Materials

18 pages, 1996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes and Silver Nanoparticles for Heat Shock Protein 70 Detection

by Marta Nycz, Katarzyna Arkusz and Dorota G. Pijanowska

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3767; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133767 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3229

Abstract

This paper presents the fabrication methodology of an electrochemical biosensor for the detection of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) as a potential tumor marker with high diagnostic sensitivity. The sensor substrate was a composite based on titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) and silver nanoparticles [...] Read more.

This paper presents the fabrication methodology of an electrochemical biosensor for the detection of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) as a potential tumor marker with high diagnostic sensitivity. The sensor substrate was a composite based on titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced directly on TNTs by electrodeposition, to which anti-HSP70 antibodies were attached by covalent functionalization. This manuscript contains a detailed description of the production, modification, and the complete characteristics of the material used as a biosensor platform. As-formed TNTs, annealed TNTs, and the final sensor platform—AgNPs/TNTs, were tested using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). In addition, open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) of these substrates were used to assess the influence of TNTs modification on their electrochemical characteristics. The EIS technique was used to monitor the functionalization steps of the AgNPs/TNTs electrode and the interaction between anti-HSP70 and HSP70. The produced composite was characterized by high purity, and electrical conductivity improved more than twice compared to unmodified TNTs. The linear detection range of HSP70 of the developed biosensor was in the concentration range from 0.1 to 100 ng/mL. Full article

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14 pages, 36934 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Nano-Magnesium Oxide on the Expansion Performance and Hydration Process of Cement-Based Materials

by Yuxun Ye, Yanming Liu, Tao Shi, Zhuojun Hu, Lei Zhong, Haobo Wang and Yaohui Chen

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3766; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133766 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3427

Abstract

Many scholars are concerned about the effect of nano-MgO as an expansion agent on the performance of cement-based materials at an early age, but over a long period less attention is paid to expansion stability and mechanical properties. This article examines the influence [...] Read more.

Many scholars are concerned about the effect of nano-MgO as an expansion agent on the performance of cement-based materials at an early age, but over a long period less attention is paid to expansion stability and mechanical properties. This article examines the influence of nano-MgO on the long-term consistency, fluidity, expansion stability, hydration, and mechanical properties of 30% fly ash cement-based materials and improves research into nano-MgO as an expansion agent. Expansion performance, flexural and compressive strength, and stability after boiling and autoclave treatment were tested for specimens mixed with a 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% cementitious material mass of nano-MgO. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) were employed to study their hydration process and microstructure. The results showed that nano-MgO had an obvious effect on the consistency, fluidity and expansion performance of cement paste. After curing in water for 365 days and autoclaving thereafter, the hydration of nano-MgO was relatively complete. The volumetric expansion pressure of the magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) crystals and the crystallization pressure generated after their continuous precipitation were the main reasons for the expansion of the slurry. Nano-MgO improved the microstructure of cement paste and significantly enhanced its long-term flexural strength and compressive strength. When the content of nano-MgO was less than 10%, the cement with 30% fly ash had good long-term stability with the potential to compensate for the shrinkage of large-volume concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)

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18 pages, 6207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Properties of Rubberized Engineered Cementitious Composites Containing Nano-Silica

by Rubendran Loganathan and Bashar S. Mohammed

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3765; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133765 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2614

Abstract

To avoid explosive spalling during elevated temperature, crumb rubber (CR) is being added to the manufacturing of engineered cementitious composites (ECC). However, the addition of CR particles adversely affects the mechanical properties of ECC. Therefore, to overcome this issue, nano-silica (NS) is added [...] Read more.

To avoid explosive spalling during elevated temperature, crumb rubber (CR) is being added to the manufacturing of engineered cementitious composites (ECC). However, the addition of CR particles adversely affects the mechanical properties of ECC. Therefore, to overcome this issue, nano-silica (NS) is added into rubberized ECC mixture as cementitious material additives. Response surface methodology (RSM) has been utilized to optimize the mixtures of the rubberized ECC with variables: CR (0, 2.5, and 5 vol.%), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber (0, 1, and 2 vol.%), NS (0, 1, and 2 vol.%), and fly ash (0, 25, and 50 vol.%). The experimentally measured responses are flexural strength, direct tensile strength, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, creep, and drying shrinkage. Mathematical models to predict the targeted responses have been developed using RSM. As a result, a high correlation between the factors and responses has been exhibited by the developed models and the accuracy of fit, where less than 9.38% of the variation was found between the predicted and validated results. The experimental results revealed that the rubberized ECC with the incorporation of nano-silica exhibited a higher compressive strength, direct tensile strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and lower drying shrinkage. Full article

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17 pages, 12095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Friction and Wear of Oxide Scale Obtained on Pure Titanium after High-Temperature Oxidation

by Krzysztof Aniołek, Adrian Barylski and Marian Kupka

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3764; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133764 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2567

Abstract

High-temperature oxidation was performed at temperatures from 600 to 750 °C over a period of 24 h and 72 h. It was shown in the study that the oxide scale became more homogeneous and covered the entire surface as the oxidation temperature increased. [...] Read more.

High-temperature oxidation was performed at temperatures from 600 to 750 °C over a period of 24 h and 72 h. It was shown in the study that the oxide scale became more homogeneous and covered the entire surface as the oxidation temperature increased. After oxidation over a period of 24 h, the hardness of the produced layers increased as the oxidation temperature increased (from 892.4 to 1146.6 kgf/mm²). During oxidation in a longer time variant (72 h), layers with a higher hardness were obtained (1260 kgf/mm²). Studies on friction and wear characteristics of titanium were conducted using couples with ceramic balls (Al₂O₃, ZrO₂) and with high-carbon steel (100Cr6) balls. The oxide films produced at a temperature range of 600–750 °C led to a reduction of the wear ratio value, with the lowest one obtained in tests with the 100Cr6 steel balls. Frictional contact of Al₂O₃ balls with an oxidized titanium disc resulted in a reduction of the wear ratio, but only for the oxide scales produced at 600 °C (24 h, 72 h) and 650 °C (24 h). For the ZrO₂ balls, an increase in the wear ratio was observed, especially when interacting with the oxide films obtained after high-temperature oxidation at 650 °C or higher temperatures. The increase in wear intensity after titanium oxidation was also observed for the 100Cr6 steel balls. Full article

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19 pages, 11794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mesoscale Process Modeling of a Thick Pultruded Composite with Variability in Fiber Volume Fraction

by Onur Yuksel, Michael Sandberg, Jesper H. Hattel, Remko Akkerman and Ismet Baran

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3763; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133763 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4283

Abstract

Pultruded fiber-reinforced polymer composites are susceptible to microstructural nonuniformity such as variability in fiber volume fraction (

V_{f}

), which can have a profound effect on process-induced residual stress. Until now, this effect of non-uniform

V_{f}

distribution has been hardly addressed [...] Read more.

Pultruded fiber-reinforced polymer composites are susceptible to microstructural nonuniformity such as variability in fiber volume fraction (

V_{f}

), which can have a profound effect on process-induced residual stress. Until now, this effect of non-uniform

V_{f}

distribution has been hardly addressed in the process models. In the present study, we characterized the

V_{f}

distribution and accompanying nonuniformity in a unidirectional fiber-reinforced pultruded profile using optical light microscopy. The identified nonuniformity in

V_{f}

was subsequently implemented in a mesoscale thermal–chemical–mechanical process model, developed explicitly for the pultrusion process. In our process model, the constitutive material behavior was defined locally with respect to the corresponding fiber volume fraction value in different-sized representative volume elements. The effect of nonuniformity on the temperature and cure degree evolution, and residual stress was analyzed in depth. The results show that the nonuniformity in fiber volume fraction across the cross-section increased the absolute magnitude of the predicted residual stress, leading to a more scattered residual stress distribution. The observed

V_{f}

gradient promotes tensile residual stress at the core and compressive residual stress at the outer regions. Consequently, it is concluded that it is essential to take the effects of nonuniformity in fiber distribution into account for residual stress estimations, and the proposed numerical framework was found to be an efficient tool to study this aspect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Materials Manufacturing Processes)

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21 pages, 5802 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chitosan Nanoparticles Functionalized Viscose Fabrics as Potentially Durable Antibacterial Medical Textiles

by Matea Korica, Zdenka Peršin, Lidija Fras Zemljič, Katarina Mihajlovski, Biljana Dojčinović, Snežana Trifunović, Alenka Vesel, Tanja Nikolić and Mirjana M. Kostić

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3762; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133762 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3401

Abstract

This research proposed two pretreatments of viscose fabrics: oxidation with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxy radical (TEMPO) and coating with TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCN), to introduce functional groups (COOH and CHO) suitable for irreversible binding of chitosan nanoparticles without and with embedded zinc (NCS and NCS + [...] Read more.

This research proposed two pretreatments of viscose fabrics: oxidation with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxy radical (TEMPO) and coating with TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCN), to introduce functional groups (COOH and CHO) suitable for irreversible binding of chitosan nanoparticles without and with embedded zinc (NCS and NCS + Zn, respectively) and consequently achieving washing durable antibacterial properties of the chitosan nanoparticles functionalized fabrics. The characterizations of pretreated and chitosan nanoparticles functionalized fabrics were performed by FTIR and XPS spectroscopy, elemental analysis, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, zeta potential measurements, scanning electron microscopy, determination of COOH and CHO groups content, and antimicrobial activity under dynamic contact conditions. Influence of pretreatments on NCS and NCS + Zn adsorption, chemical, electrokinetic, and antibacterial properties as well as morphology, and washing durability of NCS and NCS + Zn functionalized fabrics were studied and compared. Washing durability was evaluated through changes in the chitosan and zinc content, zeta potential, and antibacterial activity after 1, 3, and 5 washing cycles. Pretreatments improved washing durability of antibacterial properties of chitosan nanoparticles functionalized fabrics. The NCS and NCS + Zn functionalized pretreated fabrics preserved antibacterial activity against S. aureus after five washing cycles, while antibacterial activity against E. coli was preserved only after one washing cycle in the case NCS + Zn functionalized pretreated viscose fabrics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan-Based Materials)

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26 pages, 27888 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bond Relationship of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Strengthened Steel Plates Exposed to Service Temperature

by Hui Li Lye, Bashar S. Mohammed, Mohamed Mubarak Abdul Wahab and Mohd Shahir Liew

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3761; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133761 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2840

Abstract

Emerging as a new technology, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) has been introduced to rehabilitate and strengthen steel structures using an adhesive agent. However, the outdoor service temperature is potentially degrading to the mechanical strength of the adhesive, as well as affecting the bonding [...] Read more.

Emerging as a new technology, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) has been introduced to rehabilitate and strengthen steel structures using an adhesive agent. However, the outdoor service temperature is potentially degrading to the mechanical strength of the adhesive, as well as affecting the bonding of the strengthened steel structure. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the bond relationship of CFRP-strengthened steel plates exposed to service temperatures. Two types of experiments were conducted to determine the tensile and flexural performance of CFRP-strengthened steel plates. The experiments were designed using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) by considering three parameters: service temperature (25 °C, 45 °C and 70 °C), number of CFRP layers (one, three and five layers) and bond length (40, 80 and 120 mm). The findings show the dominant failure mode transformed from adhesion failure between steel and adhesive interfaces to adhesion failure between CFRP and adhesive interfaces as the service temperature increased. The tensile strength improved by 25.62% when the service temperature increased. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis proved that the strength enhancement is due to the densification and reduction of the adhesive particle microstructure gaps through the softening effect at service temperature. However, service temperature is found to have less impact on flexural strength. Incorporating the experimental results in RSM, two quadratic equations were developed to estimate the tensile and flexural strength of CFRP-strengthened steel plates. The high coefficient of determination, R2, yields at 0.9936 and 0.9846 indicate the high reliability of the models. Hence, it can be used as an estimation tool in the design stage. Full article

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19 pages, 9401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Zeolite Lightweight Repair Renders: Effect of Binder Type on Properties and Salt Crystallization Resistance

by Milena Pavlíková, Adéla Kapicová, Adam Pivák, Martina Záleská, Michal Lojka, Ondřej Jankovský and Zbyšek Pavlík

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3760; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133760 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2312

Abstract

Rendering mortars with lightweight zeolite aggregates were designed and tested. The effect of the type of binder used was also researched. For the hardened mortars, macrostructural parameters, mechanical characteristics, hygric and thermal properties were assessed. Specific attention was paid to the analysis of [...] Read more.

Rendering mortars with lightweight zeolite aggregates were designed and tested. The effect of the type of binder used was also researched. For the hardened mortars, macrostructural parameters, mechanical characteristics, hygric and thermal properties were assessed. Specific attention was paid to the analysis of the salt crystallization resistance of the developed rendering mortars. Quartz sand was fully replaced in the composition of mortars with zeolite gave materials with low density, high porosity, sufficient mechanical strength, high water vapor permeability and high water absorption coefficient, which are technical parameters required for repair rendering mortars as prescribed in the WTA directive 2-9-04/D and EN 998-1. Moreover, the zeolite enhanced mortars exhibit good thermal insulation performance and high sorption capacity. The examined rendering mortars were found to be well durable against salt crystallization, which supports their applicability in salt-laden masonry. Based on the compatibility of the repair materials with those originally used, the lime and natural hydraulic lime zeolite mortars can be used as rendering mortars for the repair of historical and heritage buildings. The cement-lime zeolite render is applicable for repair purposes only in the case of the renewal of masonry in which Portland cement-based materials were originally used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cement, Lime and Concrete)

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24 pages, 12968 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Sub-Zero Treatments and Tempering on Corrosion Behaviour of Vanadis 6 Tool Steel

by Peter Jurči, Aneta Bartkowska, Mária Hudáková, Mária Dománková, Mária Čaplovičová and Dariusz Bartkowski

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3759; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133759 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2797

Abstract

Sub-zero treatment of Vanadis 6 steel resulted in a considerable reduction of retained austenite amount, refinement of martensite, enhancement of population density of carbides, and modification of precipitation behaviour. Tempering of sub-zero-treated steel led to a decrease in population density of carbides, to [...] Read more.

Sub-zero treatment of Vanadis 6 steel resulted in a considerable reduction of retained austenite amount, refinement of martensite, enhancement of population density of carbides, and modification of precipitation behaviour. Tempering of sub-zero-treated steel led to a decrease in population density of carbides, to a further reduction of retained austenite, and to precipitation of M₃C carbides, while M₇C₃ carbides precipitated only in the case of conventionally quenched steel. Complementary effects of these microstructural variations resulted in more noble behaviour of sub-zero-treated steel compared to the conventionally room-quenched one, and to clear inhibition of the corrosion rate at the same time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Advanced Alloys)

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21 pages, 7313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Setup for Simulating the Corrosion Behavior of Orthodontic Wires

by Polydefkis Papaioannou, Mona Sütel, Katrin Hüsker, Wolf-Dieter Müller and Theodosia Bartzela

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3758; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133758 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2559

Abstract

The aim of this study was to create a new reliable setup to evaluate commercially available orthodontic wires used during orthodontic treatment. The setup includes various techniques applied for testing metal alloy materials. The materials were tested under extreme conditions to simulate their [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to create a new reliable setup to evaluate commercially available orthodontic wires used during orthodontic treatment. The setup includes various techniques applied for testing metal alloy materials. The materials were tested under extreme conditions to simulate their behavior in the mouth. The alloy composition of each wire was tested. The electrochemical (EC) testing and characterization of the corrosion performance of the wires was calculated by the electrochemical curves at pH = 1 in two different applied potentials to test the reaction of the material. The liquid collected after the EC measurements was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to verify the reliability of the EC curves and for a more accurate evaluation of the corrosion behavior of the wires. Therefore, the EC measurements were compared to the actual values obtained from the released ions found in the solution. At the end, a surface analysis was performed to detect corrosion on the wires. In conclusion, this study developed a setup to test and better understand the corrosion behavior and ion release of the orthodontic wires, metal alloy dental materials, and other metals used in the oral cavity. This method can contribute to dental material selection in patients with underlying health conditions. Full article

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16 pages, 22972 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Hybrid Ultra-Low-Radioactive Material for Protecting Dark Matter Detector from Background Neutrons

by Marina Zykova, Mikhail Grishechkin, Andrew Khomyakov, Elena Mozhevitina, Roman Avetisov, Nadezda Surikova, Maxim Gromov, Alexander Chepurnov, Ivan Nikulin and Igor Avetissov

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3757; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133757 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3693

Abstract

A laboratory technology for a new ultra-low background hybrid material (HM) which meets the requirements for neutron absorption with simultaneous neutron detection has been developed. The technology and hybrid material can be useful for future low background underground detectors designed to directly search [...] Read more.

A laboratory technology for a new ultra-low background hybrid material (HM) which meets the requirements for neutron absorption with simultaneous neutron detection has been developed. The technology and hybrid material can be useful for future low background underground detectors designed to directly search for dark matter with liquid noble gases. The HM is based on a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) polymer matrix in which gadolinium nuclei are homogeneously distributed up to 1.5 wt% concentration in polymer slabs of 5 cm thickness. To determine the 65 impurity elements by the inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique in the Gd-based preparations in 100–0.01 ppb range, the corresponding method has been developed. Limits of determination (LD) of 0.011 ppb for uranium, and 0.016 ppb for thorium were achieved. An analysis of Gd raw materials showed that the lowest contents of U and Th (1.2–0.2 ppb) were detected in commercial Gd-based preparations. They were manufactured either from secondary raw materials (extraction phosphoric acid) or from mineral raw materials formed in sedimentary rocks (phosphogypsum). To produce the Gd-doped HM the commercial GdCl₃ was purified and used for synthesis of low-background coordination compound, namely, acetylacetonate gadolinium (Gd(acac)₃) with U/Th contents less than LD. When dissolving Gd(acac)₃ in methylmethacrylate, the true solution was obtained and its further thermal polymerization allowed fabrication of the Gd-doped PMMA with ultra-low background. Full article

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34 pages, 20632 KiB

Open AccessReview

Engineering Dielectric Materials for High-Performance Organic Light Emitting Transistors (OLETs)

by Caterina Soldano

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3756; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133756 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5333

Abstract

Organic light emitting transistors (OLETs) represent a relatively new technology platform in the field of optoelectronics. An OLET is a device with a two-fold functionality since it behaves as a thin-film transistor and at the same time can generate light under appropriate bias [...] Read more.

Organic light emitting transistors (OLETs) represent a relatively new technology platform in the field of optoelectronics. An OLET is a device with a two-fold functionality since it behaves as a thin-film transistor and at the same time can generate light under appropriate bias conditions. This Review focuses mainly on one of the building blocks of such device, namely the gate dielectrics, and how it is possible to engineer it to improve device properties and performances. While many findings on gate dielectrics can be easily applied to organic light emitting transistors, we here concentrate on how this layer can be exploited and engineered as an active tool for light manipulation in this novel class of optoelectronic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Light Emitting Transistors: Fundamentals, Materials and Applications)

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18 pages, 3313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Gating System Parameters of Die-Cast Molds on Properties of Al-Si Castings

by Štefan Gašpár, Tomáš Coranič, Ján Majerník, Jozef Husár, Lucia Knapčíková, Dominik Gojdan and Ján Paško

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3755; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133755 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3040

Abstract

The resulting quality of castings indicates the correlation of the design of the mold inlet system and the setting of technological parameters of casting. In this study, the influence of design solutions of the inlet system in a pressure mold on the properties [...] Read more.

The resulting quality of castings indicates the correlation of the design of the mold inlet system and the setting of technological parameters of casting. In this study, the influence of design solutions of the inlet system in a pressure mold on the properties of Al-Si castings was analyzed by computer modelling and subsequently verified experimentally. In the process of computer simulation, the design solutions of the inlet system, the mode of filling the mold depending on the formation of the casting and the homogeneity of the casting represented by the formation of shrinkages were assessed. In the experimental part, homogeneity was monitored by X-ray analysis by evaluating the integrity of the casting and the presence of pores. Mechanical properties such as permanent deformation and surface hardness of castings were determined experimentally, depending on the height of the inlet notch. The height of the inlet notch has been shown to be a key factor, significantly influencing the properties of the die-cast parts and influencing the speed and filling mode of the mold cavity. At the same time, a significant correlation between porosity and mechanical properties of castings is demonstrated. With the increasing share of porosity, the values of permanent deformation of castings increased. It is shown that the surface hardness of castings does not depend on the integrity of the castings but on the degree of subcooling of the melt in contact with the mold and the formation of a fine-grained structure in the peripheral zones of the casting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization Methods for Metal Cast Processes)

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15 pages, 3886 KiB

Open AccessReview

Van der Waals Heterostructures—Recent Progress in Electrode Materials for Clean Energy Applications

by Chance Blackstone and Anna Ignaszak

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3754; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133754 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4326

Abstract

The unique layered morphology of van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures give rise to a blended set of electrochemical properties from the 2D sheet components. Herein an overview of their potential in energy storage systems in place of precious metals is conducted. The most [...] Read more.

The unique layered morphology of van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures give rise to a blended set of electrochemical properties from the 2D sheet components. Herein an overview of their potential in energy storage systems in place of precious metals is conducted. The most recent progress on vdW electrocatalysis covering the last three years of research is evaluated, with an emphasis on their catalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This analysis is conducted in pair with the most active Pt-based commercial catalyst currently utilized in energy systems that rely on the above-listed electrochemistry (metal–air battery, fuel cells, and water electrolyzers). Based on current progress in HER catalysis that employs vdW materials, several recommendations can be stated. First, stacking of the two types vdW materials, with one being graphene or its doped derivatives, results in significantly improved HER activity. The second important recommendation is to take advantage of an electronic coupling when stacking 2D materials with the metallic surface. This significantly reduces the face-to-face contact resistance and thus improves the electron transfer from the metallic surface to the vdW catalytic plane. A dual advantage can be achieved from combining the vdW heterostructure with metals containing an excess of d electrons (e.g., gold). Despite these recent and promising discoveries, more studies are needed to solve the complexity of the mechanism of HER reaction, in particular with respect to the electron coupling effects (metal/vdW combinations). In addition, more affordable synthetic pathways allowing for a well-controlled confined HER catalysis are emerging areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochemistry of Nanomaterials)

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16 pages, 3716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Polyurea Microcapsules by Interfacial Polymerization of Isocyanate and Chitosan Oligosaccharide

by Fuqiang Yu, Ying Wang, Yan Zhao, Jingyu Chou and Xiaowu Li

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3753; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133753 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3659

Abstract

(2-((1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)oxy)-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-propanamide) is a new oil-soluble compound with good fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is the depolymerization product of chitosan and can be developed into biological pesticides, growth regulators, and fertilizers due to its various bioactivities. [...] Read more.

(2-((1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)oxy)-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-propanamide) is a new oil-soluble compound with good fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is the depolymerization product of chitosan and can be developed into biological pesticides, growth regulators, and fertilizers due to its various bioactivities. COS is an oligomer of β- (1 → 4)-linked d –glucosamine and can be taken as a polyamine. In this study, microcapsules were prepared by interfacial polymerization of oil-soluble methylene diphenyl diisocyanate and water-soluble COS. The effects of several key preparation parameters, e.g., emulsifier dosage, agitation rate during emulsification, and core/shell ratio, on properties of the microcapsules such as the encapsulation efficiency, particle size, and size distribution were investigated. The microcapsules were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, etc., and the encapsulation efficiency and release behaviors were investigated. The results show that the microcapsules have a smooth surface and 93.3% of encapsulation efficiency. The microcapsules showed slow-release behavior following a first-order kinetic equation, and the accumulative release rates of the microcapsules with core/shell mass ratios of 8.0/4.0, 8.0/5.0, and 8.0/6.0, were 95.5%, 91.4%, and 90.1%, respectively, on day 30. Due to many high biological activities, biodegradability, and the pure nature of COS, microcapsules formed from COS are promising for applications in controlled release of pesticides, growth regulators, and fertilizer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan-Based Materials)

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13 pages, 1785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Hemostasis Characteristics of Biomaterial Frustules Obtained from Diatom Navicula australoshetlandica sp.

by Yanqing Luo, Shuangfei Li, Kun Shen, Yingjie Song, Jiangtao Zhang, Wen Su and Xuewei Yang

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3752; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133752 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2960

Abstract

Diatoms, known as photosynthetic unicellular algae, can produce natural biosilica frustules that exhibit great biocompatibility, superhydrophilicity, and superhemophilicity. In our study, the diatom Navicula australoshetlandica sp. was isolated from aquaculture wastewater and pretreated to obtain frustules so as to explore their hemostasis characteristics. [...] Read more.

Diatoms, known as photosynthetic unicellular algae, can produce natural biosilica frustules that exhibit great biocompatibility, superhydrophilicity, and superhemophilicity. In our study, the diatom Navicula australoshetlandica sp. was isolated from aquaculture wastewater and pretreated to obtain frustules so as to explore their hemostasis characteristics. A special “porous web” (6–8 nm) substructure in the ordered nanopores (165–350 nm) of boat-shaped diatom frustule was observed in Navicula australoshetlandica sp. using SEM and TEM analysis. Moreover, X-ray, N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms, and BET analysis showed that the diatom frustule is a mesoporous material with a surface area of 401.45 m² g⁻¹ amorphous silica. FTIR analysis showed that Navicula australoshetlandica sp. frustules possessed abundant OH functional groups. A low hemolysis ratio was observed for 1–5 mg mL⁻¹ diatom frustules that did not exceed 1.55 ± 0.06%, which indicates favorable hemocompatibility. The diatom frustules exhibited the shortest clotting time (134.99 ± 7.00 s) with a hemostasis material/blood (mg/μL) ratio of 1:100, which is 1.83 times (112.32 s) shorter than that of chitosan. The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of diatom frustule was also 44.53 s shorter than the control. Our results demonstrate the potential of Navicula australoshetlandica sp. diatom frustules to be used as medical hemostasis material. Full article

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9 pages, 45050 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Vapor Deposition of N-Doped Graphene through Pre-Implantation of Nitrogen Ions for Long-Term Protection of Copper

by Luoqiao Han, Lei Dong, Haiyan Chen, Shuai Yang, Aiheng Yuan, Ran Guan, Hong Yan, Jing Wu, Bo Zhang, Dejun Li and Birong Luo

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3751; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133751 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2402

Abstract

Nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) was synthesized through the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of graphene on Cu substrates, which were pre-implanted with N ions by the ion implantation method. The pre-implanted N ions in the Cu substrate could dope graphene by the substitution of C [...] Read more.

Nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) was synthesized through the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of graphene on Cu substrates, which were pre-implanted with N ions by the ion implantation method. The pre-implanted N ions in the Cu substrate could dope graphene by the substitution of C atoms during the CVD growth of graphene, forming NG. Based on this, NG’s long-term protection properties for Cu were evaluated by ambient exposure for a corrosion test. The results showed that NG can obviously reduce the natural oxidation of Cu in the long-term exposure compared with the case of pristine graphene (PG) coated on Cu. Moreover, with the increase in pre-implanted N dose, the formed NG’s long-term protection for Cu improved. This indicates that the modification of graphene by N doping is an effective way to improve the corrosion resistance of the PG coating owing to the reduction in its conductivity, which would inhibit galvanic corrosion by cutting off electron transport across the interface in their long-term protection. These findings provide insight into corrosion mechanisms of the graphene coating and correlate with its conductive nature based on heteroatoms doping, which is a potential route for improving the corrosion resistance of graphene as an effective barrier coating for metals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Manipulation, Properties and Applications of Layered Materials)

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12 pages, 2217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation on Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity of Ex-Vivo Bovine Liver from Room Temperature down to −60 °C

by Elena Campagnoli and Valter Giaretto

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3750; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133750 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2253

Abstract

Ex vivo animal tissues (e.g., bovine liver) as well as water-agar gel are commonly used to simulate both experimentally and numerically the response of human tissues to cryoablation treatments. Data on the low temperature thermal properties of bovine liver are difficult to find [...] Read more.

Ex vivo animal tissues (e.g., bovine liver) as well as water-agar gel are commonly used to simulate both experimentally and numerically the response of human tissues to cryoablation treatments. Data on the low temperature thermal properties of bovine liver are difficult to find in the literature and very often are not provided for the whole temperature range of interest. This article presents the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity measurements performed on ex-vivo bovine liver samples using the transient plane source method. Regression coefficients are provided to determine these properties in different temperature ranges except for the phase transition during which no results were obtained, which suggests an ad hoc calorimetric analysis. A quick procedure is also suggested to determine the water mass fraction in the tissue. Moreover, an attempt to estimate the liver density in the frozen state using measurements performed solely at room temperature is also presented. The measured thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity values are compared with data reported in literature highlighting a spread up to 40%. Moreover, it emerges that water-agar gel usually made with 2% by weight of agar does not show the same thermal properties as the bovine liver. Full article

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12 pages, 3079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Overhang Forming Direction on Thermal Behaviors during Additive Manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

by Fan Wu, Zhonggang Sun, Wei Chen and Zulei Liang

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3749; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133749 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2781

Abstract

Selective laser melting was recently introduced to fabricate complex parts that are likely to contain overhangs. Process parameters, scanning strategies, support structures, and fast prediction techniques are being frequently studied, but little information about overhang forming direction has been reported. In this study, [...] Read more.

Selective laser melting was recently introduced to fabricate complex parts that are likely to contain overhangs. Process parameters, scanning strategies, support structures, and fast prediction techniques are being frequently studied, but little information about overhang forming direction has been reported. In this study, the effects of overhang forming direction in the working plane on temperature evolution and distortion processes during selective laser melting of Ti-6Al-4V alloy were examined by means of numerical simulation and experimental verification. We found that forming from different directions can lead to significant differences in the early stage of the overhang building process, which were verified by both the simulations and the experiment. Some analyses were performed when enough layers had been built and suggestions are also given. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Performance and Structural Integrity of Additive Manufactured Materials)

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23 pages, 8821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Improving NVH Performance of Automobile Side Door Glass in Use Based on 6 Sigma Method

by Chunlong Ma, Dongyan Shi, Mengnan Wang, Dongze He, Chao Li and Xingsheng Yu

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3748; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133748 - 4 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3029

Abstract

Automobile side door glass squeaks and rattles during use. This abnormal noise can make the driver and occupants irritable and reduce the comfort of the automobile. This reduces the sales of this automobile. This paper analyzes and determines the cause of squeak and [...] Read more.

Automobile side door glass squeaks and rattles during use. This abnormal noise can make the driver and occupants irritable and reduce the comfort of the automobile. This reduces the sales of this automobile. This paper analyzes and determines the cause of squeak and rattle during the lifting and lowering process of the side door glass of an automobile. The noise is due to four reasons. One is that the distance between the inner waterproof belt and the automobile side door glass of the automobile is unreasonable, causing excessive friction between the automobile side door glass and the inner waterproof belt during the automobile side door glass up and down movement. Other factors affecting squeak and rattle may be the distance between the automobile side door sheet metal and the automobile side door glass, the thickness of the automobile side door glass and the characteristics of the inner waterproof belt. The first two dimensions are analyzed using the 6 sigma method, and the structure of the inner waterproof belt is improved and the flocking position is adjusted. The squeak and rattle phenomenon is explained using the implicit dynamic analysis method ABAQUS, and the compression load deflection after the installation of the inner waterproof belt is 3–9 N/100 mm. This research completely solves the squeak and rattle problem caused by the up and down movement of the side door glass of the automobile. This research has significance for solving practical engineering problems. Full article

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14 pages, 3044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Assessment of Long-Term Fluoride Ion Release from Nanofluorapatite

by Katarzyna Herman, Marta Wujczyk, Maciej Dobrzynski, Dorota Diakowska, Katarzyna Wiglusz and Rafal J. Wiglusz

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3747; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133747 - 4 Jul 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2587

Abstract

The issue concerning the tooth decay is ongoing, therefore the study of materials with potential use in its prevention is crucial. This study aimed to analyze the long-term release of fluoride from synthesized nanofluorapatite in various in vitro environments for its potential use [...] Read more.

The issue concerning the tooth decay is ongoing, therefore the study of materials with potential use in its prevention is crucial. This study aimed to analyze the long-term release of fluoride from synthesized nanofluorapatite in various in vitro environments for its potential use in dental materials. We placed 100 mg samples in 0.9% NaCl or deionized water and incubated them at 37 °C or 22 °C for 12 weeks. F− levels were read at 1, 3, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, and thereafter weekly. The levels of F− released at specific time intervals, as well as their cumulative values were compared. In a solution of 0.9% NaCl at 22 °C, there were no significant differences in the amount of F− released in the assessed time intervals, while at 37 °C, the highest value was read after 24 h (0.0697 ppm + 0.0006; p < 0.05). In deionized water, the highest amount of F− at 22 °C was read after 4 weeks (0.0776 ppm + 0.0028; p < 0.05), and at 37 °C, it was also the highest after 4 weeks (0.0910 ppm + 0.0156; p < 0.05). Under the same conditions, after 5 weeks the cumulative level of F− released (0.6216 ppm + 0.0085) significantly increased (p < 0.05), when compared to the samples placed in 0.9% NaCl at 37 °C and 22 °C (0.5493 ppm + 0.0321 and 0.5376 ppm + 0.0234, respectively). FAp releases F− for a long period of time in all assessed environments, therefore it is advised to continue testing in vivo models. Due to the probable remineralization effect towards hard tooth tissues, fluorapatite can be used in the prevention and treatment of dental caries and dentin hypersensitivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influence of Nanomaterials on Biological Processes In Vitro and In Vivo)

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16 pages, 7174 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Interface Design in Lightweight SiC/TiSi₂ Composites Fabricated by Reactive Infiltration Process: Interaction Phenomena between Liquid Si-Rich Si-Ti Alloys and Glassy Carbon

by Donatella Giuranno, Sofia Gambaro, Grzegorz Bruzda, Rafal Nowak, Wojciech Polkowski, Natalia Sobczak, Simona Delsante and Rada Novakovic

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3746; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133746 - 4 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2460

Abstract

To properly design and optimize liquid-assisted processes, such as reactive infiltration for fabricating lightweight and corrosion resistant SiC/TiSi₂ composites, the extensive knowledge about the interfacial phenomena taking place when liquid Si-rich Si-Ti alloys are in contact with glassy carbon (GC) is of [...] Read more.

To properly design and optimize liquid-assisted processes, such as reactive infiltration for fabricating lightweight and corrosion resistant SiC/TiSi₂ composites, the extensive knowledge about the interfacial phenomena taking place when liquid Si-rich Si-Ti alloys are in contact with glassy carbon (GC) is of primary importance. To this end, the wettability of GC by two different Si-rich Si-Ti alloys was investigated for the first time by both the sessile and pendant drop methods at T = 1450 °C. The results obtained, in terms of contact angle values, spreading kinetics, reactivity, and developed interface microstructures, were compared with experimental observations previously obtained for the liquid Si-rich Si-Ti eutectics processed under the same operating conditions. As the main outcome, a different Si content did not seem to affect the final contact angle values. Contrarily, the final developed microstructure at the interface and the spreading kinetics were observed as weakly dependent on the composition. From a practical point of view, Si-Ti alloy compositions with a Si content falling in the simple eutectic region of the Si-Ti phase diagram might be potentially used as infiltrating materials of C- and SiC-based composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interfacial and Transport Phenomena between Liquid Metal and Solid Structural Materials)

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13 pages, 1966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Bioactive Glass-Containing Light-Curing Varnish on Enamel Remineralization

by Hyun-Jung Kim, So-Yeon Mo and Duck-Su Kim

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3745; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133745 - 4 Jul 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2673

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of novel experimental light-curing bioactive glass (BAG)-containing varnish on enamel remineralization. An experimental light-curing, BAG-containing varnish and two commercial varnishes (Nupro White Varnish; Dentsply International, York, PA, USA and Tooth Mousse; GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) were [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of novel experimental light-curing bioactive glass (BAG)-containing varnish on enamel remineralization. An experimental light-curing, BAG-containing varnish and two commercial varnishes (Nupro White Varnish; Dentsply International, York, PA, USA and Tooth Mousse; GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) were used. Microhardness tests (n = 3), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (n = 5), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (n = 5) were performed to compare the remineralization effect of three varnishes with and without ultrasonication. The data of microhardness test were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc comparison (P < 0.05). Microhardness of demineralized enamel increased after the application of three varnishes (P < 0.05). The experimental BAG-containing varnish showed the highest microhardness among the three varnishes (P < 0.05). Ultrasonication decreased microhardness of Tooth Mousse and BAG-containing varnish groups (P < 0.05). FE-SEM and XRD revealed precipitates of hydroxyapatite (HAP) or fluorapatite (FAP) crystals of three varnishes. The novel experimental BAG-containing varnish may be a promising clinical strategy for the remineralization of early carious lesions or demineralized enamel surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resin-Based Composite Materials for Restorative Dentistry)

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11 pages, 2104 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Angle of Insertion and Torsional Resistance of Nickel–Titanium Rotary Instruments

by Dario Di Nardo, Alessio Zanza, Marco Seracchiani, Orlando Donfrancesco, Gianluca Gambarini and Luca Testarelli

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3744; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133744 - 4 Jul 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2767

Abstract

Previously published studies have investigated the influence of instrument access on cyclic fatigue resistance. However, no studies have evaluated the relationship between angulated access and torsional resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the angle of access on [...] Read more.

Previously published studies have investigated the influence of instrument access on cyclic fatigue resistance. However, no studies have evaluated the relationship between angulated access and torsional resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the angle of access on the torsional resistance of endodontic instruments. One hundred and eighty instruments were selected: 90 F-One Blue 25/04 and 90 HeroShaper 25/04 instruments. Three subgroups (n = 30) for each instrument type (A and B) were established according to the angle of insertion of the instruments inside the artificial canal (0°, 10° and 20°). The tests were performed using a custom-made device consisting of the following: a motor that can record torque values of 0.1 s; interchangeable stainless-steel canals with different curvature (0°, 10° and 20°) that allow the instrument’s angulated insertion and keep it flexed during testing procedures; and a vise used to secure the instrument at 3 mm from the tip. Torque limit was set to 5.5 Ncm, and each instrument was rotated at 500 rpm until fracture occurred. Torque to fracture (TtF) was registered by the endodontic motor, and the fragment length (FL) was measured with a digital caliper. Fractographic analysis was performed using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation to confirm the cause of failure. TtF values and fragment length (FL) values were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons across the groups with significance set to a 95% confidence level. Regarding the F-One Blue instruments, the results showed a higher TtF for group A3 (20°) than for group A1 (0°) and group A2 (10°), with a statistically significant difference between group A3 and the other two groups (p < 0.05), whereas no statistically significant difference was found between group A1 and group A2 (p > 0.05). Regarding the HeroShaper instrument, the results showed the highest TtF for group B3, with a statistically significant difference between the three subgroups B1, B2 and B3 (p < 0.05). The results showed that the torsional resistance increases as the angle of instrument access increases with a varying intensity, according to the crystallographic phase of the instrument selected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endodontics)

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12 pages, 5802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell for Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Applications

by Marek Szindler, Magdalena Szindler, Aleksandra Drygała, Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz, Paulina Kaim and Rafał Pietruszka

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3743; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133743 - 4 Jul 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3755

Abstract

One of the important research directions in the field of photovoltaics is integration with construction. The integration of solar cell systems with a building can reduce installation costs and help optimize the used space. Among the few literature reports on photovoltaic roof tiles, [...] Read more.

One of the important research directions in the field of photovoltaics is integration with construction. The integration of solar cell systems with a building can reduce installation costs and help optimize the used space. Among the few literature reports on photovoltaic roof tiles, solutions with silicon and thin film solar cells dominate. An interesting solution may be the application of dye-sensitized solar cells. In addition to their interesting properties, they also have aesthetic value. In the classic arrangement, they are constructed using glass with a transparent conductive layer (TCL). This article describes replacing a classic glass counter electrode with an electrode based on a ceramic tile and nickel foil. First, a continuous and homogeneous fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) thin film was developed so that the above-mentioned substrate could be applied. The atomization method was used for this purpose. Then, nanocolloidal platinum paste was deposited as a catalytic material using the screen printing method. The electrical parameters of the manufactured DSSCs with and without a counter electrode tile were characterized by measuring their current–voltage characteristics under standard AM 1.5 radiation. A dye-sensitized solar cell integrated with ceramic tiles and nickel foil was produced and displayed an efficiency of over 4%. This solution makes it possible to expand their construction applications. The advantage of this solution is full integration with construction, while simultaneously generating electricity. A dye-sensitized solar cell was built layer-by-layer on a ceramic tile and nickel foil. Full article

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17 pages, 4829 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Textile Waste Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composite: Comparison between Short Random Fiber and Textile Reinforcement

by Payam Sadrolodabaee, Josep Claramunt, Mònica Ardanuy and Albert de la Fuente

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3742; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133742 - 4 Jul 2021

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 7514

Abstract

Currently, millions of tons of textile waste from the garment and textile industries are generated worldwide each year. As a promising option in terms of sustainability, textile waste fibers could be used as internal reinforcement of cement-based composites by enhancing ductility and decreasing [...] Read more.

Currently, millions of tons of textile waste from the garment and textile industries are generated worldwide each year. As a promising option in terms of sustainability, textile waste fibers could be used as internal reinforcement of cement-based composites by enhancing ductility and decreasing crack propagation. To this end, two extensive experimental programs were carried out, involving the use of either fractions of short random fibers at 6–10% by weight or nonwoven fabrics in 3–7 laminate layers in the textile waste-reinforcement of cement, and the mechanical and durability properties of the resulting composites were characterized. Flexural resistance in pre- and post-crack, toughness, and stiffness of the resulting composites were assessed in addition to unrestrained drying shrinkage testing. The results obtained from those programs were analyzed and compared to identify the optimal composite and potential applications. Based on the results of experimental analysis, the feasibility of using this textile waste composite as a potential construction material in nonstructural concrete structures such as facade cladding, raised floors, and pavements was confirmed. The optimal composite was proven to be the one reinforced with six layers of nonwoven fabric, with a flexural strength of 15.5 MPa and a toughness of 9.7 kJ/m². Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Construction and Building Materials)

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15 pages, 4068 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Durability of Mortar Containing Alkali Activated Fly Ash-Based Lightweight Aggregate

by Puput Risdanareni, Philip Van den Heede, Jianyun Wang and Nele De Belie

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3741; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133741 - 4 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2752

Abstract

Beneficiating fly ash as valuable construction material such as artificial lightweight aggregate (LWA) could be an alternative solution to increase the utilization of the industrial by-product. However, generally, LWA is characterized by high porosity and a related high water absorption, which on the [...] Read more.

Beneficiating fly ash as valuable construction material such as artificial lightweight aggregate (LWA) could be an alternative solution to increase the utilization of the industrial by-product. However, generally, LWA is characterized by high porosity and a related high water absorption, which on the one hand allows production of lightweight mortar, but on the other hand can affect its performance. Thus, in this research, the durability performance of mortar composed with alkali-activated fly ash-based LWA, and commercial expanded clay (EC) LWA was investigated. The fly ash LWA was prepared in a pan granulator, with a 6-molar solution of NaOH mixed with Na₂SiO₃ in a Na₂SiO₃/NaOH weight ratio of 1.5 being used as activator (FA 6M LWA). The results revealed that mortar containing FA 6M LWA had equivalent mechanical strength with mortar containing EC LWA. The mortar containing FA 6M LWA had comparable capillary water uptake and chloride migration resistance with the reference and EC LWA mortar. Furthermore, the addition of FA 6M LWA was proven to enhance the carbonation resistance in the resulting mortar, due to the denser interfacial transition zone (ITZ) of mortar with LWA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Utilisation of Recycled Materials and By-Products in Concrete)

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11 pages, 3901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Cross-Linking of Collagen Matrices on Tissue Regeneration in a Rabbit Calvarial Bone Defect

by Masako Fujioka-Kobayashi, Elena Andrejova, Hiroki Katagiri, Benoit Schaller, Anton Sculean, Jean-Claude Imber, Niklaus P. Lang and Nikola Saulacic

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3740; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133740 - 4 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2012

Abstract

The cross-linking of collagen matrices (Cl_CM) may provide volume-stable enhanced defect regeneration when compared to non-cross-linked matrices (Ncl_CM). The aim of the present study was to investigate the bone forming potential of collagen matrices (CMs) and the effects of cross-linking CMs in a [...] Read more.

The cross-linking of collagen matrices (Cl_CM) may provide volume-stable enhanced defect regeneration when compared to non-cross-linked matrices (Ncl_CM). The aim of the present study was to investigate the bone forming potential of collagen matrices (CMs) and the effects of cross-linking CMs in a rabbit calvaria defect model. (1) Empty controls (n = 6), (2) Ncl_CM (n = 8), and (3) Cl_CM (n = 8) were selected to be observed for the healing in 10 mm critical-sized calvarial bone defects. The potential for the bone as well as the connective tissue formation were evaluated by micro-CT and histomorphometry at three months post-surgery. There were no statistically significant differences in terms of new bone volume in the defects between the groups. However, the Cl_CM induced significantly greater fibrous tissue regeneration (5.29 ± 1.57 mm²) when compared to the controls (3.51 ± 0.93 mm²) by histomorphometry. The remnants of collagen fibers with immune cells, including macrophages and giant cells, were occasionally observed in the Cl_CM group but not in the Ncl_CM group. In conclusion, the cross-linking of collagen did not influence the potential for bone formation. Nevertheless, Cl_CM might be advantageous for the maintenance of fibrous tissue volume without disturbing bone formation in the defects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Behavior of Dental, Oral and Maxillo-Facial Reconstructive Materials)

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9 pages, 2741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Electroplasticity through Room-Temperature Dynamic Recrystallization in a Mg-3Al-1Sn-1Zn Alloy

by Hong Xu, Yu-Jie Zou, Yu Huang, Pin-Kui Ma, Zhi-Peng Guo, You Zhou and Yu-Peng Wang

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3739; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133739 - 3 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2336

Abstract

It has been well known that electric pulse can be utilized to enhance the plasticity of metals, which is attributed to the change of dislocation dynamics, e.g., localized planar slip to homogeneous wavy slip. Here, we show another effect of pulse current, which [...] Read more.

It has been well known that electric pulse can be utilized to enhance the plasticity of metals, which is attributed to the change of dislocation dynamics, e.g., localized planar slip to homogeneous wavy slip. Here, we show another effect of pulse current, which facilitates texture weakening through room-temperature dynamic recrystallization and additionally improve the plasticity of a polycrystalline Mg-3Al-1Sn-1Zn alloy. By conducting a tensile test under electrical pulse, we found that the peak flow stress and fracture strain depend strongly on current density. As peak current densities increases, the flow stress drops and the fracture strain increases. Our Electron Backscatter Diffraction results suggest that dynamic recrystallization occurs at room temperature, which develops a weakened texture. Our work provides a new insight into electroplasticity mechanism in Mg alloys. Full article

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15 pages, 3113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

FAU-Type Zeolite Synthesis from Clays and Its Use for the Simultaneous Adsorption of Five Divalent Metals from Aqueous Solutions

by Ifeoma V. Joseph, Lubomira Tosheva, Gary Miller and Aidan M. Doyle

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3738; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133738 - 3 Jul 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3503

Abstract

In this research, a vermiculite-kaolinite clay (VK) was used to prepare faujasite zeolites via alkaline fusion and hydrothermal crystallisation. The optimal synthesis conditions were 1 h fusion with NaOH at 800 °C, addition of deionised water to the fused sample at a sample [...] Read more.

In this research, a vermiculite-kaolinite clay (VK) was used to prepare faujasite zeolites via alkaline fusion and hydrothermal crystallisation. The optimal synthesis conditions were 1 h fusion with NaOH at 800 °C, addition of deionised water to the fused sample at a sample to deionised water mass ratio of 1:5, 68 h of non-agitated ageing of the suspension, and 24 h of hydrothermal treatment at 90 °C. The efficacy of the prepared faujasite was compared to raw clay and a reference zeolite material through adsorption experiments of aqueous solutions containing five divalent cations—Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The results showed that in the presence of competing cations at concentrations of 300 mg L⁻¹ and adsorbent loading of 5 g L⁻¹, within the first 10 min, about 99% of Pb, 60% of Cu, 58% of Cd, 28% of Zn, and 19% of Co were removed by the faujasite prepared from clay. Two to four parameter nonlinear adsorption isotherms were used to fit the adsorption data and it was found that overall, three and four parameter isotherms had the best fit for the adsorption process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Porous Materials and Nanozeolites)

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