Nutrients

9 pages, 566 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

“What Made My Eating Disorder Worse?” The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic from the Perspective of Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa

by Susanne Gilsbach and Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1242; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051242 - 1 Mar 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3969

Abstract

(1) Background: the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent confinements have led to a dramatic increase in anorexia nervosa (AN) in adolescent patients, whereas the effect on symptom severity and the influencing factors are not yet clear, especially not from the adolescents’ perspective. (2) Methods: [...] Read more.

(1) Background: the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent confinements have led to a dramatic increase in anorexia nervosa (AN) in adolescent patients, whereas the effect on symptom severity and the influencing factors are not yet clear, especially not from the adolescents’ perspective. (2) Methods: from February to October 2021, 38 adolescent patients with AN completed an adjusted version of the COVID Isolation Eating Scale (CIES), a self-report questionnaire asking for ED symptomatology before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and for their experiences with remote treatment. (3) Results: patients reported a significant negative impact of confinement on ED symptoms, depression, anxiety, and emotional regulation. During the pandemic, engagement with weight and body image was related to social media, and mirror checking increased. The patients were more preoccupied with cooking recipes and had more eating-related conflicts with their parents. However, the differences in the amount of engagement with social media actively glorifying AN before and during the pandemic did not remain significant after correction for multiple comparisons. The minority of patients who received remote treatment found it to be only limitedly helpful. (4) Conclusions: from the patients’ perspective, the COVID-19 pandemic-associated confinement had a detrimental effect on the symptoms of adolescent patients with AN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disordered Eating and Lifestyle Studies)

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25 pages, 1338 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Pre-, pro-, syn-, and Postbiotics in Infant Formulas: What Are the Immune Benefits for Infants?

by Anaïs Lemoine, Patrick Tounian, Karine Adel-Patient and Muriel Thomas

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1231; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051231 - 28 Feb 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7588

Abstract

The first objective of infant formulas is to ensure the healthy growth of neonates and infants, as the sole complete food source during the first months of life when a child cannot be breastfed. Beyond this nutritional aspect, infant nutrition companies also try [...] Read more.

The first objective of infant formulas is to ensure the healthy growth of neonates and infants, as the sole complete food source during the first months of life when a child cannot be breastfed. Beyond this nutritional aspect, infant nutrition companies also try to mimic breast milk in its unique immuno-modulating properties. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiota under the influence of diet shapes the maturation of the immune system and influences the risk of atopic diseases in infants. A new challenge for dairy industries is, therefore, to develop infant formulas inducing the maturation of immunity and the microbiota that can be observed in breastfed delivered vaginally, representing reference infants. Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938, Bifidobacterium breve (BC50), Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12, Lactobacillus fermentum (CECT5716), and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) are some of the probiotics added to infant formula, according to a literature review of the past 10 years. The most frequently used prebiotics in published clinical trials are fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs), and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). This review sums up the expected benefits and effects for infants of pre-, pro-, syn-, and postbiotics added to infant formula regarding the microbiota, immunity, and allergies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prebiotics and Probiotics in Immune Health)

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25 pages, 467 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Influence of Metabolic Factors and Diet on Fertility

by Klaudia Łakoma, Olha Kukharuk and Daniel Śliż

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1180; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051180 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 13897

Abstract

Infertility is a disease globally affecting 20–30% of the reproductive age female population. However, in up to 50% on recorded cases, problems with infertility are ascribed to men; therefore, it is important to popularize healthy eating also in this group. During the last [...] Read more.

Infertility is a disease globally affecting 20–30% of the reproductive age female population. However, in up to 50% on recorded cases, problems with infertility are ascribed to men; therefore, it is important to popularize healthy eating also in this group. During the last decade, it has been observed that society’s lifestyle changed drastically: reduced energy expenditure in physical activity per day, increased consumption of hypercaloric and high-glycemic-index foods with high content of trans fats, and reduced consumption of dietary fiber, which negatively affects fertility. Increasing evidence points to a link between diet and fertility. It is becoming clear that well-planned nutrition can also contribute to the effectiveness of ART. The low-GI plant-based diet appears to have a positive effect, especially when it is based on Mediterranean dietary patterns: rich in antioxidants, vegetable protein, fiber, MUFA fatty acids, omega-3, vitamins, and minerals. Importantly, this diet has been shown to protect against chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress, which also translates into pregnancy success. As lifestyle and nutrition seem to be important factors affecting fertility, it is worth expanding knowledge in this regard among couples trying to conceive a child. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Therapy: Personal Diet and Lifestyle and Human Health)

44 pages, 7146 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Pre-Therapeutic Sarcopenia among Cancer Patients: An Up-to-Date Meta-Analysis of Prevalence and Predictive Value during Cancer Treatment

by Anne-Laure Couderc, Evelyne Liuu, Pascaline Boudou-Rouquette, Johanne Poisson, Maxime Frelaut, Coline Montégut, Soraya Mebarki, Romain Geiss, Zoé ap Thomas, Aurélien Noret, Monica Pierro, Capucine Baldini, Elena Paillaud and Frédéric Pamoukdjian

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051193 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3841

Abstract

This study will address the prevalence of pre-therapeutic sarcopenia (PS) and its clinical impact during cancer treatment among adult cancer patients ≥ 18 years of age. A meta-analysis (MA) with random-effect models was performed via a MEDLINE systematic review, according to the PRISMA [...] Read more.

This study will address the prevalence of pre-therapeutic sarcopenia (PS) and its clinical impact during cancer treatment among adult cancer patients ≥ 18 years of age. A meta-analysis (MA) with random-effect models was performed via a MEDLINE systematic review, according to the PRISMA statement, focusing on articles published before February 2022 that reported observational studies and clinical trials on the prevalence of PS and the following outcomes: overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), post-operative complications (POC), toxicities (TOX), and nosocomial infections (NI). A total of 65,936 patients (mean age: 45.7–85 y) with various cancer sites and extensions and various treatment modes were included. Mainly defined by CT scan-based loss of muscle mass only, the pooled prevalence of PS was 38.0%. The pooled relative risks were 1.97, 1.76, 2.70, 1.47, and 1.76 for OS, PFS, POC, TOX, and NI, respectively (moderate-to-high heterogeneity, I²: 58–85%). Consensus-based algorithm definitions of sarcopenia, integrating low muscle mass and low levels of muscular strength and/or physical performance, lowered the prevalence (22%) and heterogeneity (I² < 50%). They also increased the predictive values with RRs ranging from 2.31 (OS) to 3.52 (POC). PS among cancer patients is prevalent and strongly associated with poor outcomes during cancer treatment, especially when considering a consensus-based algorithm approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Health Status in Older Adults)

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16 pages, 4382 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Putting the Personalized Metabolic Avatar into Production: A Comparison between Deep-Learning and Statistical Models for Weight Prediction

by Alessio Abeltino, Giada Bianchetti, Cassandra Serantoni, Alessia Riente, Marco De Spirito and Giuseppe Maulucci

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051199 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2222

Abstract

Nutrition is a cross-cutting sector in medicine, with a huge impact on health, from cardiovascular disease to cancer. Employment of digital medicine in nutrition relies on digital twins: digital replicas of human physiology representing an emergent solution for prevention and treatment of many [...] Read more.

Nutrition is a cross-cutting sector in medicine, with a huge impact on health, from cardiovascular disease to cancer. Employment of digital medicine in nutrition relies on digital twins: digital replicas of human physiology representing an emergent solution for prevention and treatment of many diseases. In this context, we have already developed a data-driven model of metabolism, called a “Personalized Metabolic Avatar” (PMA), using gated recurrent unit (GRU) neural networks for weight forecasting. However, putting a digital twin into production to make it available for users is a difficult task that as important as model building. Among the principal issues, changes to data sources, models and hyperparameters introduce room for error and overfitting and can lead to abrupt variations in computational time. In this study, we selected the best strategy for deployment in terms of predictive performance and computational time. Several models, such as the Transformer model, recursive neural networks (GRUs and long short-term memory networks) and the statistical SARIMAX model were tested on ten users. PMAs based on GRUs and LSTM showed optimal and stable predictive performances, with the lowest root mean squared errors (0.38 ± 0.16–0.39 ± 0.18) and acceptable computational times of the retraining phase (12.7 ± 1.42 s–13.5 ± 3.60 s) for a production environment. While the Transformer model did not bring a substantial improvement over RNNs in term of predictive performance, it increased the computational time for both forecasting and retraining by 40%. The SARIMAX model showed the worst performance in term of predictive performance, though it had the best computational time. For all the models considered, the extent of the data source was a negligible factor, and a threshold was established for the number of time points needed for a successful prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Articles on Nutrition and Obesity Management)

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18 pages, 337 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Association of Emotional Eating with Overweight/Obesity, Depression, Anxiety/Stress, and Dietary Patterns: A Review of the Current Clinical Evidence

by Antonios Dakanalis, Maria Mentzelou, Souzana K. Papadopoulou, Dimitrios Papandreou, Maria Spanoudaki, Georgios K. Vasios, Eleni Pavlidou, Maria Mantzorou and Constantinos Giaginis

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1173; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051173 - 26 Feb 2023

Cited by 70 | Viewed by 18479

Abstract

(1) Background: Emotional eating is considered as the propensity to eat in response to emotions. It is considered as a critical risk factor for recurrent weight gain. Such overeating is able to affect general health due to excess energy intake and mental health. [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Emotional eating is considered as the propensity to eat in response to emotions. It is considered as a critical risk factor for recurrent weight gain. Such overeating is able to affect general health due to excess energy intake and mental health. So far, there is still considerable controversy on the effect of the emotional eating concept. The objective of this study is to summarize and evaluate the interconnections among emotional eating and overweight/obesity, depression, anxiety/stress, and dietary patterns; (2) Methods: This is a thorough review of the reported associations among emotional eating and overweight/obesity, depression, anxiety/stress, and dietary patterns. We compressively searched the most precise scientific online databases, e.g., PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar to obtain the most up-to-date data from clinical studies in humans from the last ten years (2013–2023) using critical and representative keywords. Several inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied for scrutinizing only longitudinal, cross-sectional, descriptive, and prospective clinical studies in Caucasian populations; (3) Results: The currently available findings suggest that overeating/obesity and unhealthy eating behaviors (e.g., fast food consumption) are associated with emotional eating. Moreover, the increase in depressive symptoms seems to be related with more emotional eating. Psychological distress is also related with a greater risk for emotional eating. However, the most common limitations are the small sample size and their lack of diversity. In addition, a cross-sectional study was performed in the majority of them; (4) Conclusions: Finding coping mechanisms for the negative emotions and nutrition education can prevent the prevalence of emotional eating. Future studies should further explain the underlying mechanisms of the interconnections among emotional eating and overweight/obesity, depression, anxiety/stress, and dietary patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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29 pages, 3327 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Body Composition of Male Professional Soccer Players Using Different Measurement Methods: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Jaime Sebastiá-Rico, Jose M. Soriano, Noelia González-Gálvez and José Miguel Martínez-Sanz

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1160; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051160 - 25 Feb 2023

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 9577

Abstract

The performance of male soccer players (MSP) depends on multiple factors such as body composition. The physical demands of modern soccer have changed, so the ideal body composition (BC) requirements must be adapted to the present. The aim of this systematic review and [...] Read more.

The performance of male soccer players (MSP) depends on multiple factors such as body composition. The physical demands of modern soccer have changed, so the ideal body composition (BC) requirements must be adapted to the present. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to describe the anthropometric, BC, and somatotype characteristics of professional MSP and to compare the values reported according to the methods and equations used. We systematically searched Embase, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science following the PRISMA statement. Random-effects meta-analysis, a pooled summary of means, and 95% CI (method or equation) were calculated. Random models were used with the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method. Seventy-four articles were included in the systematic review and seventy-three in the meta-analysis. After comparing the groups according to the assessment method (kinanthropometry, bioimpedance, and densitometry), significant differences were found in height, fat mass in kilograms, fat mass percentage, and fat-free mass in kilograms (p = 0.001; p < 0.0001). Taking into account the equation used to calculate the fat mass percentage and ∑skinfolds, significant differences were observed in the data reported according to groups (p < 0.001). Despite the limitations, this study provides useful information that could help medical technical staff to properly assess the BC of professional MSP, providing a range of guidance values for the different BC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Nutritional Strategies on Muscle Health)

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17 pages, 1618 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nuts, Energy Balance and Body Weight

by David J. Baer, Michelle Dalton, John Blundell, Graham Finlayson and Frank B. Hu

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1162; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051162 - 25 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5498

Abstract

Over several decades, the health benefits of consuming nuts have been investigated, resulting in a large body of evidence that nuts can reduce the risk of chronic diseases. The consumption of nuts, being a higher-fat plant food, is restricted by some in order [...] Read more.

Over several decades, the health benefits of consuming nuts have been investigated, resulting in a large body of evidence that nuts can reduce the risk of chronic diseases. The consumption of nuts, being a higher-fat plant food, is restricted by some in order to minimize weight gain. In this review, we discuss several factors related to energy intake from nuts, including food matrix and its impact on digestibility, and the role of nuts in regulating appetite. We review the data from randomized controlled trials and observational studies conducted to examine the relationship between nut intake and body weight or body mass index. Consistently, the evidence from RCTs and observational cohorts indicates that higher nut consumption does not cause greater weight gain; rather, nuts may be beneficial for weight control and prevention of long-term weight gain. Multiple mechanisms likely contribute to these findings, including aspects of nut composition which affect nutrient and energy availability as well as satiety signaling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nuts: Where We Are and Where We Are Going in Research. Proceedings from the NUTS 2022 International Conference)

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16 pages, 1032 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Inflammation and Nutrition: Friend or Foe?

by Franziska Stumpf, Bettina Keller, Carla Gressies and Philipp Schuetz

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051159 - 25 Feb 2023

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 8121

Abstract

The importance of the interplay between inflammation and nutrition has generated much interest in recent times. Inflammation has been identified as a key driver for disease-related malnutrition, leading to anorexia, reduced food intake, muscle catabolism, and insulin resistance, which are stimulating a catabolic [...] Read more.

The importance of the interplay between inflammation and nutrition has generated much interest in recent times. Inflammation has been identified as a key driver for disease-related malnutrition, leading to anorexia, reduced food intake, muscle catabolism, and insulin resistance, which are stimulating a catabolic state. Interesting recent data suggest that inflammation also modulates the response to nutritional treatment. Studies have demonstrated that patients with high inflammation show no response to nutritional interventions, while patients with lower levels of inflammation do. This may explain the contradictory results of nutritional trials to date. Several studies of heterogeneous patient populations, or in the critically ill or advanced cancer patients, have not found significant benefits on clinical outcome. Vice versa, several dietary patterns and nutrients with pro- or anti-inflammatory properties have been identified, demonstrating that nutrition influences inflammation. Within this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in both the role of inflammation in malnutrition and the effect of nutrition on inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hot Topics in Clinical Nutrition)

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18 pages, 2511 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Disentangling the Complexity of Nutrition, Frailty and Gut Microbial Pathways during Aging: A Focus on Hippuric Acid

by Andrea Ticinesi, Angela Guerra, Antonio Nouvenne, Tiziana Meschi and Stefania Maggi

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051138 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5312

Abstract

Hippuric acid (HA) is a metabolite resulting from the hepatic glycine conjugation of benzoic acid (BA) or from the gut bacterial metabolism of phenylalanine. BA is generally produced by gut microbial metabolic pathways after the ingestion of foods of vegetal origin rich in [...] Read more.

Hippuric acid (HA) is a metabolite resulting from the hepatic glycine conjugation of benzoic acid (BA) or from the gut bacterial metabolism of phenylalanine. BA is generally produced by gut microbial metabolic pathways after the ingestion of foods of vegetal origin rich in polyphenolic compounds, namely, chlorogenic acids or epicatechins. It can also be present in foods, either naturally or artificially added as a preservative. The plasma and urine HA levels have been used in nutritional research for estimating the habitual fruit and vegetable intake, especially in children and in patients with metabolic diseases. HA has also been proposed as a biomarker of aging, since its levels in the plasma and urine can be influenced by the presence of several age-related conditions, including frailty, sarcopenia and cognitive impairment. Subjects with physical frailty generally exhibit reduced plasma and urine levels of HA, despite the fact that HA excretion tends to increase with aging. Conversely, subjects with chronic kidney disease exhibit reduced HA clearance, with HA retention that may exert toxic effects on the circulation, brain and kidneys. With regard to older patients with frailty and multimorbidity, interpreting the HA levels in the plasma and urine may result particularly challenging because HA is at the crossroads between diet, gut microbiota, liver and kidney function. Although these considerations may not make HA the ideal biomarker of aging trajectories, the study of its metabolism and clearance in older subjects may provide valuable information for disentangling the complex interaction between diet, gut microbiota, frailty and multimorbidity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Aging - Featured Perspectives on Health and Metabolism)

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12 pages, 615 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Low Dietary Variety Is Associated with Incident Frailty in Older Adults during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Prospective Cohort Study in Japan

by Miyuki Yokoro, Naoto Otaki, Megumu Yano, Tomomi Imamura, Norikazu Tanino and Keisuke Fukuo

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051145 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2011

Abstract

Background: Stagnation of social activity due to the COVID-19 pandemic probably reduces motivation to maintain a healthy diet. It is important to report on the dietary changes observed in older adults during a period of restriction on outings and to clarify the relationship [...] Read more.

Background: Stagnation of social activity due to the COVID-19 pandemic probably reduces motivation to maintain a healthy diet. It is important to report on the dietary changes observed in older adults during a period of restriction on outings and to clarify the relationship between dietary variety and frailty. This one-year follow-up study examined the association between frailty and dietary variety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Baseline and follow-up surveys were conducted in August 2020 and August 2021, respectively. The follow-up survey was distributed by mail to 1635 community-dwelling older adults aged ≥65 years. Of the 1235 respondents, 1008 respondents who were non-frail at baseline are included in this study. Dietary variety was examined using a dietary variety score developed for older adults. Frailty was assessed using a five-item frailty screening tool. The outcome was frailty incidence. Results: In our sample, 108 subjects developed frailty. A linear regression analysis revealed a significant association between dietary variety score and frailty score (β, −0.032; 95% CI, −0.064 to −0.001; p = 0.046). This association was also significant in Model 1, adjusted for sex and age, (β, −0.051; 95% CI, −0.083 to −0.019; p = 0.002) and in a multivariate analysis that added adjustments for living alone, smoking, alcohol use, BMI, and existing conditions to Model 1 (β, −0.045; 95% CI, −0.078 to −0.012; p = 0.015). Conclusions: A low dietary variety score was associated with an increased frailty score during the COVID-19 pandemic. The restricted daily routine caused by the COVID-19 pandemic will probably continue to have a long-term effect in terms of reduced dietary variety. Thus, vulnerable populations, such as older adults, might require dietary support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition for Prevention and Control of Chronic Degenerative Diseases and COVID-19)

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17 pages, 640 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Mediterranean Diet and Sarcopenia Features in Apparently Healthy Adults over 65 Years: A Systematic Review

by Sousana K. Papadopoulou, Paraskevi Detopoulou, Gavriela Voulgaridou, Despoina Tsoumana, Maria Spanoudaki, Faviola Sadikou, Vasiliki G. Papadopoulou, Christiana Zidrou, Ioanna P. Chatziprodromidou, Constantinos Giaginis and Pantelis Nikolaidis

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051104 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3968

Abstract

Low muscle mass combined with changes in physical function and muscle quality is defined as sarcopenia. In people > 60 years, sarcopenia reaches 10% and tends to increase with age. Individual nutrients, such as protein, may have a protective role against sarcopenia, but [...] Read more.

Low muscle mass combined with changes in physical function and muscle quality is defined as sarcopenia. In people > 60 years, sarcopenia reaches 10% and tends to increase with age. Individual nutrients, such as protein, may have a protective role against sarcopenia, but recent evidence suggests that protein alone has been ineffective in increasing muscle strength. Dietary patterns, instead, with a high “anti-inflammatory” potential, such as the Mediterranean dietary pattern, have been considered as an emerging dietary remedy against sarcopenia. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence of the role of Mediterranean diet in sarcopenia prevention and/or improvement, including recent data, in healthy elders. We searched published studies about sarcopenia and the Mediterranean diet until December 2022 in Pubmed, Cochrane, Scopus search engine and grey literature. In total, ten articles were identified as relevant: four cross-sectional studies and six prospective. No clinical trial was identified. Only three studies assessed sarcopenia presence and four measured muscle mass, which is an essential criterion in sarcopenia diagnosis. Mediterranean diet adherence had, in general, a positive role in muscle mass and muscle function, while the results were less clear with regard to muscle strength. Additionally, there was no evidence of a positive effect of the Mediterranean diet on sarcopenia. There is a need for conduction of clinical trials in order to reach cause–effects conclusions regarding the importance of the Mediterranean diet in sarcopenia prevention and management in Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Carbohydrate Diet and Human Health)

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12 pages, 785 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhanced Nutraceutical Properties of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Extract by Olive Leaf Enrichment

by Doretta Cuffaro, Simone Bertini, Marco Macchia and Maria Digiacomo

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1073; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051073 - 21 Feb 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4516

Abstract

(1) Background: Nowadays, the health-promoting properties of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), including the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, are well recognized and mainly attributed to the different polyphenols, such as oleocanthal and oleacein. In EVOO production, olive leaves represent a high value by-product, [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Nowadays, the health-promoting properties of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), including the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, are well recognized and mainly attributed to the different polyphenols, such as oleocanthal and oleacein. In EVOO production, olive leaves represent a high value by-product, showing a wide spectrum of beneficial effects due to the presence of polyphenols, especially oleuropein. Here we report the study of olive leaf extract (OLE)-enriched EVOO extracts, obtained by adding different percentages of OLE to EVOO in order to ameliorate their nutraceutical activities. (2) Methods: The polyphenolic content of the EVOO/OLE extracts was analyzed by HPLC and the Folin-Ciocalteau assay. For further biological testing, an 8% OLE-enriched EVOO extract was chosen. Therefore, antioxidant effects were evaluated by three different methods (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), and the anti-inflammatory properties were assessed in terms of cyclooxygenase activity inhibition. (3) Results: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory profiles of the new EVOO/OLE extract are significantly improved compared to those of EVOO extract; (4) Conclusions: The combination of OLE and EVOO extract can lead to an extract enriched in terms of bioactive polyphenols and endowed with better biological properties than the singular EVOO extract. Therefore, it may represent a new complement in the nutraceutical field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactive Compounds: Implications for Oxidative Stress and Inflammation)

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13 pages, 1378 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Food Insecurity and Micronutrient Deficiency in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Sílvia Oliveira Lopes, Lívia Carvalho Sette Abrantes, Francilene Maria Azevedo, Núbia de Souza de Morais, Dayane de Castro Morais, Vivian Siqueira Santos Gonçalves, Edimar Aparecida Filomeno Fontes, Sylvia do Carmo Castro Franceschini and Silvia Eloiza Priore

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051074 - 21 Feb 2023

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6863

Abstract

Food insecurity is a public health problem as it affects a wide array of individuals in the population. It can be characterized by food deprivation, lack of essential nutrition, lack of dietary education, lack of adequate storage conditions, poor absorption, and poor overall [...] Read more.

Food insecurity is a public health problem as it affects a wide array of individuals in the population. It can be characterized by food deprivation, lack of essential nutrition, lack of dietary education, lack of adequate storage conditions, poor absorption, and poor overall nutrition. The relationship between food insecurity and micronutrient deficiency requires more effort to deepen and discuss the relationship. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the association between food insecurity and micronutrient deficiency in adults. The research was conducted according to PRISMA using the Medline/Pubmed, Lilacs/BVS, Embase, Web of Science, and Cinahl databases. Studies carried out with male and female adults were included, which investigated the correlation or association between food insecurity and the nutritional status of micronutrients. There were no publication year, country, or language restrictions. A total of 1148 articles were found, and 18 of these were included, carried out mainly on the American continent and with women. The most evaluated micronutrients were iron and vitamin A. Food insecurity was associated with nutrient deficiency in 89% (n = 16) of the studies. As a result of the meta-analysis, it was observed that there is a greater chance of anemia and low levels of ferritin among food insecure individuals. It is concluded that food insecurity is associated with micronutrient deficiency. Understanding these problems allows the creation of public policies capable of contributing to changes. Protocol registration: This review was registered on the PROSPERO-International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews database—CRD42021257443. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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20 pages, 1884 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of a 16-Week Digital Intervention on Sports Nutrition Knowledge and Behavior in Female Endurance Athletes with Risk of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)

by Ida L. Fahrenholtz, Anna K. Melin, Ina Garthe, Siri Marte Hollekim-Strand, Andreas Ivarsson, Karsten Koehler, Danielle Logue, Petra Lundström, Sharon Madigan, Paulina Wasserfurth and Monica K. Torstveit

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051082 - 21 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6027

Abstract

Female endurance athletes are considered a high-risk group for developing Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Due to the lack of educational and behavioral intervention studies, targeting and evaluating the effects of the practical daily management of REDs, we developed the Food and [...] Read more.

Female endurance athletes are considered a high-risk group for developing Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Due to the lack of educational and behavioral intervention studies, targeting and evaluating the effects of the practical daily management of REDs, we developed the Food and nUtrition for Endurance athletes—a Learning (FUEL) program, consisting of 16 weekly online lectures and individual athlete-centered nutrition counseling every other week. We recruited female endurance athletes from Norway (n = 60), Sweden (n = 84), Ireland (n = 17), and Germany (n = 47). Fifty athletes with symptoms of REDs and with low risk of eating disorders, with no use of hormonal contraceptives and no chronic diseases, were allocated to either the FUEL intervention (n = 32) (FUEL) or a 16-week control period (n = 18) (CON). All but one completed FUEL, while 15 completed CON. We found strong evidence for improvements in sports nutrition knowledge, assessed via interviews, and moderate to strong evidence in the ratings concerning self-perceived sports nutrition knowledge in FUEL versus CON. Analyses of the seven-day prospective weighed food record and questions related to sports nutrition habits, suggested weak evidence for improvements in FUEL versus CON. The FUEL intervention improved sports nutrition knowledge and suggested weak evidence for improved sports nutrition behavior in female endurance athletes with symptoms of REDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Energy Availability and Relative Energy Deficiency in the General Population and Athletes)

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16 pages, 365 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fatty Acid Indices and the Nutritional Properties of Karakul Sheep Meat

by Otilia Cristina Murariu, Florin Murariu, Gabriela Frunză, Marius Mihai Ciobanu and Paul Corneliu Boișteanu

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041061 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3436

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the fatty acid profile and health lipid indices of sheep meat (from 52 Karakul sheep from NE Romania). The effect of age at slaughter and the influence of muscle region were studied for nutritional parameters, especially the fatty [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the fatty acid profile and health lipid indices of sheep meat (from 52 Karakul sheep from NE Romania). The effect of age at slaughter and the influence of muscle region were studied for nutritional parameters, especially the fatty acids from lipid fractions. Based on the fatty acid profiles and lipid contents, the sanogenic indices were determined for two sheep muscle groups. Thus, two different muscle regions from lamb and adult sheep were analysed from both genders, the Longissimus dorsi and Triceps brachii, to argue the advantages of each category and the rationalization, in terms of meat consumption, regarding their impact on human health. Sheep meat has many components with beneficial effects on human health. Apart from the fact that it is an important source of nutrients due to its high content of proteins, lipids, and minerals, it is also a product that can provide fundamental bioactive compounds for maintaining metabolic functions. The qualitative indices assessment revealed that lambs have meat with high PUFA content on Longissimus dorsi muscles (approx. 25% of total fatty acids), 0.68 for PUFA/SFA, with highest values for n-3 (approx. 8%) and n-6 (approx. 14%). Appropriate values can also be observed in Triceps brachii muscles from adult sheep. The sanogenic indices also presented good values for Longissimus dorsi from lambs and Triceps brachii from adult sheep (polyunsaturation index = 7.2–10.2; atherogenic index = 0.56–0.67; thrombogenic index = 0.78–0.96; hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic index = 2.4–2.7 (for Longissimus dorsi)). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods - 2nd Volume)

12 pages, 272 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Ketogenic Diet in Children with Epilepsy: A Focus on Parental Stress and Family Compliance

by Francesca Felicia Operto, Angelo Labate, Salvatore Aiello, Cristina Perillo, Valeria de Simone, Rosetta Rinaldi, Giangennaro Coppola and Grazia Maria Giovanna Pastorino

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 1058; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041058 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3617

Abstract

(1) Background: The aim of our study was to evaluate parental stress after 6 and 12 months of a ketogenic diet, considering demographic and clinical variables (epilepsy type, epilepsy duration, seizure number, antiseizure medications, comorbidities, efficacy, and adverse events). (2) Methods: We consecutively [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The aim of our study was to evaluate parental stress after 6 and 12 months of a ketogenic diet, considering demographic and clinical variables (epilepsy type, epilepsy duration, seizure number, antiseizure medications, comorbidities, efficacy, and adverse events). (2) Methods: We consecutively enrolled 36 children aged between 3 and 10 years who had been diagnosed with various types of drug-resistant epilepsy and who were in therapy with a ketogenic diet for better seizure control. A standardized neuropsychological questionnaire (Parenting Stress Index–PSI) was administered to the parents evaluating parental stress at baseline (T0), after 6 (T1) months, and after 12 months (T2). (3) Results: After 6 and 12 months of dietary treatment, Parental Distress and Total Stress mean scores were statistically significantly increased. Post hoc analysis showed no significant changes in the scores between T0 and T1, although there was a significant increase between T1 and T2. We did not find statistically significant relationships between parental stress and the other variables considered. (4) Conclusions: The ketogenic diet can be challenging for parents and can affect the perception of parental stress, especially in the long term. Parents may feel inadequate in their role; therefore, they should be helped and encouraged through additional supports in order to maximize the adherence to diet therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

23 pages, 3189 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Non-Nutritive Sweetened Beverages on Postprandial Glycemic and Endocrine Responses: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

by Roselyn Zhang, Jarvis C. Noronha, Tauseef A. Khan, Néma McGlynn, Songhee Back, Shannan M. Grant, Cyril W. C. Kendall and John L. Sievenpiper

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 1050; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041050 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 17868

Abstract

Background: There has been an emerging concern that non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) can increase the risk of cardiometabolic disease. Much of the attention has focused on acute metabolic and endocrine responses to NNS. To examine whether these mechanisms are operational under real-world scenarios, we [...] Read more.

Background: There has been an emerging concern that non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) can increase the risk of cardiometabolic disease. Much of the attention has focused on acute metabolic and endocrine responses to NNS. To examine whether these mechanisms are operational under real-world scenarios, we conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis of acute trials comparing the effects of non-nutritive sweetened beverages (NNS beverages) with water and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in humans. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library were searched through to January 15, 2022. We included acute, single-exposure, randomized, and non-randomized, clinical trials in humans, regardless of health status. Three patterns of intake were examined: (1) uncoupling interventions, where NNS beverages were consumed alone without added energy or nutrients; (2) coupling interventions, where NNS beverages were consumed together with added energy and nutrients as carbohydrates; and (3) delayed coupling interventions, where NNS beverages were consumed as a preload prior to added energy and nutrients as carbohydrates. The primary outcome was a 2 h incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for blood glucose concentration. Secondary outcomes included 2 h iAUC for insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), peptide YY (PYY), ghrelin, leptin, and glucagon concentrations. Network meta-analysis and confidence in the network meta-analysis (CINeMA) were conducted in R-studio and CINeMA, respectively. Results: Thirty-six trials involving 472 predominantly healthy participants were included. Trials examined a variety of single NNS (acesulfame potassium, aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin, stevia, and sucralose) and NNS blends (acesulfame potassium + aspartame, acesulfame potassium + sucralose, acesulfame potassium + aspartame + cyclamate, and acesulfame potassium + aspartame + sucralose), along with matched water/unsweetened controls and SSBs sweetened with various caloric sugars (glucose, sucrose, and fructose). In uncoupling interventions, NNS beverages (single or blends) had no effect on postprandial glucose, insulin, GLP-1, GIP, PYY, ghrelin, and glucagon responses similar to water controls (generally, low to moderate confidence), whereas SSBs sweetened with caloric sugars (glucose and sucrose) increased postprandial glucose, insulin, GLP-1, and GIP responses with no differences in postprandial ghrelin and glucagon responses (generally, low to moderate confidence). In coupling and delayed coupling interventions, NNS beverages had no postprandial glucose and endocrine effects similar to controls (generally, low to moderate confidence). Conclusions: The available evidence suggests that NNS beverages sweetened with single or blends of NNS have no acute metabolic and endocrine effects, similar to water. These findings provide support for NNS beverages as an alternative replacement strategy for SSBs in the acute postprandial setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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12 pages, 522 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effect of β-Alanine Supplementation on Performance, Cognitive Function and Resiliency in Soldiers

by Ishay Ostfeld and Jay R. Hoffman

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041039 - 19 Feb 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7624

Abstract

β-alanine is a nonessential amino acid that combines with the amino acid histidine to form the intracellular dipeptide carnosine, an important intracellular buffer. Evidence has been well established on the ability of β-alanine supplementation to enhance anaerobic skeletal muscle performance. As a result, [...] Read more.

β-alanine is a nonessential amino acid that combines with the amino acid histidine to form the intracellular dipeptide carnosine, an important intracellular buffer. Evidence has been well established on the ability of β-alanine supplementation to enhance anaerobic skeletal muscle performance. As a result, β-alanine has become one of the more popular supplements used by competitive athletes. These same benefits have also been reported in soldiers. Evidence accumulated over the last few years has suggested that β-alanine can result in carnosine elevations in the brain, which appears to have broadened the potential effects that β-alanine supplementation may have on soldier performance and health. Evidence suggests that β-alanine supplementation can increase resilience to post-traumatic stress disorder, mild traumatic brain injury and heat stress. The evidence regarding cognitive function is inconclusive but may be more of a function of the stressor that is applied during the assessment period. The potential benefits of β-alanine supplementation on soldier resiliency are interesting but require additional research using a human model. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the physiological role of β-alanine and why this nutrient may enhance soldier performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

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13 pages, 1773 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Low Adherence to Mediterranean Diet Is Associated with Probable Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Results from the Longevity Check-Up (Lookup) 7+ Project

by Stefano Cacciatore, Riccardo Calvani, Emanuele Marzetti, Anna Picca, Hélio José Coelho-Júnior, Anna Maria Martone, Claudia Massaro, Matteo Tosato and Francesco Landi

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 1026; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041026 - 18 Feb 2023

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5659

Abstract

Muscle strength is a relevant metric of aging. Greater adherence to Mediterranean diet is associated with better health outcomes across all life stages; however, evidence on the relationship between Mediterranean diet and muscle strength in older adults is inconclusive. In this study, we [...] Read more.

Muscle strength is a relevant metric of aging. Greater adherence to Mediterranean diet is associated with better health outcomes across all life stages; however, evidence on the relationship between Mediterranean diet and muscle strength in older adults is inconclusive. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between adherence to Mediterranean diet and handgrip strength in a large sample of community-dwelling older adults from the Longevity Check-up 7+ project. A total of 2963 participants (mean age 72.8 ± 5.7 years; 54.4% women) were analyzed. Mediterranean diet adherence was evaluated using a modified Medi-Lite score and categorized as low (≤8), good (9 to 11), or high (≥12). Handgrip strength was categorized as normal or low according to cut-points by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2. Older adults with lower Mediterranean diet adherence had a significantly higher prevalence of probable sarcopenia (25.9%) than those with good (19.1%) or high (15.5%) adherence. The proportion of participants with probable sarcopenia increased with age, but it remained lower in the good and high adherence groups. Logistic regression showed that greater Mediterranean diet adherence was associated with a lower risk of probable sarcopenia. Older age, female sex, and physical inactivity were associated with a greater risk of probable sarcopenia. Our findings emphasize the positive association between healthy lifestyles, including adherence to Mediterranean diet, and physical function in old age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges to Limiting Sarcopenia and Age-Related Diseases to Promote Healthy Aging)

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24 pages, 479 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Chosen Essential Elements (Zn, Cu, Se, Fe, Mn) in Food for Special Medical Purposes (FSMPs) Dedicated to Oncology Patients—Critical Review: State-of-the-Art

by Adrian Frydrych, Mirosław Krośniak and Kamil Jurowski

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 1012; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041012 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4356

Abstract

The scoping review aimed to characterise the role of selected essential elements (Zn, Cu, Se, Fe, Mn) in food for special medical purposes (FSMPs) aimed at oncology patients. The scope review was conducted using Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to find [...] Read more.

The scoping review aimed to characterise the role of selected essential elements (Zn, Cu, Se, Fe, Mn) in food for special medical purposes (FSMPs) aimed at oncology patients. The scope review was conducted using Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to find published references on this subject. Data from the reviewed literature were related to the physiological functions of the element in the body, and the effects of deficiencies and excesses, referring to the latest ESPEN and EFSA guidelines, among others. Important dietary indices/parameters based on the literature review are provided for each element. On the basis of the literature, data on the level of elements in patients with cancer were collected. The content of these elements in 100 mL of FSMPs was read from the manufacturers’ declarations. The literature has been provided on the importance of each element in cancer. Our findings show that the essential elements (Zn, Cu, Se, Fe, and Mn) of FSMPs for cancer patients are not adequately treated. We suggest solutions to ensure the safe use of FSMPs in oncology patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Strategy for Cancer—from Prevention to Aftercare)

26 pages, 653 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Effects of Combined Interventions of Exercise and Diet or Exercise and Supplementation on Breast Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review

by Txomin Pérez-Bilbao, María Alonso-Dueñas, Ana B. Peinado and Alejandro F. San Juan

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 1013; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041013 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4629

Abstract

This systematic review investigated the effects of exercise interventions combined with diet and/or dietary supplement interventions on anthropometry, body composition, metabolic biomarkers, physical function, healthy lifestyles, quality of life, psychosocial variables and fatigue for women with breast cancer. A systematic search was performed [...] Read more.

This systematic review investigated the effects of exercise interventions combined with diet and/or dietary supplement interventions on anthropometry, body composition, metabolic biomarkers, physical function, healthy lifestyles, quality of life, psychosocial variables and fatigue for women with breast cancer. A systematic search was performed in the PubMed and Web of Science databases (from inception to 1 March 2022). A review was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The methodological quality and the risk of bias of the included studies was assessed with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. A total of 13 randomised controlled trial studies were included, comprising 1569 breast cancer patients. The main finding of this systematic review is that groups performing interventions combining exercise plus diet show significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, body composition, quality of life, fatigue, anxiety, depression and sleep compared to control groups. On the other hand, the use of interventions combining exercise plus supplementation does not result in an improvement compared to groups using exercise alone or supplementation alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport Supplementation for Performance and Health)

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18 pages, 6799 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparison of the Activity of Fecal Enzymes and Concentration of SCFA in Healthy and Overweight Children

by Katarzyna Śliżewska, Michał Włodarczyk, Martyna Sobczak, Renata Barczyńska, Janusz Kapuśniak, Piotr Socha, Aldona Wierzbicka-Rucińska and Aneta Kotowska

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040987 - 16 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2998

Abstract

In modern societies obesity has become a serious issue which must be urgently addressed. The health implications of neglected obesity are substantial, as not only does it affect individuals’ everyday lives, but it also leads to significantly increased mortality due to the development [...] Read more.

In modern societies obesity has become a serious issue which must be urgently addressed. The health implications of neglected obesity are substantial, as not only does it affect individuals’ everyday lives, but it also leads to significantly increased mortality due to the development of several disorders such as type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and depression. The objective of this research was to investigate the alterations in selected health markers caused by overweight and obesity in children. The measured parameters were the activity of the fecal enzymes, the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the concentration of branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs). The activity of the fecal enzymes, specifically α-glucosidase, α-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, and β-glucuronidase, was determined using spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 400 nm. Furthermore, concentrations of lactic acid, SCFAs (formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acids), and BCFAs (isobutyric and isovaleric acids) were determined using the HPLC method. The obtained results reveal that obese children have different fecal enzyme activity and a different profile of fatty acids from children of normal weight. The group of obese children, when compared to children of normal weight, had increased concentrations of BCFAs (p < 0.05) and higher activity of potentially harmful enzymes such as β-glucosidase and β-glucuronidase (p < 0.05). In comparison, children of normal weight exhibited significantly increased concentrations of lactic acid and SCFAs (especially formic and butyric acids) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, their α-glucosidase and α-galactosidase activity were higher when compared to the group of obese children (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the prevalence of obesity has a significant impact on metabolites produced in the gastrointestinal tract, which might result in a higher chance of developing serious diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Metabolites, and Human Health)

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12 pages, 324 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Prophylaxis: An Overview and Update

by Giuseppe Lisco, Anna De Tullio, Domenico Triggiani, Roberta Zupo, Vito Angelo Giagulli, Giovanni De Pergola, Giuseppina Piazzolla, Edoardo Guastamacchia, Carlo Sabbà and Vincenzo Triggiani

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041004 - 16 Feb 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7052

Abstract

The thyroid gland requires iodine to synthesize thyroid hormones, and iodine deficiency results in the inadequate production of thyroxine and related thyroid, metabolic, developmental, and reproductive disorders. Iodine requirements are higher in infants, children, and during pregnancy and lactation than in adult men [...] Read more.

The thyroid gland requires iodine to synthesize thyroid hormones, and iodine deficiency results in the inadequate production of thyroxine and related thyroid, metabolic, developmental, and reproductive disorders. Iodine requirements are higher in infants, children, and during pregnancy and lactation than in adult men and non-pregnant women. Iodine is available in a wide range of foods and water and is susceptible to almost complete gastric and duodenal absorption as an iodide ion. A healthy diet usually provides a daily iodine consumption not exceeding 50% of the recommended intake. Iodine supplementation is usually necessary to prevent iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), especially in endemic areas. The community-based strategy of iodine fortification in salt has eradicated IDDs, such as endemic goiter and cretinism, in countries providing adequate measures of iodine prophylaxis over several decades in the 20th century. Iodized salt is the cornerstone of iodine prophylaxis in endemic areas, and the continuous monitoring of community iodine intake and its related clinical outcomes is essential. Despite the relevant improvement in clinical outcomes, subclinical iodine deficiency persists even in Western Europe, especially among girls and women, being an issue in certain physiological conditions, such as pregnancy and lactation, and in people consuming unbalanced vegetable-based or salt-restricted diets. Detailed strategies to implement iodine intake (supplementation) could be considered for specific population groups when iodized salt alone is insufficient to provide adequate requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Related Disorders)

12 pages, 985 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Plant-Dominant Low Protein Diet: A Potential Alternative Dietary Practice for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

by Yusuke Sakaguchi, Jun-Ya Kaimori and Yoshitaka Isaka

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041002 - 16 Feb 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7471

Abstract

Dietary protein restriction has long been a cornerstone of nutritional therapy for patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD). However, the recommended amount of dietary protein intake is different across guidelines. This is partly because previous randomized controlled trials have reported conflicting results regarding [...] Read more.

Dietary protein restriction has long been a cornerstone of nutritional therapy for patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD). However, the recommended amount of dietary protein intake is different across guidelines. This is partly because previous randomized controlled trials have reported conflicting results regarding the efficacy of protein restriction in terms of kidney outcomes. Interestingly, a vegetarian, very low protein diet has been shown to reduce the risk of kidney failure among patients with advanced CKD, without increasing the incidence of hyperkalemia. This finding suggests that the source of protein may also influence the kidney outcomes. Furthermore, a plant-dominant low-protein diet (PLADO) has recently been proposed as an alternative dietary therapy for patients with CKD. There are several potential mechanisms by which plant-based diets would benefit patients with CKD. For example, plant-based diets may reduce the production of gut-derived uremic toxins by increasing the intake of fiber, and are useful for correcting metabolic acidosis and hyperphosphatemia. Plant proteins are less likely to induce glomerular hyperfiltration than animal proteins. Furthermore, plant-based diets increase magnesium intake, which may prevent vascular calcification. More evidence is needed to establish the efficacy, safety, and feasibility of PLADO as a new adjunct therapy in real-world patients with CKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Continuation and Gap between in Early CKD and Advanced CKD including Dialysis Patients)

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17 pages, 1686 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Potential of Spent Coffee Grounds in Functional Food Development

by Elza Bevilacqua, Vinicius Cruzat, Indu Singh, Roselyn B. Rose’Meyer, Sunil K. Panchal and Lindsay Brown

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 994; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040994 - 16 Feb 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 13103

Abstract

Coffee is a popular and widely consumed beverage worldwide, with epidemiological studies showing reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, cancers and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, few studies have investigated the health effects of the post-brewing coffee product, spent coffee grounds (SCG), from either [...] Read more.

Coffee is a popular and widely consumed beverage worldwide, with epidemiological studies showing reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, cancers and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, few studies have investigated the health effects of the post-brewing coffee product, spent coffee grounds (SCG), from either hot- or cold-brew coffee. SCG from hot-brew coffee improved metabolic parameters in rats with diet-induced metabolic syndrome and improved gut microbiome in these rats and in humans; further, SCG reduced energy consumption in humans. SCG contains similar bioactive compounds as the beverage including caffeine, chlorogenic acids, trigonelline, polyphenols and melanoidins, with established health benefits and safety for human consumption. Further, SCG utilisation could reduce the estimated 6–8 million tonnes of waste each year worldwide from production of coffee as a beverage. In this article, we explore SCG as a major by-product of coffee production and consumption, together with the potential economic impacts of health and non-health applications of SCG. The known bioactive compounds present in hot- and cold-brew coffee and SCG show potential effects in cardiovascular disease, cancer, liver disease and metabolic disorders. Based on these potential health benefits of SCG, it is expected that foods including SCG may moderate chronic human disease while reducing the environmental impact of waste otherwise dumped in landfill. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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23 pages, 1279 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Human Gut Virome and Its Relationship with Nontransmissible Chronic Diseases

by Shahrzad Ezzatpour, Alicia del Carmen Mondragon Portocarrero, Alejandra Cardelle-Cobas, Alexandre Lamas, Aroa López-Santamarina, José Manuel Miranda and Hector C. Aguilar

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040977 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3501

Abstract

The human gastrointestinal tract contains large communities of microorganisms that are in constant interaction with the host, playing an essential role in the regulation of several metabolic processes. Among the gut microbial communities, the gut bacteriome has been most widely studied in recent [...] Read more.

The human gastrointestinal tract contains large communities of microorganisms that are in constant interaction with the host, playing an essential role in the regulation of several metabolic processes. Among the gut microbial communities, the gut bacteriome has been most widely studied in recent decades. However, in recent years, there has been increasing interest in studying the influences that other microbial groups can exert on the host. Among them, the gut virome is attracting great interest because viruses can interact with the host immune system and metabolic functions; this is also the case for phages, which interact with the bacterial microbiota. The antecedents of virome-rectification-based therapies among various diseases were also investigated. In the near future, stool metagenomic investigation should include the identification of bacteria and phages, as well as their correlation networks, to better understand gut microbiota activity in metabolic disease progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Environment and Its Effects on Human Nutrition and Health)

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13 pages, 2697 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Depression in Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)

by Dominika Guzek, Aleksandra Kołota, Katarzyna Lachowicz, Dominika Skolmowska, Małgorzata Stachoń and Dominika Głąbska

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 951; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040951 - 14 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5394

Abstract

Vitamin D is a nutrient potentially beneficial in the treatment of depression. The study aimed to carry out a systematic review of the studies assessing the influence of vitamin D supplementation on depression within Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs). The systematic review was prepared [...] Read more.

Vitamin D is a nutrient potentially beneficial in the treatment of depression. The study aimed to carry out a systematic review of the studies assessing the influence of vitamin D supplementation on depression within Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs). The systematic review was prepared on the basis of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (CRD42020155779). The peer-reviewed studies available within PubMed or Web of Science databases until September 2021 were taken into account. The number of screened records was 8514, and 8 records were included. Two independent researchers conducted screening, including, reporting, and risk of bias assessment using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. The included studies presented a population of patients with major depressive disorders or general depression, as well as bipolar depression or postpartum depression. The majority of included studies were conducted for 8 weeks or 12 weeks, while one study was conducted for 6 months. Within the large number of included studies, a daily dose of 1500 IU, 1600 IU, or 2800 IU was applied, while within some studies, a vitamin D dose of 50,000 IU was applied weekly or biweekly. Among applied psychological measures of depression, there were various tools. In spite of the fact that the majority of included studies (five studies) supported the positive effect of vitamin D supplementation for the psychological measure of depression, for three studies the positive influence was not supported. A medium risk of bias was indicated for six studies, while a high risk of bias was defined for only two studies, due to deviations from the intended interventions and in measurement of the outcome, as well as for one study, also arising from the randomization process and due to missing outcome data. Based on conducted assessment, it should be emphasized that there are only four studies supporting the positive influence of vitamin D supplementation for the psychological measure of depression of the medium risk of bias, while two studies of a medium risk of bias did not support it. Taking this into account, the conducted systematic review is not a strong confirmation of the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of depression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamins and Human Health)

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16 pages, 2566 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Gut-Microbiota, and Multiple Sclerosis: Background, Evidence, and Perspectives

by Clelia Altieri, Barbara Speranza, Maria Rosaria Corbo, Milena Sinigaglia and Antonio Bevilacqua

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040942 - 14 Feb 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4839

Abstract

Many scientific studies reveal a significant connection between human intestinal microbiota, eating habits, and the development of chronic-degenerative diseases; therefore, alterations in the composition and function of the microbiota may be accompanied by different chronic inflammatory mechanisms. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory [...] Read more.

Many scientific studies reveal a significant connection between human intestinal microbiota, eating habits, and the development of chronic-degenerative diseases; therefore, alterations in the composition and function of the microbiota may be accompanied by different chronic inflammatory mechanisms. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), in which autoreactive immune cells attack the myelin sheaths of the neurons. The purpose of this paper was to describe the main changes that occur in the gut microbiota of MS patients, with a focus on both microbiota and its implications for health and disease, as well as the variables that influence it. Another point stressed by this paper is the role of microbiota as a triggering factor to modulate the responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems, both in the intestine and in the brain. In addition, a comprehensive overview of the taxa modified by the disease is presented, with some points on microbiota modulation as a therapeutic approach for MS. Finally, the significance of gastro-intestinal pains (indirectly related to dysbiosis) was assessed using a case study (questionnaire for MS patients), as was the willingness of MS patients to modulate gut microbiota with probiotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Strategies to Assist in Alleviating Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders through the Gut-Brain Axis)

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14 pages, 953 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

ATP and NAD⁺ Deficiency in Parkinson’s Disease

by Laurie K. Mischley, Eric Shankland, Sophia Z. Liu, Saakshi Bhayana, Devon J. Fox and David J. Marcinek

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 943; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040943 - 14 Feb 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5623

Abstract

The goal of this study is to identify a signature of bioenergetic and functional markers in the muscles of individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Quantitative physiological properties of in vivo hand muscle (FDI, first dorsal interosseus) and leg muscle (TA, Tibialis Anterior) of [...] Read more.

The goal of this study is to identify a signature of bioenergetic and functional markers in the muscles of individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Quantitative physiological properties of in vivo hand muscle (FDI, first dorsal interosseus) and leg muscle (TA, Tibialis Anterior) of older individuals with PD were compared to historical age/gender-matched controls (N = 30). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging (MRS) were used to assess in vivo mitochondrial and cell energetic dysfunction, including maximum mitochondrial ATP production (ATPmax), NAD concentrations linked to energy/stress pathways, and muscle size. Muscle function was measured via a single muscle fatigue test. TA ATPmax and NAD levels were significantly lower in the PD cohort compared to controls (ATPmax: 0.66 mM/s ± 0.03 vs. 0.76 ± 0.02; NAD: 0.75 mM ± 0.05 vs. 0.91 ± 0.04). Muscle endurance and specific force were also lower in both hand and leg muscles in the PD subjects. Exploratory analyses of mitochondrial markers and individual symptoms suggested that higher ATPmax was associated with a greater sense of motivation and engagement and less REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). ATPmax was not associated with clinical severity or individual symptom(s), years since diagnosis, or quality of life. Results from this pilot study contribute to a growing body of evidence that PD is not a brain disease, but a systemic metabolic syndrome with disrupted cellular energetics and function in peripheral tissues. The significant impairment of both mitochondrial ATP production and resting metabolite levels in the TA muscles of the PD patients suggests that skeletal muscle mitochondrial function may be an important tool for mechanistic understanding and clinical application in PD patients. This study looked at individuals with mid-stage PD; future research should evaluate whether the observed metabolic perturbations in muscle dysfunction occur in the early stages of the disease and whether they have value as theragnostic biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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11 pages, 610 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Does Aging Have an Impact on Vitamin C Status and Requirements? A Scoping Review of Comparative Studies of Aging and Institutionalisation

by Anitra C. Carr and Masuma Zawari

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040915 - 11 Feb 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3230

Abstract

The global healthcare burden of an aging population continues to increase, with nearly a quarter of the total global burden of disease attributable to people aged ≥60 years. Older people are at greater risk of micronutrient deficiencies, including immune-supportive vitamin C, which is [...] Read more.

The global healthcare burden of an aging population continues to increase, with nearly a quarter of the total global burden of disease attributable to people aged ≥60 years. Older people are at greater risk of micronutrient deficiencies, including immune-supportive vitamin C, which is both a contributor to and a consequence of acute and chronic illnesses. However, whether healthy aging, per se, is associated with depleted vitamin C status and increased requirements for the vitamin is less certain. A systematic scoping review was carried out to assess comparative studies that reported the vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency in older versus younger people and in older people relative to residential status. Furthermore, vitamin C requirements were assessed through comparative studies reporting vitamin C status and pharmacokinetics in older people relative to younger people. Overall, there was limited evidence to suggest that healthy aging, per se, is related to lower vitamin C status or higher requirements for the vitamin. However, institutionalised elderly had lower vitamin C status and enhanced vitamin C requirements, primarily as a result of low intakes and/or chronic illnesses, which were not being met by hospital or residential diets. Because institutionalised elderly are vulnerable to malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, it is imperative that appropriate nutritional interventions are instigated to provide optimal micronutrient intake to support healthy aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Aging - Featured Perspectives on Health and Metabolism)

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20 pages, 622 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effectiveness of Wearable Devices in Non-Communicable Diseases to Manage Physical Activity and Nutrition: Where We Are?

by Valentina Natalucci, Federica Marmondi, Michele Biraghi and Matteo Bonato

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040913 - 11 Feb 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5924

Abstract

Wearable devices are increasingly popular in clinical and non-clinical populations as a tool for exercise prescription, monitoring of daily physical activity and nutrition, and health-related parameters management. In this regard, smart devices not only assist people in pursuing a healthier lifestyle, but also [...] Read more.

Wearable devices are increasingly popular in clinical and non-clinical populations as a tool for exercise prescription, monitoring of daily physical activity and nutrition, and health-related parameters management. In this regard, smart devices not only assist people in pursuing a healthier lifestyle, but also provide a constant stream of physiological and metabolic data for management of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Although the benefits of lifestyle-based interventions (exercise and nutrition) for NCDs are well known, the potential of wearable devices to promote healthy behaviors in clinical populations is still controversial. In this narrative review, we aimed to discuss the current application of wearable devices in NCDs, highlighting their role in prescribing and monitoring daily physical activity and dietary habits in the population living with chronic diseases. None of the studies considered specifically addressed the efficacy of the use of wearable devices, and limited are those that incorporate monitoring of both physical activity and nutrition for NCDs. However, there is evidence that such devices have helped improve physical activity levels, physical fitness, body composition, and metabolic and psychological parameters. Therefore, the authors believe that the benefits obtained from the use of wearable devices are likely to translate to public health and represent one of the important tools for the development of prevention plans in everyday life and clinical practice for optimal patient management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey and Evaluation for Public Health)

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13 pages, 464 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Impact of Sarcopenia on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

by Michihiro Iwaki, Takashi Kobayashi, Asako Nogami, Satoru Saito, Atsushi Nakajima and Masato Yoneda

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040891 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4732

Abstract

With the increasing incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the aging of the population, sarcopenia is attracting attention as one of the pathological conditions involved in the development and progression of NAFLD. In NAFLD, sarcopenia is closely associated with insulin resistance [...] Read more.

With the increasing incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the aging of the population, sarcopenia is attracting attention as one of the pathological conditions involved in the development and progression of NAFLD. In NAFLD, sarcopenia is closely associated with insulin resistance and results from the atrophy of skeletal muscle, an insulin target organ. In addition, inflammatory cytokines that promote skeletal muscle protein breakdown, low adiponectin levels leading to decreased insulin sensitivity, and hyperleptinemia are also involved in NAFLD pathogenesis. The presence of sarcopenia is a prognostic factor and increases the risk of mortality in patients with cirrhosis and post-treatment liver cancer. Sarcopenia, the presence of which mainly occurs due to decreased muscle mass, combined with increased visceral fat, can lead to sarcopenia-associated obesity, which increases the risk of NASH, liver fibrosis, and cardiovascular disease. In order to treat sarcopenia, it is necessary to properly evaluate sarcopenia status. Patients with high BMI, as in sarcopenic obesity, may improve with caloric restriction. However, inadequate oral intake may lead to further loss of muscle mass. Aerobic and resistance exercise should also be used appropriately. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Multiple Organ Cross-Talk and Nutrition Metabolism in the Development and Progression of NAFLD / MAFLD)
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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14 pages, 710 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) as a Prognostic Biomarker for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Response in Recurrent and/or Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer

by Markus Haas, Alexander Lein, Thorsten Fuereder, Faris F. Brkic, Julia Schnoell, David T. Liu, Lorenz Kadletz-Wanke, Gregor Heiduschka and Bernhard J. Jank

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040880 - 9 Feb 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2927

Abstract

Malnutrition is a frequent comorbidity in head and neck cancer patients and has been shown to impair immunotherapy response in other cancer types. The geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) assesses malnutrition using the patient’s ideal weight, actual weight, and serum albumin. The aim [...] Read more.

Malnutrition is a frequent comorbidity in head and neck cancer patients and has been shown to impair immunotherapy response in other cancer types. The geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) assesses malnutrition using the patient’s ideal weight, actual weight, and serum albumin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic relevance of malnutrition as determined by the GNRI for the response to immunotherapy in recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC). A total of 162 patients with R/M HNSCC who received immune checkpoint inhibitors were included. The associations between the GNRI and progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and the disease control rate (DCR) were computed. Univariable analysis showed worse PFS for GNRI ≤ 98 (p < 0.001), ECOG performance status (PS) ≥ 2 (p = 0.012), and enteral (p = 0.009) and parenteral (p = 0.015) nutritional supplementation, and worse OS for GNRI < 92 (p < 0.001), ECOG PS ≥ 2 (p < 0.001), and enteral (p = 0.008) and parenteral (p = 0.023) nutritional supplementation. In our multivariable model, GNRI ≤ 98 (p = 0.012) and ECOG PS ≥ 2 (p = 0.025) were independent prognostic factors for PFS. For OS, GNRI < 92 (p < 0.001) and ECOG PS ≥ 2 (p < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors. A GNRI ≤ 98 was significantly associated with a lower DCR compared to a GNRI > 98 (p = 0.001). In conclusion, our findings suggest that the GNRI may be an effective predictor for response to immunotherapy in R/M HNSCC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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21 pages, 3460 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Inulin by Integrating Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses in a Murine Macrophage Cell Model

by Federica Farabegoli, Francisco J. Santaclara, Daniel Costas, Mercedes Alonso, Ana G. Abril, Montserrat Espiñeira, Ignacio Ortea and Celina Costas

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040859 - 8 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3822

Abstract

Inulin is a natural polysaccharide classified as a soluble fiber with demonstrated prebiotic activity. Prebiotics can reduce intestinal and systemic inflammation through modulation of the gut microflora and their metabolites. Additionally, extensive research is illuminating the role of macrophages in the interaction between [...] Read more.

Inulin is a natural polysaccharide classified as a soluble fiber with demonstrated prebiotic activity. Prebiotics can reduce intestinal and systemic inflammation through modulation of the gut microflora and their metabolites. Additionally, extensive research is illuminating the role of macrophages in the interaction between gut microbiota and many systemic inflammatory diseases. In this study, the anti-inflammatory properties of inulin were evaluated using a murine macrophage cell model (RAW 264.7) of inflammation, and the immunomodulatory mechanism was investigated using omics technologies. The cells underwent comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to identify the mechanisms responsible for the observed anti-inflammatory phenotype. Functional analyses of these omics results revealed two potential mechanisms that may lead to an overall reduction in cytokine and chemokine transcription: the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to the downregulation of proinflammatory factors such as COX2, and the promotion of the phase II defense protein Hmox1 via the Nrf2 pathway. This study provides promising targets for research on immune modulation by dietary fibers and offers new strategies for the design of functional ingredients, foods, and nutraceutical products, which could ultimately lead to personalized nutrition and improved consumer health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 'Protein Matters and Proteins Matter': Proteomics and Peptidomics in Nutrition and Health)

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14 pages, 777 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Relationship between Dietary Flavonols Intake and Metabolic Syndrome in Polish Adults

by Joanna Popiolek-Kalisz

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 854; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040854 - 8 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2280

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic disorders primarily caused by central obesity, which results in chronic inflammation leading to hypertension, diabetes and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Inflammation underlying MetS could be the target for dietary flavonols as they present antioxidative properties. The aim [...] Read more.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic disorders primarily caused by central obesity, which results in chronic inflammation leading to hypertension, diabetes and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Inflammation underlying MetS could be the target for dietary flavonols as they present antioxidative properties. The aim of this paper was to analyze the differences in habitual intake of selected flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin and myricetin) between MetS patients and healthy participants, and its relationship with MetS advancement. Ninety participants were enrolled in this study. The one-year flavonol intake was assessed with a dedicated food frequency questionnaire. The patients with MetS consumed significantly less quercetin (p = 0.01), kaempferol (p = 0.04), isorhamnetin (p < 0.001), total flavonols (p = 0.01), tomatoes (p = 0.001) and wine (p = 0.01) daily. Further analysis revealed a moderate inverse correlation between quercetin (p = 0.001), kaempferol (p = 0.01), isorhamnetin (p < 0.001), total flavonols (p = 0.001) and tomato consumption (p = 0.004) and MetS stage. The analysis of laboratory parameters showed that dietary intake of flavonols was not correlated with lipid profile, glucose level or renal function. On the basis of this observation, a potential protective effect of dietary flavonols, mainly from tomatoes, against MetS could be suggested. However, when referring to MetS components, flavonols probably mainly impact central obesity and blood pressure, without a significant impact on conventional lipid-profile parameters and glucose level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Health throughout the Life Cycle)

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18 pages, 912 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Determining Dietary Patterns to Recommend for Type 2 Diabetes: An Umbrella Review

by Cathryn Whiteley, Fiona Benton, Louisa Matwiejczyk and Natalie Luscombe-Marsh

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 861; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040861 - 8 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7222

Abstract

Some specific dietary patterns improve glycaemic levels and cardiovascular risk factors better than others. We aimed to identify the most effective dietary patterns using a food-focused approach to improve blood glucose management (primary outcome) and cardiovascular risk factors (secondary outcome) in people with [...] Read more.

Some specific dietary patterns improve glycaemic levels and cardiovascular risk factors better than others. We aimed to identify the most effective dietary patterns using a food-focused approach to improve blood glucose management (primary outcome) and cardiovascular risk factors (secondary outcome) in people with type 2 diabetes. An umbrella review was conducted comparing dietary patterns for the management of these outcomes. Studies published between 2012 and 2022 were identified using PubMed Central, ProQuest, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Thirty systematic reviews met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-two of thirty reviews quantitated (via meta-analyses of over 212 randomised control trials) the effect size of different dietary patterns. Twelve reviews found Low-carbohydrate (LC), Mediterranean (M), Plant-based (PB), and/or Low-glycaemic Index (LGI) diets reduced HbA1c moderately more than control diets (typically a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet) (i.e., LC: −0.1 to −0.5%; M: −0.3 to −0.5%; PB: −0.2 to −0.4%; LGI −0.2 to −0.5%; all p-value < 0.01). We conclude that Low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, Plant-based, and Low-glycaemic Index dietary patterns are all clinically effective for people with type 2 diabetes as alternatives to high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets typically used for managing glycaemic levels and CVD risk. However, quality evidence about the sustainability of effects and safety remains limited, warranting future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Dietary Patterns or Eating Habits on Diabetes)

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15 pages, 350 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Impact of Diet and Physical Activity on Psoriasis: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence

by Ewa Duchnik, Joanna Kruk, Aleksandra Tuchowska and Mariola Marchlewicz

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040840 - 7 Feb 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6627

Abstract

Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease with strong genetic links and numerous features of autoimmunity that are also influenced by environment and lifestyle, including nutritional factors and physical activity (PA), with regards to the condition of patients. Recent reports in the field of nutrigenomics [...] Read more.

Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease with strong genetic links and numerous features of autoimmunity that are also influenced by environment and lifestyle, including nutritional factors and physical activity (PA), with regards to the condition of patients. Recent reports in the field of nutrigenomics indicate a significant impact of nutrients in modulating microRNAs. However, few studies have evaluated the effect of nutritional systems and PA on treating psoriasis. This narrative review updates information regarding the current dietary recommendations for individuals with psoriasis and discusses the role of diet and PA in psoriasis prevention and treatment. Application of nutrigenetics in psoriasis therapy is also discussed. The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using the MeSH terms for “nutrigenomics”, “dietetics”, “diet therapy”, “diet”, “physical activity”, and “exercise” in conjunction with the MeSH terms for “psoriasis” and “dermatology”. Evidence has shown that patients with psoriasis should have a personalized anti-inflammatory diet. Psoriasis patients are less physically active; most performed exercises of low-to-moderate intensity and were less likely to undertake regular exercise. Identifying nutrigenomic discoveries and the current lifestyle interventions associated with psoriasis can help physicians and physical therapists develop educational programs to manage and protect against the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

14 pages, 1240 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Patient-Reported Experiences with a Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet: An International Survey in Patients with McArdle Disease

by Nicoline Løkken, Nicol C. Voermans, Linda K. Andersen, Walaa Karazi, Stacey L. Reason, Heidi Zweers, Gustav Wilms, Alfredo Santalla, Edward Susanibar, Alejandro Lucia and John Vissing

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 843; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040843 - 7 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4361

Abstract

The low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD) has attracted increased attention in recent years as a potential treatment option for individuals with McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease type V), and despite the absence of strong scientific evidence of the LCKD’s benefits, increased numbers of individuals [...] Read more.

The low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD) has attracted increased attention in recent years as a potential treatment option for individuals with McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease type V), and despite the absence of strong scientific evidence of the LCKD’s benefits, increased numbers of individuals with McArdle disease have tried a LCKD. The objective of this study was to collect patient-reported experiences with a LCKD. We aimed to estimate the immediate prevalence of individuals that had tried a LCKD in an international McArdle disease cohort, and we aimed to report on the patient-reported experiences with the diet, both positive and negative. A total of 183 responses were collected from individuals with McArdle disease from 18 countries. We found that one-third of the cohort had tried a LCKD, and almost 90% experienced some degree of positive effect, with the most prominent effects on McArdle disease-related core symptoms (e.g., activity intolerance, muscle pain, and muscle fatigue). Adverse effects were rare and generally rated as mild to moderate. These patient-reported findings underline the need for randomized clinical trials to decisively determine if a LCKD is a suitable nutritional strategy for patients with McArdle disease. The results from this study can prompt and contribute to the design of such a clinical trial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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16 pages, 951 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Beer and Microbiota: Pathways for a Positive and Healthy Interaction

by Corina-Aurelia Zugravu, Cosmin Medar, Loredana Sabina Cornelia Manolescu and Ciprian Constantin

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 844; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040844 - 7 Feb 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5173

Abstract

Beer is one of the most consumed drinks worldwide. It contains numerous categories of antioxidants, phenolic products, traces of group B vitamins, minerals (selenium, silicon, potassium), soluble fibers and microorganisms. Low or moderate beer consumption, with or without alcohol, showed positive effects on [...] Read more.

Beer is one of the most consumed drinks worldwide. It contains numerous categories of antioxidants, phenolic products, traces of group B vitamins, minerals (selenium, silicon, potassium), soluble fibers and microorganisms. Low or moderate beer consumption, with or without alcohol, showed positive effects on health by stimulating the development of a healthy microbiota. In the present review we focused on four components responsible with interaction with gut microbiota: microorganisms, polyphenols, fiber and melanoidins, their presence in usual beers and on perspectives of development of fortified beers with enhanced effects on gut microbiota. Though microorganisms rarely escape pasteurization of beer, there are new unpasteurized types that might bring strains with probiotic effects. The polyphenols from beer are active on the gut microbiota stimulating its development, with consequent local anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Their degradation products have prebiotic action and may combat intestinal dysbiosis. Beer contains dietary fiber such as non-starchy, non-digestible carbohydrates (β-glucans, arabinoxylans, mannose, fructose polymers, etc.) that relate with gut microbiota through fermentation, serving as a nutrient substrate. Another type of substances that are often considered close to fiber because they have an extremely low digestibility, melanoidins (melanosaccharides), give beer antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Though there are not many research studies in this area, the conclusion of this review is that beer seems a good candidate for a future functional food and that there are many pathways by which its ingredients can influence in a positive manner the human gut microbiota. Of course, there are many technological hinderances to overcome. However, designing functional beers fortified with fiber, antioxidants and probiotics, with a very low or no alcoholic content, will counteract the negative perception of beer consumption, will nullify the negative effects of alcohol, while simultaneously exerting a positive action on the gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beer and Alcohol Consumption for Human Health)

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30 pages, 686 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Is It Time to Reconsider the U.S. Recommendations for Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Intake?

by Mary Weiler, Steven R. Hertzler and Svyatoslav Dvoretskiy

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040838 - 6 Feb 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 16836

Abstract

Since the U.S. Institute of Medicine’s recommendations on protein and amino acid intake in 2005, new information supports the need to re-evaluate these recommendations. New lines of evidence include: (1) re-analysis/re-interpretation of nitrogen balance data; (2) results from indicator amino acid oxidation studies; [...] Read more.

Since the U.S. Institute of Medicine’s recommendations on protein and amino acid intake in 2005, new information supports the need to re-evaluate these recommendations. New lines of evidence include: (1) re-analysis/re-interpretation of nitrogen balance data; (2) results from indicator amino acid oxidation studies; (3) studies of positive functional outcomes associated with protein intakes higher than recommended; (4) dietary guidance and protein recommendations from some professional nutrition societies; and (5) recognition that the synthesis of certain dispensable amino acids may be insufficient to meet physiological requirements more often than previously understood. The empirical estimates, theoretical calculations and clinical functional outcomes converge on a similar theme, that recommendations for intake of protein and some amino acids may be too low in several populations, including for older adults (≥65 years), pregnant and lactating women, and healthy children older than 3 years. Additional influential factors that should be considered are protein quality that meets operational sufficiency (adequate intake to support healthy functional outcomes), interactions between protein and energy intake, and functional roles of amino acids which could impact the pool of available amino acids for use in protein synthesis. Going forward, the definition of “adequacy” as it pertains to protein and amino acid intake recommendations must take into consideration these critical factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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11 pages, 287 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effects of Eight Weeks’ Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) on Liver Health in Subjects Affected by Overweight and Obesity

by Roberta Rinaldi, Sara De Nucci, Fabio Castellana, Martina Di Chito, Vito Giannuzzi, Endrit Shahini, Roberta Zupo, Luisa Lampignano, Giuseppina Piazzolla, Vincenzo Triggiani, Raffaele Cozzolongo, Gianluigi Giannelli and Giovanni De Pergola

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040825 - 6 Feb 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7394

Abstract

Very low-calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKD) are widely employed in successful weight-loss strategies. Herein, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of a VLCKD on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and parameters commonly associated with this condition in overweight and obese subjects who did not [...] Read more.

Very low-calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKD) are widely employed in successful weight-loss strategies. Herein, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of a VLCKD on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and parameters commonly associated with this condition in overweight and obese subjects who did not take any drugs. This prospective, real-life study included thirty-three participants who followed a VLCKD for 8 weeks. NAFLD was diagnosed using transient elastography (FibroScan). Data on anthropometric measurements, bioimpedance analysis, and biochemical assays were gathered both before and after the dietary intervention. BMI (kg/m²) (from 33.84 ± 6.55 to 30.89 ± 6.38, p < 0.01), waist circumference (cm) (from 106.67 ± 15.51 to 98.64 ± 16.21, p < 0.01), and fat mass (Kg) (from 38.47 ± 12.59 to 30.98 ± 12.39, p < 0.01) were significantly lower after VLCKD. CAP (db/m), the FibroScan parameter quantifying fatty liver accumulation, showed a significant reduction after VLCKD (from 266.61 ± 67.96 to 223 ± 64.19, p < 0.01). After VLCKD, the fatty liver index (FLI), a benchmark of steatosis, also revealed a significant decline (from 62.82 ± 27.46 to 44.09 ± 31.24, p < 0.01). Moreover, fasting blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, ALT, γGT, and FT3 blood concentrations, as well as insulin resistance (quantified by HOMAIR) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels, were significantly lower after VLCKD (p < 0.01 for all the parameters). By contrast, HDL-cholesterol, 25 (OH) vitamin D, and FT4 blood concentrations were higher after VLCKD (p < 0.01 for all parameters). The variation (δ) of CAP after VLCKD did not show a correlation with the δ of any other parameter investigated in this study. We conclude that VLCKD is a helpful approach for NAFLD independent of changes in factors commonly associated with NAFLD (obesity, fat mass, insulin resistance, lipids, and blood pressure) as well as vitamin D and thyroid hormone levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Ketogenic Diet in Human Health and Diseases)

15 pages, 546 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Epigenetics in Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus: New Insights

by Rosario Suárez, Sebastián P. Chapela, Ludwig Álvarez-Córdova, Estefanía Bautista-Valarezo, Yoredy Sarmiento-Andrade, Ludovica Verde, Evelyn Frias-Toral and Gerardo Sarno

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040811 - 4 Feb 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7951

Abstract

A long-term complication of obesity is the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Patients with T2D have been described as having epigenetic modifications. Epigenetics is the post-transcriptional modification of DNA or associated factors containing genetic information. These environmentally-influenced modifications, maintained during cell division, [...] Read more.

A long-term complication of obesity is the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Patients with T2D have been described as having epigenetic modifications. Epigenetics is the post-transcriptional modification of DNA or associated factors containing genetic information. These environmentally-influenced modifications, maintained during cell division, cause stable changes in gene expression. Epigenetic modifications of T2D are DNA methylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, SUMOylation, and phosphorylation at the lysine residue at the amino terminus of histones, affecting DNA, histones, and non-coding RNA. DNA methylation has been shown in pancreatic islets, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the liver. Furthermore, epigenetic changes have been observed in chronic complications of T2D, such as diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic neuropathy. Recently, a new drug has been developed which acts on bromodomains and extraterminal (BET) domain proteins, which operate like epigenetic readers and communicate with chromatin to make DNA accessible for transcription by inhibiting them. This drug (apabetalone) is being studied to prevent major adverse cardiovascular events in people with T2D, low HDL cholesterol, chronic kidney failure, and recent coronary events. This review aims to describe the relationship between obesity, long-term complications such as T2D, and epigenetic modifications and their possible treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insulin Resistance and Related Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Management)

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14 pages, 1017 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Association between Food, Beverages and Overweight/Obesity in Children and Adolescents—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

by Dorthe Dalstrup Jakobsen, Lea Brader and Jens Meldgaard Bruun

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030764 - 2 Feb 2023

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6724

Abstract

A healthy diet is essential to prevent childhood obesity, however, adherence to a healthy diet is challenging. The aim of this study was to give a comprehensive overview of the literature investigaating associations between food and beverages and overweight/obesity in children and adolescents [...] Read more.

A healthy diet is essential to prevent childhood obesity, however, adherence to a healthy diet is challenging. The aim of this study was to give a comprehensive overview of the literature investigaating associations between food and beverages and overweight/obesity in children and adolescents in order to identify dietary risk factors. A systematic search was performed in four databases and observational studies were included. Meta-analysis was performed using the random effect model. Sixty records met inclusion criteria and 14 different food or beverage categories were identified. A higher intake of sugar-sweetened beverages increased the odds of overweight/obesity by 1.20 (p < 0.05) (n = 26) and higher intake of fast food increased the odds of overweight/obesity by 1.17 (p < 0.05) (n = 24). Furthermore, higher intake of meat (OR 1.02, p < 0.05 (n:7)) and refined grains (OR 1.28, p < 0.05 (n:3)) was associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity. In contrast, higher intake of whole grain (OR 0.86, p = 0.04 (n:5)) and more surprisingly sweet bakery (OR 0.59, p < 0.05 (n:3)) was associated with a decreased risk of overweight/obesity. In conclusion, a higher intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and a higher intake of fast food was identified as the primary dietary risk factors for overweight/obesity. Future research is needed to strengthen the generalizability of these results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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17 pages, 347 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Vitamin D on Cardiovascular Risk and Oxidative Stress

by Guilherme Renke, Bernardo Starling-Soares, Thomaz Baesso, Rayssa Petronio, Danilo Aguiar and Raphaela Paes

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030769 - 2 Feb 2023

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 8563

Abstract

Introduction: Vitamin D has been primarily studied as an important factor influencing bone and calcium metabolism. Metabolites of vitamin D are essential for whole-body calcium homeostasis, maintaining serum calcium levels within a narrow range by regulating this process in the bones and gut. [...] Read more.

Introduction: Vitamin D has been primarily studied as an important factor influencing bone and calcium metabolism. Metabolites of vitamin D are essential for whole-body calcium homeostasis, maintaining serum calcium levels within a narrow range by regulating this process in the bones and gut. Nevertheless, its deficiency is also related to increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic syndrome (MS), and cardiovascular disease (CVD)—with increased visceral adipose tissue and body mass index (BMI), as well as the frequently associated hypercholesterolemia. It has been reported that vitamin D levels are inversely related to cardiovascular (CV) risk in men and women. However, the effects of vitamin D on distinct outcomes in women and the dose of supplementation needed to improve clinical endpoints have not been established. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] reduces systemic inflammatory mediators in CVD and favors the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines from the immune system. In addition, 25(OH)D can be primarily converted into calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D]) in the kidneys through the action of the 1-α-hydroxylase enzyme. Calcitriol, through the downregulation mechanism of renin expression, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) activity, and its interaction with the vitamin D receptor, can bring CV benefits. The calcitriol form also lowers parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels by indirectly causing a reduction in aldosterone and mineralocorticoid synthesis. Elevated plasma aldosterone is related to endothelial dysfunction and CVD in hypovitaminosis D status. Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation may benefit certain risk groups, as it improves metabolic variables, reducing oxidative stress and CV outcomes. More studies are needed to define interventions with vitamin D in men and women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamins and Human Health)

11 pages, 421 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Global Dietary and Herbal Supplement Use during COVID-19—A Scoping Review

by Ishaan Arora, Shecoya White and Rahel Mathews

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030771 - 2 Feb 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6799

Abstract

During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the lack of cure and the intensity of the global spread raised a common awareness of health. The aim of this scoping review is to summarize dietary supplement use globally during first two years of [...] Read more.

During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the lack of cure and the intensity of the global spread raised a common awareness of health. The aim of this scoping review is to summarize dietary supplement use globally during first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic search was conducted in December 2021 following PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, ERIC, and Scopus databases were searched, and 956 results were screened for eligibility. Fourteen cross-sectional studies from 11 countries and 3 continents were examined. All studies were large population surveys investigating healthy eating and supplement use during COVID-19. Vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc and multivitamins were the most widely reported, as well as natural/herbal products such as ginger and honey. The most common reason cited for supplements use was to strengthen immune system and to prevent infection of COVID-19. These studies reported that populations are relying on healthcare providers, family, friends, and social media to learn about supplement use. Future studies on the treatment of COVID-19 should include more evidence for supplement use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Long-Term Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown and Adaptations on Dietary Habits, Lifestyle, and Psychological Health)

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17 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Determinants of Honey and Other Bee Products Use for Culinary, Cosmetic, and Medical Purposes

by Iwona Kowalczuk, Jerzy Gębski, Dagmara Stangierska and Agata Szymańska

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030737 - 1 Feb 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3558

Abstract

Bee products have been used for centuries for culinary, medicinal, and cosmetic purposes, and their properties are still a subject of research, which provide new arguments in favour of their use. The research aimed to determine the current state of use of bee [...] Read more.

Bee products have been used for centuries for culinary, medicinal, and cosmetic purposes, and their properties are still a subject of research, which provide new arguments in favour of their use. The research aimed to determine the current state of use of bee products by Polish consumers and determine the ways and conditions of their use, with particular reference to the level of nutritional knowledge and health status. The survey was conducted using the CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) method on 487 respondents. It was found that honey is used mainly for culinary purposes and, to a lesser extent, for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. Other bee products are much less commonly used than honey—mainly beeswax and royal jelly for cosmetic purposes and propolis and bee pollen for medicinal purposes. Segments distinguished by the frequency of use of honey for particular purposes were differentiated by gender, age, income level, use of other bee products, and motivation to use them. Their differences were also found in terms of the level of nutritional knowledge and self-assessed health status—the highest ratings in both categories were indicated by representatives of the Honey users’ segment, which consisted of people who use honey most frequently for cooking, cosmetic and medicinal purposes. Regression analysis additionally showed that higher levels of nutritional knowledge and better health status were associated with the use of honey to treat gastrointestinal ailments and with the use of propolis for medicinal purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bee Products in Human Health)

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13 pages, 695 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Dietary Effects on Pain Symptoms in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome: Systematic Review and Future Directions

by Emma K. Maddox, Shawn C. Massoni, Cara M. Hoffart and Yumie Takata

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030716 - 31 Jan 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5313

Abstract

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is recognized for its difficulty to diagnose and its subjective symptomatology. There is neither a known cure nor a recommended therapeutic diet to aid in the multidisciplinary treatment. We conducted a systematic review to investigate if diets can improve pain [...] Read more.

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is recognized for its difficulty to diagnose and its subjective symptomatology. There is neither a known cure nor a recommended therapeutic diet to aid in the multidisciplinary treatment. We conducted a systematic review to investigate if diets can improve pain symptoms of fibromyalgia. Through the PubMed search in March 2022, 126 abstracts were identified. We included both intervention and observational studies of diets and pain symptoms among patients with FMS. After screening titles, abstracts, and full-texts, 12 studies, including 11 intervention and one observational study, were selected. These studies included 546 participants and investigated plant-based diets (n = 3), anti-inflammatory diets (n = 1), gluten-free diets (n = 2), and elimination/restrictive diets (n = 6). These studies assessed pain symptoms through visual analogue scale for pain, fibromyalgia impact questionnaire/revised fibromyalgia impact questionnaire, tender point count, pain pressure threshold, and/or total myalgic score. Nine studies, including all three plant-based diet studies, reported statistically significant beneficial effects of their respective diets on pain symptom measurements. Given the small sample size and short intervention duration of the included studies, limited evidence currently exists to recommend any specific diet to patients with FMS. Further research is warranted to clarify specific diets to recommend and explore their potential mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Nutritional Value in Non-communicable Diseases)

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10 pages, 278 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Infant Neurodevelopment: A Narrative Review

by Paige K. Berger, Margaret L. Ong, Lars Bode and Mandy B. Belfort

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030719 - 31 Jan 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5531

Abstract

The objective of this narrative review was to synthesize the literature on human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and neurodevelopmental outcomes in human milk-fed infants. We conducted a scoping review of the literature indexed in PubMed reporting observational or interventional studies on HMO exposure in [...] Read more.

The objective of this narrative review was to synthesize the literature on human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and neurodevelopmental outcomes in human milk-fed infants. We conducted a scoping review of the literature indexed in PubMed reporting observational or interventional studies on HMO exposure in relation to psychometric measures in infants. Studies were characterized based on study design and definitions of HMO exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Six studies were identified; all were observational in design, and five were conducted in full-term infants. Sample sizes ranged from 35–659 infants. HMOs were defined as individual concentrations or relative abundances assessed at 1 and/or 6 months of age. Studies accounted for differences in HMO exposure based on maternal secretor status. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed between 6 and 24 months of age and included four domains. Studies in full-term infants reported that total and individual fucosylated and sialylated HMOs were positively associated with cognitive, language, and motor skill domains between 18 and 24 months of age, while the single study in preterm infants reported no statistically significant findings in the full cohort. The presence of a maternal secretor did not consistently alter the associations between HMO exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Emerging evidence from observational studies suggests that HMO exposure may be beneficial for neurodevelopment in infants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Milk Feeding: Health and Nutrition for Term and Preterm Newborns—What’s New?)

15 pages, 2505 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effects of Iron Deficiency on the Gut Microbiota in Women of Childbearing Age

by Hoonhee Seo, Seug Yun Yoon, Asad ul-Haq, Sujin Jo, Sukyung Kim, Md Abdur Rahim, Hyun-A Park, Fatemeh Ghorbanian, Min Jung Kim, Min-Young Lee, Kyoung Ha Kim, Namsu Lee, Jong-Ho Won and Ho-Yeon Song

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030691 - 30 Jan 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4576

Abstract

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent and common nutritional deficiency worldwide and is a global health problem with significant risk, particularly among women of reproductive age. Oral iron supplementation is the most widely used and cost-effective treatment for iron deficiency and [...] Read more.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent and common nutritional deficiency worldwide and is a global health problem with significant risk, particularly among women of reproductive age. Oral iron supplementation is the most widely used and cost-effective treatment for iron deficiency and IDA. However, there are limitations regarding side effects such as enteritis, treatment compliance, and bioavailability. Intestinal microbiome characteristic research has been recently conducted to overcome these issues, but more is needed. Against this background, a metagenomics study on the 16S gene in the feces of young women vulnerable to IDA was conducted. As a result of analyzing 16 normal subjects and 15 IDA patients, significant differences in bacterial community distribution were identified. In particular, a significant decrease in Faecalibacterium was characteristic in IDA patients compared with normal subjects. Furthermore, in the case of patients who recovered from IDA following iron supplementation treatment, it was confirmed that Faecalibacterium significantly recovered to normal levels. However, no significance in beta diversity was seen compared with before treatment. There were also no differences in the beta diversity results between the recovered and normal subjects. Therefore, intestinal dysbiosis during the disease state was considered to be restored as IDA improved. Although the results were derived from a limited number of subjects and additional research is needed, the results of this study are expected to be the basis for developing treatment and prevention strategies based on host–microbiome crosstalk in IDA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Gut Microbiota in Human Health)

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