Energies

27 pages, 7075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Faults as Volumetric Weak Zones in Reservoir-Scale Hydro-Mechanical Finite Element Models—A Comparison Based on Grid Geometry, Mesh Resolution and Fault Dip

by Torben Treffeisen and Andreas Henk

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2673; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102673 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3880

Abstract

An appropriate representation of faults is fundamental for hydro-mechanical reservoir models to obtain robust quantitative insights into the spatial distribution of stress, strain and pore pressure. Using a generic model containing a reservoir layer displaced by a fault, we examine three issues which [...] Read more.

An appropriate representation of faults is fundamental for hydro-mechanical reservoir models to obtain robust quantitative insights into the spatial distribution of stress, strain and pore pressure. Using a generic model containing a reservoir layer displaced by a fault, we examine three issues which are typically encountered if faults have to be incorporated in reservoir-scale finite element simulations. These are (1) mesh resolution aspects honoring the scale difference between the typical cell size of the finite element (FE) reservoir model and the heterogeneity of a fault zone, (2) grid geometry relative to the fault geometry and (3) fault dip. Different fault representations were implemented and compared regarding those on the modeling results. Remarkable differences in the calculated stress and strain patterns as well as the pore pressure field are observed. The modeling results are used to infer some general recommendations concerning the implementation of faults in hydro-mechanical reservoir models regarding mesh resolution and grid geometry, taking into account model-scale and scope of interest. The goal is to gain more realistic simulations and, hence, more reliable results regarding fault representation in reservoir models to improve production, lower cost and reduce risk during subsurface operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Geomechanics in Petroleum Engineering)

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29 pages, 5898 KiB

Open AccessArticle

HousEEC: Day-Ahead Household Electrical Energy Consumption Forecasting Using Deep Learning

by Ivana Kiprijanovska, Simon Stankoski, Igor Ilievski, Slobodan Jovanovski, Matjaž Gams and Hristijan Gjoreski

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2672; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102672 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 5993

Abstract

Short-term load forecasting is integral to the energy planning sector. Various techniques have been employed to achieve effective operation of power systems and efficient market management. We present a scalable system for day-ahead household electrical energy consumption forecasting, named HousEEC. The proposed forecasting [...] Read more.

Short-term load forecasting is integral to the energy planning sector. Various techniques have been employed to achieve effective operation of power systems and efficient market management. We present a scalable system for day-ahead household electrical energy consumption forecasting, named HousEEC. The proposed forecasting method is based on a deep residual neural network, and integrates multiple sources of information by extracting features from (i) contextual data (weather, calendar), and (ii) the historical load of the particular household and all households present in the dataset. Additionally, we compute novel domain-specific time-series features that allow the system to better model the pattern of energy consumption of the household. The experimental analysis and evaluation were performed on one of the most extensive datasets for household electrical energy consumption, Pecan Street, containing almost four years of data. Multiple test cases show that the proposed model provides accurate load forecasting results, achieving a root-mean-square error score of 0.44 kWh and mean absolute error score of 0.23 kWh, for short-term load forecasting for 300 households. The analysis showed that, for hourly forecasting, our model had 8% error (22 kWh), which is 4 percentage points better than the benchmark model. The daily analysis showed that our model had 2% error (131 kWh), which is significantly less compared to the benchmark model, with 6% error (360 kWh). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short-Term Load Forecasting 2019)

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20 pages, 5329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Improvement of a Hydraulic Active/Passive Heave Compensation Winch Using Semi Secondary Motor Control: Experimental and Numerical Verification

by Geir-Arne Moslått, Michael Rygaard Hansen and Damiano Padovani

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2671; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102671 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4298

Abstract

In this paper, a newly developed controller for active heave compensated offshore cranes is compared with state-of-the-art control methods. The comparison is divided into a numerical part on stability margins as well as operational windows and an experimental validation of the expected performance [...] Read more.

In this paper, a newly developed controller for active heave compensated offshore cranes is compared with state-of-the-art control methods. The comparison is divided into a numerical part on stability margins as well as operational windows and an experimental validation of the expected performance improvement based on a full-scale testing on site with a crane rated to 250 metric tons. Such a crane represents the typical target for the new control method using a combination of active and passive hydraulic actuation on the main winch. The active hydraulic actuation is a hydrostatic transmission with variable-displacement pumps and variable-displacement motors. The new controller employs feedforward control of the motors’ displacement so that the window of operation is increased and, simultaneously, oscillations in the system are markedly reduced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Fluid Power Drive Technology)

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23 pages, 5464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Passenger Travel Patterns and Behavior Analysis of Long-Term Staying in Subway System by Massive Smart Card Data

by Gang Xue, Daqing Gong, Jianhai Zhang, Peng Zhang and Qimin Tai

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2670; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102670 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3216

Abstract

Due to the massive congestion in ground transportation in Beijing, underground rail transit has gradually become the main mode of travel for residents of large urban areas. Because the average daily traffic of the Beijing subway is over 12 million passengers, ensuring the [...] Read more.

Due to the massive congestion in ground transportation in Beijing, underground rail transit has gradually become the main mode of travel for residents of large urban areas. Because the average daily traffic of the Beijing subway is over 12 million passengers, ensuring the safety of underground rail transit is particularly important. Big data shows that more than 4000 passengers participate in Long-term Stay in the Subway every day. However, the behaviors of these passengers have not been characterized. This paper proposes a method for identifying the Long-term Staying in Subway System (LSSS) in the subway based on the shortest path and analyze its travel mode. In combination with the past research of scholars, we try to quantify the suspected behavior with a database of assumed suspected behavior records. Finally, we extract the spatial-temporal travel characteristics of passengers and we propose a SAE-DNN algorithm to identify suspected anomalies; the accuracy of the training set can reach 95.7%, and the accuracy of the test set can also reach 93.5%, which provides a reference for the subway operators and the public security system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Big Data and Smart Cities)

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10 pages, 3472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of Miscanthus Fuel by Wet Torrefaction on Fuel Upgrading and Gas Emission Behavior

by Jae-Hyun Park, Young-Chan Choi, Young-Joo Lee and Hyung-Taek Kim

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2669; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102669 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2901

Abstract

Biomass is a solid fuel that can be used instead of coal to address the issue of greenhouse gases. Currently, biomass is used directly in combustion or via co-combustion in coal-fired power plants. However, its use is limited due to calorific value and [...] Read more.

Biomass is a solid fuel that can be used instead of coal to address the issue of greenhouse gases. Currently, biomass is used directly in combustion or via co-combustion in coal-fired power plants. However, its use is limited due to calorific value and ash problems. In this study, wet torrefaction (WT) was carried out at various temperatures (160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C) and the properties of the product were evaluated. In comparison to dry torrefaction, the ash contained in biomass was extracted by an acidic solution (i.e., acetic acid) from the overreaction of the biomass. From examining the ash content of the treated WT, it was confirmed that K₂O of basic ash was mainly extracted. In particular, in the case of K₂O, since the main cause of combustion problems are issues such as fouling and slagging, the removed WT can be stably combusted in the boiler. Finally, the combustion and emission behaviors were evaluated by TGA-DTG and TGA-FTIR. As the fuel-N was decreased in the WT proess, the NOx in the emission gas after combustion was lower than that of raw miscanthus, and SO₂ showed a similar value. As a result, it was confirmed that the WT sample is an advanced fuel in terms of fuel upgrading, alkali minerals, and NOx emission compared to raw miscanthus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for the Efficient Utilization of Coal and Biomass)

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24 pages, 5735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Commercial Biogas Plants: Lessons for Ukraine

by Valerii Havrysh, Antonina Kalinichenko, Grzegorz Mentel and Tadeusz Olejarz

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2668; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102668 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5707

Abstract

Ukraine has enough biomass resources for biogas production. However, this energy potential is not used sufficiently. This research is aimed at examining the current experience of commercial biogas systems in the Europe Union and its adaptation for Ukraine. Special attention was paid to [...] Read more.

Ukraine has enough biomass resources for biogas production. However, this energy potential is not used sufficiently. This research is aimed at examining the current experience of commercial biogas systems in the Europe Union and its adaptation for Ukraine. Special attention was paid to economic indicators, such as specific investment costs, production costs (biogas, biomethane, and electricity), and incentives. Using statistical data for the European Union and Ukraine, the biogas potential for Ukraine (based on European experience) was determined. The economic competitiveness of biogas production was evaluated compared to alternatives, such as photovoltaic, wind power, biomass, conventional fuels, and liquid biofuels. The results showed that biogas complexes have higher specific investment costs and produce more expensive electricity. It was highlighted that agricultural residues and industrial waste are sustainable feedstocks for biogas systems. A perspective biogas plant is a plant that is an integrated part of the circular bioeconomy that is based on organic residues. Biomethane production (as a substitution for vehicle fuel) combined with capture and utilization of carbon dioxide is a more profitable pathway. Awareness and perception of the importance of biogas are key factors for the development of the biogas industry. To develop an effective strategy for the biogas industry, it is necessary to create a positive image in order to raise awareness and knowledge of biogas technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Financial Development and Energy Consumption Nexus)

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10 pages, 2764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Air Flow Rate Prediction Model Using Multiple Regression in VAV Terminal Unit

by Hyo-Jun Kim, Ji-Hyun Shin, Jae Hun Jo and Young-Hum Cho

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2667; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102667 - 25 May 2020

Viewed by 2622

Abstract

Accurate measurement of air flow rate is essential in automatic building control using the variable air volume (VAV) system. In order to solve the problems of the existing air flow measurement method and improve the accuracy of air flow control, this study developed [...] Read more.

Accurate measurement of air flow rate is essential in automatic building control using the variable air volume (VAV) system. In order to solve the problems of the existing air flow measurement method and improve the accuracy of air flow control, this study developed a data-based multiple regression air flow prediction model. The independent variables used in the development of the predictive model were selected as the factors used for control and monitoring when operating with variable air flow rate in the existing air conditioning system. Data collection and correlation between independent variables and air flow rate of the terminal unit were analyzed. Using the IBM SPSS statistics version 25, an air flow rate prediction model was developed using multiple regression analysis. Reliability of model was evaluated by comparing the measured airflow. The relative error of −9.3% to 10.4% is shown when comparing the estimated air flow rate by the developed model with the measured air flow rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Materials, Technologies and Controls for Sustainable Buildings)

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23 pages, 6868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical–Experimental Performance Assessment of a Non-Concentrating Solar Thermoelectric Generator (STEG) Operating in the Southern Hemisphere

by Nelson Calderón-Henao, Osvaldo José Venturini, Emerson Henrique Medina Franco, Electo Eduardo Silva Lora, Helton Fernando Scherer, Diego Mauricio Yepes Maya and Oswaldo Hideo Ando Junior

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2666; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102666 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3524

Abstract

This study assesses the performance of a solid-state semiconductor-based hybrid photovoltaic-thermoelectric device that aims to harness both solar irradiance and heat dissipated from photovoltaic cells operating in Foz do Iguaçu city. Initially, the technologies involved, and the arrangement of the proposed device are [...] Read more.

This study assesses the performance of a solid-state semiconductor-based hybrid photovoltaic-thermoelectric device that aims to harness both solar irradiance and heat dissipated from photovoltaic cells operating in Foz do Iguaçu city. Initially, the technologies involved, and the arrangement of the proposed device are presented; the modeling process of the generator operation under local operating conditions and taking into account solar energy availability is described later. The thermal energy harvesting brings out an average annual efficiency gain of 4.42% and a maximum efficiency increase of 6.05% (in the fall equinox) compared to standalone PV cell operation. The power output increase due to the utilization of the heat dissipated by the PV cells was substantial, reaching values ranging from 14.82% to 40.54%, depending on the time of year. The novelty of this research stems from the field power generation forecast, in southern hemisphere, for a new STEG device that combines photovoltaic cells and solid-state thermoelectric modules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar Thermoelectric Generators)

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19 pages, 3860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forced Convection in Porous Media Using Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ Nanofluids in Differing Base Fluids

by M. Z. Saghir and C. Welsford

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2665; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102665 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2217

Abstract

The following work presents a numerical evaluation of the use of TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ nanofluids operating with ethylene glycol and water as base fluids—as well as an experimental evaluation of Al₂O₃-water nanofluid. Both numerical and [...] Read more.

The following work presents a numerical evaluation of the use of TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ nanofluids operating with ethylene glycol and water as base fluids—as well as an experimental evaluation of Al₂O₃-water nanofluid. Both numerical and experimental systems were tested and operated under various flow and heat transfer conditions, including four flow rates and three heat fluxes. When compared, the numerical schemes and experimental results showed deviation of under two degrees Celsius. This led the authors to conclude that the numerical scheme accurately reflected the experimental conditions. When all combinations of mixtures were compared numerically, it was found that ethylene glycol provided the highest average Nusselt number, while water offered significantly lower pumping requirements. When comparing nanoparticles, it was found that, in a carrying-fluid of water, TiO₂ had superior performance by approximately one percent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A5: Hydrogen Energy)

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13 pages, 2758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Ignition Technique on Pollutants Emission during the Combustion of Selected Solid Biofuels

by Artur Kraszkiewicz, Artur Przywara and Alexandros Sotirios Anifantis

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2664; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102664 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2439

Abstract

Nowadays, heating using wood, briquettes, or pellets is a curious replacement to fossil fuels such as coal, oil, or gas. Unfortunately, the combustion of biofuels, especially in low-power boilers with unstable operating conditions, releases a lot of gas pollutants (e.g., carbon monoxide (CO), [...] Read more.

Nowadays, heating using wood, briquettes, or pellets is a curious replacement to fossil fuels such as coal, oil, or gas. Unfortunately, the combustion of biofuels, especially in low-power boilers with unstable operating conditions, releases a lot of gas pollutants (e.g., carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and various organic compounds) that are usually generated due to the incomplete product combustion. The combustion of biofuel in grate boilers with top-down ignition is a new approach, popular in society (mainly used for coal fuels), which improves the combustion process and reduces the amount of pollutants emitted. This study evaluated the impact of ignition techniques on the emission level of gas pollutants during the combustion of wood logs, briquettes, and pellets of pine in grate-based charging boilers. The combination of top ignition mode with pinewood logs allowed us to achieve a reduction of 6% in CO and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emission into the atmosphere. However, the combination of top-down ignition mode with pellets and briquettes produced, in fully operational conditions, 1- to 18-fold higher levels of CO and SO₂ respectively, than bottom-up ignition, after an initial period of low level CO and SO₂ emissions. During the tests (mainly with ignition from top), substantial emissions of NO were observed of up to 400 mg·m⁻³ at 10% O₂. Therefore, further research is required to decrease emission related to the content of nitrogen in biomass. In this respect, research of impact on the combustion temperature of such emissions is needed. Full article

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29 pages, 6902 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Control Strategies for Stabilization and Performance Improvement of DC Microgrids with a CPL Connected

by Isaías V. de Bessa, Renan L. P. de Medeiros, Iury Bessa, Florindo A. C. Ayres Junior, Alessandra R. de Menezes, Gustavo M. Torres and João Edgar Chaves Filho

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2663; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102663 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3005

Abstract

The DC microgrid system is composed by converters that operate like feeders and loads. Among these loads, we highlight the constant power loads (CPLs) that may cause instability in the microgrid, observed in the form of undesired oscillations due to its negative impedance [...] Read more.

The DC microgrid system is composed by converters that operate like feeders and loads. Among these loads, we highlight the constant power loads (CPLs) that may cause instability in the microgrid, observed in the form of undesired oscillations due to its negative impedance behavior. Therefore, this work proposes to use performance indices and stability margins to evaluate state and output feedback control strategies for stabilization of DC microgrids. In particular, it is proposed to evaluate the stability margin of the proposed methodologies by means of the impedance relations in the microgrid based on the Middlebrook criterion. Our simulations and tests showed the relation between the performance and stability degradation and the microgrid impedances variation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids 2020)

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21 pages, 4213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Systematic PVQV-Curves Approach for Investigating the Impact of Solar Photovoltaic-Generator in Power System Using PowerWorld Simulator

by Abdullahi Oboh Muhammed and Muhyaddin Rawa

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2662; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102662 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5158

Abstract

With the recent growing interest in renewable energy integrated power systems across the globe for the various economic and environmental benefits, it is also significant to consider their influence on voltage stability in power systems. Therefore, this paper reports the static voltage stability [...] Read more.

With the recent growing interest in renewable energy integrated power systems across the globe for the various economic and environmental benefits, it is also significant to consider their influence on voltage stability in power systems. Therefore, this paper reports the static voltage stability impact of solar photovoltaic generation on power networks using PowerWorld simulator power-voltage (P–V)- and voltage-reactive power (V–Q)-curves to investigate the renewable energy generator model performance suitability. The impact of varying power factor control and static voltage droop control of a photovoltaic plant on the maximum generated power, threshold voltage profile and reactive power marginal loading has been examined. Besides, the concept of percentage change in voltage-power sensitivity has been systematically utilized to determine the optimal location for the solar photovoltaic generator on the power grid and the feasible penetrations have been defined for selected system buses. From the simulation results it can be concluded that in a steady-state analysis of the grid integrated power system the effects of power factor (pf) control and voltage droop control should be considered by power grid engineers for effective system operation and, equally, the application of percentage change in voltage-power sensitivity should be extended to real networks to determine the best positions for multiple installations of renewable energy resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

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17 pages, 4830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Hybrid Search and Remove Strategy for Power Balance Wireless Charger Deployment in Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks

by Tu-Liang Lin, Hong-Yi Chang and Yu-Hsin Wang

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2661; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102661 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2644

Abstract

Conventional sensor nodes are often battery-powered, and battery power limits the overall lifetime of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Wireless charging technology can be implemented in WSNs to supply power to sensor nodes and resolve the problem of restricted battery power. This type [...] Read more.

Conventional sensor nodes are often battery-powered, and battery power limits the overall lifetime of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Wireless charging technology can be implemented in WSNs to supply power to sensor nodes and resolve the problem of restricted battery power. This type of mixed network is called wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs). Therefore, wireless charger deployment is a crucial task in WRSNs. In this study, the method of placing wireless chargers to efficiently extend the lifetime of the WRSNs is addressed. Owing to the data forwarding effect in WSNs, sensor nodes that are closer to the data collection or sink node drain more power than nodes that are further away from the data collection or sink node. Therefore, this study proposes a novel hybrid search and removal strategy for the power balance charger deployment method. The wireless chargers are placed in the chosen nodes of the WRSNs. The node-chosen problem we address is called the dominating set problem. The proposed hybrid search and removal strategy attempts to discover the minimum number of chargers required to cover all sensor nodes in the WRSN. The proposed algorithm considers the charging power of the wireless directional charger when arranging its placement to maximize the charging capacity in a power-balanced prerequisite. Therefore, the proposed deployment strategy preserves the awareness of the presence of the sink node that could result in unbalanced power distribution in WRSNs. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy spares more chargers and achieves better energy efficiency than other deployment approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks 2019)

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13 pages, 6498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Predictive Control in Multi-Modular Matrix Converter for Six-Phase Generation Systems

by Sergio Toledo, Edgar Maqueda, Marco Rivera, Raúl Gregor, Pat Wheeler and Carlos Romero

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2660; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102660 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3252

Abstract

Distributed generation systems are emerging as a good solution as part of the response to the world’s growing energy demand. In this context multi-phase wind generation systems are a feasible option. These systems consist of renewable AC sources which requires efficient and controlled [...] Read more.

Distributed generation systems are emerging as a good solution as part of the response to the world’s growing energy demand. In this context multi-phase wind generation systems are a feasible option. These systems consist of renewable AC sources which requires efficient and controlled power conversion stages. This work proposes a novel predictive current control strategy that takes advantage of a multi-modular matrix converter topology in the power stage of a six-phase generation system. The proposed method uses a coupling signal between the modules to decrease the error and the total harmonic distortion compared to independent control of each module. Experimental results validate the new control strategy showing the improvement regarding the target parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control Strategies for Power Conversion Systems)

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28 pages, 1993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photovoltaic Solar Systems in Multi-Headquarter Institutions: A Technical Implementation in Northeastern Brazil

by Hélio Henrique Cunha Pinheiro, Neilton Fidélis da Silva, David Alves Castelo Branco and Márcio Giannini Pereira

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2659; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102659 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3763

Abstract

The use of photovoltaic solar technology is increasingly widespread and consolidated worldwide, gaining significant interest in Brazil. Thanks to records of gradual photovoltaic system price decreases and the construction of legal frameworks favorable to their diffusion, urban and rural residential consumers, service companies, [...] Read more.

The use of photovoltaic solar technology is increasingly widespread and consolidated worldwide, gaining significant interest in Brazil. Thanks to records of gradual photovoltaic system price decreases and the construction of legal frameworks favorable to their diffusion, urban and rural residential consumers, service companies, industries, and the government are progressively adhering to the use of this technology. In this context, it is important that institutions and companies with multiheadquarters discern whether it is more advantageous, from both a technical and economic point of view, to disperse photovoltaic systems throughout all of their headquarters or to centralize them in the offices presenting the best energy efficiency. The present study aims at answering this question. To this end, indicators recorded in the Institute of Education Science and Technology (IFRN)-Solar Project implemented by the Rio Grande do Norte Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, in Brazil, where 2 MWp of photovoltaic solar energy are installed in 19 of its 22 headquarters, were evaluated. The PVWatts Software, energy measurements at the different plant installation locations and technical performance parameters recurrent in the literature, as well as the Discounted Payback Method were used herein. The results indicate that system centralization in the best-evaluated sites (7 campi) will, in 25 years, provide a 9.07% energy supply gain, a 112.96% financial gain, and a payback reduction of 8.9 years when compared to the alternative comprising generation unit dispersion throughout the 19 campi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Self-Consumption)

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20 pages, 8425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Ensemble Stochastic Forecasting Framework for Variable Distributed Demand Loads

by Kofi Afrifa Agyeman, Gyeonggak Kim, Hoonyeon Jo, Seunghyeon Park and Sekyung Han

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2658; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102658 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2815

Abstract

Accurate forecasting of demand load is momentous for the efficient economic dispatch of generating units with enormous economic and reliability implications. However, with the high integration levels of grid-tie generations, the precariousness in demand load forecasts is unreliable. This paper proposes a data-driven [...] Read more.

Accurate forecasting of demand load is momentous for the efficient economic dispatch of generating units with enormous economic and reliability implications. However, with the high integration levels of grid-tie generations, the precariousness in demand load forecasts is unreliable. This paper proposes a data-driven stochastic ensemble model framework for short-term and long-term demand load forecasts. Our proposed framework reduces uncertainties in the load forecast by fusing homogenous models that capture the dynamics in load state characteristics and exploit model diversities for accurate prediction. The ensemble model caters for factors such as meteorological and exogenous variables that affect load prediction accuracy with adaptable, scalable algorithms that consider weather conditions, load features, and state characteristics of the load. We defined a heuristic trained combiner model and an error correction model to estimate the contributions and compensate for forecast errors of each prediction model, respectively. Acquired data from the Korean Electric Power Company (KEPCO), and building data from the Korea Research Institute, together with testbed datasets, were used to evaluate the developed framework. The results obtained prove the efficacy of the proposed model for demand load forecasting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technologies)

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26 pages, 5794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solar PV Sustained Quasi Z-Source Network-Based Unified Power Quality Conditioner for Enhancement of Power Quality

by K. Muthuvel and M. Vijayakumar

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2657; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102657 - 24 May 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2990

Abstract

In this article, a Quasi Z-source inverter (QZSI)-based unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) backed by the solar photovoltaic (SPV) is presented in order to enhance power quality. The UPQC consists of converters connected in parallel and series. The active power filters (APFs) connected [...] Read more.

In this article, a Quasi Z-source inverter (QZSI)-based unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) backed by the solar photovoltaic (SPV) is presented in order to enhance power quality. The UPQC consists of converters connected in parallel and series. The active power filters (APFs) connected in parallel and series is one of the versatile custom power circuitries to reduce current and voltage instabilities. The main functions of QZSI can increase the variable direct current (DC) voltage to any given alternating current (AC) output voltage, reduce the necessary elements, and alleviate harmonic content. The UPQC’s compensation function primarily relies on the control system used for the generation of reference current and voltage. The enhanced second order generalized integrator (ESOGI) is used in this proposed system to extract the reference current of QZSI-UPQC. The proposed UPQC uses the SPV system, which has an energy storage unit to offset long-term current and voltage disruptions and fulfill the active power demands of the grid. The experimental results confirm that the proposed SPV-supported QZSI-UPQC generates sinusoidal grid currents of about 1.2% of total harmonic distortion (THD), thus increasing the power efficiency of the interconnected SPV power distribution network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)

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14 pages, 4018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Extended Grid Diagram for Heat Exchanger Network Retrofit Considering Heat Exchanger Types

by Bohong Wang, Jiří Jaromír Klemeš, Petar Sabev Varbanov and Min Zeng

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2656; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102656 - 24 May 2020

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 3596

Abstract

Heat exchanger network (HEN) retrofit is a vital task in the process design to improve energy savings. Various types of heat exchangers such as shell and tube, double-pipe, compact plate, and spiral tube have their working temperature ranges and costs. Selecting suitable types [...] Read more.

Heat exchanger network (HEN) retrofit is a vital task in the process design to improve energy savings. Various types of heat exchangers such as shell and tube, double-pipe, compact plate, and spiral tube have their working temperature ranges and costs. Selecting suitable types of heat exchangers according to their temperature ranges and costs is a crucial aspect of industrial implementation. However, considering the type of heat exchangers in the HEN retrofit process is rarely seen in previous publications. This issue can be solved by the proposed Shifted Retrofit Thermodynamic Grid Diagram with the Shifted Temperature Range of Heat Exchangers (SRTGD-STR). The temperature ranges of six widely used heat exchanger types are coupled in the grid diagram. This diagram enables the visualisation of identifying the potential retrofit plan of HEN with heat-exchanger type selection. The retrofit design aims to minimise utility cost and capital cost. An illustrative example and a case study are presented to show the effectiveness of the method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES’19: The 22nd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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23 pages, 7293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the V2G Technology Incorporation in a DC Nanogrid and on the Provision of Voltage Regulation to the Power Grid

by Ioannis Skouros and Athanasios Karlis

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2655; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102655 - 23 May 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3076

Abstract

Currently, environmental and climate change issues raise a lot of concerns related to conventional vehicles and renewable energy generation methods. Thus, more and more researchers around the world focus on the development and deployment of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Additionally, due to the [...] Read more.

Currently, environmental and climate change issues raise a lot of concerns related to conventional vehicles and renewable energy generation methods. Thus, more and more researchers around the world focus on the development and deployment of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Additionally, due to the technological advancements in power electronics and electrical batteries, Electrical Vehicles (EVs) are becoming more and more popular. In addition, according to the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) operation, the EV batteries can provide electrical energy to the power grid. In this way, many ancillary services can be provided. A Direct Current (DC) nanogrid can be composed by combining the aforementioned technologies. Nanogrids present high efficiency and provide a simple interaction with renewable energy sources and energy storage devices. Firstly, the present study describes the design considerations of a DC nanogrid as well as the control strategies that have to be applied in order to make the V2G operation feasible. Furthermore, the provision of voltage regulation toward the power grid is investigated though the bidirectional transfer of active and reactive power between the DC nanogrid and the power grid. Afterwards, the voltage regulation techniques are applied in an Alternating Current (AC) radial distribution grid are investigated. The proposed system is simulated in Matlab/Simulink software and though the simulation scenarios the impact of the voltage regulation provided by the DC nanogrid is investigated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics for Energy Saving)

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16 pages, 3392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Air Permeability of Insulated Masonry Walls

by Valdemaras Geležiūnas, Karolis Banionis, Raimondas Bliūdžius, Valdas Paukštys and Jurga Kumžienė

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2654; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102654 - 23 May 2020

Viewed by 3214

Abstract

Recently, the construction of external ventilated walls has become popular for public and office buildings. These blocks are used without internal rendering because of their good interior surface, stable dimensions and various filling of masonry joints, which provide an attractive architectural appearance. However, [...] Read more.

Recently, the construction of external ventilated walls has become popular for public and office buildings. These blocks are used without internal rendering because of their good interior surface, stable dimensions and various filling of masonry joints, which provide an attractive architectural appearance. However, problems with the airtightness of such walls often occur. Currently, there are no standard methods to predict the airtightness of such wall. In practice, samples of particular walls are produced, and their air permeability is measured at laboratories. For the broader use of the results of laboratory air permeability measurements, a methodology has been developed to predict the air permeability of block masonry walls using experimentally determined air flow resistances of the individual layers. The masonry from various blocks were used for the research; mineral wool boards of various air permeability were used for thermal insulation and the wind protection layer. After measuring the air resistance of the samples, the air flow resistances of walls of different construction were calculated. This study compared the calculated and measured air permeability values of different wall masonry samples and evaluated the suitability of created calculation method for prediction of the airtightness of insulated block masonry wall. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section G: Energy and Buildings)

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24 pages, 4910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leveraging Cell Expansion Sensing in State of Charge Estimation: Practical Considerations

by Miriam A. Figueroa-Santos, Jason B. Siegel and Anna G. Stefanopoulou

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2653; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102653 - 22 May 2020

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3923

Abstract

Measurements such as current and terminal voltage that are typically used to determine the battery’s state of charge (SOC) are augmented with measured force associated with electrode expansion as the lithium intercalates in its structure. The combination of the sensed behavior is shown [...] Read more.

Measurements such as current and terminal voltage that are typically used to determine the battery’s state of charge (SOC) are augmented with measured force associated with electrode expansion as the lithium intercalates in its structure. The combination of the sensed behavior is shown to improve SOC estimation even for the lithium ion iron phosphate (LFP) chemistry, where the voltage–SOC relation is flat (low slope) making SOC estimation using measured voltage difficult. For the LFP cells, the measured force has a non-monotonic F–SOC relationship. This presents a challenge for estimation as multiple force values can correspond to the same SOC. The traditional linear quadratic estimator can be driven to an incorrect SOC value. To address these difficulties, a novel switching estimation gain is used based on determining the operating region that corresponds to the actual SOC. Moreover, a drift in the measured force associated with a shift of the cell SOC–expansion behavior over time is addressed with a bias estimator for the force signal. The performance of Voltage-based (V) and Voltage and Force-based (V&F) SOC estimation algorithms are then compared and evaluated against a desired

\pm 5 %

absolute error bound of the SOC using a dynamic stress test current protocol that tests the proposed estimation scheme across wide range of SOC and current rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles)

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13 pages, 4073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of an Electrical Model for Sodium–Nickel Chloride Batteries

by Roberto Di Rienzo, Gianluca Simonte, Ian Biagioni, Federico Baronti, Roberto Roncella and Roberto Saletti

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2652; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102652 - 22 May 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2848

Abstract

This work describes the experimental characterization of a commercial sodium–nickel chloride battery and the investigation on a state-of-the-art model that represents the battery behavior. This battery technology is considered very promising but it has not fully been exploited yet. Besides improvements on the [...] Read more.

This work describes the experimental characterization of a commercial sodium–nickel chloride battery and the investigation on a state-of-the-art model that represents the battery behavior. This battery technology is considered very promising but it has not fully been exploited yet. Besides improvements on the technological side, accurate models of the battery should be found to allow the realization of Battery Management Systems with advanced functions. This achievement may extend the battery exploitation to its best. The paper describes the experimental set-up and the model parameter identification process, and discusses the identified parameters and the model validation tests. The comparison between model simulations and experiments shows that the model is rather accurate for low-current rates, but it loses accuracy and it is not able to reproduce with fidelity the battery behavior at low states of charge or at high current rates. Further research efforts and refinements of the model are necessary to make available a sodium–nickel chloride battery model accurate in any operating condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications in Electronics Pervading Industry, Environment and Society—Industrial Electronics and Cyber Physical Systems)

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17 pages, 6395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical and Circuit Modeling of the Low-Power Periodic WPT Systems

by Adam Steckiewicz, Jacek Maciej Stankiewicz and Agnieszka Choroszucho

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2651; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102651 - 22 May 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3613

Abstract

This article presents a method for analysis of the low-power periodic Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system, using field and circuit models. A three-dimensional numerical model of multi-segment charging system, with periodic boundary conditions and current sheet approximation was solved by using the finite [...] Read more.

This article presents a method for analysis of the low-power periodic Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system, using field and circuit models. A three-dimensional numerical model of multi-segment charging system, with periodic boundary conditions and current sheet approximation was solved by using the finite element method (FEM) and discussed. An equivalent circuit model of periodic WPT system was proposed, and required lumped parameters were obtained, utilizing analytical formulae. Mathematical formulations were complemented by analysis of some geometrical variants, where transmitting and receiving coils with different sizes and numbers of turns were considered. The results indicated that the proposed circuit model was able to achieve similar accuracy as the numerical model. However, the complexity of model and analysis were significantly reduced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling of Wireless Power Transfer)

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16 pages, 6009 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Power Cable Lines Partially Exposed to Direct Solar Radiation—Special Aspects

by Stanislaw Czapp, Seweryn Szultka and Adam Tomaszewski

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2650; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102650 - 22 May 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4538

Abstract

Power cable lines are usually buried in the ground. However, in some cases, their ending sections are mounted along the supports of overhead lines. This leads to a situation where the cables are exposed to direct solar radiation and, consequentially, overheat. The paper [...] Read more.

Power cable lines are usually buried in the ground. However, in some cases, their ending sections are mounted along the supports of overhead lines. This leads to a situation where the cables are exposed to direct solar radiation and, consequentially, overheat. The paper presents the advanced computer modelling of power cables’ heating, considering their insolation as well as the effect of wind. The temperature and current-carrying capacity of power cables—during exposure to direct solar radiation—are evaluated. An effective method of limiting the unfavourable impact of the sun is discussed. In the presence of solar radiation, the proposed method enables a significant increase in the power cables current-carrying capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Testing of Power Cable System)

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18 pages, 5338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of an Innovative Rotor Modification for a Small-Scale Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

by Artur Bugała and Olga Roszyk

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2649; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102649 - 22 May 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2898

Abstract

This paper presents the results of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of the airflow for a 300 W horizontal axis wind turbine, using additional structural elements which modify the original shape of the rotor in the form of multi-shaped bowls which change [...] Read more.

This paper presents the results of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of the airflow for a 300 W horizontal axis wind turbine, using additional structural elements which modify the original shape of the rotor in the form of multi-shaped bowls which change the airflow distribution. A three-dimensional CAD model of the tested wind turbine was presented, with three variants subjected to simulation: a basic wind turbine without the element that modifies the airflow distribution, a turbine with a plano-convex bowl, and a turbine with a centrally convex bowl, with the hyperbolic disappearance of convexity as the radius of the rotor increases. The momentary value of wind speed, recorded at measuring points located in the plane of wind turbine blades, demonstrated an increase when compared to the base model by 35% for the wind turbine with the plano-convex bowl, for the wind speed of 5 m/s, and 31.3% and 49% for the higher approaching wind speed, for the plano-convex bowl and centrally convex bowl, respectively. The centrally convex bowl seems to be more appropriate for higher approaching wind speeds. An increase in wind turbine efficiency, described by the power coefficient, for solutions with aerodynamic bowls was observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy)

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16 pages, 4424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Full-Cycle Utilization of Chlorella sorokiniana Microalgae Biomass for Environmental and Food Purposes

by Natalia Politaeva, Yulia Smyatskaya, Rafat Al Afif, Christoph Pfeifer and Liliya Mukhametova

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2648; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102648 - 22 May 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4072

Abstract

The application of microalgae biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana as environmentally friendly biosorbents for removing potentially toxic elements (PTE) from water and as a source of biofuel has been thoroughly studied. In this paper, we investigate its physicochemical properties infrared spectroscopy (IR spectra), microstructure, [...] Read more.

The application of microalgae biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana as environmentally friendly biosorbents for removing potentially toxic elements (PTE) from water and as a source of biofuel has been thoroughly studied. In this paper, we investigate its physicochemical properties infrared spectroscopy (IR spectra), microstructure, adsorption properties); we have managed to isolate the lipid complex, which amounted to 20% of dry biomass. Studies of the lipid complex showed that 80.02% of lipids are unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1, C18:2, C18:3). Additionally, we have investigated the efficiency of using the residual biomass obtained after lipid extraction for water purification from rare-earth metals (REM) and PTE. To increase the sorption properties of residual biomass, its thermal modification was carried out and sorption materials based on heat-treated residual biomass and chitosan were created. The physicochemical and mechanical properties of the obtained sorption materials were studied. The total sorption capacity was 31.9 mg/g for REM and 349.7 mg/g for PTE. Moreover, we propose a new method for the disposal of spent sorbents as additional fuel. Spent sorbents can be considered to be biofuel in terms of energy content (20.7 MJ*kg⁻¹). The results of this study provide the basis for increased use of microalgae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Bio-Energy)

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22 pages, 8099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active Disturbance Rejection Control of Differential Drive Assist Steering for Electric Vehicles

by Junnian Wang, Xiandong Wang, Zheng Luo and Francis Assadian

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2647; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102647 - 22 May 2020

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3544

Abstract

The differential drive assist steering (DDAS) system makes full use of the advantages of independent control of wheel torque of electric vehicle driven by front in-wheel motors to achieve steering assistance and reduce the steering effort of the driver, as the electric power [...] Read more.

The differential drive assist steering (DDAS) system makes full use of the advantages of independent control of wheel torque of electric vehicle driven by front in-wheel motors to achieve steering assistance and reduce the steering effort of the driver, as the electric power steering (EPS) system does. However, as an indirect steering assist technology that applies steering system assistance via differential drive, its linear control algorithm, like existing proportion integration differentiation (PID) controllers, cannot take the nonlinear characteristics of the tires’ dynamics into account which results in poor performance in road feeling and tracking accuracy. This paper introduces an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) method into the control issue of the DDAS. First, the third-order ADRC controller of the DDAS is designed, and the simulated annealing algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of ADRC controller offline considering that the parameters of ADRC controller are too many and the parameter tuning is complex. Finally, the 11-DOF model of the electric vehicle driven by in-wheel motors is built, and the standard working conditions are selected for simulation and experimental verification. The results show that the ADRC controller designed in this paper can not only obviously reduce the steering wheel effort of the driver like PID controller, but also have better nonlinear control performance in tracking accuracy and smooth road feeling of the driver than the traditional PID controller. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control and Estimation Concepts, and New Hardware Topologies for Future Mobility)

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14 pages, 606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Attributes Do Passengers Value in Electrified Buses?

by Yeongmin Kwon, Suji Kim, Hyungjoo Kim and Jihye Byun

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2646; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102646 - 22 May 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3747

Abstract

The Korean government has announced plans to supply electrified buses to achieve decarbonization in the transportation sector and to create next-generation growth engines. Although a multitude of technical and political studies have been conducted to support the successful introduction of electrified buses, studies [...] Read more.

The Korean government has announced plans to supply electrified buses to achieve decarbonization in the transportation sector and to create next-generation growth engines. Although a multitude of technical and political studies have been conducted to support the successful introduction of electrified buses, studies on the attitudes and perceptions of passengers toward electrified buses remain insufficient. To evaluate the perceptions and preferences of potential passengers toward the specific attributes of electrified buses, this study performed an online survey (N = 586) that includes people who had experienced travel on public buses. Values of the relative importance of eight different attributes—safety, ride comfort, environmental friendliness, exterior design, cleanliness, crowding, seat comfort, and convenience getting on/off—were evaluated using the best-worst scaling method. The results showed that safety (share of preference: 41.3%) was the most important attribute when using electrified buses. This was followed by eco-friendliness (14.3%) and ride comfort (13.6%). On the other hand, the least important attribute was exterior design (1.8%). Gender differences were also observed in the valuation of certain attributes among the passenger preferences toward electrified buses. The results of this study contribute to the development of strategies for the wide-spread adoption of electrified buses and provide a stepping-stone to a more sustainable public transportation system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)

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29 pages, 12892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flexible Plate in the Wake of a Square Cylinder for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting—Parametric Study Using Fluid–Structure Interaction Modeling

by Emmanuel Mbondo Binyet, Jen-Yuan Chang and Chih-Yung Huang

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2645; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102645 - 22 May 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3224

Abstract

Piezoelectric energy harvesters can scavenge energy from their ambient environment in order to power low-consumption electronic devices. The last two decades have seen a growing interest towards vortex-induced vibration harvesters; most harvesters consist in rigid splitter plates oscillating at higher frequencies. The concept [...] Read more.

Piezoelectric energy harvesters can scavenge energy from their ambient environment in order to power low-consumption electronic devices. The last two decades have seen a growing interest towards vortex-induced vibration harvesters; most harvesters consist in rigid splitter plates oscillating at higher frequencies. The concept presented here is a low-frequency undulating flexible plate placed in the wake of a square cylinder. Piezoelectric patches can be placed at the plate surface to harvest the strain energy arising when the plate bends. The flapping pattern mimics an anguilliform swimming motion. There is a great need to establish correlation between wake generating bluff body size, plate dimensions and power output. Geometric parameters were investigated using water tunnel experiments, particle image velocimetry and fluid–structure interaction modeling. Results showed that for a given plate length and within a given freestream velocity range, there is a square cylinder diameter and a thickness that optimize the plate–wake interaction. Longer plates yield greater power output but have lower flapping frequencies. Additionally, the more frequent curvature changes occurring can result in charge cancellation among the piezoelectric cells. Consequently, the estimated conversion efficiency from mechanical strain to electricity is higher for shorter plates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)

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20 pages, 6468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Internal Overvoltages in Transformer Windings during Transients in Electrical Networks

by Jakub Furgał, Maciej Kuniewski and Piotr Pająk

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2644; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102644 - 22 May 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5600

Abstract

Due to the increasing requirements for the reliability of electrical power supply and associated apparatus, it is necessary to provide a detailed analysis of the overvoltage risk of power transformer insulation systems and equipment connected to their terminals. Exposure of transformer windings to [...] Read more.

Due to the increasing requirements for the reliability of electrical power supply and associated apparatus, it is necessary to provide a detailed analysis of the overvoltage risk of power transformer insulation systems and equipment connected to their terminals. Exposure of transformer windings to overvoltages is the result of the propagation condition of electromagnetic waves in electrical networks and transformer windings. An analysis of transformer winding responses to transients in power systems is of particular importance, especially when protection against surges by typical overvoltage protection systems is applied. The analysis of internal overvoltages in transformers during a typical transient related to switching operations and selected failures is of great importance, particularly to assess the overvoltage exposure of insulation systems in operating conditions. The random nature of overvoltage phenomena in electrical networks implies the usage of computer simulations for the analysis of overvoltage exposures of electrical devices in operation. This article presents the analysis of the impact of transient phenomena in a model of a medium-voltage electrical network during switching operations and ground faults on overvoltages in the internal insulation systems of transformer windings. The basis of the analysis is simulations of overvoltages in the windings, made in the Electromagnetic Transients Program/Alternative Transients Program (EMTP/ATP) using a model with lumped parameters of transformer windings. The analysis covers the impact of the cable line length and the ground fault resistance value on internal overvoltage distributions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Distribution System Modeling and Analysis)

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Energies, Volume 13, Issue 10 (May-2 2020) – 266 articles

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