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Advances in Steel Materials: Structure, Processing, and Properties
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Advances in Steel Materials: Structure, Processing, and Properties

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 April 2024) | Viewed by 6939

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Nataliya V. Kazantseva

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Metal Physics, Ekaterinburg, Russia
Interests: steel and alloys; phase transformation; structure; TEM; properties; additive technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Oleg Bashkov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Materials Science and Technology of New Materials, Komsomolsk-na-Amure State University, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Russia
Interests: steel and alloys; deformation; failure; fatigue; durability; acoustic emission

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Iron alloys have been used by people for many years. In the modern world, steel products occupy a significant place in all spheres of human activity. New challenges require new solutions, so the steel industry does not stand still. In this Special Issue, we are going to collect works devoted to both the development of new steel materials (including new technologies, for example, additive) and the modification of well-known steel grades by alloying, thermomechanical, and surface treatments.

Repair works using surface (ultrasonic, laser, plasma) treatments have a significant impact on the service characteristics of the steel material, which requires careful study not only of its external quality but also changes in its internal structure and phase state.

The main aim of this Special Issue is to cover recent progress in decisions regarding the problems related to steel materials and parts, including recent developments in manufacturing and surface treatment. The Issue will collect the investigations associated with the following topics:

  • physical and mechanical properties of modern steel materials
  • problems with the surface treatment and protective coatings of steel materials
  • structure evolution and martensitic transitions in steel metals under severe plastic or cyclic deformation
  • modern methods of studying the structure and properties of steel materials
  • new technologies in the manufacturing of steel materials
  • biomedical use of steel materials
  • mathematical modeling and metal forming simulation

Scientific papers reporting new and unpublished results on these topics are welcomed.

Dr. Nataliya V. Kazantseva
Prof. Dr. Oleg Bashkov
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • structure and properties of steel materials and composites
  • severe plastic deformation
  • mathematical modeling and simulation
  • additive technology
  • laser surface treatment
  • welding
  • biomedical steel materials

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2425 KiB  
Article
Effects of Shot Peening Pressure, Time, and Material on the Properties of Carburized Steel Shafts
by Shao-Quan Lu, Liu-Ho Chiu, Pei-Jung Chang and Chung-Kwei Lin
Materials 2024, 17(16), 4124; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164124 - 20 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 698
Abstract
Carburized steel shafts are commonly used in industry due to their good wear resistance and fatigue life. If the surface of carburized shafts exhibits an undesired tensile stress, shot peening treatment may be required to alter the stress condition on the surface. In [...] Read more.
Carburized steel shafts are commonly used in industry due to their good wear resistance and fatigue life. If the surface of carburized shafts exhibits an undesired tensile stress, shot peening treatment may be required to alter the stress condition on the surface. In the present study, the effects of shot peening pressure (3–5 kg/cm2), time (32–64 s), and material (stainless steel, carbon steel, and glass) on the residual stress, retained austenite, microhardness, and surface roughness of the carburized shafts were investigated. The experimental results showed that the surface residual tensile stress was changed into compressive stress after the shot peening treatment. The shot peening effects increased with the increasing peening pressure and time. In addition, a significant decrease in the amount of retained austenite in the subsurface region was observed. Peening with different materials can affect the peening effect. Using glass pellets exhibited the best shot peening effect but suffered massive pellet fracture during processing. In overall consideration, the optimal peening parameters for carburized steel shafts for practical industrial applications involved using the stainless-steel pellets with a peening pressure of 5 kg/cm2 and a peening time of 64 s. The maximum residual stress was −779 MPa at a depth of 0.02 mm, while the highest surface microhardness was 827 HV0.1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel Materials: Structure, Processing, and Properties)
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13 pages, 8898 KiB  
Article
Heterogeneous Multi-Phase Grains Improving the Strength-Ductility Balance in Warm-Rolled Fe-18Mn-3Ti Steel
by Yifeng Li, Shulin Liu, Yuanguang Xia, Juping Xu, Huaican Chen and Wen Yin
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2590; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112590 - 28 May 2024
Viewed by 705
Abstract
The thermal properties, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Fe-18Mn-3Ti (wt%) were investigated, focusing on the effects of different heat-treatment processes. Results revealed that the 450 °C warm-rolling sample (450 WR) exhibited promising mechanical properties. Specifically, this sample displayed a yield strength of 988 [...] Read more.
The thermal properties, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Fe-18Mn-3Ti (wt%) were investigated, focusing on the effects of different heat-treatment processes. Results revealed that the 450 °C warm-rolling sample (450 WR) exhibited promising mechanical properties. Specifically, this sample displayed a yield strength of 988 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 1052 MPa, and total elongation of 15.49%. Consequently, a favorable strength-ductility balance was achieved. The strain-hardening ability surpassed that of the cold rolling sample (CR). Microstructure analysis indicated the simultaneous occurrence of dynamic equilibrium between grain deformation and re-crystallization because of the co-influence of thermal and strain in the warm rolling process. This desirable mechanical property was attributed to the presence of a multi-phase (α-martensite, austenite, and ε-martensite) and heterogeneous microstructure. The improvement of ultimate tensile strength was based on grain refinement, grain co-deformation, and the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect in the early stage of plastic deformation (stage Ⅰ). The improvement of ultimate elongation (TEL) was ascribed to the TRIP effect in the middle stage of plastic deformation (stage Ⅱ). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel Materials: Structure, Processing, and Properties)
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13 pages, 2196 KiB  
Article
Computationally Efficient Algorithm for Modeling Grain Growth Using Hillert’s Mean-Field Approach
by Shabnam Fadaei Chatroudi, Robert Cicoria and Hatem S. Zurob
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2341; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102341 - 15 May 2024
Viewed by 1027
Abstract
To investigate the interconnected effects of manufacturing processes on microstructure evolution during hot-rolling, a through process model is required. A novel numerical implementation of the mean-field approach was introduced to efficiently describe the grain growth of larger systems and extended durations. In this [...] Read more.
To investigate the interconnected effects of manufacturing processes on microstructure evolution during hot-rolling, a through process model is required. A novel numerical implementation of the mean-field approach was introduced to efficiently describe the grain growth of larger systems and extended durations. In this approach, each grain is embedded within an average medium and interacts with the average medium, thus avoiding the complexities of individual grain interactions. The proposed upsampling approach dynamically adjusts the simulation grain ensemble, ensuring efficiency and accuracy regardless of the initial number of grains present. This adaptation prevents undersampling artifacts during grain growth. The accuracy of the model is verified against analytical solutions and experimental data, demonstrating high agreement. Moreover, the effects of different initial conditions are successfully investigated, demonstrating the model’s versatility. Due to its simplicity and efficiency, the model can be seamlessly integrated into other microstructure evolution models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel Materials: Structure, Processing, and Properties)
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18 pages, 9704 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Reversed Austenite Evolution during Intercritical Tempering of Low-Carbon Martensitic Stainless Steel
by Dingpeng Huo, Jielong Peng, Xiangjun Chen and Shenghua Zhang
Materials 2024, 17(7), 1476; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071476 - 24 Mar 2024
Viewed by 944
Abstract
Since the formation of reversed austenite during critical tempering treatment is an important factor affecting the mechanical properties of 13Cr4Ni martensitic stainless steel, a detailed study of the content and morphology of reversed austenite in heat treatment is needed. In this study, the [...] Read more.
Since the formation of reversed austenite during critical tempering treatment is an important factor affecting the mechanical properties of 13Cr4Ni martensitic stainless steel, a detailed study of the content and morphology of reversed austenite in heat treatment is needed. In this study, the variation curves of a reversed austenite volume fraction with holding time at different tempering temperatures were measured by in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the reversed austenite and carbides of each process were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The austenite content shows a parabolic change with the increase in the tempering temperature; the maximum can reach a peak of about 6.8% at 610 °C, and drops to 0% at 660 °C. It also shows a parabolic change with the extension of the holding time, reaching a maximum of about 9.2% at 5 h of holding time, and a decreasing trend at 10 h of holding time, about 6.8%. The results show that the precipitation of carbides in the microstructure causes elemental segregation at grain boundaries and inside, which is one of the main factors affecting the thermal stability of reversed austenite formation. The kinetic process of reversed austenite during the tempering process was simulated using the JMAK model and the KM model, which can describe the trend of reversed austenite content during the tempering process. Combining the two models, a mathematical model for the room-temperature reversed austenite content under different processes was obtained, and this can predict the room-temperature austenite content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel Materials: Structure, Processing, and Properties)
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16 pages, 11207 KiB  
Article
Design and Structural Factors’ Influence on the Fatigue Life of Steel Products with Additive Manufacturing
by Nataliya Kazantseva, Maxim Il’inikh, Victor Kuznetsov, Yulia Koemets, Konstantin Bakhrunov and Maxim Karabanalov
Materials 2023, 16(23), 7315; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237315 - 24 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1257
Abstract
The influence of implant design and structural factors on fatigue life under cyclic loading was investigated. The implants were manufactured from 316L steel powder using 3D printing for medical use. A simulation model of implant deformation was built using ANSYS software. The obtained [...] Read more.
The influence of implant design and structural factors on fatigue life under cyclic loading was investigated. The implants were manufactured from 316L steel powder using 3D printing for medical use. A simulation model of implant deformation was built using ANSYS software. The obtained data showed that the geometry of the implant had the necessary margin of safety for osseointegration time. It was found that the stress concentration factor, which is associated with fatigue life, for an implant with a hexagon head and internal thread depends on the mechanical properties of the metal, design, and load conditions. The presence of internal threads and holes in the implant increases the stress concentration factor by more than 10 times. The number of load cycles for the failure of the implant, which was calculated by taking into account a coefficient for reducing the endurance limit, was found to be sufficient for implant osseointegration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel Materials: Structure, Processing, and Properties)
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13 pages, 25857 KiB  
Article
Mechanical and Structural Characterization of Laser-Cladded Medium-Entropy FeNiCr-B4C Coatings
by Artem Okulov, Yury Korobov, Alexander Stepchenkov, Aleksey Makarov, Olga Iusupova, Yulia Korkh, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Evgeny Kharanzhevskiy and Kun Liu
Materials 2023, 16(15), 5479; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155479 - 4 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1476
Abstract
Equiatomic medium-entropy alloy (MEA) FeNiCr-B4C (0, 1, and 3 wt.% B4C) coatings were deposited onto an AISI 1040 steel substrate using pulsed laser cladding. Based on an SEM microstructural analysis, it was found that the cross-sections of all the [...] Read more.
Equiatomic medium-entropy alloy (MEA) FeNiCr-B4C (0, 1, and 3 wt.% B4C) coatings were deposited onto an AISI 1040 steel substrate using pulsed laser cladding. Based on an SEM microstructural analysis, it was found that the cross-sections of all the obtained specimens were characterized by an average coating thickness of 400 ± 20 μm, a sufficiently narrow (100 ± 20 μm) “coating–substrate” transition zone, and the presence of a small number of defects, including cracks and pores. An XRD analysis showed that the formed coatings consisted of a single face-centered cubic (FCC) γ-phase and the space group Fm-3m, regardless of the B4C content. However, additional TEM analysis of the FeNiCr coating with 3 wt.% B4C revealed a two-phase FCC structure consisting of grains (FCC-1 phase, Fm-3m) up to 1 µm in size and banded interlayers (FCC-2 phase, Fm-3m) between the grains. The grains were clean with a low density of dislocations. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of B4C carbides inside the FeNiCr (1 and 3 wt.% B4C) coatings, as evidenced by detected peaks corresponding to amorphous carbon and peaks indicating the stretching of C-B-C chains. The mechanical characterization of the FeNiCr-B4C coatings specified that additions of 1 and 3 wt.% B4C resulted in a notable increase in microhardness of 16% and 38%, respectively, with a slight decrease in ductility of 4% and 10%, respectively, compared to the B4C-free FeNiCr coating. Thus, the B4C addition can be considered a promising method for strengthening laser-cladded MEA FeNiCr-B4C coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel Materials: Structure, Processing, and Properties)
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