increasingly asking very serious and topical questions: what do we throw away as waste from industrial production [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Renewable Resources for Ecology and Human Health)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

18 pages, 1168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Solid-State Fermentation for the Improving of Extruded Corn Dry-Milling By-Products and Their Protein Functional Properties

by Daiva Zadeike, Zydrune Gaizauskaite, Mantas Svazas, Romas Gruzauskas, Valentas Gruzauskas, Jonas Damasius and Grazina Juodeikiene

Life 2022, 12(11), 1909; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111909 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2284

Abstract

In this study, the effect of solid-state fermentation (SSF) with Lactobacillus sakei MI401 and Pediococcus acidilactici PA-2 strains on functional properties of extruded (130 °C; 25 rpm) corn-milling by-products (CMB) and their albumin, globulin, and prolamin fractions was evaluated in order to produce stabilized and functionalized food/feed stock. Extrusion resulted in a considerable reduction of microbial contamination of CMB by five log cycles, increased damaged starch, water-absorption capacity, and lowered protein and fat contents by 12.4% and 37%, respectively. The application of SSF for the extruded CMB have been shown to improve the water absorption, foaming, and emulsifying capacity of albumins and globulins and also increased the digestibility and free radical scavenging activity of prolamins. The essential amino acid content (EAA) in CMB and antioxidant activity of prolamins was lowered after extrusion but significantly increased after SSF. The combination of the abovementioned treatments can be confirmed as a prospective functionalization of CMB, capable of potentially enhancing its safety and improving nutritional, biochemical, and technological properties of proteins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Renewable Resources for Ecology and Human Health)

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21 pages, 6961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Arsenic Pollution and Anaerobic Arsenic Metabolizing Bacteria in Lake Van, the World’s Largest Soda Lake

by Esra Ersoy Omeroglu, Mert Sudagidan and Erdal Ogun

Life 2022, 12(11), 1900; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111900 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1910

Abstract

Arsenic is responsible for water pollution in many places around the world and presents a serious health risk for people. Lake Van is the world’s largest soda lake, and there are no studies on seasonal arsenic pollution and arsenic-resistant bacteria. We aimed to determine the amount of arsenic in the lake water and sediment, to isolate arsenic-metabolizing anaerobic bacteria and their identification, and determination of arsenic metabolism. Sampling was done from 7.5 m to represent the four seasons. Metal contents were determined by using ICP-MS. Pure cultures were obtained using the Hungate technique. Growth characteristics of the strains were determined at different conditions as well as at arsenate and arsenite concentrations. Molecular studies were also carried out for various resistance genes. Our results showed that Lake Van’s total arsenic amount changes seasonally. As a result of 16S rRNA sequencing, it was determined that the isolates were members of 8 genera with arsC resistance genes. In conclusion, to sustain water resources, it is necessary to prevent chemical and microorganism-based pollution. It is thought that the arsenic-resistant bacteria obtained as a result of this study will contribute to the solution of environmental arsenic pollution problems, as they are the first data and provide the necessary basic data for the bioremediation studies of arsenic from contaminated environmental habitats. At the same time, the first data that will contribute to the creation of the seasonal arsenic map of Lake Van are obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Renewable Resources for Ecology and Human Health)

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18 pages, 2450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Potential of Bulgarian Rosa damascena Mill. and Rosa alba L. Hydrosols—In Vivo and In Vitro

by Tsvetelina Gerasimova, Gabriele Jovtchev, Svetla Gateva, Margarita Topashka-Ancheva, Alexander Stankov, Tsveta Angelova, Ana Dobreva and Milka Mileva

Life 2022, 12(9), 1452; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12091452 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2724

Abstract

The Rosa alba L. and Rosa damascena Mill. growing in Bulgaria are known for their extremely fine essential oil and valuable hydrosols. Irrespectively of its wide use in human life, little research exists on the cytotoxic and genotoxic activity of the hydrosols. This set our goal to conduct cytogenetic analyses to study these effects. A complex of classical cytogenetic methods was applied in three types of experimental test systems—higher plant in vivo, ICR mice in vivo, and human lymphocytes in vitro. Mitotic index, PCE/(PCE + NCE) ratio, and nuclear division index were used as endpoints for cytotoxicity and for genotoxicity—induction of chromosome aberrations and micronuclei. Rose hydrosol treatments range in concentrations from 6% to 20%. It was obtained that both hydrosols did not show considerable cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. These effects depend on the type of the tested rose hydrosols, the concentrations applied in the experiments, and the sensitivity and specificity of the test systems used. Human lymphocytes in vitro were the most sensitive to hydrosols, followed by higher plant and animal cells. Chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus assays suggested that R. damascena and R. alba hydrosols at applied concentrations possess low genotoxic risk. Due to the overall low values in terms of cytotoxic and/or genotoxic effects in all test systems, hydrosols are promising for further use in various areas of human life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Renewable Resources for Ecology and Human Health)

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13 pages, 1583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Snail Mucus Protective Effect on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Mice

by Lubomir Petrov, Mihail Kachaunov, Albena Alexandrova, Elina Tsvetanova, Almira Georgieva, Aleksander Dolashki, Lyudmila Velkova and Pavlina Dolashka

Life 2022, 12(8), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12081106 - 22 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4028

Abstract

Nowadays, an increased interest in natural compounds with preventive or therapeutic potential for various diseases has been observed. Given the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer (GU) and the wide range of bioactive compounds isolated from snails, this study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Cornu aspersum (Müller, 1774) mucus on ethanol-induced GUs. Male albino mice were divided into Control, Ethanol, Mucus + Ethanol and Mucus + Omeprazole treated groups. The GUs were induced by administration of 96% ethanol (10 mL/kg, per os). One hour before ulcer induction, the mice of Mucus + Ethanol group were pretreated with mucus (20 mg/kg, per os), and the mice of Mucus + Omeprazole group were pretreated with omeprazole (20 mg/kg, per os). Ethanol administration caused grave lesions of gastric mucosa and a significant decrease of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione reductase (GR) activities. In the animals with mucus or omeprazole pre-administration compared to the Ethanol group, the following were observed: only a small number of hemorrhagic fields, significantly reduced GU index with calculated 73% protection by mucus and 78% protection by omeprazole, and significant recovery of mucosal GSH and SOD and GR activities. In addition, the mucus inhibited Helicobacter pylori growth. Thus, the protective effect of C. aspersum mucus on both gastric mucosa and gastric antioxidant potential in ethanol-induced GU model suggests that it may serve as a good tool for prevention of this disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Renewable Resources for Ecology and Human Health)

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20 pages, 6924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Coronavirus Efficiency and Redox-Modulating Capacity of Polyphenol-Rich Extracts from Traditional Bulgarian Medicinal Plants

by Neli Vilhelmova-Ilieva, Zdravka Petrova, Almira Georgieva, Elina Tzvetanova, Madlena Trepechova and Milka Mileva

Life 2022, 12(7), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12071088 - 20 Jul 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2583

Abstract

Background: The use of various herbal therapists as part of traditional medicine in different parts of the world, including Bulgaria, is due to the knowledge accumulated over the centuries by people about their valuable biological activities. In this study, we investigate extracts from widely used Bulgarian medicinal plants for their ability to prevent the coronavirus infection of cells by testing different mechanisms of antiviral protection, their polyphenol content, and redox-modulating capacity. Methods: The influence on the stage of viral adsorption, the inhibition of extracellular virions, and the protective effect on uninfected cells of the plant’s extracts were reported by the end-point dilution method, and virus titer (in Δ lgs) was determined as compared to the untreated controls. The total content of polyphenols and flavonoids was also determined. We tested the antioxidant power of the extracts by their ability to inhibit the generation of superoxide anionic radicals and to scavenge DPPH radicals. We determined their iron-reducing, copper-reducing, and metal-chelating antioxidant powers. Results: Most of the extracts tested suppress the extracellular virions of HCov. They also inhibit the stage of viral adsorption to the host cell to varying degrees and have a protective effect on healthy cells before being subjected to viral invasion. The examined extracts contained significant levels of polyphenols and quercetin-like flavonoids and showed remarkable antioxidant, radical, and redox-modulating effects. Conclusions: All of these 13 extracts from Bulgarian medicinal plants tested can act as antioxidants and antiviral and symptomatic drugs for the management of coronavirus infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Renewable Resources for Ecology and Human Health)

15 pages, 2261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chromatographic Profile and Redox-Modulating Capacity of Methanol Extract from Seeds of Ginkgo biloba L. Originating from Plovdiv Region in Bulgaria

by Lubomir Petrov, Albena Alexandrova, Mariana Argirova, Teodora Tomova, Almira Georgieva, Elina Tsvetanova and Milka Mileva

Life 2022, 12(6), 878; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060878 - 12 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2119

Abstract

Oxidative stress underlies the pathogenesis of many diseases, which determines the interest in natural substances with antioxidant properties. Ginkgo biloba L. leaves are well known and widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, but the therapeutic properties of the seeds are less studied. This study aimed to identify the chromatographic profile and to evaluate the antioxidant properties of methanol extract from seeds of G. biloba (GBSE). In the GBSE, flavonoids and terpenes were found as terpenes predominated. The GBSE antioxidant capacity determined by 2,2 azino-bis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods were equal to 1.34% and 0.58% of the activity of reference substance Trolox, respectively. The results of the ferric reducing antioxidant power method showed that the effect of concentration 1 mg/mL (w/v) GBSE was equal to 7.418 mM FeSO₄ used as a standard. The cupric reducing antioxidant capacity activity of the GBSE was found to be 215.39 µmol Trolox/g GBSE and is presented as Trolox equivalent. The metal chelation effect of 1 mg/mL (w/v) GBSE was equal to that obtained for 0.018 mM EDTA. In conclusion, GBSE showed a good ability to neutralize ABTS and DPPH radicals and could have a beneficial effect in pathological conditions with oxidative stress etiology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Renewable Resources for Ecology and Human Health)

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16 pages, 6005 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biogas Production Potential of Thermophilic Anaerobic Biodegradation of Organic Waste by a Microbial Consortium Identified with Metagenomics

by Lyudmila Kabaivanova, Penka Petrova, Venelin Hubenov and Ivan Simeonov

Life 2022, 12(5), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12050702 - 8 May 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2918

Abstract

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a widespread biological process treating organic waste for green energy production. In this study, wheat straw and corn stalks without any harsh preliminary treatment were collected as a renewable source to be employed in a laboratory-scale digester to produce biogas/biomethane. Processes parameters of temperature, pH, total solids, volatile solid, concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA), and cellulose concentration, were followed. The volume of biogas produced was measured. The impact of organic loading was stated, showing that the process at 55 °C tolerated a higher substrate load, up to 45 g/L. Further substrate increase did not lead to biogas accumulation increase, probably due to inhibition or mass transfer limitations. After a 12-day anaerobic digestion process, cumulative volumes of biogas yields were 4.78 L for 1 L of the bioreactor working volume with substrate loading 30 g/L of wheat straw, 7.39 L for 40 g/L and 8.22 L for 45 g/L. The degree of biodegradation was calculated to be 68.9%, 74% and 72%, respectively. A fast, effective process for biogas production was developed from native wheat straw, with the highest quantity of daily biogas production occurring between day 2 and day 5. Biomethane concentration in the biogas was 60%. An analysis of bacterial diversity by metagenomics revealed that more than one third of bacteria belonged to class Clostridia (32.9%), followed by Bacteroidia (21.5%), Betaproteobacteria (11.2%), Gammaproteobacteria (6.1%), and Alphaproteobacteria (5%). The most prominent genera among them were Proteiniphilum, Proteiniborus, and Pseudomonas. Archaeal share was 1.37% of the microflora in the thermophilic bioreactor, as the genera Methanocorpusculum, Methanobacterium, Methanomassiliicoccus, Methanoculleus, and Methanosarcina were the most abundant. A knowledge of the microbiome residing in the anaerobic digester can be further used for the development of more effective processes in conjunction with theidentified consortium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Renewable Resources for Ecology and Human Health)

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22 pages, 4741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Sewage Sludge in a Rice (Oryza sativa L.)-Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) System Influences the Growth, Yield, Quality and Heavy Metals Accumulation of Rice and Wheat in the Northern Gangetic Alluvial Plain

by Surendra Singh Jatav, Satish Kumar Singh, Manoj Parihar, Amnah Mohammed Alsuhaibani, Ahmed Gaber and Akbar Hossain

Life 2022, 12(4), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12040484 - 27 Mar 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2867

Abstract

For a sustainable and profitable agriculture production system, balanced and integrated use of nutrients is a key strategy. In addition, partial replacement of chemical fertilizers with organics ones reduces both environmental concerns and economic costs and provides greater soil health benefits. With this hypothesis, an experiment was conducted to assess the yield and economic benefits of a rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) as influenced by the joint application of sewage sludge (SSL) and fertilizer. The treatments comprised: without fertilizer or SSL; 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF); 100% RDF + 20 Mg ha⁻¹ SSL; 100% RDF + 30 Mg ha⁻¹ SSL; 50% RDF + 20 Mg ha⁻¹ SSL; 60% RDF + 20 Mg ha⁻¹ SSL; 70% RDF + 20 Mg ha⁻¹ SSL; 50% RDF + 30 Mg ha⁻¹ SSL; 60% RDF + 30 Mg ha⁻¹ SSL and 70% RDF + 30 Mg ha⁻¹ SSL. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The result of our study indicate that the highest percent increase in mean plant height i.e., ~14.85 and ~13.90, and grain yield i.e., ~8.10 and ~18.90 for rice and wheat, respectively, were recorded under 100% RDF + 30 Mg SSL ha⁻¹ treatment compared to 100% RDF, while 70% RDF + 20 Mg ha⁻¹ SSL produced a statistically equivalent grain yield of 100% RDF in RWCS. The application of 20 and 30 Mg SSL ha⁻¹ along with recommended or reduced fertilizer dose, significantly increased the heavy metal content in plant and soil systems above that of 100% RDF, but this enhancement was found within permissible limits. Moreover, the reduced use of SSL i.e., 20 Mg SSL ha⁻¹, resulted in lower heavy metal content in grain and soil than did the 30 Mg ha⁻¹ SSL treatment, but significantly higher than in the absolute control or 100% RDF treatment. In summary, the use of 20 Mg ha⁻¹ SSL along with 70% RDF provided a safer, profitable and sustainable option in a rice-wheat cropping system in the middle Ganegatic alluvial plain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Renewable Resources for Ecology and Human Health)

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20 pages, 7081 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Anti-Genotoxic Activity of Wastewaters Produced after Water-Steam Distillation of Bulgarian Rosa damascena Mill. and Rosa alba L. Essential Oils

by Svetla Gateva, Gabriele Jovtchev, Tsveta Angelova, Ana Dobreva and Milka Mileva

Life 2022, 12(3), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12030455 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3082

Abstract

The steam distillation of valuable rose essential oil from R. damascena Mill. and R. alba L. generates large volumes of wastewaters. Although such wastewaters are bio-pollutants, they contain valuable bioactive compounds. In this study we investigated the cytotoxic/genotoxic and anti-cytotoxic/anti-genotoxic potential of these products. We used cytogenetic methods for induction of chromosome aberrations and micronuclei in two different experimental test-systems: ahigher plant and human lymphocyte cultures. Different experimental schemes of treatment with the waste products showed that the genotoxic activity of wastewater from the distillation of oils from R. alba and R. damascena was low in both test–systems. Human lymphocytes showed a higher sensitivity to the products than plant cells. Both types of waste products manifested anti-genotoxic effect against N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, a direct mutagen. The wastewaters obtained from steam distillation of rose essential oil have cytoprotective/genoprotective effect and could decrease DNA damage. Data are promising for further use of these products in pharmacy and other areas of human life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Renewable Resources for Ecology and Human Health)

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17 pages, 3178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Taif’s Rose (Rosa damascena Mill var. trigintipetala) for Possible Recycling of Pruning Wastes

by Tarek M. Galal, Hatim M. Al-Yasi, Mustafa A. Fawzy, Tharwat G. Abdelkader, Reham Z. Hamza, Ebrahem M. Eid and Esmat F. Ali

Life 2022, 12(2), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12020273 - 12 Feb 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3451

Abstract

This study investigated the phytochemical contents of Taif’s rose pruning wastes and their potential application as phytomedicine, thereby practicing a waste-recycling perspective. In the Al-Shafa highland, four Taif rose farms of various ages were chosen for gathering the pruning wastes (leaves and stems) for phytochemical and pharmacological studies. The leaves and stems included significant amounts of carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, and other phenolic compounds. The cardiac glycoside and flavonoid contents were higher in Taif rose stems, while the phenolic and alkaloid contents were higher in the plant leaves. Cardiovascular glycosides (2.98–5.69 mg g⁻¹), phenolics (3.14–12.41 mg GAE g⁻¹), flavonoids (5.09–9.33 mg RUE g ⁻¹), and alkaloids (3.22–10.96 mg AE g⁻¹) were among the phytoconstituents found in rose tissues. According to the HPLC analysis of the phenolic compounds, Taif’s rose contains flavonoid components such as luteolin, apigenin, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, and chrysoeriol; phenolics such as ellagic acid, catechol, resorcinol, gallic acid, and phloroglucinol; alkaloids such as berbamine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, reticuline, isocorydine, and boldine. Warm water extract was highly effective against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris, whereas methanol and cold water extracts were moderately effective against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. The study’s findings suggested that Taif’s rose wastes could be used for varied medical purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Renewable Resources for Ecology and Human Health)

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