Sustainability

24 pages, 971 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Decarbonization Drivers and Their Impact on Business Models in the Energy-Intensive Manufacturing Industry (EIMI)

by Franziska Mais and Thomas Bauernhansl

Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4836; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114836 - 5 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1251

EIMIs face the challenge of adapting to the Paris Agreement and the European Green Deal to achieve carbon neutrality. Driven by consumer interest in low-carbon products, regulatory requirements, and investor priorities, companies are pressured to integrate sustainability beyond short-term financial gains. The growing [...] Read more.

EIMIs face the challenge of adapting to the Paris Agreement and the European Green Deal to achieve carbon neutrality. Driven by consumer interest in low-carbon products, regulatory requirements, and investor priorities, companies are pressured to integrate sustainability beyond short-term financial gains. The growing awareness of the environmental impact of business models (BM) has fueled the development of Sustainable Business Models (SBMs). Although the importance of decarbonization of EIMIs has increased, there is a lack of industry-specific research examining the combination of decarbonization and business models, as well as their interrelationships and correlations. This study addresses the discussion on the role of SBMs in decarbonization, improving the understanding of how these drivers can be integrated to enable new BMs for EIMIs. Based on a structured literature review and semi-structured interviews within the EIMIs, the study identifies BM components influenced by these drivers requiring sustainable business model innovation (SBMI). Results show that decarbonization drivers significantly impact all BM components. Experts emphasize the importance of collaborative approaches and cooperation throughout the value chain. This research highlights the need for systematic analysis to understand how companies can manage decarbonization drivers effectively and suggests exploring potential SBM design options. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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25 pages, 4911 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing the Link between Wildfires, Vulnerability, and Climate Change: Insights from the Regions of Greece

by Petros Xepapadeas, Kostas Douvis, Ioannis Kapsomenakis, Anastasios Xepapadeas and Christos Zerefos

Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4822; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114822 - 5 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1353

Abstract

Forests provide a wide range of ecosystem services which are important for achieving sustainable development. Anthropogenic climate change has led to the increased frequency and severity of forest fires, which imply losses of valuable ecosystem services. This paper provides a methodological framework based [...] Read more.

Forests provide a wide range of ecosystem services which are important for achieving sustainable development. Anthropogenic climate change has led to the increased frequency and severity of forest fires, which imply losses of valuable ecosystem services. This paper provides a methodological framework based on Multiple Criteria Decision Aid methods for determining relative regional vulnerabilities associated with forest fires. Different notions of ex-post vulnerability are defined based on the forest area burned and the frequency of forest fires, and their relation to the regions’ area and certain socioeconomic characteristics. The climatic drivers of forest fire occurrence are explored by linking forest fires with summer and spring temperatures and precipitation, using econometric count data analysis. The methodology is applied to Greece and its administrative regions for the period 2000–2022. Ex-post vulnerability of regions to forest fires based on physical and socioeconomic characteristics is calculated, and expected changes in the frequency of fires of specific size classes conditional on the evolution of mean seasonal regional temperature and precipitation according to IPCC scenarios are predicted. Relative vulnerability estimates and the impact of specific climatic drivers on forest fires will be useful in designing policies for preserving forests as natural capital and promoting sustainability. Full article

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17 pages, 882 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Towards Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Cement Manufacturing: A Systematic Review of AI Applications in Electrical Energy Consumption Optimization

by Olurotimi Oguntola, Kwaku Boakye and Steve Simske

Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4798; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114798 - 5 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2692

Abstract

Cement manufacturing is known for its significant energy consumption and environmental footprint. As the world strives for sustainability, optimizing electrical energy consumption (EEC) in cement manufacturing is essential for reducing operational costs and minimizing the industry’s environmental impact. This systematic review aims to [...] Read more.

Cement manufacturing is known for its significant energy consumption and environmental footprint. As the world strives for sustainability, optimizing electrical energy consumption (EEC) in cement manufacturing is essential for reducing operational costs and minimizing the industry’s environmental impact. This systematic review aims to synthesize and analyze existing scholarly works and industry reports on methods and approaches for EEC optimization in cement production. It examines papers published between 1993 and 2023 in academic databases, scholarly journals, and industry publications to identify open questions and areas where future research may be needed. While challenges remain, continued research and innovation are key to further advancements in energy efficiency in cement production. With the advent of Industry 4.0 digitalization and advancements in data analytics and industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), artificial intelligence (AI) can be leveraged to optimize EEC. This study is a review of the applications of artificial intelligence to EEC optimization in industries that have heavy demand for electric power to highlight the value of directing research to its applications in cement manufacturing. The study posits that with digitalization, applying artificial intelligence to extract operational insights from the data collected from embedded sensors and meters at the plant presents the most cost-effective, high-return, and low-risk opportunity to optimize EEC in cement manufacturing. Full article

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40 pages, 18938 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing Climate Change Impacts on Streamflow and Baseflow in the Karnali River Basin, Nepal: A CMIP6 Multi-Model Ensemble Approach Using SWAT and Web-Based Hydrograph Analysis Tool

by Manoj Lamichhane, Sajal Phuyal, Rajnish Mahato, Anuska Shrestha, Usam Pudasaini, Sudeshma Dikshen Lama, Abin Raj Chapagain, Sushant Mehan and Dhurba Neupane

Sustainability 2024, 16(8), 3262; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083262 - 13 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3422

Abstract

Our study aims to understand how the hydrological cycle is affected by climate change in river basins. This study focused on the Karnali River Basin (KRB) to examine the impact of extreme weather events like floods and heat waves on water security and [...] Read more.

Our study aims to understand how the hydrological cycle is affected by climate change in river basins. This study focused on the Karnali River Basin (KRB) to examine the impact of extreme weather events like floods and heat waves on water security and sustainable environmental management. Our research incorporates precipitation and temperature projections from ten Global Circulation Models (GCMs) under the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). We applied thirteen statistical bias correction methods for precipitation and nine for temperatures to make future precipitation and temperature trend projections. The research study also utilized the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model at multi-sites to estimate future streamflow under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios of SSP245 and SSP585. Additionally, the Web-based Hydrograph Analysis Tool (WHAT) was used to distinguish between baseflow and streamflow. Our findings, based on the Multi-Model Ensemble (MME), indicate that precipitation will increase by 7.79–16.25% under SSP245 (9.43–27.47% under SSP585) and maximum temperatures will rise at rates of 0.018, 0.048, and 0.064 °C/yr under SSP245 (0.022, 0.066, and 0.119 °C/yr under SSP585). We also anticipate that minimum temperatures will increase at rates of 0.049, 0.08, and 0.97 °C/yr under SSP245 (0.057, 0.115, and 0.187 °C/yr under SSP585) for near, mid, and far future periods, respectively. Our research predicts an increase in river discharge in the KRB by 27.12% to 54.88% under SSP245 and 45.4% to 93.3% under SSP585 in different future periods. Our finding also showed that the expected minimum monthly baseflow in future periods will occur earlier than in the historical period. Our study emphasizes the need for sustainable and adaptive management strategies to address the effects of climate change on water security in the KRB. By providing detailed insights into future hydrological conditions, this research serves as a critical resource for policymakers and stakeholders, facilitating informed decision-making for the sustainable management of water resources in the face of climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)

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25 pages, 2543 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Coconut Waste: Discovering Sustainable Approaches to Advance a Circular Economy

by Fabrícia Vieira, Hortência E. P. Santana, Meirielly Jesus, Joana Santos, Preciosa Pires, Manuela Vaz-Velho, Daniel Pereira Silva and Denise Santos Ruzene

Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 3066; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16073066 - 7 Apr 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8250

Abstract

The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) stands as a pivotal resource in tropical regions, playing a crucial role in both subsistence and economic activities across Asia, the Pacific Islands, and South America. While the harvesting of coconut fruit is essential for producing globally [...] Read more.

The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) stands as a pivotal resource in tropical regions, playing a crucial role in both subsistence and economic activities across Asia, the Pacific Islands, and South America. While the harvesting of coconut fruit is essential for producing globally utilized edible products, such as coconut oil, by small owners and large producers around the world in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, concerns have arisen due to the substantial amount of agro-industrial residue generated in this process, posing environmental risks if they are not properly managed. Recognizing the environmental challenges, this paper emphasizes the transformative potential inherent in coconut waste, characterized by its lignocellulosic composition rich in lignin and multifunctional groups. By delving into the historical context of coconut economic exploration and its chemical composition, this review explores the diverse applications of coconut products, focusing on the utilization and processing of residues to generate sustainable products and byproducts. Ultimately, this comprehensive review underscores the significance of repurposing coconut waste, not only to mitigate the environmental impact but also as a valuable contributor to a circular economy, promoting the use of the lignocellulosic biomass in research and bolstering its role as a raw material in the chemical and energy sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Biomass Transformation: Sustainable Development)

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18 pages, 5640 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Dialectics of Nature–Human Conflicts for Sustainable Water Security

by Jacques Ganoulis

Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 3055; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16073055 - 6 Apr 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2571

Abstract

How humans use and manage water resources under climate change conditions threatens water security, which means risking the availability of enough good-quality water for everybody and for nature’s flora and fauna. Integrated Water Resources Management is a state-of-the-art water management model. After 20 [...] Read more.

How humans use and manage water resources under climate change conditions threatens water security, which means risking the availability of enough good-quality water for everybody and for nature’s flora and fauna. Integrated Water Resources Management is a state-of-the-art water management model. After 20 years in use, the application of this model failed to achieve its primary goal in many countries, i.e., ensuring the good ecological status of rivers, lakes, and aquifers. This paper shows that because the model is more human-centered than nature-oriented or anthropocentric, it generates severe environmental damages called “externalities.” From a historical analysis of the human–nature interplay, three main results were obtained: (1) the nature–human interaction is always in a state of contradictory confrontation, being composed of two opposite human behaviors of conflict and cooperation with nature; (2) this contradiction is assumed as a general ontological principle and epistemic hypothesis, called “dialectical”; and (3) historically, in the balance of power between nature and humans, three clusters are identified: (i) naturalistic, (ii) dualistic, and (iii) anthropocentric. A theory of a novel behaviorist conflict resolution model is suggested to dialectically resolve conflicts between stakeholders and natural laws. This model provides a harmonic symbiosis of humans and nature, removes environmental externalities, and can lead to sustainable water security. Three case studies illustrate the merits of the new dialectical model in real applications. Full article

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12 pages, 1080 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Eretmocerus Species, Parasitoid of Aleurocanthus spiniferus, Was Found in Europe: The Secret Savior of Threatened Plants

by Gianluca Melone, Roberta Ascolese, Francesco Nugnes, Francesco Porcelli, Carmelo Rapisarda, Alessia Farina, Ugo Picciotti, Francesca Garganese and Stefania Laudonia

Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2970; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072970 - 2 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2454

Abstract

This study focuses on the first detection in Europe of a parasitoid Eretmocerus sp. gr. serius (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on the Orange Spiny Whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Through extensive field surveys, this study investigates the occurrence of the aphelinid in several regions [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the first detection in Europe of a parasitoid Eretmocerus sp. gr. serius (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on the Orange Spiny Whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Through extensive field surveys, this study investigates the occurrence of the aphelinid in several regions across central and southern Italy. Different sites were monitored to investigate the Eretmocerus sp. gr. serius parasitization rate on A. spiniferus, shedding light on its potential as a biological control agent against the invasive whitefly pest. The research results offer a hopeful prospect for progressing sustainable and eco-friendly methods in handling A. spiniferus infestations in citrus crops, highlighting the importance of natural enemies in integrated pest management programs. The research emphasizes the importance of the recently discovered parasitoid for European agriculture, paving the way for inventive approaches in pest control and cultivation practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toward Sustainable Agriculture: Crop Protection and Pest Control)

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16 pages, 899 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nexus between Life Expectancy, CO₂ Emissions, Economic Development, Water, and Agriculture in Aral Sea Basin: Empirical Assessment

by Olimjon Saidmamatov, Orifjon Saidmamatov, Yuldoshboy Sobirov, Peter Marty, Davron Ruzmetov, Temur Berdiyorov, Javlon Karimov, Ergash Ibadullaev, Umidjon Matyakubov and Jonathon Day

Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2647; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072647 - 23 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2338

Abstract

This study investigates how life expectancy is influenced by CO₂ emissions, health spending, GDP, water usage, agricultural output, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption within the Aral Sea basin, which is an environmentally catastrophic zone in the world. This research utilized data [...] Read more.

This study investigates how life expectancy is influenced by CO₂ emissions, health spending, GDP, water usage, agricultural output, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption within the Aral Sea basin, which is an environmentally catastrophic zone in the world. This research utilized data from the years 2002 to 2020 and employed various econometric approaches, including FMOLS, DOLS, and Driscoll–Kraay. The outcomes of the study reveal that health spending, GDP, water productivity, agriculture output, energy consumption, and human capital have a positive impact on life expectancy, but CO₂ emissions have a negative impact on life expectancy. The most important policy takeaway from this study is the need to develop and implement comprehensive policies that take into account health spending, GDP, water, agricultural output, energy consumption, and education level in order to ensure life longevity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Effects of Climate Change and Their Socioeconomic Impact)

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17 pages, 2607 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing Environmental Sustainability of Phytoremediation to Remove Copper from Contaminated Soils

by Juan J. Espada, Rosalía Rodríguez, Andrea Delgado, Gemma Vicente and Luis Fernando Bautista

Sustainability 2024, 16(6), 2441; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062441 - 15 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2184

Abstract

Phytoremediation stands out as a promising technology for removing heavy metals from contaminated soils. This work focuses on studying the environmental performance of phytoremediation in removing copper from contaminated soil located in an old Spanish mine using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. [...] Read more.

Phytoremediation stands out as a promising technology for removing heavy metals from contaminated soils. This work focuses on studying the environmental performance of phytoremediation in removing copper from contaminated soil located in an old Spanish mine using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. For this purpose, Brassica juncea (brown mustard), Medicago sativa (alfalfa) and their rotary cultivation were assessed along with different options for managing biomass (landfill disposal and biomass cogeneration). In addition, soil excavation and soil washing treatments were also compared to phytoremediation. M. sativa proved superior to B. juncea and their rotary cultivation, regardless of the biomass disposal option, achieving impact reductions of 30–100%. This is due to the ability of M. sativa to fix nitrogen, which reduces fertiliser requirements. Among the biomass management alternatives, cogeneration was superior to landfill disposal in all cases by allowing for energy recovery, thereby reducing environmental impacts by 60–100%. M. sativa + cogeneration is the option that presents the best environmental performance of all the studied treatments, achieving reductions up to negligible values in four of eight impact categories due to the impacts avoided by energy production. On the contrary, soil excavation is the less desirable option, followed by soil washing treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Quality and Innovation in Agriculture: Dynamics, Indicators, and Sustainability)

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22 pages, 12122 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Changing Ecology of a High Himalayan Valley: Challenges to the Sustainable Development of the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Eastern Nepal

by Alton C. Byers, Milan Shrestha, Andrew Zackary, Elizabeth A. Byers, Broughton Coburn, Teiji Watanabe and Mohan B. Chand

Sustainability 2024, 16(6), 2434; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062434 - 15 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3523

Abstract

The Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA) is a high mountain protected area (MPA) in eastern Nepal undergoing socioeconomic and environmental changes that are unprecedented in the region’s history. In the following paper, we discuss recent changes involving new road construction, climate change, adventure tourism, [...] Read more.

The Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA) is a high mountain protected area (MPA) in eastern Nepal undergoing socioeconomic and environmental changes that are unprecedented in the region’s history. In the following paper, we discuss recent changes involving new road construction, climate change, adventure tourism, and the wildlife/forest cover/medicinal plant sectors. Our assessments are based on the collective results of past and recent field research, remote sensing analysis, oral histories, and literature reviews. While similar changes are occurring in MPAs throughout Nepal, it is suggested that the KCA differs from other regions in that it still retains the option of conducting detailed feasibility, environmental, and impact assessments prior to the implementation of major change-associated projects, particularly the construction of roads. In turn, the KCA might avoid many of the environmental, social, and economic problems experienced elsewhere in Nepal, while enhancing its status, income-generating capacities, and sustainability as a global destination for adventure, nature, and cultural tourism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainability in Geographic Science)

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22 pages, 5181 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluating Fuel Cell vs. Battery Electric Trucks: Economic Perspectives in Alignment with China’s Carbon Neutrality Target

by Zhexuan Mu, Fuquan Zhao, Fanlong Bai, Zongwei Liu and Han Hao

Sustainability 2024, 16(6), 2427; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062427 - 14 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2487

Abstract

The electrification of heavy-duty trucks stands as a critical and challenging cornerstone in the low-carbon transition of the transportation sector. This paper employs the total cost of ownership (TCO) as the economic evaluation metric, framed within the context of China’s ambitious goals for [...] Read more.

The electrification of heavy-duty trucks stands as a critical and challenging cornerstone in the low-carbon transition of the transportation sector. This paper employs the total cost of ownership (TCO) as the economic evaluation metric, framed within the context of China’s ambitious goals for heavy truck electrification by 2035. A detailed TCO model is developed, encompassing not only the vehicles but also their related energy replenishing infrastructures. This comprehensive approach enables a sophisticated examination of the economic feasibility for different deployment contexts of both fuel cell and battery electric heavy-duty trucks, emphasizing renewable energy utilization. This study demonstrates that in the context where both fuel cell components and hydrogen energy are costly, fuel cell trucks (FCTs) exhibit a significantly higher TCO compared to battery electric trucks (BETs). Specifically, for a 16 ton truck with a 500 km range, the TCO for the FCT is 0.034 USD/tkm, representing a 122% increase over its BET counterpart. In the case of a 49 ton truck designed for a 1000 km range, the TCO for the FCT is 0.024 USD/tkm, marking a 36% premium compared to the BET model. The technological roadmap suggests a narrowing cost disparity between FCTs and BETs by 2035. For the aforementioned 16 ton truck model, the projected TCO for the FCT is expected to be 0.016 USD/tkm, which is 58% above the BET, and for the 49 ton variant, it is anticipated at 0.012 USD per ton-kilometer, narrowing the difference to just 4.5% relative to BET. Further analysis within this study on the influences of renewable energy pricing and operational range on FCT and BET costs highlights a pivotal finding: for the 49 ton truck, achieving TCO parity between FCTs and BETs is feasible when renewable energy electricity prices fall to 0.022 USD/kWh or when the operational range extends to 1890 km. This underscores the critical role of energy costs and efficiency in bridging the cost gap between FCTs and BETs. Full article

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34 pages, 3342 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Economic Potential of Agrivoltaic Systems in Apple Cultivation—A Hungarian Case Study

by Aidana Chalgynbayeva, Péter Balogh, László Szőllősi, Zoltán Gabnai, Ferenc Apáti, Marianna Sipos and Attila Bai

Sustainability 2024, 16(6), 2325; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062325 - 12 Mar 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3221

Abstract

Agrivoltaic systems (AVS) allow the simultaneous use of land—as a limited resource—for crop production and electricity generation. This paper introduces the development prospects of AVS in Hungary with insights into international trends. The most important part is a complex economic analysis and a [...] Read more.

Agrivoltaic systems (AVS) allow the simultaneous use of land—as a limited resource—for crop production and electricity generation. This paper introduces the development prospects of AVS in Hungary with insights into international trends. The most important part is a complex economic analysis and a unit cost analysis of a 38 MWp capacity AVS, considering the most typical basic data in electricity and apple production. The applied risk analysis is based on a Monte Carlo simulation, the distribution function, and probabilities. To introduce the economic facet of the competitiveness of AVS, a comparative analysis was carried out between AVS, ground-mounted photovoltaic (GM-PV) systems, and conventional apple production systems (ConAPS). In the most probable scenario, the AVS was financially attractive (NPV = 70 million EUR under 30 years). Our correlation analysis shows that feed-in tariff (FIT) price and the role of financing are considered the dominant economic factors. A favorable FIT price enhances the profitability of AVS; however, it makes GM-PV systems more profitable compared to AVS, so it negatively affects the competitiveness of AVS systems. AVS operations result in a more balanced unit cost of apples and of electricity compared to the independent operation of GM-PV systems and of ConAPS; in addition, it allows for land saving and more intensive land use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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33 pages, 6198 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Life Cycle Assessments and Economic Analyses of Alternative Marine Fuels: Insights for Practical Strategies

by Hyunyong Lee, Jinkwang Lee, Gilltae Roh, Sangick Lee, Choungho Choung and Hokeun Kang

Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 2114; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052114 - 4 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3275

Abstract

The growth of the global shipping industry has increased the interest in the environmental impact of this sector. The International Maritime Organization adopted the initial Greenhouse Gas strategy for reducing GHG emissions from ships at the 72nd Marine Environment Protection Committee in April [...] Read more.

The growth of the global shipping industry has increased the interest in the environmental impact of this sector. The International Maritime Organization adopted the initial Greenhouse Gas strategy for reducing GHG emissions from ships at the 72nd Marine Environment Protection Committee in April 2018. In this study, we carried out a life cycle assessment of nine production pathways of alternative fuels, including LNG, ammonia, methanol, and biofuels, and conducted an economic analysis considering the life cycle carbon pricing of each fuel pathway. Our results indicate that biomass-based FT-diesel, e-methanol, and e-ammonia are the most environmentally friendly, with GHG reductions of 92%, 88.2%, and 86.6%, respectively. However, our net present value analysis of ship life cycle cost considering carbon price indicated that using those fuels would not be cost-effective during the target period of study. Sensitivity analysis was performed by changing the life cycle carbon pricing from the baseline scenario, and we investigated the approximate years for when these alternative fuels will become more cost-effective compared to conventional fossil fuels. Further, to provide practical implications for shipping stakeholders, we analysed the effect of blending the same kinds of fuels with different production pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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37 pages, 1338 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advances in Nitrogen-Rich Wastewater Treatment: A Comprehensive Review of Modern Technologies

by Abdullah Omar, Fares Almomani, Hazim Qiblawey and Kashif Rasool

Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 2112; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052112 - 3 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3077

Abstract

Nitrogen-rich wastewater is a major environmental issue that requires proper treatment before disposal. This comprehensive overview covers biological, physical, and chemical nitrogen removal methods. Simultaneous nitrification–denitrification (SND) is most effective in saline water when utilizing both aerobic and anoxic conditions with diverse microbial [...] Read more.

Nitrogen-rich wastewater is a major environmental issue that requires proper treatment before disposal. This comprehensive overview covers biological, physical, and chemical nitrogen removal methods. Simultaneous nitrification–denitrification (SND) is most effective in saline water when utilizing both aerobic and anoxic conditions with diverse microbial populations for nitrogen removal. Coupling anammox with denitrification could increase removal rates and reduce energy demand. Suspended growth bioreactors effectively treated diverse COD/N ratios and demonstrated resilience to low C/N ratios. Moving biofilm bioreactors exhibit reduced mortality rates, enhanced sludge–liquid separation, increased treatment efficiency, and stronger biological structures. SND studies show ≥90% total nitrogen removal efficiency (%RE_TN) in diverse setups, with Defluviicoccus, Nitrosomonas, and Nitrospira as the main microbial communities, while anammox–denitrification achieved a %RE_TN of 77%. Systems using polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate as a growth medium showed a %RE_TN ≥ 75%. Air-lift reflux configurations exhibited high %RE_TN and %RE_NH4, reducing costs and minimizing sludge formation. Microwave pretreatment and high-frequency electric fields could be used to improve the %RE_NH4. Adsorption/ion exchange, membrane distillation, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration exhibit promise in industrial wastewater treatment. AOPs and sulfate-based oxidants effectively eliminate nitrogen compounds from industrial wastewater. Tailoring proposed treatments for cost-effective nitrogen removal, optimizing microbial interactions, and analyzing the techno-economics of emerging technologies are crucial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solutions to Water Pollution by Sewage, Nutrients and Chemicals)

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27 pages, 9611 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Participatory Mapping for Enhancing Flood Risk Resilient and Sustainable Urban Drainage: A Collaborative Approach for the Genoa Case Study

by Ilaria Gnecco, Francesca Pirlone, Ilenia Spadaro, Fabrizio Bruno, Maria Cristina Lobascio, Sabrina Sposito, Michele Pezzagno and Anna Palla

Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 1936; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051936 - 27 Feb 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3615

Abstract

Planning for resilient cities requires an evidence-based understanding of flood risk and the involvement of stakeholders and local actors. The paper addresses research developed within the URCA!—Urban Resilience to Climate Change: to activate the participatory mapping and decision support tool for enhancing sustainable [...] Read more.

Planning for resilient cities requires an evidence-based understanding of flood risk and the involvement of stakeholders and local actors. The paper addresses research developed within the URCA!—Urban Resilience to Climate Change: to activate the participatory mapping and decision support tool for enhancing sustainable urban drainage—project. A top-down/bottom-up participatory and flexible methodology for the conception of participatory mapping aimed at the planning and installation of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) on the territory is then developed. The innovative methodology is applied and tested in the case study of the Sampierdarena district in Genoa, northern Italy. This research paper illustrates the development of a participatory map (Pmap) that can support the implementation of SUDS as mitigation/adaptation strategies, integrating technical assessment and containing community visions and expectations. Findings concerning the connections between proposed SUDS locations and their frequencies confirm the relevance of the commercial area and the main traffic lanes along, confirming that all zones characterized by intense vehicular and pedestrian flow are suitable for SUDS as a solution to contribute to urban flood resilience. The georeferenced and intergenerational Pmap may be integrated into a decision support system to be developed as a guidance tool for the public administration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Resilience and Participation for Territory Safety from External Risks)

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28 pages, 3460 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Cobalt Supply Chain and Environmental Life Cycle Impacts of Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems

by Jani Das, Andrew Kleiman, Atta Ur Rehman, Rahul Verma and Michael H. Young

Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 1910; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051910 - 26 Feb 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4313

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) deployed in battery energy storage systems (BESS) can reduce the carbon intensity of the electricity-generating sector and improve environmental sustainability. The aim of this study is to use life cycle assessment (LCA) modeling, using data from peer-reviewed literature and public [...] Read more.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) deployed in battery energy storage systems (BESS) can reduce the carbon intensity of the electricity-generating sector and improve environmental sustainability. The aim of this study is to use life cycle assessment (LCA) modeling, using data from peer-reviewed literature and public and private sources, to quantify environmental impacts along the supply chain for cobalt, a crucial component in many types of LIBs. The study seeks to understand where in the life cycle stage the environmental impacts are highest, thus highlighting actions that can be taken to improve sustainability of the LIB supply chain. The system boundary for this LCA is cradle-to-gate. Impact assessment follows ReCiPe Midpoint (H) 2016. We assume a 30-year modeling period, with augmentation occurring at the end of the 3rd, 7th, and 14th years of operations, before a complete replacement in the 21st year. Three refinery locations (China, Canada, and Finland), a range of ore grades, and five battery chemistries (NMC111, NMC532, NMC622, NMC811, and NCA) are used in scenarios to better estimate their effect on the life cycle impacts. Insights from the study are that impacts along nearly all pathways increase according to an inverse power-law relationship with ore grade; refining outside of China can reduce global warming potential (GWP) by over 12%; and GWP impacts for cobalt used in NCA and other NMC battery chemistries are 63% and 45–74% lower than in NMC111, respectively. When analyzed on a single-score basis, marine and freshwater ecotoxicity are prominent. For an ore grade of 0.3%, the GWP values for the Canada route decrease at a rate of 58% to 65%, and those for Finland route decrease by 71% to 76% from the base case. Statistical analysis shows that cobalt content in the battery is the highest predictor (R² = 0.988), followed by the ore grade (R² = 0.966) and refining location (R² = 0.766), when assessed for correlation individually. The results presented here point to areas where environmental burdens of LIBs can be reduced, and thus they are helpful to policy and investment decision makers. Full article

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23 pages, 327 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impact of Climate Action on the Financial Performance of Food, Grocery, and Supermarket Retailers in the UK

by Tolu Olarewaju, Samir Dani, Collins Obeng-Fosu, Tayo Olarewaju and Abdul Jabbar

Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 1785; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051785 - 21 Feb 2024

Viewed by 3503

Abstract

We examined the impact of climate action on the financial performance of eleven food, grocery, and supermarket retailers listed on the London Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2022. Our findings reveal a positive association between the climate mitigation efforts of these businesses and [...] Read more.

We examined the impact of climate action on the financial performance of eleven food, grocery, and supermarket retailers listed on the London Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2022. Our findings reveal a positive association between the climate mitigation efforts of these businesses and financial performance, particularly in terms of returns on assets (ROA). Through Ordinary Least Squares estimation, we identified that climate action practices such as renewable energy usage, waste reduction, adoption of energy-efficient technologies, eco-friendly packaging, and optimized transportation are significantly associated with the ROA of UK-based food, grocery, and supermarket retailers. This study is significant as these retailers often have extensive operations and supply chains that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. It demonstrates that engaging in climate mitigation measures can still lead to a positive ROA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change: Public Policy and Business Strategy Perspectives)

32 pages, 1045 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Literature Review of Seaport Decarbonisation: Solution Measures and Roadmap to Net Zero

by Dong-Ping Song

Sustainability 2024, 16(4), 1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041620 - 15 Feb 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3083

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature related to seaport decarbonisation by combining the academic literature with case studies, industrial reports, newsletters, and domain knowledge. Through the literature review, the emission sources at seaports are categorised according to different criteria for [...] Read more.

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature related to seaport decarbonisation by combining the academic literature with case studies, industrial reports, newsletters, and domain knowledge. Through the literature review, the emission sources at seaports are categorised according to different criteria for better understanding. One of the criteria is the geographic location, which divides the emission sources into four categories. For each emission source category, the emission reduction measures in the literature are categorised into six structured categories including operational measures, technical measures, fuel and energy measures, infrastructural measures, digitalisation measures, and policy and collaboration measures. The first three categories have a direct impact on emission reductions, whereas the last three categories tend to support and facilitate the development and implementation of the first three categories. Representative case studies are selected from the UK ports to discuss their decarbonisation practices and pathways to net zero. We then propose a generic time-phased roadmap for port decarbonisation towards net zero, which divides the solution measures in each category into three phases to show their progressive processes. We explain the dependence relationships of the solution measures in the roadmap and discuss the challenges and opportunities in the implementation of the roadmap. This paper could offer strategic guidelines to port-associated stakeholders to implement emission reduction strategies and transition to net zero from the system perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

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16 pages, 7571 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Case Study on the Economic and Environmental Impact of the Introduction of the Variable-Rate Distribution of Fertilizer in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivation

by Elio Romano, Andrea Bragaglio, Carlo Bisaglia, Alberto Assirelli, Elia Premoli and Simone Bergonzoli

Sustainability 2024, 16(4), 1612; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041612 - 15 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2752

Abstract

Fertilization plays a strategic role in the cultivation of wheat, contributing to harvest yield, both in quantitative and qualitative terms. However, similarly to all farm inputs, it has both economic and environmental impacts due to fertilizer dispersion into the environment during its distribution, [...] Read more.

Fertilization plays a strategic role in the cultivation of wheat, contributing to harvest yield, both in quantitative and qualitative terms. However, similarly to all farm inputs, it has both economic and environmental impacts due to fertilizer dispersion into the environment during its distribution, as well as any excess fertilizer not used by the crop. Precision agriculture, which introduces the possibility of distributing fertilizer following prescription maps, has an immediate effect on dosage compliance according to the request and potential for use by each homogeneous area of the crop. An experimental field (about 15 hectares) at the Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) of Treviglio (BG) in Northern Italy was fertilized using a centrifugal fertilizer spreader combined with a tractor, equipped with a satellite system to distribute urea led by prescription maps. The purposes of this research were to verify (i) the effect of fertilization, performed with precision agriculture (PA) criteria at a variable rate; (ii) the comparison of the economic impact of the quantities of fertilizer required by precision agriculture compared to the distribution required in previous years (fertilizers administered according to conventional agriculture). The treated areas showed a significant yield improvement (almost 14%) when fertilization was performed according to the prescription map. With a negligible margin of error of less than 0.001, the total amount of fertilizer used was the same in both years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Precision Agriculture: Latest Advances and Prospects)

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30 pages, 1133 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sustainable Water Infrastructure: Visions and Options for Sub-Saharan Africa

by Henrietta E. M. George-Williams, Dexter V. L. Hunt and Christopher D. F. Rogers

Sustainability 2024, 16(4), 1592; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041592 - 14 Feb 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5428

Abstract

Developing a sustainable water infrastructure entails the planning and management of water systems to ensure the availability, access, quality, and affordability of water resources in the face of social, environmental, and economic challenges. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is currently in an era where it [...] Read more.

Developing a sustainable water infrastructure entails the planning and management of water systems to ensure the availability, access, quality, and affordability of water resources in the face of social, environmental, and economic challenges. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is currently in an era where it must make significant changes to improve the sustainability of its water infrastructure. This paper reviews the factors affecting water infrastructure sustainability and the interventions taken globally to address these challenges. In parallel, it reflects on the relevance of these interventions to the context of Sub-Saharan Africa through the lens of the STEEP (societal, technological, economic, environmental, political) framework. The paper goes on to recommend an extended analysis that captures additional critical dimensions when applying the concept of sustainability. Furthermore, this paper sheds light on the practice of sustainable development and fosters a deeper understanding of the issues, thereby forming the basis for further research and the development of sustainable and resilient solutions for water infrastructure and water asset management more generally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Resources and Stormwater Management)

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25 pages, 1779 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Rooted in Nature: The Rise, Challenges, and Potential of Organic Farming and Fertilizers in Agroecosystems

by Dinesh Panday, Nikita Bhusal, Saurav Das and Arash Ghalehgolabbehbahani

Sustainability 2024, 16(4), 1530; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041530 - 11 Feb 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 24522

Abstract

Organic farming, which is deeply rooted in traditional agricultural practices, has witnessed a profound evolution over the last century. Transitioning from a grassroots initiative resisting the industrialization of agriculture to a global industry, organic farming now plays a pivotal role in addressing contemporary [...] Read more.

Organic farming, which is deeply rooted in traditional agricultural practices, has witnessed a profound evolution over the last century. Transitioning from a grassroots initiative resisting the industrialization of agriculture to a global industry, organic farming now plays a pivotal role in addressing contemporary challenges related to environmental health, sustainability, and food safety. Despite the growing consumer demand for organic products and market access, organic farming has its challenges. This paper discusses the origin and evolution of organic farming with an emphasis on different types of organic fertilizers, benefits, and challenges. Nutrient variability and the slow-release nature of organic fertilizer often do not meet crop demands and can substantially reduce yield. Some organic fertilizers, like manure and biosolids, can provide a higher yield benefit, but there are environmental and health risks associated with them. Weed and pest management in organic farming can be labor-intensive and increase costs. Inefficient planning of organic farming and rapid transition can also create food insecurity. This paper also gives a brief account of the current certification process for organic fertilizers and their technicalities. It showcases how the holistic approach of organic farming extends beyond production, including strategies like reducing food waste and building self-sufficient farming communities. These practices contribute to a more sustainable agricultural system, reducing environmental impacts and supporting local economies. Future technological innovations, especially in precision agriculture and bio-physicochemical models, can help in formulating targeted organic fertilizers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Soil Management and Crop Production Research)

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26 pages, 2605 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoicePerspective

Natural/Small Water Retention Measures: Their Contribution to Ecosystem-Based Concepts

by Julie Magnier, Benoît Fribourg-Blanc, Tatenda Lemann, Felix Witing, William Critchley and Martin Volk

Sustainability 2024, 16(3), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031308 - 4 Feb 2024

Viewed by 3652

Abstract

The increasing incidence of droughts and heavy rainfall events is exacerbating conflicts between human and environmental demands for water. However, through providing multiple water-related ecosystem services and benefits simultaneously, Natural/Small Water Retention Measures (NSWRM) can mitigate such competing claims. Thus, they also contribute [...] Read more.

The increasing incidence of droughts and heavy rainfall events is exacerbating conflicts between human and environmental demands for water. However, through providing multiple water-related ecosystem services and benefits simultaneously, Natural/Small Water Retention Measures (NSWRM) can mitigate such competing claims. Thus, they also contribute to the achievement of various Sustainable Development Goals and environmental targets set out in water- and agriculture-related policies of the European Union. In particular, NSWRM provide for the sound management of watersheds, which can significantly contribute to improved water quality and availability—as well as improving the resilience of agriculture and society. This paper demonstrates how NSWRM fit into the framework of ecosystem-based concepts, including Natural Water Retention Measures (NWRM), Green Infrastructure (GI), Sustainable Land Management (SLM), Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA), and Nature-based Solutions (NbS). NSWRM, as a distinct concept, bring added value to the other concepts by focussing on easy-to-implement, modestly sized, localised technical solutions to problems associated with water management, sediment, and nutrient loss. Through experience under the EU Horizon 2020 project OPTAIN (“OPtimal strategies to retAIN and re-use water and nutrients in small agricultural catchments across different soil-climatic regions in Europe”), we show what NSWRM are, how they are linked to each of the ecosystem-based concepts, and how they can help add value to these concepts. Fourteen case studies are drawn upon from diverse countries across Europe. As a result of this analysis, we present the potential for the application of NSWRM in the context of these concepts, while helping to identify planning tools, the expertise required, and potential funding mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Based Solutions for Sustainable Management of Water Resources)

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14 pages, 2825 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Desktop Assessment of Ozone Micro-Nanobubble Technology for Algae and PFAS Removal from Surface Water Bodies Using Open-Source Water Quality Data

by Soheil Aber, Rachelle Aguada, Randimal Marasinghe, Christopher W. K. Chow, Raufdeen Rameezdeen and Ke Xing

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020668 - 12 Jan 2024

Viewed by 2722

Abstract

Ozone is an excellent oxidant and helps in breaking down both organic and inorganic compounds; this effect is further enhanced when it decomposes into hydroxyl radicals. Several studies confirm the good performance of ozonation and micro-nanobubble technology in eradicating algae and per- and [...] Read more.

Ozone is an excellent oxidant and helps in breaking down both organic and inorganic compounds; this effect is further enhanced when it decomposes into hydroxyl radicals. Several studies confirm the good performance of ozonation and micro-nanobubble technology in eradicating algae and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances. However, very little is known about the application of ozone micro-nanobubble technology in small-scale treatment; hence, this research aims to assess the potential of this technology. A survey was performed to obtain the water quality parameters of some selected water bodies via relevant open-source databases. The water quality was compared against the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) guidelines to identify those that did not meet the criteria and it was identified that 18% of the surface water bodies were below the recommended guidelines. The identified water sources were then used for the treatment simulation, which applies the literature-reported % removal of water quality parameters to predict the effectiveness of ozone micro-nanobubble technology for the selected water sources in this study. Furthermore, the time (dose) that is needed for the treatment using this technology was estimated based on the surface area of the water bodies. The scalability study was conducted to assess how many water bodies could be treated within a day using a 50 m³/h flow rate, which yielded a value of 27%. It was concluded that ozone micro-nanobubble technology can treat algae and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in surface waters as part of their treatment process by reducing treatment frequency and environmental impacts. By observing the benefits of ozone micro-nanobubble technology, there is a considerable chance that the surface water bodies in the City of Salisbury and, therefore, other small-scale water treatment plants, will be healthier after undergoing this process. This study demonstrated the advantages of applying open-source water quality data as a quick approximation of the evaluation of new treatment techniques, which will help engineers to better predict the performance of the designed field trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digitalization and Its Application of Sustainable Development)

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18 pages, 913 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Role of Market Insights in Shaping Sustainable Mobility in Fast Developing Countries: The Case of Vietnam

by Pietro Lanzini, Tra Thu Nguyen and Debora Slanzi

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020651 - 11 Jan 2024

Viewed by 2201

Abstract

Individual mobility represents one of the main contributors of air quality degradation in urban areas, with detrimental social and environmental impacts as well as economic loss. Mobility policies hence represent a key public instrument to curb congestion, pollution and health-related problems. In order [...] Read more.

Individual mobility represents one of the main contributors of air quality degradation in urban areas, with detrimental social and environmental impacts as well as economic loss. Mobility policies hence represent a key public instrument to curb congestion, pollution and health-related problems. In order to be effective, they need to rely on an adequate knowledge of demand, in terms of commuters’ attitudes, habit strength and perceived priorities. While most studies on the determinants of modal choice are rooted in Western countries or in developed economies little evidence is available for fast-developing countries, whose urban areas suffer from severe congestion and bad air quality. We test a comprehensive model to predict mobility behaviors in Vietnam, by means of an empirical investigation, with data from 898 participants (N = 898) collected via an online self-administered questionnaire. We discuss the implications for policy of the research findings, which provide an informational background representing a necessary prerequisite for the implementation of sound policies for the shift to more sustainable paradigms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

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19 pages, 3779 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Urban Revitalization in Small Cities across the Atlantic Ocean

by Carlos J. L. Balsas

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020639 - 11 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1863

Abstract

City centers and riverfronts across the Atlantic Ocean have undergone substantial transformation over the last two decades. This paper analyzes walk-only precincts and waterfront revitalization in two pairwise cases (PCs) of small city exemplars on two continents in locations at about the same [...] Read more.

City centers and riverfronts across the Atlantic Ocean have undergone substantial transformation over the last two decades. This paper analyzes walk-only precincts and waterfront revitalization in two pairwise cases (PCs) of small city exemplars on two continents in locations at about the same latitude but separated by the Atlantic Ocean. The argument is twofold. First, to be fully effective, city center revitalization interventions need to be coordinated with appropriate institutional programs to create collaborative management opportunities among multiple civic and business agents. Second, multiple cultural offerings, environmental amenities, and pro-active leadership positionalities have contributed positively to the evolution of waterfront community economic redevelopment opportunities in riverfront locations. The methods involved multiple site visits to cities of various sizes on the Iberian Peninsula and the Northeast of the United States at different times during the last twenty years, extensive literature reviews and syntheses, data analyses, assessment of policy priorities, and interviews with employees in various economic sectors, business owners, residents, elected officials, planning professionals, and community leaders. Two of the main conclusions are that, to be fully effective, the public space interventions on the Iberian Peninsula had to be coordinated with appropriate regulatory and institutional programs to generate collaborations with multiple civic and business agents and that the Northeastern cities have attempted to revitalize their riverfronts by conserving water-based and urban historic assets and amenities from further erosion due to downpours and floods as well as socio-economic and cultural transformations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Sustainable Development of Villages and Small Towns under the Situation of Population Contraction)

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15 pages, 2792 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Autonomous Vehicles on Traffic Flow in Rural and Urban Areas Using a Traffic Flow Simulator

by Makoto Fujiu, Yuma Morisaki and Jyunich Takayama

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020658 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2849

Abstract

Autonomous vehicles have the potential to significantly improve modes of transportation, and many businesses and research facilities are developing such systems. Although there are studies on the social implementation of autonomous vehicles, these studies are based on limited conditions such as predetermined driving [...] Read more.

Autonomous vehicles have the potential to significantly improve modes of transportation, and many businesses and research facilities are developing such systems. Although there are studies on the social implementation of autonomous vehicles, these studies are based on limited conditions such as predetermined driving environments. Therefore, in this study, we target urban areas and rural areas, and we simulate a behavioral algorithm for autonomous vehicles being developed and owned by Kanazawa University. In this study, a traffic flow simulation system (Aimsun) was constructed to reproduce the current situation of traffic flow in the city during normal times, using data from a person-trip survey conducted by the local government. In addition, we varied the mixing rate of automated vehicles and evaluated its effect on the delay time between ODs. We assume the gradual replacement of existing vehicles by autonomous vehicles on actual road networks and for realistic traffic volumes, and we investigate their impact on traffic flow. We vary the mixing rate of autonomous vehicles into actual traffic environments, and we measure the delay in the origin-destination (OD) interval to evaluate the impact of autonomous vehicles on traffic flow. The results obtained show that as the mixing rate of autonomous vehicles increases, the delay between OD intervals increases. Then, once the mixing rate exceeds a certain value, the delay between OD intervals gradually decreased. The delay time for all vehicles slightly increases as the mixing rate of autonomous vehicles increased from 10 to 45%. When the mixing rate increased from 45 to 50%, the delay time for all vehicles decreased notably, and when the mixing rate was 50 to 100%, it remained constant. Analytical results showed that when socially implementing autonomous vehicles, their mixing rate impacts the traffic flow; thus, there is a need to determine appropriate distribution scenarios and areas for implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autonomous Vehicles and Sustainable Transportation)

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15 pages, 2631 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Utilization of Waste Brick Powder as a Partial Replacement of Portland Cement in Mortars

by Zhuomin Zou, Samuel Provoost and Elke Gruyaert

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020624 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1243

Abstract

Partially substituting Portland cement (PC) with waste brick powder (WBP) is an effective method to reduce environmental pollution. In this paper, the effects of a WBP with low pozzolanic activity on the fresh and hardened properties of blended cement with 0–40% WBP or [...] Read more.

Partially substituting Portland cement (PC) with waste brick powder (WBP) is an effective method to reduce environmental pollution. In this paper, the effects of a WBP with low pozzolanic activity on the fresh and hardened properties of blended cement with 0–40% WBP or 50% of WBP+GGBFS (by mass) were studied. Sodium sulphate (SS) (1.5 and 2.5%, related to powder mass) was used to activate the blended cement with 40% WBP or 50% WBP+GGBFS at 20 °C. Results show that the performance of blended cement is decreased with the increase in WBP content since the WBP with low pozzolanic activity mainly contributes to the dilution effect. Binary cement with 10% WBP shows a similar carbonation depth and chloride migration coefficient to PC. Ternary cement with 10% WBP and 40% GGBFS exhibits a slightly lower strength at 90 days and a lower chloride migration coefficient than PC. The SS solution increases the compressive strength at 2 days and decreases the compressive strength at 28 and 90 days. Moreover, the SS solution results in a lower carbonation depth and chloride migration coefficient, except for ternary cement with 10% WBP and 40% GGBFS, which shows a higher carbonation depth at 42 and 68 days. This paper provides a reference for the application of WBP to produce green mortars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Mineral-Based Materials in Construction)

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17 pages, 1301 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Italian Entertainment Professionals’ Sustainable Employability: What Factors to Consider? A Network Analysis

by Eleonora Picco, Andrea Gragnano and Massimo Miglioretti

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020663 - 11 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1142

Abstract

Sustainable employability (SE) refers to a worker’s extensive set of capabilities to make a valuable and healthy contribution over time. Due to the high fragmentation and precariousness of their working conditions, entertainment professionals’ SE is at risk. Methods: By considering valuable work, health, [...] Read more.

Sustainable employability (SE) refers to a worker’s extensive set of capabilities to make a valuable and healthy contribution over time. Due to the high fragmentation and precariousness of their working conditions, entertainment professionals’ SE is at risk. Methods: By considering valuable work, health, productivity, and long-term perspective capabilities as expressing entertainment professionals’ SE, this study explored the unique pattern of associations among entertainment professionals’ SE, conversion factors at personal (i.e., intrinsic motivation) and contextual levels (i.e., work–health balance external support and health climate, SE policies and social policies), and SE outcomes (i.e., life and job satisfaction and task performance), descriptive and network analyses were conducted in a sample of 123 Italian entertainment professionals. Results: Italian entertainment professionals’ SE was associated with factors at all levels of conversion. Conversion factors at the organizational level (i.e., SE policies and social policies) had a higher predictability (i.e., practical potential) in the SE network, compared to factors at the personal level (i.e., intrinsic motivation). Conclusion. This study added empirical evidence to SE models based on the capability approach, by showing the central role of contextual factors in the development of an extensive set of entertainment professionals’ capabilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Career Development and Organizational Psychology)

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18 pages, 1519 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Future Projections of Global Plastic Pollution: Scenario Analyses and Policy Implications

by Huijie Yan, Mateo Cordier and Takuro Uehara

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020643 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4927

Abstract

Plastic pollution has attracted the attention of the media, public, and government worldwide. Analysis of the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between economic development and plastic pollution is crucial because economic growth is a critical driver of plastic pollution. In this [...] Read more.

Plastic pollution has attracted the attention of the media, public, and government worldwide. Analysis of the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between economic development and plastic pollution is crucial because economic growth is a critical driver of plastic pollution. In this study, for the first time, we (i) used the stochastic impacts of regression on population, affluence, and technology (STIRPAT) model to investigate the EKC relationship; (ii) performed a comprehensive analysis of the effects of sociodemographic factors on plastic pollution; and (iii) used a panel dataset of 128 countries for empirical analyses. The STIRPAT model was used to conduct scenario analyses to explore the impacts of sociodemographic driving forces on future plastic pollution by 2050 on a national (217 countries) and global scale. The empirical results confirmed the EKC relationship and revealed that changes in population structure and urbanization could substantially affect plastic pollution. Global plastic pollution was projected to reach 66.1 MT/y by 2050 under the business-as-usual scenario. Low-income countries and sub-Saharan Africa are projected to become major contributors to plastic pollution, leading to a global trend of increasing plastic pollution. These findings will help policymakers identify targets to effectively reduce future global plastic pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pollution Prevention, Mitigation and Sustainability)

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23 pages, 5952 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluating Intra-Field Spatial Variability for Nutrient Management Zone Delineation through Geospatial Techniques and Multivariate Analysis

by Haytham Mohamed Salem, Linda R. Schott, Julia Piaskowski, Asmita Chapagain, Jenifer L. Yost, Erin Brooks, Kendall Kahl and Jodi Johnson-Maynard

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020645 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1677

Abstract

This research study underscores the importance of effectively managing soil nutrients in a site-specific manner to enhance crop productivity while considering the spatial variability of the soil. The objective is to identify subfields with similar soil characteristics, referred to as management zones (MZs), [...] Read more.

This research study underscores the importance of effectively managing soil nutrients in a site-specific manner to enhance crop productivity while considering the spatial variability of the soil. The objective is to identify subfields with similar soil characteristics, referred to as management zones (MZs), to promote sustainable land utilization. This study was conducted in two central pivot fields located in Southern Idaho, USA, where barley and sugar beets were grown. Soil samples were collected from each field in a grid pattern and analyzed for various chemical properties. These properties included soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, excess lime, electrical conductivity, total inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, manganese, copper, and boron. Descriptive statistics and normality assessments were performed, and the coefficient of variation was calculated to assess the heterogeneity of soil properties, revealing significant variability. To determine the spatial variability of soil properties, ordinary kriging was used revealing diverse spatial patterns for each location and soil variable examined with moderate to strong spatial dependence. To develop the MZs, a combination of principal component analysis and fuzzy k-means clustering was utilized, and specific parameters that represented the overall variability of soil properties in each field were identified. Based on the identified parameters, two clusters were created in each field. The first management zone (MZ1) exhibited lower values of soil pH, excess lime content, and electrical conductivity compared to the MZ2. Consequently, higher crop productivity was observed in MZ1 in both fields. The biomass yields of barley and sugar beets in MZ1 surpassed those in MZ2. This study highlights the effectiveness of the methodology employed to delineate MZs, which can be instrumental in precise soil nutrient management and maximizing crop productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil Conservation and Sustainability)

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20 pages, 2683 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Valorisation of Forest and Agriculture Residual Biomass—The Application of Life Cycle Assessment to Analyse Composting, Mulching, and Energetic Valorisation Strategies

by Isabel Brás, Elisabete Silva, Roberta Raimondo, Raffaella Saetta, Vincenzo Mignano, Massimiliano Fabbricino and José Ferreira

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020630 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1360

Abstract

The treatment of agricultural and forest residues (AFRs) has become an important issue nowadays, both to avoid improper management and for their enhancement. In the study area of Viseu (Portugal), the AFRs are taken to a Residual Biomass Collection Centre. These are valorised [...] Read more.

The treatment of agricultural and forest residues (AFRs) has become an important issue nowadays, both to avoid improper management and for their enhancement. In the study area of Viseu (Portugal), the AFRs are taken to a Residual Biomass Collection Centre. These are valorised in a Biomass Power Plant to produce electricity. Two further processes could be implemented to valorise this biomass: mulching and composting. This study aims to understand the best strategy to enhance this type of biomass residual considering their environmental performance. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied considering a cradle-to-grave approach. Different processes of all the technologies were analysed, and the data collected enabled a comparison of 11 environmental impact categories. The results show that composting is the best alternative, except for global warming and ozone layer depletion, and energy valorisation has the greatest impact on five of the considered categories. In the three processes, impacts are mainly associated with the production and shredding phases of the residual biomass, rather than the transportation stages, due to the short distances covered. In all cases, the value of the final product generates market consequences in terms of electricity and fertiliser production. In line with the aim of the study, its outcomes may provide scientific support to local decision makers in defining best practices in the management of the AFRs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosustainability and Waste Valorization)

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16 pages, 6913 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Safety Performance Assessment via Virtual Simulation of V2X Warning Triggers to Cyclists with Models Created from Real-World Testing

by Lars Schories, Nico Dahringer, Udo Piram, Anay Raut, Stella Nikolaou, Ioannis Gragkopoulos, Ioannis Tsetsinas and Maria Panou

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020610 - 10 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1318

Abstract

The overall crash statistics in the EU still show a very significant number of car–cyclist crashes. Within the Horizon 2020 project Safe-Up, countermeasures have been developed to reduce this number. One of these countermeasures involves a V2X-enhanced on-board unit for cycles, which can [...] Read more.

The overall crash statistics in the EU still show a very significant number of car–cyclist crashes. Within the Horizon 2020 project Safe-Up, countermeasures have been developed to reduce this number. One of these countermeasures involves a V2X-enhanced on-board unit for cycles, which can provide on-time warning triggers. The research assumption was based on studying the benefits of connectivity in enhancing cyclists’ safety. This study assessed the performance of this potential technology both qualitatively by analyzing volunteer feedback during physical testing and quantitatively by virtual simulations. The volunteers’ study showed positive findings on system’s safety relevance, user experience, and user acceptance. The method applied for the virtual simulation is a prospective safety performance assessment with reconstructed accident scenarios based on the GIDAS database and cyclist behavior models, obtained from physical testing. The results using a warning trigger 4 s prior to the collision showed a potential safety benefit of approximately 98%. It should be noted that this trigger time was found to be quite early in both physical testing and virtual simulation. Further research is required to evaluate the system’s performance in more complex urban scenarios, as well as to design the human–machine interaction strategies for optimal accident avoidance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies/Products and Advances in Future Transportation Systems)

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21 pages, 1426 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing Forest Conservation for Finland: An ARDL-Based Evaluation

by Irina Georgescu, Jani Kinnunen and Ionuț Nica

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020612 - 10 Jan 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1727

Abstract

Deforestation is a central topic in the ongoing environmental degradation stemming from global economic expansion and population growth. This study delved into the effects of electricity production from renewable sources, GDP per capita, and urbanization on forest area growth in Finland during the [...] Read more.

Deforestation is a central topic in the ongoing environmental degradation stemming from global economic expansion and population growth. This study delved into the effects of electricity production from renewable sources, GDP per capita, and urbanization on forest area growth in Finland during the over-three-decade research period, 1990–2022, using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. Both the ARDL bounds test and the Bayer–Hanck cointegration tests proved the existence of a long-term cointegrating relationship between the variables, and the constructed error correction model (ECM) evaluated short-term relationships. The results showed that: (i) forest area growth is positively connected with electricity production from renewable sources and urbanization; (ii) forest area growth is negatively connected with economic growth; (iii) in the short run, forest area growth is positively connected with all regressors. The utilized ARDL-ECM model, characterized by its robustness and appropriateness, validated the time-series dynamics. The obtained results were scrutinized, and their policy implications were thoroughly examined. Additionally, recommendations are provided to ensure the sustainability and success of forest conservation efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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12 pages, 5274 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The High-Resolution Calibration of the Topographic Wetness Index Using PAZ Satellite Radar Data to Determine the Optimal Positions for the Placement of Smart Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) in Urban Environments

by Cristina Allende-Prieto, Jorge Roces-García and Luis Ángel Sañudo-Fontaneda

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020598 - 10 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1487

Abstract

This study addresses the growing interest in utilizing remote sensing tools for locating sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) in urban environments. SuDS, recognized as Nature-based Solutions (NbS), play a crucial role in enhancing urban resilience against climate change. This study focuses on the calibration [...] Read more.

This study addresses the growing interest in utilizing remote sensing tools for locating sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) in urban environments. SuDS, recognized as Nature-based Solutions (NbS), play a crucial role in enhancing urban resilience against climate change. This study focuses on the calibration process required to establish a correlation between the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), derived from high-precision digital elevation models (DEMs), and soil moisture (SM) data obtained from satellite imaging. This calibration serves as a method to optimize the placement of sustainable urban drainage system vegetated techniques in urban areas. This study leveraged the exceptional resolution of PAZ satellite radar data to effectively detect variations in SM, particularly in grass-type vegetated land. The sensitivity of the X-band radar signal to moisture levels and changes in ground roughness proved valuable in tracking SM dynamics. The core of the study involved deriving the TWI from a high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM). The correlation between the TWI and SM values demonstrates robustness, with an R² value of 0.77. These findings significantly advance the calibration of TWI values with SM measurements, enhancing their practicality in identifying areas prone to water accumulation. The study’s outcomes provide valuable insights for guiding the strategic placement of SuDS in urban environments, contributing to the effective management of water-related challenges in the face of urbanization and climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Drainage Systems and Stormwater Control Measures)

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23 pages, 14337 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Digital Twin of Microgrid for Predictive Power Control to Buildings

by Hao Jiang, Rudy Tjandra, Chew Beng Soh, Shuyu Cao, Donny Cheng Lock Soh, Kuan Tak Tan, King Jet Tseng and Sivaneasan Bala Krishnan

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020482 - 5 Jan 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1570

Abstract

The increased focus on sustainability in response to climate change has given rise to many new initiatives to meet the rise in building load demand. The concept of distributed energy resources (DER) and optimal control of supply to meet power demands in buildings [...] Read more.

The increased focus on sustainability in response to climate change has given rise to many new initiatives to meet the rise in building load demand. The concept of distributed energy resources (DER) and optimal control of supply to meet power demands in buildings have resulted in growing interest to adopt microgrids for a precinct or a university campus. In this paper, a model for an actual physical microgrid has been constructed in OPAL-RT for real-time simulation studies. The load demands for SIT@NYP campus and its weather data are collected to serve as input to run on the digital twin model of DERs of the microgrid. The dynamic response of the microgrid model in response to fluctuations in power generation due to intermittent solar PV generation and load demands are examined via real-time simulation studies and compared with the response of the physical assets. It is observed that the simulation results match closely to the performance of the actual physical asset. As such, the developed microgrid model offers plug-and-play capability, which will allow power providers to better plan for on-site deployment of renewable energy sources and energy storage to match the expected building energy demand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Twinning of Energy and Thermal Systems for Urban Sustainability)

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19 pages, 5416 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

School Bus Lighting Effectiveness and Improvements: Results from a Driving Experiment

by Devon Farmer, Yeonjung Song, Panju Shin, Hyun Kim, Sanjay Tandan and Jun Lee

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020501 - 5 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1306

Abstract

In Korea, drivers should come to a complete halt and proceed cautiously when encountering a school bus displaying its red warning lights and other safety features, a requirement that is often disregarded in practice. The reason for this might stem from a lack [...] Read more.

In Korea, drivers should come to a complete halt and proceed cautiously when encountering a school bus displaying its red warning lights and other safety features, a requirement that is often disregarded in practice. The reason for this might stem from a lack of awareness about the law, and we set out to investigate whether an innovative lighting system employing road projections or VMS could encourage compliance. We found that while 63% of drivers in surveys indicated they would correctly stop when approaching a stopped school bus, in driving experiments, we found that only 18% of drivers did. Our study also uncovered a knowledge gap, with just 53% to 60% of respondents correctly answering basic about the purpose of existing lighting and laws related to school buses. With on-road experiments, when we introduced road projection systems for enhanced non-connected vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, we found that understanding would increase and compliance could increase by up to 77% (from surveys) and 93% (in road tests); these findings underscore the potential of road projections or potentially VMS as effective V2V tools for enhancing road safety in proximity to school buses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Emerging Technologies and Sustainable Road Safety)

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17 pages, 11267 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Measurements of Electromagnetic Radiation Propagation through Biomaterial Samples Based on Harvest Residues

by Slavko Rupčić, Vanja Mandrić, Đurđica Kovačić and Maja Varga

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020499 - 5 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1208

Abstract

The aim of this research was to determine the efficiency of electromagnetic (EM) radiation absorbers based on biomaterials from harvest residues (soybean straw, wheat straw, and clover straw) for the additional protection and/or construction of residential buildings. To determine their protective properties, the [...] Read more.

The aim of this research was to determine the efficiency of electromagnetic (EM) radiation absorbers based on biomaterials from harvest residues (soybean straw, wheat straw, and clover straw) for the additional protection and/or construction of residential buildings. To determine their protective properties, the transmission parameter S₂₁ was measured through harvest residues in the frequency range from 300 MHz to 5 GHz. Important parameters of the tested samples included sample type, sample thickness, and humidity. The measurement results showed that the transmission parameters decreased with an increase in the sample thickness, moisture, and frequency. Regarding this type of substrate, soybean straw showed the lowest values of parameter S₂₁ for all measurements except for the case of the highest amount of moisture (34.48%), for which clover straw showed the lowest value of the transmission parameter. The greatest reduction in the S₂₁ transmission parameter was 43.80 dB for a soybean sample of 300 mm thickness at a frequency of 4.93 GHz. These tests were performed on samples that were not additionally structured (additives, pressing, additional shredding, etc.), so it was possible to optimize their structure and conduct further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Multidisciplinary Approach to Sustainability)

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22 pages, 708 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Promoting Sustainable Transportation: A Transtheoretical Examination of Active Transport Modes

by Tooba Batool, Veerle Ross, Jade Van Blerk, An Neven, Paul Dendale, Davy Janssens, Geert Wets and Kris Brijs

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020472 - 5 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2290

Abstract

The use and promotion of active transportation has been scientifically proven to play a fundamental role in influencing global sustainable development goals. Despite increased recognition, there is a notable gap in understanding how to effectively transition the general population from convenience-oriented transport to [...] Read more.

The use and promotion of active transportation has been scientifically proven to play a fundamental role in influencing global sustainable development goals. Despite increased recognition, there is a notable gap in understanding how to effectively transition the general population from convenience-oriented transport to embracing active modes. The application of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) in understanding the utilization of active transport modes is currently constrained. The first aim is to include measuring the readiness to change in the use of active transport modes to increase physical activity (PA) using a continuous measure (i.e., University of Rhode Island Change Assessment, URICA). A second aim is to determine whether the decisional balance (perception of pros and cons) and self-efficacy increase as respondents progress through the stages of change as well as with the increase in self-reported active transport use. In total, 260 university students and staff filled out an online survey containing self-reported use of active transport modes and TTM constructs. The results suggest that URICA successfully identifies five stages of change. The decision balance and self-efficacy of the behaviour increase as individuals progress through the stages. The same is also true for the use of active transport modes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavioural Approaches to Promoting Sustainable Transport Systems)

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16 pages, 2813 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluating Cleaning Services in Civil Environments: Microbiological and Life Cycle Analysis Comparing Conventional and Sustainable Methods

by Riccardo Fontana, Mattia Buratto, Anna Caproni, Chiara Nordi, Mariangela Pappadà, Beatrice Bandera, Luciano Vogli, Cesare Buffone and Peggy Marconi

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020487 - 5 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1665

Abstract

In response to the growing global concern for environmental sustainability, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study was conducted to evaluate the environmental benefits of the “Formula Servizi” GREEN protocol compared to a conventional cleaning protocol, as mandated by the updated Criteria for Environmental [...] Read more.

In response to the growing global concern for environmental sustainability, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study was conducted to evaluate the environmental benefits of the “Formula Servizi” GREEN protocol compared to a conventional cleaning protocol, as mandated by the updated Criteria for Environmental Sustainability (CAM—Criteri Ambientali Minimi) for cleaning services. The CAM, effective on 19 June 2021, requires companies to demonstrate the environmental advantages of their cleaning protocols over traditional methods. This study aligns with the new CAM guidelines and employs UNI EN ISO 14040–14044 technical standards for a comprehensive comparative analysis. The study highlights the significance of maintaining hygiene to ensure safety in various contexts, emphasizing the importance of environmental sampling and monitoring to prevent contamination and infection transmission. Despite the complexity and expenses associated with microbiological monitoring, this research affirms its crucial role in validating cleaning procedures, particularly in healthcare facilities, food service areas, and industrial settings. The findings reveal that both the “Traditional” and “GREEN” cleaning protocols demonstrate satisfactory effectiveness in controlling microbiological contamination according to established guidelines. Moreover, the LCA results indicate that the “GREEN” protocol, while exhibiting higher water consumption and wastewater treatment, showcases a strategic use of more sustainable cleaning and laundry detergents. Despite the increased water usage in certain phases, the significantly lower environmental impact per unit of weight demonstrates the potential for optimizing both environmental sustainability and operational efficiency in future Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) endeavors. The comparative LCA further reveals that the “GREEN” protocol enables an annual avoidance of 260 g of CO₂-e emissions per square meter of cleaned surface. The most significant reduction in absolute terms is associated with the use of eco-labeled detergents in the laundry system, resulting in the avoidance of 654.1 kg of CO₂-e per year of service (−77% compared to traditional laundry detergents). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment: Implementation and Future Perspectives)

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15 pages, 1171 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Silage Maize in Relation to Regenerative Agriculture

by Martin Dědina, Petr Jevič, Pavel Čermák, Jan Moudrý, Chisenga Emmanuel Mukosha, Tomáš Lošák, Tadeáš Hrušovský and Elizaveta Watzlová

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020481 - 5 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1946

Abstract

The demand for agricultural products is growing and is resulting in significant environmental impacts due to the overuse of fertilizers (and pesticides in some cases). There is a continued need to find sustainable methods in agricultural systems without harming the environment. Regenerative agriculture [...] Read more.

The demand for agricultural products is growing and is resulting in significant environmental impacts due to the overuse of fertilizers (and pesticides in some cases). There is a continued need to find sustainable methods in agricultural systems without harming the environment. Regenerative agriculture can be considered as one of the best methods of sustainable agriculture. The aim of this comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) study was to quantify the environmental impacts associated with the production of silage maize at different doses of fertilizers and pesticides under conventional agriculture and without the use of fertilizers and pesticides under regenerative agriculture. The input data were obtained from the experimental fields and supplemented by background process databases of Ecoinvent, World Food Live Cycle Assessment Database (WFLCD), and the French database AGRIBALYSE. The results of the study were related to six midpoint impact categories: global warming, marine eutrophication, freshwater eutrophication, freshwater ecotoxicity, marine ecotoxicity, and terrestrial ecotoxicity. Although the variant of growing silage maize without the use of fertilizers and pesticides according to the principle of regenerative agriculture showed the lowest burden on the environment, the yields of the cultivated silage maize were 43–55% lower than those of the fertilized variants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Agricultural Crop Production)

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22 pages, 3233 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Let’s Do It for Real: Making the Ecosystem Service Concept Operational in Regional Planning for Climate Change Adaptation

by Alessandra Longo, Linda Zardo, Denis Maragno, Francesco Musco and Benjamin Burkhard

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020483 - 5 Jan 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1948

Abstract

The application of ecosystem service (ES) knowledge to planning processes and decision-making can lead to more effective climate change adaptation. Despite the increased attention given to the ES concept, its degree of integration and use in spatial planning processes are still below the [...] Read more.

The application of ecosystem service (ES) knowledge to planning processes and decision-making can lead to more effective climate change adaptation. Despite the increased attention given to the ES concept, its degree of integration and use in spatial planning processes are still below the expectations of those who are promoting this concept. Barriers hindering its operationalisation cover a span of aspects ranging from theoretical to procedural and methodological issues. Overall, there is a general lack of guidance on how and at what point ES knowledge should be integrated into planning processes. This study aims to promote the inclusion of ES knowledge into spatial planning practices and decision-making processes to enhance climate change adaptation. A replicable GIS-based methodology is proposed. First, the potential supply of ESs that can support climate change adaptation (ESCCAs) is defined, mapped, and quantified. Then, a need for an ESCCA supply is identified, and territorial capacities to respond to the expected climate change impacts on natural and socio-economic sectors are assessed. The methodology is applied to the Friuli Venezia Giulia Autonomous Region (Italy) as an illustrative case study. The results reveal that areas with similar geomorphological characteristics tend to respond similarly. Forest ecosystems, inland wetlands and specifically salt marshes can potentially supply a greater variety of ESCCAs. In the case study area, about 62% of the supplied ESCCAs can contribute to reducing the impacts in more than 50% of the impacted sectors. The territory of the study site generally shows good preparedness for expected impacts in most of the analysed sectors; less prepared areas are characterised by agricultural ecosystems. This reading approach based on land cover analyses can thus assist in developing policies to enhance different territorial capacities, ultimately leading to better and more sustainable decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Planning in Climate Resilience: Disparities and Opportunities in the Implementation of Climate Planning)

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26 pages, 5539 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Stakeholder-Driven Policies and Scenarios of Land System Change and Environmental Impacts: A Case Study of Owyhee County, Idaho, United States

by Li Huang, Daniel Cronan and Andrew (Anaru) Kliskey

Sustainability 2024, 16(1), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010467 - 4 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1857

Abstract

While stakeholder-driven approaches have been increasingly used in scenario modeling, previous studies have mostly focused on the qualitative elements, e.g., narratives and policy documents, from the stakeholders, but lack engagement of stakeholders with quantitative inputs. In this study, we conducted workshops with a [...] Read more.

While stakeholder-driven approaches have been increasingly used in scenario modeling, previous studies have mostly focused on the qualitative elements, e.g., narratives and policy documents, from the stakeholders, but lack engagement of stakeholders with quantitative inputs. In this study, we conducted workshops with a stakeholder group to integrate the participatory mapping of future policies in the simulation, and to compare the environmental impacts after including the participatory mapping. A land system change model named CLUMondo was used to simulate four scenarios, i.e., Business-As-Usual (BAU), Destroying Resources in Owyhee (DRO), Ecological Conservation (EC), and Managed Recreation (MR), in Owyhee County, Idaho, United States. The InVEST models were used to assess water yield, soil erosion, and wildlife habitat under the four scenarios. The results show that the DRO scenario would decrease shrubland and increased grassland, thus leading to less water yield, more soil erosion, and deteriorated wildlife habitat anticipated through to 2050. On the contrary, the EC and MR scenarios reverse the trend and would improve these ecosystem services over the same time horizon. The stakeholder-driven policies appear to influence the spatial distribution of the land system and ecosystem services. The results help to reach a nuanced understanding of the stakeholder-driven scenarios and highlight the importance of engaging stakeholders in scenario modeling and environmental impact analysis. Full article

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13 pages, 1757 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Optimisation of Storage Conditions for Pomegranate Juice during Its Maritime Transport

by Aneta Ocieczek, Tomasz Pukszta, Adam Kaizer and Renata Korzeniowska-Ginter

Sustainability 2024, 16(1), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010375 - 31 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1345

Abstract

It is estimated that the transport of plant-based food may be responsible for 50% of total CO₂ emissions. The situation becomes highly unfavourable when the transported cargo deteriorates. Therefore, the optimisation of storage conditions during transport is a part of the concept [...] Read more.

It is estimated that the transport of plant-based food may be responsible for 50% of total CO₂ emissions. The situation becomes highly unfavourable when the transported cargo deteriorates. Therefore, the optimisation of storage conditions during transport is a part of the concept of reducing food loss and waste. Moreover, it is an essential element of sustainable development. This study aimed to compare the stability of selected quality parameters of pomegranate juice under simulated conditions imitating maritime transport. The content of polyphenols and the ability to reduce free radicals were considered the critical quality parameters of this juice. The Folin–Ciocalteu method (polyphenols content) and the Brand-Williams method (ability to reduce free radicals) were used during the study. The simulation of maritime transport conditions consisted of different juice storage conditions. The differentiation was conducted regarding temperature, type of gas that filled the packaging, and mixing related to the ship’s motions during transport. The highest quality of pomegranate juice was ensured by modifying the atmosphere with nitrogen and lowering the temperature. It is also important that mixing the juice does not reduce its quality but stabilises it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Multidisciplinary Approach to Sustainability)

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20 pages, 1713 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

An Advanced Driver Information System at Critical Points in the Multimodal Traffic Network

by Maja Tonec Vrančić, Pero Škorput and Krešimir Vidović

Sustainability 2024, 16(1), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010372 - 31 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1763

Abstract

Enhancing traffic safety is one of the fundamental objectives of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), and it aligns closely with the principles of sustainable transport. Due to specific differences in infrastructure, vehicles, and users’ behavior, places where different modes of traffic intersect are recognized [...] Read more.

Enhancing traffic safety is one of the fundamental objectives of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), and it aligns closely with the principles of sustainable transport. Due to specific differences in infrastructure, vehicles, and users’ behavior, places where different modes of traffic intersect are recognized as critical points of the traffic system, making them crucial areas for the implementation of Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs). The SUMPs aim to create urban mobility that is both environmentally friendly and safe for all users. The continuous development and widespread adoption of innovative ITS technologies have paved the way for a system that can provide drivers with real-time information about both immediate and potential dangers at these critical points. This paper presents a comprehensive review of prior research conducted in the field, investigating the impact of information systems on drivers’ behavior, various detection and communication solutions that can be effectively integrated into such a system, and a brief overview of the models and solutions that have been developed to warn drivers in a similar context. A review of the literature found that warning systems have a significant impact on driver behavior, which contributes to increased traffic safety. Furthermore, there are numerous solutions applicable to a multimodal environment. Yet, they mostly refer either to autonomous vehicles or require an additional unit of infrastructure for communication, which is not realistically applicable to the current state of traffic in most countries of the world. This paper proposes a system architecture framework for future research that would take advantage of widely available technologies and make the system accessible to different users in a multimodal environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Open Urban Mobility for Efficient and Sustainable Transport)

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24 pages, 13594 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhancing the Fuel Properties of Spent Coffee Grounds through Hydrothermal Carbonization: Output Prediction and Post-Treatment Approaches

by Chau Huyen Dang, Gianluigi Farru, Claudia Glaser, Marcus G. Fischer and Judy A. Libra

Sustainability 2024, 16(1), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010338 - 29 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2171

Abstract

The reuse potential for the large annual production of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) is underexploited in most world regions. Hydrochars from SCGs produced via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) have been recognized as a promising solid fuel alternative. To increase demand, optimization of the HTC [...] Read more.

The reuse potential for the large annual production of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) is underexploited in most world regions. Hydrochars from SCGs produced via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) have been recognized as a promising solid fuel alternative. To increase demand, optimization of the HTC and two post-treatment processes, washing and agglomeration, were studied to improve hydrochar in terms of energetic properties, minimizing unwanted substances, and better handling. HTC experiments at three scales (1–18.75 L) and varying process conditions (temperature T (160–250 °C), reaction time t (1–5 h), and solid content %S_o (6–20%) showed that the higher heating value (HHV) can be improved by up to 46%, and most potential emissions of trace elements from combustion reduced (up to 90%). The HTC outputs (solid yield—SY, HHV, energy yield—EY) were modeled and compared to published genetic programming (GP) models. Both model types predicted the three outputs with low error (<15%) and can be used for process optimization. The efficiency of water washing depended on the HTC process temperature and type of aromatics produced. The furanic compounds were removed (69–100%; 160 °C), while only 34% of the phenolic compounds (240 °C) were washed out. Agglomeration of both wet SCG and its hydrochar is feasible; however, the finer particles of washed hydrochar (240 °C) resulted in larger-sized spherical pellets (85% > 2000–4000 µm) compared to SCGs (only 4%). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agro-Industrial Residues Treatment, Recycling, and Reuse)

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16 pages, 1118 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Simulating the Impact of the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act on State-Level CO₂ Emissions: An Integrated Assessment Model Approach

by Tianye Wang and Ekundayo Shittu

Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16562; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416562 - 5 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2340

Abstract

Climate change mitigation measures are often projected to reduce anthropogenic carbon dioxide concentrations. Yet, it seems there is ample evidence suggesting that we have a limited understanding of the impacts of these measures and their combinations. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) [...] Read more.

Climate change mitigation measures are often projected to reduce anthropogenic carbon dioxide concentrations. Yet, it seems there is ample evidence suggesting that we have a limited understanding of the impacts of these measures and their combinations. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) enacted in the U.S. in 2022 contains significant provisions, such as the electric vehicle (EV) tax credits, to reduce CO

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emissions. However, the impact of such provisions is not fully understood across the U.S., particularly in the context of their interactions with other macroeconomic systems. In this paper, we employ an Integrated Assessment Model (IAM), the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), to estimate the future CO

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emissions in the U.S. GCAM is equipped to comprehensively characterize the interactions among different systems, e.g., energy, water, land use, and transportation. Thus, the use of GCAM-USA that has U.S. state-level resolution allows the projection of the impacts and consequences of major provisions in the IRA, i.e., EV tax credits and clean energy incentives. To compare the performance of these incentives and credits, a policy effectiveness index is used to evaluate the strength of the relationship between the achieved total CO

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emissions and the overarching emission reduction costs. Our results show that the EV tax credits as stipulated in the IRA can only marginally reduce carbon emissions across the U.S. In fact, it may lead to negative impacts in some states. However, simultaneously combining the incentives and tax credits improves performance and outcomes better than the sum of the individual effects of the policies. This demonstrates that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts in this decarbonization approach. Our findings provide insights for policymakers with a recommendation that combining EV tax credits with clean energy incentives magnifies the intended impact of emission reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Energy, Economic Growth and Environmental Quality Nexus)

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16 pages, 1069 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Longitudinal Effect of Digitally Administered Feedback on the Eco-Driving Behavior of Company Car Drivers

by Frank Goedertier, Bert Weijters and Pieter Vanpaemel

Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16571; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416571 - 5 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1397

Abstract

In the global fight against climate change, stimulating eco-driving could contribute to the reduction of CO₂ emissions. Company car drivers are a main target in this challenge as they represent a significant market share and are typically not motivated financially to drive [...] Read more.

In the global fight against climate change, stimulating eco-driving could contribute to the reduction of CO₂ emissions. Company car drivers are a main target in this challenge as they represent a significant market share and are typically not motivated financially to drive more fuel efficiently (and thus more eco-friendly). As this target group has received little previous research attention, we examine whether digitally administered feedback and coaching systems can trigger such company car owners to drive eco-friendly. We do so by using respondents (employees of a financial services company (N = 327)) that voluntarily have a digital device (‘dongle’) installed in their company car, which monitors and records driving behavior-related variables. In a longitudinal real-life field study, we communicate eco-driving recommendations (e.g., avoid harsh braking, accelerate gently, etc.) to the respondent drivers via a digital (computer) interface. Over a 21-week time frame (one block of seven weeks before the intervention, seven weeks of intervention, and seven weeks after the intervention), we test whether eco-driving recommendations in combination with personalized, graphical ‘eco-score index evolution’ feedback increase eco-driving behavior. We also experimentally evaluate the impact of adding social comparison elements to the feedback (e.g., providing feedback on a person’s eco-driving performance compared to that of the same car brand users). Structural Equation Modeling (in MPlus 8.4) is used to analyze data. Our results show that digitally administered personal performance feedback increases eco-driving behavior both during and after the feedback intervention. However, we do not observe increased effects when social comparison information is added to the feedback. As this latter element is surprising, we conclude with a reflection on possible explanations and suggest areas for future research. We contribute to the sustainable eco-driving literature by researching an understudied group: company car drivers. More specifically, we contribute by demonstrating the effectiveness of digitally administered personal performance feedback on eco-driving for this group and by observing and reflecting on the (in)effectiveness of feedback containing social comparison information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effective Marketing Communication and Changes in Consumer Behavior Reflecting Sustainable Marketing Practices)

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26 pages, 7463 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Energy and Business Synergy: Leveraging Biogenic Resources from Agriculture, Waste, and Wastewater in German Rural Areas

by Moritz Pollack, Andrea Lück, Mario Wolf, Eckhard Kraft and Conrad Völker

Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16573; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416573 - 5 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1180

Abstract

The imperative to transform current energy provisions is widely acknowledged. However, scant attention has hitherto been directed toward rural municipalities and their innate resources, notably biogenic resources. In this paper, a methodological framework is developed to interconnect resources from waste, wastewater, and agricultural [...] Read more.

The imperative to transform current energy provisions is widely acknowledged. However, scant attention has hitherto been directed toward rural municipalities and their innate resources, notably biogenic resources. In this paper, a methodological framework is developed to interconnect resources from waste, wastewater, and agricultural domains for energy utilization. This entails cataloging existing resources, delineating their potential via quantitative assessments utilizing diverse technologies, and encapsulating them in a conceptual model. The formulated models underwent iterative evaluation with engagement from diverse stakeholders. Consequently, 3 main concepts, complemented by 72 sub-concepts, were delineated, all fostering positive contributions to climate protection and providing heat supply in the rural study area. The outcomes’ replicability is underscored by the study area’s generic structure and the employed methodology. Through these inquiries, a framework for the requisite energy transition, with a pronounced emphasis on the coupling of waste, wastewater, and agriculture sectors in rural environments, is robustly analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Biomass Transformation: Sustainable Development)

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15 pages, 3528 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Electrochemical Recovery of Phosphorus from Simulated and Real Wastewater: Effect of Investigational Conditions on the Process Efficiency

by Carlos Y. Sousa, Annabel Fernandes, Albertina Amaro, Maria José Pacheco, Lurdes Ciríaco and Ana Lopes

Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16556; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416556 - 5 Dec 2023

Viewed by 2101

Abstract

The development of recovery processes has become essential in recent years as a strategy to minimize environmental pollution while boosting circular economy and sustainable development. Due to the exponential growth in agricultural production and the increased pollution of waterbodies, the production of fertilizers [...] Read more.

The development of recovery processes has become essential in recent years as a strategy to minimize environmental pollution while boosting circular economy and sustainable development. Due to the exponential growth in agricultural production and the increased pollution of waterbodies, the production of fertilizers from recovered phosphorus has become an alternative to phosphate rock-based production. In this work, the effect of different operational parameters in the efficiency of the electrochemical recovery of phosphorus, from organic and inorganic sources, was investigated. Among the studied variables, the most significant was the electrode material utilized in the system. The use of magnesium sacrificial electrodes, as AZ31 alloys, led to phosphorus removal from solution of above 90%, allowing the recovery of both orthophosphates and organic phosphorus (glyphosate) as struvite, brucite, and other amorphous compounds. Since there is a lack in the literature about the use of magnesium electrodes in real wastewater electrochemical treatment, system efficiency was also evaluated using a sanitary landfill leachate, reaching 96% of phosphorus recovery. The specific energy consumption and faradaic efficiency of the phosphorus recovery process were also assessed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Solid Waste to Resources: Recycling, Recovery, Valorization and Treatment Technologies)

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19 pages, 2979 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Green Chemistry in Medical Applications: Preliminary Assessment of Kuzu Starch Films with Plant-Based Antiseptics

by Magda Morawska, Anita Kukułowicz and Joanna Brzeska

Sustainability 2023, 15(23), 16541; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316541 - 4 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1646

Abstract

The current state of the natural environment requires medical products, including dressings, to be manufactured in accordance with the principles of a sustainable economy. This assumption is perfectly met by dressings made of renewable materials and additionally filled with natural antiseptics. The use [...] Read more.

The current state of the natural environment requires medical products, including dressings, to be manufactured in accordance with the principles of a sustainable economy. This assumption is perfectly met by dressings made of renewable materials and additionally filled with natural antiseptics. The use of such plant compounds is consistent with the principles of green chemistry. In this work, films based on Kuzu starch with rooibos extract and chili pepper oil extract were prepared and tested. Starch foil with silver nanoparticles and foil without additives were used as a comparative material. The chemical structures (ATR-FTIR) of the materials obtained, their thermal (DSC) and mechanical properties (tensile strength, hardness), density, swelling, water vapor permeability, water solubility, and effects on bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were examined. The Kuzu rooibos film had the lowest antimicrobial activity. At the same time, it was the most flexible foil and was characterized by having the best water vapor permeability and water absorption capacity. The starch film with chili extract was the weakest mechanically speaking, but it significantly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 bacteria at a level similar to that of the film with silver nanoparticles. The preliminary tests carried out on the properties of Kuzu starch films with plant extracts from rooibos tea and chili peppers indicate that they may be suitable for further research on dressing materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Advanced Material)

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