Molecules

56 pages, 25040 KiB

Open AccessReview

Saturated Cannabinoids: Update on Synthesis Strategies and Biological Studies of These Emerging Cannabinoid Analogs

by Maite L. Docampo-Palacios, Giovanni A. Ramirez, Tesfay T. Tesfatsion, Alex Okhovat, Monica Pittiglio, Kyle P. Ray and Westley Cruces

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6434; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176434 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4392

Abstract

Natural and non-natural hexahydrocannabinols (HHC) were first described in 1940 by Adam and in late 2021 arose on the drug market in the United States and in some European countries. A background on the discovery, synthesis, and pharmacology studies of hydrogenated and saturated [...] Read more.

Natural and non-natural hexahydrocannabinols (HHC) were first described in 1940 by Adam and in late 2021 arose on the drug market in the United States and in some European countries. A background on the discovery, synthesis, and pharmacology studies of hydrogenated and saturated cannabinoids is described. This is harmonized with a summary and comparison of the cannabinoid receptor affinities of various classical, hybrid, and non-classical saturated cannabinoids. A discussion of structure–activity relationships with the four different pharmacophores found in the cannabinoid scaffold is added to this review. According to laboratory studies in vitro, and in several animal species in vivo, HHC is reported to have broadly similar effects to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the main psychoactive substance in cannabis, as demonstrated both in vitro and in several animal species in vivo. However, the effects of HHC treatment have not been studied in humans, and thus a biological profile has not been established. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Natural Products and Drug Discovery)

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18 pages, 3094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Characterization of a Hydrogel Containing Curcumin-Loaded Nanoemulsion for Enhanced In Vitro Antibacteria and In Vivo Wound Healing

by Thi Thanh Ngoc Le, Thi Kieu Nhi Nguyen, Van Minh Nguyen, Thi Cam Minh Dao, Hoai Bao Chau Nguyen, Cong Thuan Dang, Thi Bao Chi Le, Thi Khanh Linh Nguyen, Phuong Thao Tien Nguyen, Le Hoang Nam Dang, Van Minh Doan and Hoang Nhan Ho

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6433; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176433 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2869

Abstract

Curcumin (CUR) is a natural compound extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) used to cure acne, wound healing, etc. Its disadvantages, such as poor solubility and permeability, limit its efficacy. Nanoemulsion (NE)-based drug delivery systems have gained popularity due to their advantages. [...] Read more.

Curcumin (CUR) is a natural compound extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) used to cure acne, wound healing, etc. Its disadvantages, such as poor solubility and permeability, limit its efficacy. Nanoemulsion (NE)-based drug delivery systems have gained popularity due to their advantages. This study aimed to optimize a CUR-NE-based gel and evaluate its physicochemical and biological properties. A NE was prepared using the catastrophic phase inversion method and optimized using the Design Expert 12.0 software. The CUR-NE gel was characterized in terms of visual appearance, pH, drug release, antibacterial and wound healing effects. The optimal formulation contained CUR, Capryol 90 (oil), Labrasol:Cremophor RH40 (1:1) (surfactants), propylene glycol (co-surfactant), and water. The NE had a droplet size of 22.87 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.348. The obtained CUR-NE gel had a soft, smooth texture and a pH of 5.34 ± 0.05. The in vitro release of CUR from the NE-based gel was higher than that from a commercial gel with nanosized CUR (21.68 ± 1.25 µg/cm², 13.62 ± 1.63 µg/cm² after 10 h, respectively). The CUR-NE gel accelerated in vitro antibacterial and in vivo wound healing activities as compared to other CUR-loaded gels. The CUR-NE gel has potential for transdermal applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds in Modern Therapies)

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36 pages, 10132 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrode Materials, Structural Design, and Storage Mechanisms in Hybrid Supercapacitors

by Xiaobing Du, Zhuanglong Lin, Xiaoxia Wang, Kaiyou Zhang, Hao Hu and Shuge Dai

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6432; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176432 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2886

Abstract

Currently, energy storage systems are of great importance in daily life due to our dependence on portable electronic devices and hybrid electric vehicles. Among these energy storage systems, hybrid supercapacitor devices, constructed from a battery-type positive electrode and a capacitor-type negative electrode, have [...] Read more.

Currently, energy storage systems are of great importance in daily life due to our dependence on portable electronic devices and hybrid electric vehicles. Among these energy storage systems, hybrid supercapacitor devices, constructed from a battery-type positive electrode and a capacitor-type negative electrode, have attracted widespread interest due to their potential applications. In general, they have a high energy density, a long cycling life, high safety, and environmental friendliness. This review first addresses the recent developments in state-of-the-art electrode materials, the structural design of electrodes, and the optimization of electrode performance. Then we summarize the possible classification of hybrid supercapacitor devices, and their potential applications. Finally, the fundamental theoretical aspects, charge-storage mechanism, and future developing trends are discussed. This review is intended to provide future research directions for the next generation of high-performance energy storage devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials)

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24 pages, 4574 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Biomedical Applications of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Perilla frutescens Flavonoid Extract: Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Cell Toxicity Properties against Colon Cancer Cells

by Tianyu Hou, Yurong Guo, Wanyu Han, Yang Zhou, Vasudeva Reddy Netala, Huizhen Li, He Li and Zhijun Zhang

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6431; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176431 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2852

Abstract

The present study reports the biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a simple, cost effective and eco-friendly method. In this method, the flavonoid extract of Perilla frutescens (PFFE) was used as a bioreduction agent for the reduction of metallic silver into nanosilver, [...] Read more.

The present study reports the biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a simple, cost effective and eco-friendly method. In this method, the flavonoid extract of Perilla frutescens (PFFE) was used as a bioreduction agent for the reduction of metallic silver into nanosilver, called P. frutescens flavonoid extract silver nanoparticles (PFFE-AgNPs). The Ultraviolet–Visible (UV-Vis) spectrum showed a characteristic absorption peak at 440 nm that confirmed the synthesis of PFFE-AgNPs. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis of the PFFE-AgNPs revealed that flavonoids are involved in the bioreduction and capping processes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns confirmed the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure of PFFE-AgNPs. A transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis indicated that the synthesized PFFE-AgNPs are 20 to 70 nm in size with spherical morphology and without any aggregation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies showed that the average hydrodynamic size was 44 nm. A polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.321 denotes the monodispersed nature of PFFE-AgNPs. Further, a highly negative surface charge or zeta potential value (−30 mV) indicates the repulsion, non-aggregation, and stability of PFFE-AgNPs. PFFE-AgNPs showed cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines, including human colon carcinoma (COLO205) and mouse melanoma (B16F10), with IC₅₀ concentrations of 59.57 and 69.33 μg/mL, respectively. PFFE-AgNPs showed a significant inhibition of both Gram-positive (Listeria monocytogens and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative (Salmonella typhi and Acinetobacter baumannii) bacteria pathogens. PFFE-AgNPs exhibited in vitro antioxidant activity by quenching 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) free radicals with IC₅₀ values of 72.81 and 92.48 µg/mL, respectively. In this study, we also explained the plausible mechanisms of the biosynthesis, anticancer, and antibacterial effects of PFFE-AgNPs. Overall, these findings suggest that PFFE-AgNPs have potential as a multi-functional nanomaterial for biomedical applications, particularly in cancer therapy and infection control. However, it is important to note that further research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these nanoparticles in vivo, as well as to explore their potential in other areas of medicine. Full article

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16 pages, 1716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Designing Cyclic-Constrained Peptides to Inhibit Human Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase

by Xiaoyu Qing, Qian Wang, Hanyu Xu, Pei Liu and Luhua Lai

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6430; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176430 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1683

Abstract

Although loop epitopes at protein-protein binding interfaces often play key roles in mediating oligomer formation and interaction specificity, their binding sites are underexplored as drug targets owing to their high flexibility, relatively few hot spots, and solvent accessibility. Prior attempts to develop molecules [...] Read more.

Although loop epitopes at protein-protein binding interfaces often play key roles in mediating oligomer formation and interaction specificity, their binding sites are underexplored as drug targets owing to their high flexibility, relatively few hot spots, and solvent accessibility. Prior attempts to develop molecules that mimic loop epitopes to disrupt protein oligomers have had limited success. In this study, we used structure-based approaches to design and optimize cyclic-constrained peptides based on loop epitopes at the human phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) dimer interface, which is an obligate homo-dimer with activity strongly dependent on the oligomeric state. The experimental validations showed that these cyclic peptides inhibit PHGDH activity by directly binding to the dimer interface and disrupting the obligate homo-oligomer formation. Our results demonstrate that loop epitope derived cyclic peptides with rationally designed affinity-enhancing substitutions can modulate obligate protein homo-oligomers, which can be used to design peptide inhibitors for other seemingly intractable oligomeric proteins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peptide and Protein Chemistry: Design, Synthesis, and Applications)

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13 pages, 3021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Crystal Violet Degradation Products for Ballpoint Pen Ink Manuscript Dating

by Óscar Díaz-Santana, Nuria Cárdenes-Sánchez, Francisco Conde-Hardisson, Argimiro Rivero-Rosales, Miguel Suárez de Tangil Navarro and Daura Vega-Moreno

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6429; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176429 - 4 Sep 2023

Viewed by 3532

Abstract

Determining the approximate dates that written documents were drawn up based on the chemical composition of the ink is not a simple process. It is very demanding in terms of legal requirements. Various studies have succeeded in dating manuscripts by analyzing the temporal [...] Read more.

Determining the approximate dates that written documents were drawn up based on the chemical composition of the ink is not a simple process. It is very demanding in terms of legal requirements. Various studies have succeeded in dating manuscripts by analyzing the temporal evolutions of the concentrations of dyes and solvents in documents based on the original formulations of the ink pens. These analyses were carried out simultaneously by HPLC-DAD for dyes and by GC-MS for solvents. This study aims, for the first time, to evaluate novel ink compounds and the temporal evolution of the concentrations of the degradation products of the dyes used by most suppliers and which are present in almost all types of ballpoint inks, i.e., Crystal Violet (CV). CV degrades through two parallel pathways: on the one hand, it undergoes progressive demethylation until it becomes pararosaniline, and on the other, it undergoes a breakdown of the molecule obtaining, among other by-products, the compound N,N′-Dimethyl-4-aminophenol (NNAPH), that was experimentally verified using four different inks (e.g., Inoxcrom^® and Sigma^® brands, in blue and black). For the NNAPH compound, we observed that four of the inks under analysis displayed the same temporary behavior despite having different initial chemical compositions. These initial results show the high potential for both CV and NNAPH, together with the rest of the pararosaniline family, as age tracers for dated/old documents. These techniques may potentially open up new avenues for universal dating tools, regardless of the brands of ink employed for use in different ballpoint pen types. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Analytical Chemistry)

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23 pages, 5957 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Novel 4-Aryl-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines Arrest Cell Cycle and Induce Cell Apoptosis by Inhibiting CDK2 and/or CDK9

by Basma S. Almansour, Faizah A. Binjubair, Alaa A.-M. Abdel-Aziz and Sara T. Al-Rashood

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6428; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176428 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1776

Abstract

Two series of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives, 9a–h and 14a–h, are synthesized and evaluated for their anti-cancer potency towards Hela, MCF7, and HCT-116 cancer cell lines. Compound 9a showed the highest anticancer activity with IC₅₀ = 2.59 [...] Read more.

Two series of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives, 9a–h and 14a–h, are synthesized and evaluated for their anti-cancer potency towards Hela, MCF7, and HCT-116 cancer cell lines. Compound 9a showed the highest anticancer activity with IC₅₀ = 2.59 µM against Hela when compared with doxorubicin (IC₅₀ = 2.35 µM). Compound 14g revealed cytotoxicity IC₅₀ = 4.66 and 1.98 µM towards MCF7 and HCT-116 compared to doxorubicin with IC₅₀ = 4.57 and 2.11 µM, respectively. Compound 9a exhibited cell cycle arrest at the S phase for Hela, whereas 14g revealed an arresting cell cycle for MCF7 at G2/M phase and an arresting cell cycle at S phase in HCT-116. In addition, 9a induced a significant level of early and late apoptosis in Hela when compared with the control cells, whereas 14g induced an apoptosis in MCF7 and HCT-116, respectively. Compounds 9a (IC₅₀ = 26.44 ± 3.23 µM) and 14g (IC₅₀ = 21.81 ± 2.96 µM) showed good safety profiles on normal cell line WI-38. Compounds 9a and 14g showed good inhibition activity towards CDK2, with IC₅₀ = 1.630 ± 0.009 and 0.460 ± 0.024 µM, respectively, when compared with ribociclib (IC₅₀ = 0.068 ± 0.004). Furthermore, 9a and 14g showed inhibitory activity towards CDK9 with IC₅₀ = 0.262 ± 0.013 and 0.801 ± 0.041 µM, respectively, related to IC₅₀ of ribociclib = 0.050 ± 0.003. Docking study for 9a and 14g exhibited good fitting in the CDK2 and CDK9 active sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Evaluation of Biologically Active Compounds from Five Membered Heterocycles)

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19 pages, 6429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Turtle-Shell Growth Year Using Hyperspectral Imaging Combined with an Enhanced Spatial–Spectral Attention 3DCNN and a Transformer

by Tingting Wang, Zhenyu Xu, Huiqiang Hu, Huaxing Xu, Yuping Zhao and Xiaobo Mao

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6427; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176427 - 4 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1407

Abstract

Turtle shell (Chinemys reecesii) is a prized traditional Chinese dietary therapy, and the growth year of turtle shell has a significant impact on its quality attributes. In this study, a hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technique combined with a proposed deep learning (DL) [...] Read more.

Turtle shell (Chinemys reecesii) is a prized traditional Chinese dietary therapy, and the growth year of turtle shell has a significant impact on its quality attributes. In this study, a hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technique combined with a proposed deep learning (DL) network algorithm was investigated for the objective determination of the growth year of turtle shells. The acquisition of hyperspectral images was carried out in the near-infrared range (948.72–2512.97 nm) from samples spanning five different growth years. To fully exploit the spatial and spectral information while reducing redundancy in hyperspectral data simultaneously, three modules were developed. First, the spectral–spatial attention (SSA) module was developed to better protect the spectral correlation among spectral bands and capture fine-grained spatial information of hyperspectral images. Second, the 3D convolutional neural network (CNN), more suitable for the extracted 3D feature map, was employed to facilitate the joint spatial–spectral feature representation. Thirdly, to overcome the constraints of convolution kernels as well as better capture long-range correlation between spectral bands, the transformer encoder (TE) module was further designed. These modules were harmoniously orchestrated, driven by the need to effectively leverage both spatial and spectral information within hyperspectral data. They collectively enhance the model’s capacity to extract joint spatial and spectral features to discern growth years accurately. Experimental studies demonstrated that the proposed model (named SSA–3DTE) achieved superior classification accuracy, with 98.94% on average for five-category classification, outperforming traditional machine learning methods using only spectral information and representative deep learning methods. Also, ablation experiments confirmed the effectiveness of each module to improve performance. The encouraging results of this study revealed the potentiality of HSI combined with the DL algorithm as an efficient and non-destructive method for the quality control of turtle shells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Spectroscopy and Chemometrics for Authentication of Foods and Drugs (Volume II))

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12 pages, 1332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Six New Phenolic Glycosides from the Seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Their α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity

by Lin-Zhen Li, Liang Chen, Yang-Li Tu, Xiang-Jie Dai, Sheng-Jia Xiao, Jing-Shan Shi, Yong-Jun Li and Xiao-Sheng Yang

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6426; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176426 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1482

Abstract

Plant-derived phytochemicals have recently drawn interest in the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). The seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. are widely used in food and herbal medicine for their health-promoting properties against various diseases, including DM, but many of their effective [...] Read more.

Plant-derived phytochemicals have recently drawn interest in the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). The seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. are widely used in food and herbal medicine for their health-promoting properties against various diseases, including DM, but many of their effective constituents are still unknown. In this study, 6 new phenolic glycosides, moringaside B–G (1–6), together with 10 known phenolic glycosides (7–16) were isolated from M. oleifera seeds. The structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) data analysis. The absolute configurations of compounds 2 and 3 were determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 2 and 3 especially are combined with a 1,3-dioxocyclopentane moiety at the rhamnose group, which are rarely reported in phenolic glycoside backbones. A biosynthetic pathway of 2 and 3 was assumed. Moreover, all the isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase. Compounds 4 and 16 exhibited marked activities with IC₅₀ values of 382.8 ± 1.42 and 301.4 ± 6.22 μM, and the acarbose was the positive control with an IC₅₀ value of 324.1 ± 4.99 μM. Compound 16 revealed better activity than acarbose. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction, Identification, and Biological Evaluations of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants)

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13 pages, 2029 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in the Study of Trivalent Lanthanides and Actinides by Phosphinic and Thiophosphinic Ligands in Condensed Phases

by Qin Wang, Ziyi Liu, Yu-Fei Song and Dongqi Wang

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6425; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176425 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1908

Abstract

The separation of trivalent actinides and lanthanides is a key step in the sustainable development of nuclear energy, and it is currently mainly realized via liquid–liquid extraction techniques. The underlying mechanism is complicated and remains ambiguous, which hinders the further development of extraction. [...] Read more.

The separation of trivalent actinides and lanthanides is a key step in the sustainable development of nuclear energy, and it is currently mainly realized via liquid–liquid extraction techniques. The underlying mechanism is complicated and remains ambiguous, which hinders the further development of extraction. Herein, to better understand the mechanism of the extraction, the contributing factors for the extraction are discussed (specifically, the sulfur-donating ligand, Cyanex301) by combing molecular dynamics simulations and experiments. This work is expected to contribute to improve our systematic understanding on a molecular scale of the extraction of lanthanides and actinides, and to assist in the extensive studies on the design and optimization of novel ligands with improved performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Actinoids in Biologic Systems and Catalysis)

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14 pages, 4862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Derived from Papaver rhoeas L. Leaf Extract: Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Properties

by Polat İpek, Reşit Yıldız, Mehmet Fırat Baran, Abdulkerim Hatipoğlu, Ayşe Baran, Albert Sufianov and Ozal Beylerli

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6424; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176424 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2394

Abstract

In the last few decades, the search for metal nanoparticles as an alternative to cancer treatments and antibiotics has increased. In this article, the spectroscopic (ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis), electron-dispersing X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)), microscopic (field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission [...] Read more.

In the last few decades, the search for metal nanoparticles as an alternative to cancer treatments and antibiotics has increased. In this article, the spectroscopic (ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis), electron-dispersing X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)), microscopic (field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and atomic force microscope (AFM)), structural (X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and zetasizer), and analytic (thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyzer (TGA-DTA)) characterization of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced from Papaver rhoeas (PR) L. leaf extract are presented. PR-AgNPs are generally spherical and have a maximum surface plasmon resonance of 464.03 nm. The dimensions of the manufactured nanomaterial are in the range of 1.47–7.31 nm. PR-AgNPs have high thermal stability and a zeta potential of −36.1 mV. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (mg L⁻¹) of PR-AgNPs on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans are 1.50, 0.75, 3.00, 6.00, and 0.37, respectively. In the study, the cytotoxic and proliferative effects of PR-AgNPs using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method on various cancer cell lines (CACO-2 (human colon adenocarcinoma cell), MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell), T98-G (glioblastoma multiforme cell), and healthy HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cell)) cell lines are presented. After 24 and 48 h of the application, the half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values (μg mL⁻¹) of PR-AgNPs on HUVEC, CACO-2, MCF-7, and T98-G lines are 2.365 and 2.380; 2.526 and 2.521; 3.274 and 3.318; 3.472 and 3.526, respectively. Comprehensive in vivo research of PR-AgNPs is proposed to reveal their potential for usage in sectors such as nanomedicine and nanochemistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Characterization and Biological, Medical and Environmental Applications of Biological Products and Bio-Based Nanomaterials or Composites)

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5 pages, 199 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Analytical Strategies to Study Cultural Heritage Samples

by Maria Luisa Astolfi

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6423; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176423 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1226

Abstract

The advancements of civilization are based on our ability to pass on the events and knowledge of the past so that the next generations can start from an ever-higher level of expertise [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Analytical Strategies to Study Cultural Heritage Samples)

16 pages, 3916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Substituted 10-RO-(hetero)acenes—Electric Properties of Vacuum-Deposited Molecular Films

by Bernard Marciniak, Sylwester Kania, Piotr Bałczewski, Ewa Różycka-Sokołowska, Joanna Wilk, Marek Koprowski, Jacek Stańdo and Janusz Kuliński

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6422; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176422 - 3 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1385

Abstract

The functionalization of the aromatic backbone allows the improvement of the electrical properties of acene molecules in the amorphous layered structures of organic thin films. In the present work, we discuss the electric properties of the stable, amorphous, vacuum-deposited films prepared from five [...] Read more.

The functionalization of the aromatic backbone allows the improvement of the electrical properties of acene molecules in the amorphous layered structures of organic thin films. In the present work, we discuss the electric properties of the stable, amorphous, vacuum-deposited films prepared from five highly substituted 10-RO-acenes of various electronic properties, i.e., two extreme electron-donor (1,3-dioxa-cyclopenta[b]) anthracenes with all RO substituents, two anthracene carbaldehydes and one benzo[b]carbazole carbaldehyde possessing both electron-donor and acceptor substituents. The hole mobility data were obtained using subsequent steady state space charge limited currents (SCLC) and Time of Flight (TOF) measurements, performed on the same sample and these were then compared with the results of theoretical hole mobility calculations obtained using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) quantum—chemical calculations using the Marcus–Hush theory. The study shows a good agreement between the theoretical and experimental values which allows for the quick and quantitative estimation of Einstein’s mobility values for highly substituted 10-RO anthracene and benzo[b]carbazole based on chemical calculations. This agreement also proves that the transport of holes follows the hopping mechanism. The theoretical calculations indicate that the reorganization energy plays a decisive role in the transport of holes in the amorphous layers of highly substituted hetero(acenes). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Studies of Novel Function Materials)

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25 pages, 2881 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Research Progress of Bioactive Peptides Derived from Traditional Natural Products in China

by Yanyan Zhang, Lianghong Liu, Min Zhang, Shani Li, Jini Wu, Qiuju Sun, Shengjun Ma and Wei Cai

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6421; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176421 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3114

Abstract

Traditional natural products in China have a long history and a vast pharmacological repertoire that has garnered significant attention due to their safety and efficacy in disease prevention and treatment. Among the bioactive components of traditional natural products in China, bioactive peptides (BPs) [...] Read more.

Traditional natural products in China have a long history and a vast pharmacological repertoire that has garnered significant attention due to their safety and efficacy in disease prevention and treatment. Among the bioactive components of traditional natural products in China, bioactive peptides (BPs) are specific protein fragments that have beneficial effects on human health. Despite many of the traditional natural products in China ingredients being rich in protein, BPs have not received sufficient attention as a critical factor influencing overall therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the current methodologies for the preparation, isolation, and identification of BPs from traditional natural products in China and to classify the functions of discovered BPs. Insights from this review are expected to facilitate the development of targeted drugs and functional foods derived from traditional natural products in China in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Biological Activity of Plant Extracts)

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14 pages, 2865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Activity of New N,N′-Diarylthiourea Derivative against Breast Cancer Cells

by Mohamed A. El-Atawy, Mai S. Alsubaie, Mohammed L. Alazmi, Ezzat A. Hamed, Demiana H. Hanna, Hoda A. Ahmed and Alaa Z. Omar

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6420; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176420 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1848

Abstract

The goal of the current study was to prepare two new homologous series of N,N′-diarylurea and N,N′-diarylthiourea derivatives to investigate the therapeutic effects of these derivatives on the methodologies of inhibition directed on human MCF-7 cancer cells. The molecular structures of the prepared [...] Read more.

The goal of the current study was to prepare two new homologous series of N,N′-diarylurea and N,N′-diarylthiourea derivatives to investigate the therapeutic effects of these derivatives on the methodologies of inhibition directed on human MCF-7 cancer cells. The molecular structures of the prepared derivatives were successfully revealed through elemental analyses, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. The cytotoxic results showed that Diarylthiourea (compound 4) was the most effective in suppressing MCF-7 cell growth when compared to all other prepared derivatives, with the most effective IC₅₀ value (338.33 ± 1.52 µM) after an incubation period of 24 h and no cytotoxic effects on normal human lung cells (wi38 cells). Using the annexin V/PI and comet tests, respectively, treated MCF-7 cells with this IC₅₀ value of the Diarylthiourea 4 compound displayed a considerable increase in early and late apoptotic cells, as well as an intense comet nucleus in comparison to control cells. An arrest of the cell cycle in the S phase was observed via flow cytometry in MCF-7 cells treated with the Diarylthiourea 4 compound, suggesting the onset of apoptosis. Additionally, ELISA research showed that caspase-3 was upregulated in MCF-7 cells treated with compound 4 compared to control cells, suggesting that DNA damage induced by compound 4 may initiate an intrinsic apoptotic pathway and activate caspase-3. These results contributed to recognizing that the successfully prepared Diarylthiourea 4 compound inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cancer cells by arresting the S cell cycle and caspase-3 activation via an intrinsic apoptotic route. These results, however, need to be verified through in vivo studies utilizing an animal model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research of Organic Chemicals for Biological Applications)

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15 pages, 9993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and Investigation of the Microwave Absorption of Nonwovens Modified by Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Flakes

by Wenyan Gu, Jiang Shi, Jiaqiao Zhang, Qi Jia, Chengwei Liu, Haiyan Ge, Qilong Sun and Licheng Zhu

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6419; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176419 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1687

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the influences of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene flakes (GFs) on the microwave absorption performance of nonwovens. Nonwovens were modified with CNTs and GFs through an impregnation method, creating a series of absorption samples with different carbon nanomaterial [...] Read more.

This study aims to investigate the influences of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene flakes (GFs) on the microwave absorption performance of nonwovens. Nonwovens were modified with CNTs and GFs through an impregnation method, creating a series of absorption samples with different carbon nanomaterial contents. Then the absorption performance of the samples was tested on both sides in the X-band (8.2~12.4 GHz) and the Ku-band (12~18 GHz) using the arch method. The experimental results showed that the absorption performance of GF-impregnated nonwovens was superior to that of CNT-impregnated nonwovens, and the overall absorption performance in the Ku-band was better than in the X-band. At a CNT content of 5 wt.%, the reflection loss of the impregnated nonwovens on the backside reached a minimum of −14.06 dB and remained below −10 dB in the 17.42~17.88 GHz frequency range. The sample fabricated with 4 wt.% GFs in the impregnation solution exhibited the best absorption performance, with minimum reflection losses of −15.33 dB and −33.18 GHz in the X-band and Ku-band, respectively. When the GFs were at 3 wt.%, the absorption bandwidth below −10 dB reached 4.16 GHz. In contrast to CNT-impregnated nonwovens, the frontside of GF-impregnated nonwovens demonstrated better absorption performance in the Ku-band. The results of this work provide experimental data support for the fabrication and application of microwave absorption materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoporous Materials in Electromagnetic Protection/Smart Applications)

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23 pages, 3415 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phase Diagram and Quantum Entanglement Properties of a Pentamer S = 1/2 Heisenberg Spin Cluster

by Karol Szałowski

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6418; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176418 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1473

Abstract

Cluster molecular magnets prove their potential for applications in quantum technologies, encouraging studies of quantum entanglement in spin systems. In the paper we discuss quantum entanglement properties of pentamer cluster composed of spins

S = 1 / 2

forming a tetrahedron with additional [...] Read more.

Cluster molecular magnets prove their potential for applications in quantum technologies, encouraging studies of quantum entanglement in spin systems. In the paper we discuss quantum entanglement properties of pentamer cluster composed of spins

S = 1 / 2

forming a tetrahedron with additional spin in its center, with geometry reproducing the smallest nonplanar graph. We model the system with isotropic Heisenberg Hamiltonian including external magnetic field and use exact diagonalization approach to explore the ground-state phase diagram and thermodynamic properties within canonical ensemble formalism. We focus the interest on two-spin entanglement quantified by Wootters concurrence. For ground state, we find two states with total cluster spin equal to 3/2 exhibiting entanglement, occurring preferably for antiferromagnetic interactions. For finite temperatures, we predict the presence of magnetic-field-induced entanglement as well as temperature-induced entanglement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Magnetism: Modern Trends and Future Perspectives)

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27 pages, 1670 KiB

Open AccessReview

Accessing Properties of Molecular Compounds Involved in Cellular Metabolic Processes with Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Raman Spectroscopy, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry

by Eugene B. Postnikov, Michał Wasiak, Mariola Bartoszek, Justyna Polak, Andrey Zyubin, Anastasia I. Lavrova and Mirosław Chora̧żewski

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6417; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176417 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1545

Abstract

In this work, we review some physical methods of macroscopic experiments, which have been recently argued to be promising for the acquisition of valuable characteristics of biomolecular structures and interactions. The methods we focused on are electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and [...] Read more.

In this work, we review some physical methods of macroscopic experiments, which have been recently argued to be promising for the acquisition of valuable characteristics of biomolecular structures and interactions. The methods we focused on are electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. They were chosen since it can be shown that they are able to provide a mutually complementary picture of the composition of cellular envelopes (with special attention paid to mycobacteria), transitions between their molecular patterning, and the response to biologically active substances (reactive oxygen species and their antagonists—antioxidants—as considered in our case study). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Analytical Chemistry)

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17 pages, 1447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antimicrobial Properties and Assessment of the Content of Bioactive Compounds Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Cultivated in Southern Poland

by Izabela Betlej, Bogusław Andres, Tomasz Cebulak, Ireneusz Kapusta, Maciej Balawejder, Sławomir Jaworski, Agata Lange, Marta Kutwin, Elżbieta Pisulewska, Agnieszka Kidacka, Barbara Krochmal-Marczak and Piotr Borysiuk

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6416; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176416 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1842

Abstract

Lavender is a valued plant due to its cosmetic, perfumery, culinary, and health benefits. A wide range of applications is related to the composition of bioactive compounds, the quantity and quality of which is determined by various internal and external factors, i.e., variety, [...] Read more.

Lavender is a valued plant due to its cosmetic, perfumery, culinary, and health benefits. A wide range of applications is related to the composition of bioactive compounds, the quantity and quality of which is determined by various internal and external factors, i.e., variety, morphological part of the plant, and climatic and soil conditions during vegetation. In the presented work, the characterization of antimicrobial properties as well as the qualitative and quantitative assessment of bioactive compounds in the form of polyphenols in ethanol extracts from leaves and flowers of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. intended for border hedges, cultivated in the region of southern Poland, were determined. The composition of the fraction of volatile substances and antioxidant properties were also assessed. The conducted research shows that extracts from leaves and flowers significantly affected the viability of bacterial cells and the development of mold fungi. A clear decrease in the viability of bacteria and C. albicans cells was shown in the concentration of 0.32% of extracts. Leaf extracts were characterized by a much higher content of polyphenols and antioxidant properties than flower extracts. The composition of volatiles measured by GC-MS was significantly different between the extracts. Linalyl acetate and ocimene isomers mix dominated in flower extracts, whereas coumarin, γ-cadinene, and 7-methoxycoumarin were identified as dominant in leaf extracts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Different Natural Plants)

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15 pages, 3728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Content and Principle of the Rare Ginsenosides Produced from Gynostemma pentaphyllum after Heat Treatment

by Xin-Can Li, Fang-Fang Li, Wen-Jing Pei, Jing Yang, Yu-Long Gu and Xiang-Lan Piao

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6415; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176415 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1909

Abstract

Ginsenoside Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5, rare ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, have many pharmacological effects, which have attracted extensive attention. They can be obtained through the heat treatment of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal gravity-differential thermal [...] Read more.

Ginsenoside Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5, rare ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, have many pharmacological effects, which have attracted extensive attention. They can be obtained through the heat treatment of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal gravity-differential thermal gravity (TG-DTG) were employed to investigate this process and the content change in ginsenosides was analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). SEM and TG-DTG were used to compare the changes in the ginsenosides before and after treatment. In SEM, the presence of hydrogen bond rearrangement was indicated by the observed deformation of vascular bundles and ducts. The before-and-after changes in the peak patterns and peaks values in TG-DTG indicated that the content of different kinds of compounds produced changes, which all revealed that the formation of new saponins before and after the heat treatment was due to the breakage or rearrangement of chemical bonds. Additionally, the deformation of vascular bundles and vessels indicated the presence of hydrogen bond rearrangement. The glycosidic bond at the 20 positions could be cleaved by ginsenoside Rb3 to form ginsenoside Rd, which, in turn, gave rise to ginsenoside Rg3(S) and Rg3(R). They were further dehydrated to form ginsenoside Rk1 and Rg5. This transformation process occurs in a weak acidic environment provided by G. pentaphyllum itself, without the involvement of endogenous enzymes. In addition, the LC-MS analysis results showed that the content of ginsenoside Rb3 decreased from 2.25 mg/g to 1.80 mg/g, while the contents of ginsenoside Rk1 and Rg5 increased from 0.08 and 0.01 mg/g to 3.36 and 3.35 mg/g, respectively. Ginsenoside Rg3(S) and Rg3(R) were almost not detected in G. pentaphyllum, and the contents of them increased to 0.035 and 0.23 mg/g after heat treatment. Therefore, the rare ginsenosides Rg3(S), Rg3(R), Rk1, and Rg5 can be obtained from G. pentaphyllum via heat treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)

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10 pages, 1627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Defect Passivation of Tin Halide Perovskites Using a Cesium Iodide Modification

by Linfeng He, Jin Cheng, Longjiang Zhao, Xinyao Chen, Xiaoping Zou, Chunqian Zhang and Junming Li

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6414; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176414 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1863

Abstract

Tin-based perovskites are promising for realizing lead-free perovskite solar cells; however, there remains a significant challenge to achieving high-performance tin-based perovskite solar cells. In particular, the device fill factor was much lower than that of other photovoltaic cells. Therefore, understanding how the fill [...] Read more.

Tin-based perovskites are promising for realizing lead-free perovskite solar cells; however, there remains a significant challenge to achieving high-performance tin-based perovskite solar cells. In particular, the device fill factor was much lower than that of other photovoltaic cells. Therefore, understanding how the fill factor was influenced by device physical mechanisms is meaningful. In this study, we reported a method to improve the device fill factor using a thin cesium iodide layer modification in tin-based perovskite cells. With the thin passivation layer, a high-quality perovskite film with larger crystals and lower charge carrier densities was obtained. As a result, the series resistance of devices was decreased; the shunt resistance of devices was increased; and the non-radiative recombination of devices was suppressed. Consequently, the fill factor, and the device efficiency and stability were greatly enhanced. The champion tin-based perovskite cells showed a fill factor of 63%, an efficiency of 6.1% and excellent stability. Our study reveals that, with a moderate thin layer modification strategy, the long-term stability of tin-based PSCs can be developed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Challenges towards Upscaling and Stabilization of Perovskite Solar Cells)

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19 pages, 5001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations Clarify Binding Sites for Interactions of Novel Marine Sulfated Glycans with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

by Priyanka Samanta, Sushil K. Mishra, Vitor H. Pomin and Robert J. Doerksen

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6413; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176413 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2249

Abstract

The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cell is mediated by its S-glycoprotein (SGP). Sulfated glycans bind to the SGP receptor-binding domain (RBD), which forms a ternary complex with its receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2. Here, we have conducted a thorough and systematic [...] Read more.

The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cell is mediated by its S-glycoprotein (SGP). Sulfated glycans bind to the SGP receptor-binding domain (RBD), which forms a ternary complex with its receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2. Here, we have conducted a thorough and systematic computational study of the binding of four oligosaccharide building blocks from novel marine sulfated glycans (isolated from Pentacta pygmaea and Isostichopus badionotus) to the non-glycosylated and glycosylated RBD. Blind docking studies using three docking programs identified five potential cryptic binding sites. Extensive site-targeted docking and molecular dynamics simulations using two force fields confirmed only two binding sites (Sites 1 and 5) for these novel, highly charged sulfated glycans, which were also confirmed by previously published reports. This work showed the structural features and key interactions driving ligand binding. A previous study predicted Site 2 to be a potential binding site, which was not observed here. The use of several molecular modeling approaches gave a comprehensive assessment. The detailed comparative study utilizing multiple modeling approaches is the first of its kind for novel glycan–SGP interaction characterization. This study provided insights into the key structural features of these novel glycans as they are considered for development as potential therapeutics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)

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12 pages, 5328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Synergistic Effect in CdS/g-C₃N₄ Nanoheterojunctions Improves Visible Light Photocatalytic Performance for Hydrogen Evolution Reactions

by Yu Niu, Jinni Shen, Wenqin Guo, Xiaoyan Zhu, Lanlan Guo, Yueqi Wang and Fuying Li

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6412; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176412 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1741

Abstract

This study focuses on the development of heterojunction photocatalysts for the efficient utilization of solar energy to address the energy crisis and reduce environmental pollution. Cadmium sulfide (CdS)/graphite-type carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanocomposites were synthesized using a hydrothermal method, and [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the development of heterojunction photocatalysts for the efficient utilization of solar energy to address the energy crisis and reduce environmental pollution. Cadmium sulfide (CdS)/graphite-type carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanocomposites were synthesized using a hydrothermal method, and their photoelectrochemical properties and photocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) were characterized. Scanning electron microscope images showed the intimate interface and caviar-like nanoheterojunction of the CdS nanoparticles on g-C₃N₄ nanospheres, suggesting their potential involvement in the photocatalytic process. Electrochemical and spectroscopic analyses were conducted to confirm the roles of CdS in the nanoheterojunction. The results showed that 10 wt% CdS/g-C₃N₄ nanospheres exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than pure g-C₃N₄ under visible light irradiation. A HER rate of 655.5 μmol/g/h was achieved after three photocatalytic cycles, signifying good photocatalytic stability. The synergistic effect of the Z-scheme heterojunction formed by g-C₃N₄ and CdS was identified as the main factor responsible for the enhanced photocatalytic performance and stability. The interface engineering effect of CdS/g-C₃N₄ facilitated the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. This study provides insights into the design and fabrication of efficient HER photocatalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photocatalysis in the Control of Environmental Pollution)

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24 pages, 9266 KiB

Open AccessReview

Phytocompounds from Amazonian Plant Species against Acute Kidney Injury: Potential Nephroprotective Effects

by Alberto Souza Paes, Rosemary de Carvalho Rocha Koga, Priscila Faimann Sales, Hellen Karine Santos Almeida, Thiago Afonso Carvalho Celestino Teixeira and José Carlos Tavares Carvalho

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6411; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176411 - 2 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2391

Abstract

There are several Amazonian plant species with potential pharmacological validation for the treatment of acute kidney injury, a condition in which the kidneys are unable to adequately filter the blood, resulting in the accumulation of toxins and waste in the body. Scientific production [...] Read more.

There are several Amazonian plant species with potential pharmacological validation for the treatment of acute kidney injury, a condition in which the kidneys are unable to adequately filter the blood, resulting in the accumulation of toxins and waste in the body. Scientific production on plant compounds capable of preventing or attenuating acute kidney injury—caused by several factors, including ischemia, toxins, and inflammation—has shown promising results in animal models of acute kidney injury and some preliminary studies in humans. Despite the popular use of Amazonian plant species for kidney disorders, further pharmacological studies are needed to identify active compounds and subsequently conduct more complex preclinical trials. This article is a brief review of phytocompounds with potential nephroprotective effects against acute kidney injury (AKI). The classes of Amazonian plant compounds with significant biological activity most evident in the consulted literature were alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and terpenoids. An expressive phytochemical and pharmacological relevance of the studied species was identified, although with insufficiently explored potential, mainly in the face of AKI, a clinical condition with high morbidity and mortality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Bioactive Compounds and Human Health)

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17 pages, 4134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bilobalide Induces Apoptosis in 3T3-L1 Mature Adipocytes through ROS-Mediated Mitochondria Pathway

by Su Bu, Anran Xiong, Zhiying Yang, Faycal Aissa-Brahim, Ying Chen, Yichun Zhang, Xunyong Zhou and Fuliang Cao

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6410; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176410 - 2 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2049

Abstract

Bilobalide exhibits numerous beneficial bioactivities, including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity. Our previous study demonstrated that bilobalide inhibits adipogenesis and promotes lipolysis. The dose-dependent cytotoxicity was found to be specific to the mature adipocytes only, indicating the potential for regulating apoptosis in them. [...] Read more.

Bilobalide exhibits numerous beneficial bioactivities, including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity. Our previous study demonstrated that bilobalide inhibits adipogenesis and promotes lipolysis. The dose-dependent cytotoxicity was found to be specific to the mature adipocytes only, indicating the potential for regulating apoptosis in them. Herein, we aimed to investigate the apoptotic effects of bilobalide on 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes and elucidate the underlying mechanisms thereof. Flow cytometry analysis (FACS) revealed the pro-apoptotic effects of bilobalide on these cells. Bilobalide induced early apoptosis by reducing the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). DNA fragmentation was confirmed using TUNEL staining. Additionally, bilobalide increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and activities of Caspases 3/9. Pre-treatment with NAC (an ROS scavenger) confirmed the role of ROS in inducing apoptosis. Moreover, bilobalide up- and down-regulated the expression of Bax and Bcl-2, respectively, at the mRNA and protein expression levels; upregulated the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio; triggered the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria; and increased the protein expression of cleaved Caspase 3, cleaved Caspase 9, and PARP cleavage. These results support the conclusion that bilobalide induces apoptosis in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes through the ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway, and offers potential novel treatment for obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Disease and Health)

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16 pages, 11221 KiB

Open AccessReview

Overview of the Metallization Approaches for Carbyne-Based Devices

by Rade Tomov and Mariya Aleksandrova

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6409; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176409 - 2 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1471

Abstract

Metallization for contacts in organic electronic nanodevices is of great importance for their performance. A lot of effects can appear at the contact/organic interface and modify the contact parameters, such as contact resistance, adhesive strength, and bonding ability. For novel materials, it is [...] Read more.

Metallization for contacts in organic electronic nanodevices is of great importance for their performance. A lot of effects can appear at the contact/organic interface and modify the contact parameters, such as contact resistance, adhesive strength, and bonding ability. For novel materials, it is important to study the interactions with metal atoms to develop a suitable technology for contacts, fulfilling to the greatest extent the above-mentioned parameters. A novel material is carbyne, which is still under intensive research because of its great potential in electronics, especially for sensing applications. However, the most appropriate metallization strategy for carbyne-based devices is still unknown, so the interactions between carbyne and metal films should be studied to more precisely direct the development of the metallization technology, and to form contacts that are not limiting factors for device performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Chemistry)

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15 pages, 1635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Starch Properties of Roasting Rice from Naturally High-Resistant Starch Rice Varieties

by Ruifang Yang, Jianhao Tang, Qi Zhao, Zhongze Piao, Gangseob Lee, Changzhao Wan and Jianjiang Bai

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6408; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176408 - 2 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2278

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of moisture content control on the characteristics, properties, and in vitro starch digestion of roasted rice powder made from natural high-resistant starch (RS) rice varieties. The results demonstrate that adjusting the moisture content before roasting significantly affects the [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effects of moisture content control on the characteristics, properties, and in vitro starch digestion of roasted rice powder made from natural high-resistant starch (RS) rice varieties. The results demonstrate that adjusting the moisture content before roasting significantly affects the RS content of the roasted rice powder. Among various moisture levels tested, the addition of 15% water (rice-to-water ratio of 85:15) before roasting resulted in the highest RS content, reaching 22.61%. Several key parameters of the rice samples before and after optimal moisture control were analyzed, including thermal stability, chain length distribution, volatile flavor composition, and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, in vitro digestion properties were measured. The findings revealed that the volatile flavor compounds in the high-RS roasted rice significantly increased compared to non-roasted rice. Moreover, the thermal stability of the rice samples improved, and the chain length distribution exhibited significant changes. The water absorption and expansion properties were significantly lower in the high-RS roasted rice. Furthermore, the in vitro starch digestion of the roasted flour made from high-RS rice showed a significantly lower digestion rate compared to common rice, indicating a lower starch hydrolysis index in high-RS rice with the sbe-rs genotype. Overall, the roasting process of natural high-RS rice modifies its characteristics, increases the RS content, enhances the flavor, and results in a lower starch digestion rate compared to common rice. This study provides valuable data for the food industry to promote the application of high-RS rice varieties with mutations in the SBEIIb gene, such as Youtangdao2 (YTD2). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research on Application in Food and Health II)

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22 pages, 1860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Pre-Treatment and Drying Methods on the Quality of Dried Carrot Properties as Snacks

by Anna Ignaczak, Agnieszka Salamon, Jolanta Kowalska, Agata Marzec and Hanna Kowalska

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6407; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176407 - 2 Sep 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2639

Abstract

The aim of the current research was to evaluate the effect of pre-treatment and drying methods on the properties of dried carrots. Carrots were blanched (B) (1 or 3 min) or osmotic dehydrated (OD) (15 or 30 min) and dried by either convection [...] Read more.

The aim of the current research was to evaluate the effect of pre-treatment and drying methods on the properties of dried carrots. Carrots were blanched (B) (1 or 3 min) or osmotic dehydrated (OD) (15 or 30 min) and dried by either convection (CD), microwave-convection (MW-CD), microwave-vacuum (MVD), or freeze-drying (FD). FD carrots showed the highest dry matter content (93.6–95.8%) and the lowest water activity (0.24–0.38). MVD carrots had lower dry matter content (79.5–95.8%) and two times more water activity (0.447–0.637) than FD. The highest color difference (∆E) in relation to raw material was noted in MVD samples (22–35) and the smallest in CD and FD (7–18), mainly due to the increase in brightness of the dried carrot. In general dried MCD carrot samples were characterized by the highest max force (hardness) (21.6–42.5 N; on average 34.7 N) in the breaking test and the lowest hardness was observed in the CD (10.8 N) ones. Pre-treatment and drying caused a significant decrease in the content of carotenoids (2.0–2.7 times) and chlorophyll (2.7–4.5 times) compared to the fresh carrot but a retention or increase in the total content of phenolics and antioxidant activity, especially in microwave-vacuum-dried carrots with an increase of even 2.7–2.9 times compared to raw material. High phenolic content (195.6–277.4 mg GA/100 g d.m.) was found in pre-osmotic dehydrated samples, and lower phenolic content was found in blanched samples (110.7–189.6 mg GA/100 g d.m.). Significantly, the highest average antioxidant activity was found in microwave-vacuum-dried samples (228.9 µmol Trolox/100 g d.m.). The results of this study indicate that microwave-vacuum-drying as an alternative to freeze-drying, including in combination with thermal or osmotic treatment, is very promising for the production of dried carrot snacks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Characterization and Analysis of Bioactive Compounds from Food and Feed)

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16 pages, 8802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variational Mode Decomposition for Raman Spectral Denoising

by Xihui Bian, Zitong Shi, Yingjie Shao, Yuanyuan Chu and Xiaoyao Tan

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6406; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176406 - 2 Sep 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1517

Abstract

As a fast and non-destructive spectroscopic analysis technique, Raman spectroscopy has been widely applied in chemistry. However, noise is usually unavoidable in Raman spectra. Hence, denoising is an important step before Raman spectral analysis. A novel spectral denoising method based on variational mode [...] Read more.

As a fast and non-destructive spectroscopic analysis technique, Raman spectroscopy has been widely applied in chemistry. However, noise is usually unavoidable in Raman spectra. Hence, denoising is an important step before Raman spectral analysis. A novel spectral denoising method based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) was introduced to solve the above problem. The spectrum is decomposed into a series of modes (uk) by VMD. Then, the high-frequency noise modes are removed and the remaining modes are reconstructed to obtain the denoised spectrum. The proposed method was verified by two artificial noised signals and two Raman spectra of inorganic materials, i.e., MnCo ISAs/CN and Fe-NCNT. For comparison, empirical mode decomposition (EMD), Savitzky–Golay (SG) smoothing, and discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) are also investigated. At the same time, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was introduced as evaluation indicators to verify the performance of the proposed method. The results show that compared with EMD, VMD can significantly improve mode mixing and the endpoint effect. Moreover, the Raman spectrum by VMD denoising is more excellent than that of EMD, SG smoothing and DWT in terms of visualization and SNR. For the small sharp peaks, some information is lost after denoising by EMD, SG smoothing, DWT and VMD while VMD loses fewest information. Therefore, VMD may be an alternative method for Raman spectral denoising. Full article

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22 pages, 7280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of Ethanol and Citric Acid Solutions for Extracting Betalains and Total Phenolic Content from Freeze-Dried Beetroot Powder

by Rahul Kumar, Lisa Methven and Maria Jose Oruna-Concha

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6405; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176405 - 2 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2810

Abstract

This research compares the extraction of betalains (betacyanin and betaxanthin) and total phenolic content using citric acid and aqueous–ethanol solutions. The aim is to find an environmentally sustainable alternative solvent for extracting these compounds from dried beetroot powder. Using citric acid solution as [...] Read more.

This research compares the extraction of betalains (betacyanin and betaxanthin) and total phenolic content using citric acid and aqueous–ethanol solutions. The aim is to find an environmentally sustainable alternative solvent for extracting these compounds from dried beetroot powder. Using citric acid solution as a solvent offers several benefits over ethanol. Citric acid is a weak organic acid found naturally in citrus fruits, making it a safe and environmentally friendly choice for certain extraction processes. Moreover, the use of citric acid as solvent offers biodegradability, non-toxicity, non-flammability, and is cost effective. A full factorial design and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to assess the effects of extraction parameters (extraction time (5–30 min), extraction temperature (20, 30, 40 °C), pH of citric acid solution (3, 4, 5) and ethanol concentration (10, 20, 30% v/v)). The yield was determined spectrophotometrically and expressed as mg/g of dry powder. The results showed that citric acid solution yielded 85–90% of the ethanolic extract under identical conditions. The maximum yields of betacyanin, betaxanthin, and total phenolic content in citric acid solution were 3.98 ± 0.21 mg/g dry powder, 3.64 ± 0.26 mg/g dry powder, and 8.28 ± 0.34 mg/g dry powder, respectively, while aqueous–ethanol yielded 4.38 ± 0.17 mg/g dry powder, 3.95 ± 0.22 mg/g dry powder, and 8.45 ± 0.45 mg/g dry powder. Optimisation resulted in maximum extraction yields of 90% for betalains and 85% for total phenolic content. The study demonstrates the potential of citric acid as a viable alternative to polar organic solvents for extracting phytochemicals from plant material, providing comparable results to aqueous–ethanol. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models outperformed RSM in predicting extraction yields. Overall, this research highlights the importance of exploring bio-solvents to enhance the environmental sustainability of phytochemical extraction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Green and Sustainable Chemistry)

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