Energies

24 pages, 4399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance and Energy Trade-Offs for Parallel Applications on Heterogeneous Multi-Processing Systems

by A. M. Coutinho Demetrios, Daniele De Sensi, Arthur Francisco Lorenzon, Kyriakos Georgiou, Jose Nunez-Yanez, Kerstin Eder and Samuel Xavier-de-Souza

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2409; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092409 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3967

Abstract

This work proposes a methodology to find performance and energy trade-offs for parallel applications running on Heterogeneous Multi-Processing systems with a single instruction-set architecture. These offer flexibility in the form of different core types and voltage and frequency pairings, defining a vast design [...] Read more.

This work proposes a methodology to find performance and energy trade-offs for parallel applications running on Heterogeneous Multi-Processing systems with a single instruction-set architecture. These offer flexibility in the form of different core types and voltage and frequency pairings, defining a vast design space to explore. Therefore, for a given application, choosing a configuration that optimizes the performance and energy consumption is not straightforward. Our method proposes novel analytical models for performance and power consumption whose parameters can be fitted using only a few strategically sampled offline measurements. These models are then used to estimate an application’s performance and energy consumption for the whole configuration space. In turn, these offline predictions define the choice of estimated Pareto-optimal configurations of the model, which are used to inform the selection of the configuration that the application should be executed on. The methodology was validated on an ODROID-XU3 board for eight programs from the PARSEC Benchmark, Phoronix Test Suite and Rodinia applications. The generated Pareto-optimal configuration space represented a 99% reduction of the universe of all available configurations. Energy savings of up to 59.77%, 61.38% and 17.7% were observed when compared to the performance, ondemand and powersave Linux governors, respectively, with higher or similar performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance, Power and Energy-Efficiency Optimization in Computer Architectures)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

23 pages, 5278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“Peer-to-Peer Plus” Electricity Transaction within Community of Active Energy Agents Regarding Distribution Network Constraints

by Min Fu, Zhiyu Xu, Ning Wang, Xiaoyu Lyu and Weisheng Xu

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2408; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092408 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2767

Abstract

This paper proposes the concept “active energy agent (AEA)” to characterize the autonomous and interactive entities of power system. The future distribution network is a peer-to-peer (P2P) community based on numbers of AEAs. A two-stage “P2P Plus” mechanism is developed to address the [...] Read more.

This paper proposes the concept “active energy agent (AEA)” to characterize the autonomous and interactive entities of power system. The future distribution network is a peer-to-peer (P2P) community based on numbers of AEAs. A two-stage “P2P Plus” mechanism is developed to address the electricity transaction within AEA community. In the first “P2P” stage, electricity is directly traded among AEAs via P2P price bidding. The model of P2P transaction is established, and the method of multi-dimensional willingness is adopted in price bidding. In the second “Plus” stage, the centralized coordination by distribution company (DisCo) is formulated as a constrained optimization problem, in which the objective is to maximize profit and the constraints are the basic rights of AEAs and line ratings of distribution network. A 30-bus test system including 29 AEAs and main grid is investigated. Numeric simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed models and methods regarding flow constraint. Comparative study reveals the economic motivations of AEAs to participate in P2P transaction, the efficiency of combined search, and the benefit of DisCo from pricing control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grids and Flexible Energy Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 5463 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Application of Hierarchical Clustering to Power Quality Measurements in an Electrical Power Network with Distributed Generation

by Michał Jasiński, Tomasz Sikorski, Zbigniew Leonowicz, Klaudiusz Borkowski and Elżbieta Jasińska

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2407; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092407 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3510

Abstract

This article presents the application of data mining (DM) to long-term power quality (PQ) measurements. The Ward algorithm was selected as the cluster analysis (CA) technique to achieve an automatic division of the PQ measurement data. The measurements were conducted in an electrical [...] Read more.

This article presents the application of data mining (DM) to long-term power quality (PQ) measurements. The Ward algorithm was selected as the cluster analysis (CA) technique to achieve an automatic division of the PQ measurement data. The measurements were conducted in an electrical power network (EPN) of the mining industry with distributed generation (DG). The obtained results indicate that the application of the Ward algorithm to PQ data assures the division with regards to the work of the distributed generation, and also to other important working conditions (e.g., reconfiguration or high harmonic pollution). The presented analysis is conducted for the area-related approach—all measurement point data are connected at an initial stage. The importance rate was proposed in order to indicate the parameters that have a high impact on the classification of the data. Another element of the article was the reduction of the size of the input database. The reduction of input data by 57% assured the classification with a 95% agreement when compared to the complete database classification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Signal Analysis in Power Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 3504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bio-Based Carbon Materials from Potato Waste as Electrode Materials in Supercapacitors

by Viola Hoffmann, Dennis Jung, Muhammad Jamal Alhnidi, Lukas Mackle and Andrea Kruse

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2406; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092406 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4145

Abstract

This study investigates the production of biobased carbon materials from potato waste and its application in energy storage systems such as supercapacitors. Three different categories of carbons were produced: hydrochar (HC) from hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at three different temperatures (200 °C, 220 °C, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the production of biobased carbon materials from potato waste and its application in energy storage systems such as supercapacitors. Three different categories of carbons were produced: hydrochar (HC) from hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at three different temperatures (200 °C, 220 °C, 240 °C) and two different duration times (two hours and five hours), pyrolyzed hydrochar (PHC) obtained via pyrolysis of the HTC chars at 600 °C and 900 °C for two hours and pyrochar from the pyrolysis of biomass at 600 °C and 900 °C for two hours. The carbon samples were analysed regarding their physico-chemical properties such as elemental composition, specific surface area, bulk density and surface functionalities as well as their electrochemical characteristics such as electric conductivity and specific capacity via cyclic voltammetry. N- and O-enriched carbon materials with promising specific surface areas of up to 330 m² g⁻¹ containing high shares of microporosity were produced. Electric conductivities of up to 203 S m⁻¹ and specific capacities of up to 134 F g⁻¹ were obtained. The presence of high contents of oxygen (4.9–13.5 wt.%) and nitrogen (3.4–4.0 wt.%) of PHCs is assumed to lead to considerable pseudocapacitive effects and favor the high specific capacities measured. These results lead to the conclusion that the potential of agricultural biomass can be exploited by using hydrothermal and thermochemical conversion technologies to create N- and O-rich carbon materials with tailored properties for the application in supercapacitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrothermal Technology in Biomass, Utilization & Conversion II)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 1133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Does Cost Structure Have to Say about Thermal Plant Energy Efficiency? The Case from Angola

by Abdollah Hadi-Vencheh, Peter Wanke and Ali Jamshidi

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2404; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092404 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2605

Abstract

This paper analyzes the efficiency of thermal power plants in Angola by means of a two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. In the first stage, a novel super-efficiency DEA model for undesirable outputs (CO₂ emission levels and discharge of polluted water) is [...] Read more.

This paper analyzes the efficiency of thermal power plants in Angola by means of a two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. In the first stage, a novel super-efficiency DEA model for undesirable outputs (CO₂ emission levels and discharge of polluted water) is initially used to measure their efficiency levels. Then, in the second stage, relevant cost structure variables frequently used to describe a productive technology are employed as analytical thresholds for assessing energy production performance either in terms of capital or labor-intensity levels. Precisely, bootstrapped regression trees are used to discriminate super-efficiency scores yielding an energy production performance predictive model based on the technology type as proxied by its cost structure and their respective thresholds, since Angolan thermal plants are heterogeneous. Findings suggest that Angolan power plants are old and labor intensive, as some of them date back to the colonial era, and that lack of capital investment should be revised in favor of installing carbon capture devices. The approach developed here consists of a valuable approach for identifying priorities when technologically updating a heterogeneous thermal industry to face pollutant concerns. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 3300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Allocation of Distributed Generation Considering Protection

by Hamza M. Bakr, Mostafa F. Shaaban, Ahmed H. Osman and Hatem F. Sindi

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2402; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092402 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2663

Abstract

The integration of distributed generation (DG) into the power grid has increased in recent years due to its techno-economic benefits for utilities and consumers. However, due to the fact that distribution systems were not originally designed to accommodate such DG units, many challenges [...] Read more.

The integration of distributed generation (DG) into the power grid has increased in recent years due to its techno-economic benefits for utilities and consumers. However, due to the fact that distribution systems were not originally designed to accommodate such DG units, many challenges are being faced by utilities to seamlessly integrate them into their systems. One of the critical challenges is their effect on protection system settings and coordination. The DG units will affect the pickup current settings of the protection relays, coordination between the primary and secondary relays, and even the direction of the fault current. Failing to consider DG’s effect on the protection system may lead to serious equipment damage or system failure, causing huge financial setbacks for utilities. To that end, this work proposes a new dynamic approach to optimally allocate different types of DG units over the planning horizon. The objective is to minimize the overall costs of the system while taking into consideration the intermittent nature of renewable DG and the impacts on the protection system. Simulation results have been developed on a typical distribution system to prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Active Electrical Distribution Grids and Urban Energy Grids)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 6626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Analysis of Energy and Daylighting Impact of Window Shading Systems and Control Strategies on Commercial Buildings in the United States

by Niraj Kunwar and Mahabir Bhandari

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2401; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092401 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3851

Abstract

Commercial buildings consume approximately 1.9 EJ of energy in the United States, 50% of which is for heating, cooling, and lighting applications. It is estimated that windows contribute up to 34% of the energy used for heating and cooling. However, window retrofits are [...] Read more.

Commercial buildings consume approximately 1.9 EJ of energy in the United States, 50% of which is for heating, cooling, and lighting applications. It is estimated that windows contribute up to 34% of the energy used for heating and cooling. However, window retrofits are not often undertaken to increase energy efficiency because of the high cost and disruptive nature of window installation. Highly efficient window technologies would also need shading devices for glare prevention and visual comfort. An automated window shading system with an appropriate control strategy is a technology that can reduce energy demand, maintain occupant comfort, and enhance the aesthetics and privacy of the built environment. However, the benefits of the automated shades currently used by the shading industry are not well studied. The topic merits an analysis that will help building owners, designers and engineers, and utilities make informed decisions using knowledge of the impact of this technology on energy consumption, peak demand, daylighting, and occupant comfort. This study uses integrated daylight and whole-building energy simulation to evaluate the performance of various control strategies that the shading industry uses in commercial office buildings. The analysis was performed for three different vintages of medium office buildings at six different locations in United States. The results obtained show the control strategies enabled cooling energy savings of up to 40% using exterior shading, and lighting energy savings of up to 25%. The control strategies described can help building engineers and researchers explore different control methods used to control shading in actual buildings but rarely discussed in the literature. This information will give researchers the opportunity to investigate potential improvements in current technologies and their performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Designing, Modeling and Optimizing Energy and Environmental Systems for Buildings)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wave Exciting Force Maximization of Truncated Cylinders in a Linear Array

by Constantine Michailides, Eva Loukogeorgaki and Ioannis K. Chatjigeorgiou

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2400; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092400 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2668

Abstract

This study focuses on the determination of optimum layout configurations for a linear array of identical mutually interacting truncated cylinders. Optimum configurations correspond to those that maximize either the total heave exciting force acting on all cylinders of the array or the heave [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the determination of optimum layout configurations for a linear array of identical mutually interacting truncated cylinders. Optimum configurations correspond to those that maximize either the total heave exciting force acting on all cylinders of the array or the heave exciting force applied on pairs of cylinders within the array. For achieving this goal, we developed and applied an efficient optimization numerical process (ONP), where a robust hydrodynamic numerical model, capable of solving the diffraction problem of the examined multi-body arrangement in the frequency domain, was appropriately coupled with a genetic algorithm solver in an integrated computational environment. Initially, the efficiency of the ONP is demonstrated by comparing results with those of other investigations that resulted from the deployment of classical optimization methods. Then, ONP is applied for a linear array of nine cylinders for determining the optimum layout configurations under the action of the head and perpendicular to the array waves, and for different maximum allowable array lengths. The resulting optimum configurations correspond to a random positioning of the cylinders within the array. Nevertheless, they are characterized by the formation of clusters of closely-positioned cylinders, which induce positive hydrodynamic interactions in terms of maximizing the exciting forces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Renewable Energies: From Technological Advancements to Environmental Impact Assessment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 6634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Evaluation of the Effects of the Potato Starch on the Biogas Produced from the Anaerobic Digestion of Potato Wastes

by R. Alrefai, A.M. Alrefai, K.Y. Benyounis and J. Stokes

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2399; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092399 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3620

Abstract

Anaerobic digestion (AD) has undergone many developments since its first appearance. Despite that, there are still some environmental and economical obstacles that are limiting its sustainability. On the other hand, different types of starch have proven their effectiveness in some different applications. Food [...] Read more.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) has undergone many developments since its first appearance. Despite that, there are still some environmental and economical obstacles that are limiting its sustainability. On the other hand, different types of starch have proven their effectiveness in some different applications. Food processing industries are considered one of the largest generators of waste in the environment. With an aid of the response surface methodology (RSM), the proposed study aimed to find an optimised way to overcome the obstacles by studying the impacts of the starch isolated from the potato peels on the biogas produced from the AD of potato peels before and after starch separation. The study found that potato peels represented approximately 12.5% of the potato total weight. The starch has only a slight influence on the quantity of the biogas produced and much lower influences on its quality. This finding suggests further investigation is required on the production of starch bio-based products simultaneously with the biogas and bio-slurry, which may mitigate environmental influences and economical obstacles of AD and make it more commercially attractive. The study showed also that the highest energy gain by the g-VS/0.2 L of potato peels was 62.9% at 35 °C, 1.62 g-VS/0.2 L organic concentration and 50% sludge concentration, which yielded a maximum CH₄ of 72.4%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from SDEWES 2019 conferences on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research of Energy and Ecological Indicators of a Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Diesel, Biodiesel (RME-Based) and Isopropanol Fuel Blends

by Alfredas Rimkus, Jonas Matijošius and Sai Manoj Rayapureddy

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2398; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092398 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3208

Abstract

This article presents the results of a study of energy and ecological indicators at different engine loads (BMEP) adjusting the Start of Injection (SOI) of a Compression Ignition Engine fuelled with blends of diesel (D), rapeseed methyl ester (RME)-based [...] Read more.

This article presents the results of a study of energy and ecological indicators at different engine loads (BMEP) adjusting the Start of Injection (SOI) of a Compression Ignition Engine fuelled with blends of diesel (D), rapeseed methyl ester (RME)-based biodiesel and isopropanol (P). Fuel blends mixed at D50RME45P5, D50RME40P10 and D50RME30P20 proportions were used. Alcohol-based fuels, such as isopropanol, were chosen because they can be made from different biomass-based feedstocks and used as additives with diesel fuel in diesel engines. Diesel fuel and its blend with 10% alcohol have almost the same thermal efficiency (BTE). In further examination of energy and ecological indicators, combustion parameters were analysed at SOI 6 CAD BTDC using AVL BOOST software (BURN subprogram). Increasing alcohol content in fuel blends led to a reduced cetane number, which prolonged the ignition delay phase and intensified heat release in the premixed combustion phase. Higher combustion temperatures and oxygen content in the fuel blends increased NO_x emissions. Lower C/H ratios and higher O₂ levels affected by RME and isopropanol reduced smoke emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alternative Fuels and Their Application to Combustion Engines)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Raiffa-Kalai-Smorodinsky Bargaining Solution for Bilateral Contracts in Electricity Markets

by Reinaldo Crispiniano Garcia, Javier Contreras, Matheus de Lima Barbosa, Felipe Silva Toledo and Paulo Vinicius Aires da Cunha

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2397; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092397 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3390

Abstract

In electricity markets, bilateral contracts (BC) are used to hedge against price volatility in the spot market. Pricing these contracts requires scheduling from either the buyer or the seller aiming to achieve the highest profit possible. Since this problem includes different players, a [...] Read more.

In electricity markets, bilateral contracts (BC) are used to hedge against price volatility in the spot market. Pricing these contracts requires scheduling from either the buyer or the seller aiming to achieve the highest profit possible. Since this problem includes different players, a Generation Company (GC) and an Electricity Supplier Company (ESC) are considered. The approaches to solve this problem include the Nash Bargaining Solution (NBS) equilibrium and the Raiffa–Kalai–Smorodinsky (RKS) bargaining solution. The innovation of this work is the implementation of an algorithm based on the RKS equilibrium to find a compromise strategy when determining the concessions to be made by the parties. The results are promising and show that the RKS approach can obtain better results compared to the Nash equilibrium method applied to a case study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section C: Energy Economics and Policy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Consumption Analysis for Vehicle Production through a Material Flow Approach

by Fernando Enzo Kenta Sato and Toshihiko Nakata

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2396; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092396 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 12111

Abstract

The aim of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the energy consumption in the automotive industry, clarifying the effect of its productive processes. For this propose, the material flow of the vehicles has been elaborated, from mining to vehicle assembly. Initially, processes where [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the energy consumption in the automotive industry, clarifying the effect of its productive processes. For this propose, the material flow of the vehicles has been elaborated, from mining to vehicle assembly. Initially, processes where each type of material was used, and the relationship between them, were clarified. Subsequently, material flow was elaborated, while considering materials input in each process. Consequently, the consumption of energy resources (i.e., oil, natural gas, coal, and electricity) was calculated. Open data were utilized, and the effects on the Japanese vehicle market were analyzed as a case study. Our results indicate that the energy that is required for vehicle production is 41.8 MJ/kg per vehicle, where mining and material production processes represent 68% of the total consumption. Moreover, 5.23 kg of raw materials and energy resources are required to produce 1 kg of vehicle. Finally, this study proposed values of energy consumption per mass of part produced, which can be used to facilitate future material and energy analysis for the automotive industry. Those values can be adopted and modified as necessary, allowing for possible changes in future premises to be incorporated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Energy Use Efficiency)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Varying Relationship between Crude Oil Price and Exchange Rate in the Context of Structural Breaks

by Yue Liu, Pierre Failler, Jiaying Peng and Yuhang Zheng

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2395; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092395 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3765

Abstract

This paper examines the dynamic relationship between crude oil prices and the U.S. exchange rate within the structural break detection context. Based on monthly data from January 1996 to April 2019, this paper identifies structural breaks in movements of oil price and examines [...] Read more.

This paper examines the dynamic relationship between crude oil prices and the U.S. exchange rate within the structural break detection context. Based on monthly data from January 1996 to April 2019, this paper identifies structural breaks in movements of oil price and examines the dynamic relationship between crude oil prices and the U.S. exchange rate movement by introducing the economic policy uncertainty and using the TVP-VAR (Time-Varying Parameter-Vector Auto Regression ) model. Empirical results indicate that shocks to crude oil prices have immediate and short-term impacts on movements in the exchange rate which are emphasized during the confidence intervals of structural breaks. Oil price shocks and economic policy uncertainty are interrelated and influence movements in the U.S. exchange rate. Since the U.S. dollar is the main currency of the international oil market and the U.S. has become a major exporter of crude oil, the transmission of price shocks to the U.S. exchange rate becomes complicated. In most cases, the relationship between oil prices and the U.S. exchange rate movements is negative. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section C: Energy Economics and Policy)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

30 pages, 7933 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Isolated Matrix Inverters: Topologies, Modulation Methods and Applications

by Oleksandr Korkh, Andrei Blinov, Dmitri Vinnikov and Andrii Chub

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2394; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092394 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4789

Abstract

This paper presents a review of isolated matrix inverters. The study contributes to creating a point of reference for a comprehensive classification of existing solutions. Over 30 topologies were reviewed, and the main advantages and disadvantages discussed. Applications of isolated matrix inverters are [...] Read more.

This paper presents a review of isolated matrix inverters. The study contributes to creating a point of reference for a comprehensive classification of existing solutions. Over 30 topologies were reviewed, and the main advantages and disadvantages discussed. Applications of isolated matrix inverters are summarized in a tabular form to demonstrate their flexibility for different power and voltage levels achieved due to the presence of a transformer. These inverters have been proposed for the uninterruptible power supplies, high and low-voltage/power photovoltaic systems, low-power fuel cell, different low- and high-voltage battery and/or electric vehicle chargers, audio amplifiers. The fully controlled switches on both terminals of these converters typically can provide the bidirectional power transfer capability, which is also addressed for most of the topologies, but requires some modification in their modulation strategy. Average efficiency of today’s isolated matrix inverters is comparable with the two-stage power converters; however, they can provide higher reliability and lower cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Systems for Efficient and Sustainable Energy Supply 2021)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 5703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Intelligent Approaches for Non-Technical Losses Management of Electricity

by Rubén González Rodríguez, Jamer Jiménez Mares and Christian G. Quintero M.

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2393; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092393 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2434

Abstract

This paper presents an intelligent system for the detection of non-technical losses of electrical energy associated with the fraudulent behaviors of system users. This proposal has three stages: a non-supervised clustering of consumption profiles based on a hybrid algorithm between self-organizing maps (SOM) [...] Read more.

This paper presents an intelligent system for the detection of non-technical losses of electrical energy associated with the fraudulent behaviors of system users. This proposal has three stages: a non-supervised clustering of consumption profiles based on a hybrid algorithm between self-organizing maps (SOM) and genetic algorithms (GA). A second stage for demand forecasting is based on ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) models corrected intelligently through neural networks (ANN). The final stage is a classifier based on random forests for fraudulent user detection. The proposed intelligent approach was trained and tested with real data from the Colombian Caribbean region, where the utility reports energy losses of around 18% of the total energy purchased by the company during the five last years. The results show an average overall performance of 82.9% in the detection process of fraudulent users, significantly increasing the effectiveness compared to the approaches (68%) previously applied by the utility in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soft Computing Techniques in Energy System)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 1783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Wastewater in an Innovative Multi-Section Horizontal Flow Reactor

by Marcin Dębowski, Marcin Zieliński, Marta Kisielewska and Joanna Kazimierowicz

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2392; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092392 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 3708

Abstract

The aim of this study was the performance evaluation of anaerobic digestion of dairy wastewater in a multi-section horizontal flow reactor (HFAR) equipped with microwave and ultrasonic generators to stimulate biochemical processes. The effects of increasing organic loading rate (OLR) ranging from 1.0 [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was the performance evaluation of anaerobic digestion of dairy wastewater in a multi-section horizontal flow reactor (HFAR) equipped with microwave and ultrasonic generators to stimulate biochemical processes. The effects of increasing organic loading rate (OLR) ranging from 1.0 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L·d to 4.0 g COD/L·d on treatment performance, biogas production, and percentage of methane yield were determined. The highest organic compounds removals (about 85% as COD and total organic carbon—TOC) were obtained at OLR of 1.0–2.0 g COD/L·d. The highest biogas yield of 0.33 ± 0.03 L/g COD removed and methane content in biogas of 68.1 ± 5.8% were recorded at OLR of 1.0 g COD/L·d, while at OLR of 2.0 g COD/L·d it was 0.31 ± 0.02 L/COD removed and 66.3 ± 5.7%, respectively. Increasing of the OLR led to a reduction in biogas productivity as well as a decrease in methane content in biogas. The best technological effects were recorded in series with an operating mode of ultrasonic generators of 2 min work/28 min break. More intensive sonication reduced the efficiency of anaerobic digestion of dairy wastewater as well as biogas production. A low nutrient removal efficiency was observed in all tested series of the experiment, which ranged from 2.04 ± 0.38 to 4.59 ± 0.68% for phosphorus and from 9.67 ± 3.36 to 20.36 ± 0.32% for nitrogen. The effects obtained in the study (referring to the efficiency of wastewater treatment, biogas production, as well as to the results of economic analysis) proved that the HFAR can be competitive to existing industrial technologies for food wastewater treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass Wastes for Energy Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 6264 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Thermo-Economic Analysis of Hybrid Solar-Geothermal Polygeneration Plants in Different Configurations

by Francesco Calise, Francesco Liberato Cappiello, Massimo Dentice d’Accadia and Maria Vicidomini

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2391; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092391 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3490

Abstract

This work presents a thermoeconomic comparison between two different solar energy technologies, namely the evacuated flat-plate solar collectors and the photovoltaic panels, integrated as auxiliary systems into two renewable polygeneration plants. Both plants produce electricity, heat and cool, and are based on a [...] Read more.

This work presents a thermoeconomic comparison between two different solar energy technologies, namely the evacuated flat-plate solar collectors and the photovoltaic panels, integrated as auxiliary systems into two renewable polygeneration plants. Both plants produce electricity, heat and cool, and are based on a 6 kWe organic Rankine cycle (ORC), a 17-kW single-stage H2O/LiBr absorption chiller, a geothermal well at 96 °C, a 200 kWt biomass auxiliary heater, a 45.55 kWh lithium-ion battery and a 25 m² solar field. In both configurations, electric and thermal storage systems are included to mitigate the fluctuations due to the variability of solar radiation. ORC is mainly supplied by the thermal energy produced by the geothermal well. Additional heat is also provided by solar thermal collectors and by a biomass boiler. In an alternative layout, solar thermal collectors are replaced by photovoltaic panels, producing additional electricity with respect to the one produced by the ORC. To reduce ORC condensation temperature and increase the electric efficiency, a ground-cooled condenser is also adopted. All the components included in both plants were accurately simulated in a TRNSYS environment using dynamic models validated versus literature and experimental data. The ORC is modeled by zero-dimensional energy and mass balances written in Engineering Equation Solver and implemented in TRNSYS. The models of both renewable polygeneration plants are applied to a suitable case study, a commercial area near Campi Flegrei (Naples, South Italy), a location well-known for its geothermal sources and good solar availability. The economic results suggest that for this kind of plant, photovoltaic panels show lower pay back periods than evacuated flat-plate solar collectors, 13 years vs 15 years. The adoption of the electric energy storage system leads to an increase of energy-self-sufficiency equal to 42% and 47% for evacuated flat-plate solar collectors and the photovoltaic panels, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geothermal Energy Utilization and Technologies 2020)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bayesian Optimized Echo State Network Applied to Short-Term Load Forecasting

by Gabriel Trierweiler Ribeiro, João Guilherme Sauer, Naylene Fraccanabbia, Viviana Cocco Mariani and Leandro dos Santos Coelho

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2390; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092390 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 3631

Abstract

Load forecasting impacts directly financial returns and information in electrical systems planning. A promising approach to load forecasting is the Echo State Network (ESN), a recurrent neural network for the processing of temporal dependencies. The low computational cost and powerful performance of ESN [...] Read more.

Load forecasting impacts directly financial returns and information in electrical systems planning. A promising approach to load forecasting is the Echo State Network (ESN), a recurrent neural network for the processing of temporal dependencies. The low computational cost and powerful performance of ESN make it widely used in a range of applications including forecasting tasks and nonlinear modeling. This paper presents a Bayesian optimization algorithm (BOA) of ESN hyperparameters in load forecasting with its main contributions including helping the selection of optimization algorithms for tuning ESN to solve real-world forecasting problems, as well as the evaluation of the performance of Bayesian optimization with different acquisition function settings. For this purpose, the ESN hyperparameters were set as variables to be optimized. Then, the adopted BOA employs a probabilist model using Gaussian process to find the best set of ESN hyperparameters using three different options of acquisition function and a surrogate utility function. Finally, the optimized hyperparameters are used by the ESN for predictions. Two datasets have been used to test the effectiveness of the proposed forecasting ESN model using BOA approaches, one from Poland and another from Brazil. The results of optimization statistics, convergence curves, execution time profile, and the hyperparameters’ best solution frequencies indicate that each problem requires a different setting for the BOA. Simulation results are promising in terms of short-term load forecasting quality and low error predictions may be achieved, given the correct options settings are used. Furthermore, since there is not an optimal global optimization solution known for real-world problems, correlations among certain values of hyperparameters are useful to guide the selection of such a solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 4262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

FPGA-Based System for Electromagnetic Interference Evaluation in Random Modulated DC/DC Converters

by Hermes Loschi, Piotr Lezynski, Robert Smolenski, Douglas Nascimento and Wojciech Sleszynski

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2389; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092389 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4469

Abstract

Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) provides the possibility to design new “electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) friendly” control techniques for power electronic converters. Such control techniques use pseudo-random modulators (RanM) to control the converter switches. However, some issues connected with the FPGA-based design of RanM, such [...] Read more.

Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) provides the possibility to design new “electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) friendly” control techniques for power electronic converters. Such control techniques use pseudo-random modulators (RanM) to control the converter switches. However, some issues connected with the FPGA-based design of RanM, such as matching the range of fixed-point numbers, might be challenging. The modern programming tools, such as LabVIEW, may facilitate the design process, but there are still fixed-point operations and limitations in arithmetic operations. This paper presents the design insights on the FPGA-based EMC friendly control system for DC/DC converter. Probability density functions (PDF) are used to analyse and improve pseudo-random algorithms. The theoretical algorithms, hardware details and experimental results are presented and discussed in terms of conducted electromagnetic interference emission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial and Technological Applications of Power Electronics Systems)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 2922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Optimal Fast-Charging Strategy for Lithium-Ion Batteries via an Electrochemical–Thermal Model with Intercalation-Induced Stresses and Film Growth

by Guangwei Chen, Zhitao Liu and Hongye Su

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2388; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092388 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3284

Abstract

Optimal fast charging is an important factor in battery management systems (BMS). Traditional charging strategies for lithium-ion batteries, such as the constant current–constant voltage (CC–CV) pattern, do not take capacity aging mechanisms into account, which are not only disadvantageous in the life-time usage [...] Read more.

Optimal fast charging is an important factor in battery management systems (BMS). Traditional charging strategies for lithium-ion batteries, such as the constant current–constant voltage (CC–CV) pattern, do not take capacity aging mechanisms into account, which are not only disadvantageous in the life-time usage of the batteries, but also unsafe. In this paper, we employ the dynamic optimization (DP) method to achieve the optimal charging current curve for a lithium-ion battery by introducing limits on the intercalation-induced stresses and the solid–liquid interface film growth based on an electrochemical–thermal model. Furthermore, the backstepping technique is utilized to control the temperature to avoid overheating. This paper concentrates on solving the issue of minimizing charging time in a given target State of Charge (SoC), while limiting the capacity loss caused by intercalation-induced stresses and film formation. The results indicate that the proposed optimal charging method in this paper offers a good compromise between the charging time and battery aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 5321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transient Thermal Analysis of a Li-Ion Battery Module for Electric Cars Based on Various Cooling Fan Arrangements

by Van-Thanh Ho, Kyoungsik Chang, Sang Wook Lee and Sung Han Kim

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2387; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092387 - 10 May 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5231

Abstract

This paper presents a three-dimensional modeling approach to simulate the thermal performance of a Li-ion battery module for a new urban car. A single-battery cell and a 52.3 Ah Li-ion battery module were considered, and a Newman, Tiedemann, Gu, and Kim (NTGK) model [...] Read more.

This paper presents a three-dimensional modeling approach to simulate the thermal performance of a Li-ion battery module for a new urban car. A single-battery cell and a 52.3 Ah Li-ion battery module were considered, and a Newman, Tiedemann, Gu, and Kim (NTGK) model was adopted for the electrochemical modeling based on input parameters from the discharge experiment. A thermal–electrochemical coupled method was established to provide insight into the temperature variations over time under various discharge conditions. The distribution temperature of a single-battery cell was predicted accurately. Additionally, in a 5C discharge condition without a cooling system, the temperature of the battery module reached 114 °C, and the temperature difference increased to 25 °C under a 5C discharging condition. This condition led to the activation of thermal runaway and the possibility of an explosion. However, the application of a reasonable fan circulation and position reduced the maximum temperature to 49.7 °C under the 5C discharge condition. Moreover, accurate prediction of the temperature difference between cell areas during operation allowed for a clear understanding and design of an appropriate fan system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section J: Thermal Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 512 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Energy Efficiency Education and Training: Australian Lessons on What Employers Want—Or Need

by Alan Pears

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2386; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092386 - 10 May 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2596

Abstract

This paper explores current approaches and future directions for energy efficiency education and training in the tertiary sector. Energy efficiency is a significant element in many jobs across the economy, with potential for substantial growth. It crosses disciplinary boundaries, as the range of [...] Read more.

This paper explores current approaches and future directions for energy efficiency education and training in the tertiary sector. Energy efficiency is a significant element in many jobs across the economy, with potential for substantial growth. It crosses disciplinary boundaries, as the range of skills and knowledge required by practitioners is broad, reflecting the diversity and expanding range of work roles that require energy efficiency skills and knowledge. Limitations of education and training contribute to a situation where business and consumer decision-making often involves little or no consideration of energy, so outcomes are often sub-optimal. This increases costs, environmental and social impacts and undermines productivity improvement. As the significance of energy efficiency skills and knowledge in workplaces increases, more flexible and varied education and training models are needed to allow workers to upskill, gain new skills and integrate energy efficiency into business models. The paper discusses the barriers to adoption of more comprehensive energy efficiency content in programs and presents options for inclusion. The paper concludes that, in order to capture the potential of energy efficiency to contribute to a productive, sustainable economy, appropriate teaching resources and certification must be developed and introduced across most disciplines, while employers and recruitment consultants must be informed of the benefits, so they value energy efficiency skills and qualifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Sustainable Energy Systems Education)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 5098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voltage Estimation Method for Power Distribution Networks Using High-Precision Measurements

by Chan-Hyeok Oh, Seok-Il Go, Joon-Ho Choi, Seon-Ju Ahn and Sang-Yun Yun

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2385; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092385 - 10 May 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3029

Abstract

In this study, we propose a voltage estimation method for the radial distribution network with distributed generators (DGs) using high-precision measurements (HPMs). The proposed method uses the section loads center for voltage estimation because individual loads are not measured in the distribution system. [...] Read more.

In this study, we propose a voltage estimation method for the radial distribution network with distributed generators (DGs) using high-precision measurements (HPMs). The proposed method uses the section loads center for voltage estimation because individual loads are not measured in the distribution system. The bus voltage was estimated through correction of the section load center by using an HPM at the end of the main feeder. The correction parameter of the section load center was calculated by comparing the initial voltage estimates and the measurements of the HPMs. After that, the voltage of the main feeder was re-estimated. Finally, the bus voltage in the lateral feeder was estimated based on the voltage estimates in the main feeder and the current measurements in the lateral feeder. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm was verified through case studies by using test systems implemented in MATLAB, Simulink, and Python environments. In order to verify the utilization of the proposed method to the practical system, a test with injection of approximately 5% of normally distributed random noise was performed. Through the results of the case studies, when an HPM is installed at the end of the main feeder, it demonstrated that the voltage estimation accuracy can be greatly improved by the proposed method. Compared with the existing methods, the proposed method was less affected by PV and showed robustness to measurement noise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Active Electrical Distribution Grids and Urban Energy Grids)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying Public Preferences for Community-Based Renewable Energy Projects in South Korea

by Rahel Renata Tanujaya, Chul-Yong Lee, JongRoul Woo, Sung-Yoon Huh and Min-Kyu Lee

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2384; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092384 - 10 May 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3083

Abstract

Under the new climate regime, renewable energy (RE) has received particular attention for mitigating the discharge of greenhouse gas. According to the third energy master plan in South Korea, by 2040, 30–35% of the energy demand must met with RE sources. To ensure [...] Read more.

Under the new climate regime, renewable energy (RE) has received particular attention for mitigating the discharge of greenhouse gas. According to the third energy master plan in South Korea, by 2040, 30–35% of the energy demand must met with RE sources. To ensure relevant policy design to achieve this goal, it is crucial to analyze the public’s willingness to accept community-based RE projects. This study conducted a nationwide survey to understand the opinion of the public and also that of local inhabitants living near a RE project. A choice experiment was employed to measure public preferences toward RE projects. The analysis reveals that the type of energy source, distance to a residential area, and annual percentage incentives could affect acceptance levels. Additionally, investment levels were a factor in local inhabitants’ acceptance of energy-related projects. This study presents the relevant policy implications in accordance with the analysis results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue End-Users’ Perspectives on Energy Policy and Technology)

22 pages, 1305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Algorithm for Recognition of Fault Conditions in the Utility Grid with Renewable Energy Penetration

by Govind Sahay Yogee, Om Prakash Mahela, Kapil Dev Kansal, Baseem Khan, Rajendra Mahla, Hassan Haes Alhelou and Pierluigi Siano

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2383; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092383 - 10 May 2020

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 3200

Abstract

Penetration level of renewable energy (RE) in the utility grid is continuously increasing to minimize the environmental concerns, risk of energy security, and depletion of fossil fuels. The uncertain nature and availability of RE power for a short duration have created problems related [...] Read more.

Penetration level of renewable energy (RE) in the utility grid is continuously increasing to minimize the environmental concerns, risk of energy security, and depletion of fossil fuels. The uncertain nature and availability of RE power for a short duration have created problems related to the protection, grid security, power reliability, and power quality. Further, integration of RE sources near the load centers has also pronounced the protection issues, such as false tripping, delayed tripping, etc. Hence, this paper introduces a hybrid grid protection scheme (HGPS) for the protection of the grid with RE integration. This combines the merits of the Stockwell Transform, Hilbert Transform, and Alienation Coefficient to improve performance of the protection scheme. The Stockwell Transform-based Median and Summation Index (SMSI) utilizing current signals, Hilbert Transform-based derivative index (HDI) utilizing voltage signals, and Alienation Coefficient index (ACI) utilizing voltage signals were used to compute a proposed Stockwell Transform-, Hilbert Transform-, and Alienation-based fault index (SAHFI). This SAHFI was used to recognize the fault conditions. The fault conditions were categorized using the number of faulty phases and the proposed Stockwell Transform and Hilbert Transform-based ground fault index (SHGFI) utilizing zero sequence currents. The fault conditions, such as phase and ground (PGF), any two phases (TPF), any two phases and ground (TPGF), all three phases (ATPF), and all three phases and ground (ATPGF), were recognized effectively, using the proposed SAHFI. The proposed method has the following merits: performance is least affected by the noise, it is effective in recognizing fault conditions in minimum time, and it is also effective in recognizing the fault conditions in different scenarios of the grid. Performance of the proposed approach was found to be superior compared to the discrete wavelet transform (DWT)-based method reported in the literature. The study was performed using the hybrid grid test system realized by integrating wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) plants to the IEEE-13 nodes network in MATLAB software. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 5869 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Thermal Interactions between Buildings in an Urban Context

by Xuan Luo, Tianzhen Hong and Yu-Hang Tang

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2382; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092382 - 9 May 2020

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4440

Abstract

Thermal interactions through longwave radiation exchange between buildings, especially in a dense urban environment, can strongly influence a building’s energy use and environmental impact. However, these interactions are either neglected or oversimplified in urban building energy modeling. We developed a new feature in [...] Read more.

Thermal interactions through longwave radiation exchange between buildings, especially in a dense urban environment, can strongly influence a building’s energy use and environmental impact. However, these interactions are either neglected or oversimplified in urban building energy modeling. We developed a new feature in EnergyPlus to explicitly consider this term in the surface heat balance calculations and developed an algorithm to batch calculating the surrounding surfaces’ view factors using a ray-tracing technique. We conducted a case study with a district in the Chicago downtown area to evaluate the longwave radiant heat exchange effects between urban buildings. Results show that the impact of the longwave radiant effects on annual energy use ranges from 0.1% to 3.3% increase for cooling and 0.3% to 3.6% decrease for heating, varying among individual buildings. At the district level, the total energy demand increases by 1.39% for cooling and decreases 0.45% for heating. We also observe the longwave radiation can increase the exterior surface temperature by up to 10 °C for certain exterior surfaces. These findings justify a detailed and accurate way to consider the thermal interactions between buildings in an urban context to inform urban planning and design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from BS2019 – Building Simulation)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 4581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing the Hydroelectricity Variability on Power Markets from a System Dynamics and Dynamic Systems Perspective: Seasonality and ENSO Phenomenon

by José D. Morcillo, Fabiola Angulo and Carlos J. Franco

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2381; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092381 - 9 May 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2863

Abstract

In this paper, the variations in hydropower generation are addressed considering the seasonality and ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) episodes. The dynamic hypothesis and the stock-flow structure of the Colombian electricity market were analyzed. Moreover, its dynamic behavior was analyzed by using Dynamic Systems [...] Read more.

In this paper, the variations in hydropower generation are addressed considering the seasonality and ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) episodes. The dynamic hypothesis and the stock-flow structure of the Colombian electricity market were analyzed. Moreover, its dynamic behavior was analyzed by using Dynamic Systems tools aimed at providing deep insight into the system. The MATLAB/Simulink model was used to evaluate the Colombian electricity market. Since we combine System Dynamics and Dynamic Systems, this methodology provides a novel insight and a deeper analysis compared with System Dynamics models and can be easily implemented by policymakers to suggest improvements in regulation or market structures. We also provide a detailed description of the Colombian electricity market dynamics under a broad range of demand growth rate scenarios inspired by the bifurcation and control theory of Dynamic Systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Political Economy of Energy Policies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A LSTM-STW and GS-LM Fusion Method for Lithium-Ion Battery RUL Prediction Based on EEMD

by Ling Mao, Jie Xu, Jiajun Chen, Jinbin Zhao, Yuebao Wu and Fengjun Yao

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2380; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092380 - 9 May 2020

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 3530

Abstract

To address inaccurate prediction in remaining useful life (RUL) in current Lithium-ion batteries, this paper develops a Long Short-Term Memory Network, Sliding Time Window (LSTM-STW) and Gaussian or Sine function, Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (GS-LM) fusion batteries RUL prediction method based on ensemble empirical mode [...] Read more.

To address inaccurate prediction in remaining useful life (RUL) in current Lithium-ion batteries, this paper develops a Long Short-Term Memory Network, Sliding Time Window (LSTM-STW) and Gaussian or Sine function, Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (GS-LM) fusion batteries RUL prediction method based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD). Firstly, EEMD is used to decompose the original data into high-frequency and low-frequency components. Secondly, LSTM-STW and GS-LM are used to predict the high-frequency and low-frequency components, respectively. Finally, the LSTM-STW and GS-LM prediction results are effectively integrated in order to obtain the final prediction of the lithium-ion battery RUL results. This article takes the lithium-ion battery data published by NASA as input. The experimental results show that the method has higher accuracy, including the phenomenon of sudden capacity increase, and is less affected by the prediction starting point. The performance of the proposed method is better than other typical battery RUL prediction methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section D: Energy Storage and Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 6874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Heat Diffusion at Nanoscale Based on Thermal Analysis of Real Test Structure

by Tomasz Raszkowski and Mariusz Zubert

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2379; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092379 - 9 May 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2140

Abstract

This paper presents an analysis related to thermal simulation of the test structure dedicated to heat-diffusion investigation at the nanoscale. The test structure consists of thin platinum resistors mounted on wafer made of silicon dioxide. A bottom part of the structure contains the [...] Read more.

This paper presents an analysis related to thermal simulation of the test structure dedicated to heat-diffusion investigation at the nanoscale. The test structure consists of thin platinum resistors mounted on wafer made of silicon dioxide. A bottom part of the structure contains the silicon layer. Simulations were carried out based on the thermal simulator prepared by the authors. Simulation results were compared with real measurement outputs yielded for the mentioned test structure. The authors also propose the Grünwald–Letnikov fractional space-derivative Dual-Phase-Lag heat transfer model as a more accurate model than the classical Fourier–Kirchhoff (F–K) heat transfer model. The approximation schema of proposed model is also proposed. The accuracy and computational properties of both numerical algorithms are presented in detail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances in Electrothermal Models)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2568 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

A Review on Energy Efficiency in Three Transportation Sectors: Railways, Electrical Vehicles and Marine

by Morris Brenna, Vittorio Bucci, Maria Carmen Falvo, Federica Foiadelli, Alessandro Ruvio, Giorgio Sulligoi and Andrea Vicenzutti

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2378; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092378 - 9 May 2020

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5619

Abstract

The present paper is a review on efficiency issues related to three important sectors of the transportation systems: railways, electrical vehicles, and marine. For the three sectors, the authors, in reference of their knowledge and research area, show the results of a wide [...] Read more.

The present paper is a review on efficiency issues related to three important sectors of the transportation systems: railways, electrical vehicles, and marine. For the three sectors, the authors, in reference of their knowledge and research area, show the results of a wide literature analysis, in order to highlight which are the measures, in terms of technological solutions and management techniques, which are recently investigated and implemented, for improving the three transportation systems, from the point of view of efficiency. In particular, for the railway transportation sector, a wide analysis is presented, detecting which are the main measures adopted for improving the efficiency, related to the power systems for supplying trains and to the train traffic control, with a focus on the storage system integration. For electric road vehicles the analysis is focused on the plug-in electrical vehicles and on the infrastructure for their recharge, with an emphasis on how these vehicles can support the grid, e.g., through Vehicle to Grid (V2G) applications. Finally, for the marine transport service the review is related to the propulsion systems and on how the different solutions can meet the objective of efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Systems for Transportation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Energies, Volume 13, Issue 9 (May-1 2020) – 285 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI