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Advanced Hydrologic Modeling in Watershed Scales
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Advanced Hydrologic Modeling in Watershed Scales

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydrology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 October 2022) | Viewed by 33959

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Dengfeng Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Water Resources and Hydropower, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
Interests: watershed hydrological modeling; hydrological model; ecohydrological modeling; socio-hydrological modeling; ecohydrology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Hui Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
Interests: hydrological modeling; ecohydrology; remote sensing; drought; Lancang–Mekong; hydraulics
Dr. Xianmeng Meng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
Interests: groundwater simulation; hydrological process; river network; fractal

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hydrologic modeling in the watershed scale is a key topic in the field of hydrology. The hydrological model is an important tool to understand the impact of climate change and human activities on rainfall–runoff processes, and especially on water resources for human beings in a changing environment. In traditional hydrological modeling, the precipitation data of in situ rainfall gauges are adopted to force hydrological modeling, and the simulated discharge is used to validate the hydrological model by comparing it with the observed discharge at the hydrological station. In the last two decades, with the development of satellite remote sensing and artificial intelligence, many new datasets and methods have been introduced into hydrological modeling. Multi-source fusion precipitation products (such as GPM, MSWEP, CMFD) and atmospheric assimilation datasets (such as CMADS) display better spatial distribution than ground rainfall data and have the potential for a better performance in hydrological modeling. Additionally, data on evaporation, soil moisture, and water level at the channel from remote sensing may be applied to validate the simulated evaporation, soil moisture, and discharge. Even water storage change can be evaluated by GRACE data. Deep learning models and agent-based models may be used in the process representation and parameter estimation. The interaction of hydrological processes to ecological processes and social processes has also attracted attention in recent years.

We invite original research articles that contribute to new progress in the hydrological modeling in the watershed scale under global changes. Among the topics of interest for this Special Issue are:

  • Application of new datasets and methods in hydrological modeling;
  • New process representation in hydrological modeling;
  • Progress of parameter estimation;
  • Interaction of hydrological processes to ecological processes and social processes and their co-evolution processes;
  • Coupled modeling of surface water and groundwater;
  • Flood and drought based on hydrological modeling;
  • Flux observation in the validation of hydrological modeling;
  • Isotopic tracing in the validation of hydrological modeling;
  • Role of macropore flow or preferential flow in the hydrological process;
  • Sediment and other mass transport in the hydrological process.

Prof. Dr. Dengfeng Liu
Dr. Hui Liu
Dr. Xianmeng Meng
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 168 KiB  
Editorial
Advanced Hydrologic Modeling in Watershed Scale
by Dengfeng Liu, Hui Liu and Xianmeng Meng
Water 2023, 15(4), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040691 - 9 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1841
Abstract
Hydrologic modeling in the watershed scale is a key topic in the field of hydrology [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydrologic Modeling in Watershed Scales)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

16 pages, 5160 KiB  
Article
Identification of Time-Varying Parameters of Distributed Hydrological Model in Wei River Basin on Loess Plateau in the Changing Environment
by Haizhe Wu, Dengfeng Liu, Ming Hao, Ruisha Li, Qian Yang, Guanghui Ming and Hui Liu
Water 2022, 14(24), 4021; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14244021 - 9 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1525
Abstract
In the watershed hydrological model, the parameters represent the characteristics of the watershed. Usually, the parameters are assumed to be constant in the stable environment. However, in the changing environment, the parameters may change and the constant parameters would not represent the change [...] Read more.
In the watershed hydrological model, the parameters represent the characteristics of the watershed. Usually, the parameters are assumed to be constant in the stable environment. However, in the changing environment, the parameters may change and the constant parameters would not represent the change of the characteristics of the runoff generation and routing in the watershed. The identification of the time-varying characteristics of the watershed hydrological model parameters will help to improve the performance of the simulation and prediction of hydrological models in changing environments. Based on the measured data at the ground stations in the Wei River Basin on the Loess Plateau in China, the temporal and spatial evolution of the ecohydrological and meteorological factors was analyzed, and the SWAT model was used to identify the relationship between the model parameters and the factors, such as precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, NDVI and the other environmental characterization factors of the river basin. The results showed that the annual precipitation in the basin showed a decreasing trend, and the annual potential evapotranspiration, the annual average temperature, the annual runoff and the annual average NDVI all showed an increasing trend. The model parameters fluctuated with time during the study period. The change of the soil evaporation compensation coefficient (ESCO) was similar with the annual potential evapotranspiration, and the model parameters all showed a certain correlation with the potential evaporation of the basin, which indicates that the changes of the hydrological model parameters in the upper reach of the Wei River are closely related to the changes of the basin potential evapotranspiration. Potential evapotranspiration is a characterization factor for dynamic changes of the hydrological model parameters in the upper reach of the Wei River. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydrologic Modeling in Watershed Scales)
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21 pages, 4932 KiB  
Article
Study on Urban Rainfall–Runoff Model under the Background of Inter-Basin Water Transfer
by Jiashuai Yang, Chaowei Xu, Xinran Ni and Xuantong Zhang
Water 2022, 14(17), 2660; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14172660 - 28 Aug 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1881
Abstract
The imbalance of water supply and demand forces many cities to transfer water across basins, which changes the original “rainfall–runoff” relationship in urban basins. Long-term hydrological simulation of urban basins requires a tool that comprehensively considers the relationship of “rainfall–runoff” and the background [...] Read more.
The imbalance of water supply and demand forces many cities to transfer water across basins, which changes the original “rainfall–runoff” relationship in urban basins. Long-term hydrological simulation of urban basins requires a tool that comprehensively considers the relationship of “rainfall–runoff” and the background of inter-basin water transfer. This paper combines the rainfall–runoff model, the GR3 model, with the background of inter-basin water transfer to simulate the hydrological process of Huangtaiqiao basin (321 km2) in Jinan city, Shandong Province, China for 18 consecutive years with a 1 h time step. Twenty-one flood simulation results of different scales over 18 years were selected for statistical analysis. By comparing the simulation results of the GR3 model and the measured process, the results were verified by multiple evaluation indicators (the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, water relative error, the relative error of flood peak flow, and difference of peak arrival time) at different time scales. It was found that the simulation results of the GR3 model after inter-basin water transfer were considered to be in good agreement with the measured data. This study proves the long-term impact of inter-basin water transfer on rainfall–runoff processes in an urban basin, and the GR3-ibwt model can better simulate the hydrological processes of urban basins, providing a new perspective and method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydrologic Modeling in Watershed Scales)
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19 pages, 4744 KiB  
Article
Evaluating Monthly Flow Prediction Based on SWAT and Support Vector Regression Coupled with Discrete Wavelet Transform
by Lifeng Yuan and Kenneth J. Forshay
Water 2022, 14(17), 2649; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14172649 - 27 Aug 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3205
Abstract
Reliable and accurate streamflow prediction plays a critical role in watershed water resources planning and management. We developed a new hybrid SWAT-WSVR model based on 12 hydrological sites in the Illinois River watershed (IRW), U.S., that integrated the Soil and Water Assessment Tool [...] Read more.
Reliable and accurate streamflow prediction plays a critical role in watershed water resources planning and management. We developed a new hybrid SWAT-WSVR model based on 12 hydrological sites in the Illinois River watershed (IRW), U.S., that integrated the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model with a Support Vector Regression (SVR) calibration method coupled with discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) to better support modeling watersheds with limited data availability. Wavelet components of the simulated streamflow from the SWAT-Calibration Uncertainty Procedure (SWAT-CUP) and precipitation time series were used as inputs to SVR to build a hybrid SWAT-WSVR. We examined the performance and potential of the SWAT-WSVR model and compared it with observations, SWAT-CUP, and SWAT-SVR using statistical metrics, Taylor diagrams, and hydrography. The results showed that the average of RMSE-observation’s standard deviation ratio (RSR), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), percent bias (PBIAS), and root mean square error (RMSE) from SWAT-WSVR is 0.02, 1.00, −0.15, and 0.27 m3 s−1 in calibration and 0.14, 0.98, −1.88, and 2.91 m3 s−1 in validation on 12 sites, respectively. Compared with the other two models, the proposed SWAT-WSVR model possessed lower discrepancy and higher accuracy. The rank of the overall performance of the three SWAT-based models during the whole study period was SWAT-WSVR > SWAT-SVR > SWAT-CUP. The developed SWAT-WSVR model supplies an additional calibration approach that can improve the accuracy of the SWAT streamflow simulation of watersheds with limited data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydrologic Modeling in Watershed Scales)
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17 pages, 4397 KiB  
Article
Comparison of the Calibrated Objective Functions for Low Flow Simulation in a Semi-Arid Catchment
by Xue Yang, Chengxi Yu, Xiaoli Li, Jungang Luo, Jiancang Xie and Bin Zhou
Water 2022, 14(17), 2591; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14172591 - 23 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2010
Abstract
Low flow simulation by hydrological models is a common solution in water research and application. However, knowledge about the influence of the objective functions is limited in relatively arid regions. This study aims to increase insight into the difference between the calibrated objective [...] Read more.
Low flow simulation by hydrological models is a common solution in water research and application. However, knowledge about the influence of the objective functions is limited in relatively arid regions. This study aims to increase insight into the difference between the calibrated objective functions by evaluating eight objectives in three different classes (single objectives: KGE(log(Q)) and KGE(1/Q); multi objectives: KGE(Q)+KGE(log(Q)), KGE(Q)+KGE(1/Q), KGE(Qsort)+KGE(log(Qsort)) and KGE(Qsort)+KGE(1/Qsort); Split objectives: split KGE(Q) and split (KGE(Q)+KGE(1/Q))) in Bahe, a semi-arid basin in China. The calibrated model is Xin An Jiang, and the evaluation is repeated under varied climates. The results show a clear difference between objective functions for low flows, and the mean of KGE and logarithmic transformed-based KGE in time series (KGE(Q)+KGE(log(Q))) presents the best compromise between the estimation for low flows and general simulation. In addition, the applications of the inverse transformed-based KGE (KGE(1/Q)) and the Flow Duration Curve-based series (Qsort) in objectives are not suggested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydrologic Modeling in Watershed Scales)
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20 pages, 2886 KiB  
Article
Ecological Compensation Mechanism in a Trans-Provincial River Basin: A Hydrological/Water-Quality Modeling-Based Analysis
by Wenhua Wan, Hang Zheng, Yueyi Liu, Jianshi Zhao, Yingqi Fan and Hongbo Fan
Water 2022, 14(16), 2542; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162542 - 18 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2296
Abstract
Ecological compensation is an important economic means of water pollution control and quality management, especially for trans-regional rivers with unbalanced economic and social development between upstream and downstream. The Tangbai River Basin (TRB), a watershed crossing Henan province and Hubei province, China, forms [...] Read more.
Ecological compensation is an important economic means of water pollution control and quality management, especially for trans-regional rivers with unbalanced economic and social development between upstream and downstream. The Tangbai River Basin (TRB), a watershed crossing Henan province and Hubei province, China, forms one of the nation’s most productive agricultural regions. The TRB has been exposed to high doses of fertilizers for a long time. This study simulates hydrologic and nutrient cycling in the TRB using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) with limited data available. The results indicate that dryland fields, which constitute 62% of the basin area, produce 80% of total nitrogen (TN) and 85% of total phosphorus (TP) yields of the whole river basin. The water quality of river sections at the provincial boundary shows that only 29% of the time from 2000 to 2019 met the Class III standard regarding TN and TP concentrations, and the concentrations in the spring flood season are approximately three times the mean in the non-flood season. The Grain for Green ecological restoration measure in Henan province shows that restoration of non-flat drylands can reduce nutrient loads at trans-provincial sections by 3.5 times compared to that of slope-independent drylands; however, the water quality compliance rate remains similar. The value of ecological compensation can also vary widely depending on different quantitative criteria. The SWAT-based pollutant quantification method adopted in this study could have implications for ecological compensation in trans-regional rivers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydrologic Modeling in Watershed Scales)
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30 pages, 3553 KiB  
Article
Delineating Groundwater Recharge Potential through Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems
by Ahsen Maqsoom, Bilal Aslam, Nauman Khalid, Fahim Ullah, Hubert Anysz, Abdulrazak H. Almaliki, Abdulrhman A. Almaliki and Enas E. Hussein
Water 2022, 14(11), 1824; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111824 - 6 Jun 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5770
Abstract
Owing to the extensive global dependency on groundwater and associated increasing water demand, the global groundwater level is declining rapidly. In the case of Islamabad, Pakistan, the groundwater level has lowered five times over the past five years due to extensive pumping by [...] Read more.
Owing to the extensive global dependency on groundwater and associated increasing water demand, the global groundwater level is declining rapidly. In the case of Islamabad, Pakistan, the groundwater level has lowered five times over the past five years due to extensive pumping by various departments and residents to meet the local water requirements. To address this, water reservoirs and sources need to be delineated, and potential recharge zones are highlighted to assess the recharge potential. Therefore, the current study utilizes an integrated approach based on remote sensing (RS) and GIS using the influence factor (IF) technique to delineate potential groundwater recharge zones in Islamabad, Pakistan. Soil map of Pakistan, Landsat 8TM satellite data, digital elevation model (ASTER DEM), and local geological map were used in the study for the preparation of thematic maps of 15 key contributing factors considered in this study. To generate a combined groundwater recharge map, rate and weightage values were assigned to each factor representing their mutual influence and recharge capabilities. To analyze the final combined recharge map, five different assessment analogies were used in the study: poor, low, medium, high, and best. The final recharge potential map for Islamabad classifies 15% (136.8 km2) of the region as the “best” zone for extracting groundwater. Furthermore, high, medium, low, and poor ranks were assigned to 21%, 24%, 27%, and 13% of the region with respective areas of 191.52 km2, 218.88 km2, 246.24 km2, and 118.56 km2. Overall, this research outlines the best to least favorable zones in Islamabad regarding groundwater recharge potentials. This can help the authorities devise mitigation strategies and preserve the natural terrain in the regions with the best groundwater recharge potential. This is aligned with the aims of the interior ministry of Pakistan for constructing small reservoirs and ponds in the existing natural streams and installing recharging wells to maintain the groundwater level in cities. Other countries can expand upon and adapt this study to delineate local groundwater recharge potentials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydrologic Modeling in Watershed Scales)
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21 pages, 6338 KiB  
Article
Hydrological Modeling in the Chaohu Lake Basin of China—Driven by Open-Access Gridded Meteorological and Remote Sensing Precipitation Products
by Junli Liu, Yun Zhang, Lei Yang and Yuying Li
Water 2022, 14(9), 1406; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091406 - 28 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2348
Abstract
This study assessed the performance of two well-known gridded meteorological datasets, CFSR (Climate Forecast System Reanalysis) and CMADS (China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets), and three satellite-based precipitation datasets, TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission), CMORPH (Climate Prediction Center morphing technique), and CHIRPS (Climate Hazards [...] Read more.
This study assessed the performance of two well-known gridded meteorological datasets, CFSR (Climate Forecast System Reanalysis) and CMADS (China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets), and three satellite-based precipitation datasets, TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission), CMORPH (Climate Prediction Center morphing technique), and CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data), in driving the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model for streamflow simulation in the Fengle watershed in the middle–lower Yangtze Plain, China. Eighteen model scenarios were generated by forcing the SWAT model with different combinations of three meteorological datasets and six precipitation datasets. Our results showed that (1) the three satellite-based precipitation datasets (i.e., TRMM, CMORPH, and CHIRPS) generally provided more accurate precipitation estimates than CFSR and CMADS. CFSR and CMADS agreed fairly well with the gauged measurements in maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and relative humidity, but large discrepancies existed for the solar radiation and wind speed. (2) The impact of precipitation data on simulated streamflow was much larger than that of other meteorological variables. Satisfactory simulations were achieved using the CMORPH precipitation data for daily streamflow simulation and the TRMM and CHIRPS precipitation data for monthly streamflow simulation. This suggests that different precipitation datasets can be used for optimal simulations at different temporal scales. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydrologic Modeling in Watershed Scales)
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15 pages, 4851 KiB  
Article
Base Flow Variation and Attribution Analysis Based on the Budyko Theory in the Weihe River Basin
by Zheng Mu, Guanpeng Liu, Shuai Lin, Jingjing Fan, Tianling Qin, Yunyun Li, Yao Cheng and Bin Zhou
Water 2022, 14(3), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030334 - 24 Jan 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2972
Abstract
The composition and change of runoff are closely related to climate change and human activities. To design effective watershed water resources management measures, there is a need for a clear understanding of the impact of climate change and human activities on baseflow and [...] Read more.
The composition and change of runoff are closely related to climate change and human activities. To design effective watershed water resources management measures, there is a need for a clear understanding of the impact of climate change and human activities on baseflow and surface runoff. The purpose of this essay is to quantify their impact on the annual total stream flow, surface runoff, and base flow in the Weihe River Basin (WRB) using a two-stage annual precipitation partitioning method, wherein the surface runoff and base flow are separated from the measured total flow by using a one-parameter digital filter method for which the common filter parameter value is 0.925. The stream flow records were split into two periods: 1960–1970 (pre-change period) and 1971–2005 (post-change period) based on the hydrological breakpoints detected. We found that climate change and human activities have different impacts on base flow and surface runoff. We attributed the decrease in surface runoff due to climate change accounting for 76–78%, while we determined that human activities were responsible to the decrease in base flow accounting for 59–73% of the total observed change. We concluded that both climate change and human beings contributed to the hydrologic change through different hydrological processes: climate change dominated the surface runoff change, while human influences controlled the base flow change. To achieve the expected goals of ecological restoration, appropriate measures must be taken by watershed management in the WRB to mitigate the likely impacts of climate change on water hydrology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydrologic Modeling in Watershed Scales)
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22 pages, 4165 KiB  
Article
Predicting Snowmelt Runoff at the Source of the Mountainous Euphrates River Basin in Turkey for Water Supply and Flood Control Issues Using HEC-HMS Modeling
by Selim Şengül and Muhammet Nuri İspirli
Water 2022, 14(3), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030284 - 18 Jan 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5550
Abstract
Predicting the runoff from snowpack accumulated in mountainous basins during the melting periods is very important in terms of assessing issues such as water supply and flood control. In this study, the Hydrological Engineering Center–Hydrological Modeling System (HEC-HMS) was used to simulate snowmelt [...] Read more.
Predicting the runoff from snowpack accumulated in mountainous basins during the melting periods is very important in terms of assessing issues such as water supply and flood control. In this study, the Hydrological Engineering Center–Hydrological Modeling System (HEC-HMS) was used to simulate snowmelt runoff in the Kırkgöze–Çipak Basin that has a complex topography where altitude differences range from 1823 m to 3140 m above the sea level. The Kırkgöze–Çipak Basin, located in eastern Turkey, is a basin where snowfall is highly effective during the cold season. There are three automatic meteorology and snow observation stations and three stream gauge stations in the basin, which are operated especially for the calibration and validation of hydrological parameters at different altitudes and exposures. In this study, the parameters affecting snow accumulation–melting and runoff were investigated using the simulations on an hourly basis carried out over a three-year period for temporal and spatial distribution at the basin scale. Different from previous studies focusing on the rate of snowmelt, the temperature index method, which is calculated with physically-based parameters (R2 = 0.77~0.99), was integrated into the runoff simulations (R2 = 0.84) in the basin. The snowmelt-dominated basin is considered to be the source of the headwaters of the Euphrates River. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydrologic Modeling in Watershed Scales)
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19 pages, 6759 KiB  
Article
Modelling the Impact of Vegetation Change on Hydrological Processes in Bayin River Basin, Northwest China
by Xin Jin, Yanxiang Jin, Xufeng Mao, Jingya Zhai and Di Fu
Water 2021, 13(19), 2787; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192787 - 8 Oct 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2307
Abstract
Vegetation change in arid areas may lead to the redistribution of regional water resources, which can intensify the competition between ecosystems and humans for water resources. This study aimed to accurately model the impact of vegetation change on hydrological processes in an arid [...] Read more.
Vegetation change in arid areas may lead to the redistribution of regional water resources, which can intensify the competition between ecosystems and humans for water resources. This study aimed to accurately model the impact of vegetation change on hydrological processes in an arid endorheic river watershed undergoing revegetation, namely, the middle and lower reaches of the Bayin River basin, China. A LU-SWAT-MODFLOW model was developed by integrating dynamic hydrological response units with a coupled SWAT-MODFLOW model, which can reflect actual land cover changes in the basin. The LU-SWAT-MODFLOW model outperformed the original SWAT-MODFLOW model in simulating the impact of human activity as well as the leaf area index, evapotranspiration, and groundwater table depth. After regional revegetation, evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge in different sub-basins increased significantly. In addition, the direction and amount of surface-water–groundwater exchange changed considerably in areas where revegetation involved converting low-coverage grassland and bare land to forestland. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydrologic Modeling in Watershed Scales)
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