Brain Sciences

13 pages, 2969 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring Inner Ear and Brain Connectivity through Perilymph Sampling for Early Detection of Neurological Diseases: A Provocative Proposal

by Arianna Di Stadio, Massimo Ralli, Diego Kaski, Nehzat Koohi, Federico Maria Gioacchini, Jeffrey W. Kysar, Anil K. Lalwani, Athanasia Warnecke and Evanthia Bernitsas

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060621 - 20 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1258

Abstract

Recent evidence shows that it is possible to identify the elements responsible for sensorineural hearing loss, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophages, by performing perilymph sampling. However, current studies have only focused on the diagnosis of such as otologic conditions. Hearing loss is [...] Read more.

Recent evidence shows that it is possible to identify the elements responsible for sensorineural hearing loss, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophages, by performing perilymph sampling. However, current studies have only focused on the diagnosis of such as otologic conditions. Hearing loss is a feature of certain neuroinflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis, and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is widely detected in Alzheimer’s disease. Although the environment of the inner ear is highly regulated, there are several communication pathways between the perilymph of the inner ear and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Thus, examination of the perilymph may help understand the mechanism behind the hearing loss observed in certain neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we review the constituents of CSF and perilymph, the anatomy of the inner ear and its connection with the brain. Then, we discuss the relevance of perilymph sampling in neurology. Currently, perilymph sampling is only performed during surgical procedures, but we hypothesize a simplified and low-invasive technique that could allow sampling in a clinical setting with the same ease as performing an intratympanic injection under direct visual check. The use of this modified technique could allow for perilymph sampling in people with hearing loss and neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative disorders and clarify the relationship between these conditions; in fact, by measuring the concentration of neuroinflammatory and/or neurodegenerative biomarkers and those typically expressed in the inner ear in aging SNHL, it could be possible to understand if SNHL is caused by aging or neuroinflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuro-otology and Neuro-ophthalmology)

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24 pages, 4391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Computational Model of Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease Tremor and Bradykinesia

by Sandeep Sathyanandan Nair and Srinivasa Chakravarthy

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060620 - 20 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1898

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder that is typically characterized by a range of motor dysfunctions, and its impact extends beyond physical abnormalities into emotional well-being and cognitive symptoms. The loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder that is typically characterized by a range of motor dysfunctions, and its impact extends beyond physical abnormalities into emotional well-being and cognitive symptoms. The loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) leads to an array of dysfunctions in the functioning of the basal ganglia (BG) circuitry that manifests into PD. While active research is being carried out to find the root cause of SNc cell death, various therapeutic techniques are used to manage the symptoms of PD. The most common approach in managing the symptoms is replenishing the lost dopamine in the form of taking dopaminergic medications such as levodopa, despite its long-term complications. Another commonly used intervention for PD is deep brain stimulation (DBS). DBS is most commonly used when levodopa medication efficacy is reduced, and, in combination with levodopa medication, it helps reduce the required dosage of medication, prolonging the therapeutic effect. DBS is also a first choice option when motor complications such as dyskinesia emerge as a side effect of medication. Several studies have also reported that though DBS is found to be effective in suppressing severe motor symptoms such as tremors and rigidity, it has an adverse effect on cognitive capabilities. Henceforth, it is important to understand the exact mechanism of DBS in alleviating motor symptoms. A computational model of DBS stimulation for motor symptoms will offer great insights into understanding the mechanisms underlying DBS, and, along this line, in our current study, we modeled a cortico-basal ganglia circuitry of arm reaching, where we simulated healthy control (HC) and PD symptoms as well as the DBS effect on PD tremor and bradykinesia. Our modeling results reveal that PD tremors are more correlated with the theta band, while bradykinesia is more correlated with the beta band of the frequency spectrum of the local field potential (LFP) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons. With a DBS current of 220 pA, 130 Hz, and a 100 microsecond pulse-width, we could found the maximum therapeutic effect for the pathological dynamics simulated using our model using a set of parameter values. However, the exact DBS characteristics vary from patient to patient, and this can be further studied by exploring the model parameter space. This model can be extended to study different DBS targets and accommodate cognitive dynamics in the future to study the impact of DBS on cognitive symptoms and thereby optimize the parameters to produce optimal performance effects across modalities. Combining DBS with rehabilitation is another frontier where DBS can reduce symptoms such as tremors and rigidity, enabling patients to participate in their therapy. With DBS providing instant relief to patients, a combination of DBS and rehabilitation can enhance neural plasticity. One of the key motivations behind combining DBS with rehabilitation is to expect comparable results in motor performance even with milder DBS currents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers Identification for Neurological Diseases and Neurorehabilitation)

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19 pages, 964 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of the Sensory–Motor Dysfunction Questionnaire and Pilot Reliability Testing

by Ushani Ambalavanar, Heidi Haavik, Nooshin Khobzi Rotondi and Bernadette Ann Murphy

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060619 - 20 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1199

Abstract

Both chronic and recurrent spinal pain alter sensorimotor integration (SMI), which is demonstrated using complex neurophysiological techniques. Currently, there is no patient-reported outcome measure that documents and/or assesses SMI in populations with spinal problems. The purpose of this study was to develop the [...] Read more.

Both chronic and recurrent spinal pain alter sensorimotor integration (SMI), which is demonstrated using complex neurophysiological techniques. Currently, there is no patient-reported outcome measure that documents and/or assesses SMI in populations with spinal problems. The purpose of this study was to develop the Sensory–Motor Dysfunction Questionnaire (SMD-Q) and assess its test–retest reliability and internal consistency in individuals with recurrent spinal pain. The SMD-Q was developed based on the existing literature on motor control disturbances associated with disordered SMI. The initial SMD-Q drafts underwent review by two separate panels of subject matter experts and a focus group with subclinical spine pain. Their suggestions were incorporated into the questionnaire prior to reliability testing. The questionnaire was administered twice at a seven-day interval using Qualtrics^TM. A total of 20 participants (14 females and 6 males; 20.95 ± 2.46 years of age) completed the study. Quadratic weighted kappa (K_w) was used to assess test–retest reliability and Cronbach’s alpha (α) was used to assess internal consistency. Four items had a K_w < 0.40, seven had a 0.40 < K_w < 0.75, and one had a K_w > 0.75 (excellent agreement), with excellent internal consistency (α > 0.90). The pilot SMD-Q appears to reliably measure altered SMI, suggesting that revisions and testing with a larger sample are worth pursuing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Altered Musculoskeletal Sensory Input and Neuromechanics)

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13 pages, 2533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intracerebral Hemorrhage Prognosis Classification via Joint-Attention Cross-Modal Network

by Manli Xu, Xianjun Fu, Hui Jin, Xinlei Yu, Gang Xu, Zishuo Ma, Cheng Pan and Bo Liu

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060618 - 20 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1387

Abstract

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a critical condition characterized by a high prevalence, substantial mortality rates, and unpredictable clinical outcomes, which results in a serious threat to human health. Improving the timeliness and accuracy of prognosis assessment is crucial to minimizing mortality and long-term [...] Read more.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a critical condition characterized by a high prevalence, substantial mortality rates, and unpredictable clinical outcomes, which results in a serious threat to human health. Improving the timeliness and accuracy of prognosis assessment is crucial to minimizing mortality and long-term disability associated with ICH. Due to the complexity of ICH, the diagnosis of ICH in clinical practice heavily relies on the professional expertise and clinical experience of physicians. Traditional prognostic methods largely depend on the specialized knowledge and subjective judgment of healthcare professionals. Meanwhile, existing artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies, which predominantly utilize features derived from computed tomography (CT) scans, fall short of capturing the multifaceted nature of ICH. Although existing methods are capable of integrating clinical information and CT images for prognosis, the effectiveness of this fusion process still requires improvement. To surmount these limitations, the present study introduces a novel AI framework, termed the ICH Network (ICH-Net), which employs a joint-attention cross-modal network to synergize clinical textual data with CT imaging features. The architecture of ICH-Net consists of three integral components: the Feature Extraction Module, which processes and abstracts salient characteristics from the clinical and imaging data, the Feature Fusion Module, which amalgamates the diverse data streams, and the Classification Module, which interprets the fused features to deliver prognostic predictions. Our evaluation, conducted through a rigorous five-fold cross-validation process, demonstrates that ICH-Net achieves a commendable accuracy of up to 87.77%, outperforming other state-of-the-art methods detailed within our research. This evidence underscores the potential of ICH-Net as a formidable tool in prognosticating ICH, promising a significant advancement in clinical decision-making and patient care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neural Network in Computational Neuroscience)

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17 pages, 323 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Potential Impact of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Substance Use, Compulsive Behavior, and Libido: Insights from Social Media Using a Mixed-Methods Approach

by Davide Arillotta, Giuseppe Floresta, G. Duccio Papanti Pelletier, Amira Guirguis, John Martin Corkery, Giovanni Martinotti and Fabrizio Schifano

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060617 - 20 Jun 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6521

Abstract

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is involved in a range of central and peripheral pathways related to appetitive behavior. Hence, this study explored the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) on substance and behavioral addictions, including alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, cannabis, psychostimulants, compulsive shopping, [...] Read more.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is involved in a range of central and peripheral pathways related to appetitive behavior. Hence, this study explored the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) on substance and behavioral addictions, including alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, cannabis, psychostimulants, compulsive shopping, and sex drive/libido. Data were collected from various social platforms. Keywords related to GLP-1 RAs and substance/behavioral addiction were used to extract relevant comments. The study employed a mixed-methods approach to analyze online discussions posted from December 2019 to June 2023 and collected using a specialized web application. Reddit entries were the focus here due to limited data from other platforms, such as TikTok and YouTube. A total of 5859 threads and related comments were extracted from six subreddits, which included threads about GLP-1 RAs drugs and associated brand names. To obtain relevant posts, keywords related to potential substance use and compulsive behavior were selected. Further analysis involved two main steps: (1) manually coding posts based on users’ references to the potential impact of GLP-1 RAs on substance use and non-substance habits, excluding irrelevant or unclear comments; (2) performing a thematic analysis on the dataset of keywords, using AI-assisted techniques followed by the manual revision of the generated themes. Second, a thematic analysis was performed on the keyword-related dataset, using AI-assisted techniques followed by the manual revision of the generated themes. In total, 29.75% of alcohol-related; 22.22% of caffeine-related; and 23.08% of nicotine-related comments clearly stated a cessation of the intake of these substances following the start of GLP-1 RAs prescription. Conversely, mixed results were found for cannabis intake, and only limited, anecdotal data were made available for cocaine, entactogens, and dissociative drugs’ misuse. Regarding behavioral addictions, 21.35% of comments reported a compulsive shopping interruption, whilst the sexual drive/libido elements reportedly increased in several users. The current mixed-methods approach appeared to be a useful tool in gaining insight into complex topics such as the effects of GLP-1 RAs on substance and non-substance addiction-related disorders; some GLP-1 RA-related mental health benefits could also be inferred from here. Overall, it appeared that GLP-1 RAs may show the potential to target both substance craving and maladaptive/addictive behaviors, although further empirical research is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychiatry and Addiction: A Multi-Faceted Issue)

13 pages, 790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automated Pupillometry Is Able to Discriminate Patients with Acute Stroke from Healthy Subjects: An Observational, Cross-Sectional Study

by Irene Scala, Massimo Miccoli, Pia Clara Pafundi, Pier Andrea Rizzo, Francesca Vitali, Simone Bellavia, Jacopo Di Giovanni, Francesca Colò, Giacomo Della Marca, Valeria Guglielmi, Valerio Brunetti, Aldobrando Broccolini, Riccardo Di Iorio, Mauro Monforte, Paolo Calabresi and Giovanni Frisullo

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060616 - 20 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1084

Abstract

Background: Automated pupillometry (AP) is a handheld, non-invasive tool that is able to assess pupillary light reflex dynamics and is useful for the detection of intracranial hypertension. Limited evidence is available on acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. The primary objective was to evaluate [...] Read more.

Background: Automated pupillometry (AP) is a handheld, non-invasive tool that is able to assess pupillary light reflex dynamics and is useful for the detection of intracranial hypertension. Limited evidence is available on acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. The primary objective was to evaluate the ability of AP to discriminate AIS patients from healthy subjects (HS). Secondly, we aimed to compute a predictive score for AIS diagnosis based on clinical, demographic, and AP variables. Methods: We included 200 consecutive patients admitted to a comprehensive stroke center who underwent AP assessment through NPi-200 (NeurOptics^®) within 72 h of stroke onset and 200 HS. The mean values of AP parameters and the absolute differences between the AP parameters of the two eyes were considered in the analyses. Predictors of stroke diagnosis were identified through univariate and multivariate logistic regressions; we then computed a nomogram based on each variable’s β coefficient. Finally, we developed a web app capable of displaying the probability of stroke diagnosis based on the predictive algorithm. Results: A high percentage of pupil constriction (CH, p < 0.001), a low constriction velocity (CV, p = 0.002), and high differences between these two parameters (p = 0.036 and p = 0.004, respectively) were independent predictors of AIS. The highest contribution in the predictive score was provided by CH, the Neurological Pupil Index, CV, and CV absolute difference, disclosing the important role of AP in the discrimination of stroke patients. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that AP parameters, and in particular, those concerning pupillary constriction, may be useful for the early diagnosis of AIS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stroke and Acute Stroke Care: Looking Ahead)

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13 pages, 3188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Mechanosensitivity of the Median Nerve in Pre-Surgical Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Patients: A Correlational Study

by Mar Hernández-Secorún, Hugo Abenia-Benedí, María Orosia Lucha-López, María Durán-Serrano, Javier Sami Hamam-Alcober, John Krauss, Christie Booth-Smith and César Hidalgo-García

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060615 - 19 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1297

Abstract

(1) Background: Neurodynamic tests are recommended for the diagnosis of entrapment neuropathies such as carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). However, their association with clinical variables in severe patients or patients with associated comorbidities is poorly documented. This study aims to analyze the association between [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Neurodynamic tests are recommended for the diagnosis of entrapment neuropathies such as carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). However, their association with clinical variables in severe patients or patients with associated comorbidities is poorly documented. This study aims to analyze the association between the mechanosensitivity of the median nerve and symptoms, function and psycho-social variables in moderate and severe carpal tunnel syndrome patients with comorbidities; (2) Methods: Correlational study. In total, 42 pre-surgical patients (24 females; 59.1 ± 12.7 years) included in the Spanish Public Healthcare System with an electrodiagnostic of CTS were selected. Sociodemographic variables and clinical features (symptoms, function, sensitivity and quality of life evaluated with the 36-item Short Form Survey (SF-36) and the Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (MOS-sleep) were recorded. Upper Limb Neurodynamic Test 1 was used to evaluate neural mechanosensitivity; (3) Results: The 81% had a severe CTS and 78.6% had some comorbidity. The average time from the first medical visit to the surgeon’s visit was 365.5 days. Median nerve mechanosensitivity correlated weakly with the SF-36 subscale, General Health, (Spearman’s rho = 0.367) and MOS sleep scale, Awaken Short of Breath or with headache dimension (Spearman’s rho = −0.353) and moderately with SF-36 subscale, Social Functioning (Spearman’s rho = 0.553); (4) Conclusions: No associations were observed for median nerve mechanosensitivity, except for quality of life and sleep. Both social determinants and clinical variables should be considered when examining and treating these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews in Neural Control of Peripheral Function)

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23 pages, 882 KiB

Open AccessReview

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Ameliorate Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment

by Kelly L. Sloane and Roy H. Hamilton

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060614 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1734

Abstract

Post-stroke cognitive impairment is a common and disabling condition with few effective therapeutic options. After stroke, neural reorganization and other neuroplastic processes occur in response to ischemic injury, which can result in clinical improvement through spontaneous recovery. Neuromodulation through transcranial direct current stimulation [...] Read more.

Post-stroke cognitive impairment is a common and disabling condition with few effective therapeutic options. After stroke, neural reorganization and other neuroplastic processes occur in response to ischemic injury, which can result in clinical improvement through spontaneous recovery. Neuromodulation through transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising intervention to augment underlying neuroplasticity in order to improve cognitive function. This form of neuromodulation leverages mechanisms of neuroplasticity post-stroke to optimize neural reorganization and improve function. In this review, we summarize the current state of cognitive neurorehabilitation post-stroke, the practical features of tDCS, its uses in stroke-related cognitive impairment across cognitive domains, and special considerations for the use of tDCS in the post-stroke patient population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Based Methods in Neurological Diseases: New Advances and Perspectives)

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20 pages, 1002 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Aging in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

by Baisong Huang, Anqi Chen, Yuanyuan Sun and Quanwei He

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060613 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1085

Abstract

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the cerebrovascular disease with the highest disability and mortality rates, causing severe damage to the health of patients and imposing a significant socioeconomic burden. Aging stands as a foremost risk factor for ICH, with a significant escalation in ICH [...] Read more.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the cerebrovascular disease with the highest disability and mortality rates, causing severe damage to the health of patients and imposing a significant socioeconomic burden. Aging stands as a foremost risk factor for ICH, with a significant escalation in ICH incidence within the elderly demographic, highlighting a close association between ICH and aging. In recent years, with the acceleration of the “aging society” trend, exploring the intricate relationship between aging and ICH has become increasingly urgent and worthy of in-depth attention. We have summarized the characteristics of ICH in the elderly, reviewing how aging influences the onset and development of ICH by examining its etiology and the mechanisms of damage via ICH. Additionally, we explored the potential impacts of ICH on accelerated aging, including its effects on cognitive abilities, quality of life, and lifespan. This review aims to reveal the connection between aging and ICH, providing new ideas and insights for future ICH research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Collection on Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience)

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17 pages, 1575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cerebral Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage due to Implantation of Electrodes for Deep Brain Stimulation: Insights from a Large Single-Center Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analysis

by Bastian E. A. Sajonz, Timo S. Brugger, Marco Reisert, Martin Büchsel, Nils Schröter, Alexander Rau, Karl Egger, Peter C. Reinacher, Horst Urbach, Volker A. Coenen and Christoph P. Kaller

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060612 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 915

Abstract

Cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage due to electrode implantation (CIPHEI) is a rare but serious complication of deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery. This study retrospectively investigated a large single-center cohort of DBS implantations to calculate the frequency of CIPHEI and identify patient- and procedure-related risk [...] Read more.

Cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage due to electrode implantation (CIPHEI) is a rare but serious complication of deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery. This study retrospectively investigated a large single-center cohort of DBS implantations to calculate the frequency of CIPHEI and identify patient- and procedure-related risk factors for CIPHEI and their potential interactions. We analyzed all DBS implantations between January 2013 and December 2021 in a generalized linear model for binomial responses using bias reduction to account for sparse sampling of CIPHEIs. As potential risk factors, we considered age, gender, history of arterial hypertension, level of invasivity, types of micro/macroelectrodes, and implanted DBS electrodes. If available, postoperative coagulation and platelet function were exploratorily assessed in CIPHEI patients. We identified 17 CIPHEI cases across 839 electrode implantations in 435 included procedures in 418 patients (3.9%). Exploration and cross-validation analyses revealed that the three-way interaction of older age (above 60 years), high invasivity (i.e., use of combined micro/macroelectrodes), and implantation of directional DBS electrodes accounted for 82.4% of the CIPHEI cases. Acquired platelet dysfunction was present only in one CIPHEI case. The findings at our center suggested implantation of directional DBS electrodes as a new potential risk factor, while known risks of older age and high invasivity were confirmed. However, CIPHEI risk is not driven by the three factors alone but by their combined presence. The contributions of the three factors to CIPHEI are hence not independent, suggesting that potentially modifiable procedural risks should be carefully evaluated when planning DBS surgery in patients at risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valuable Experience in Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery)

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14 pages, 269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Associated with High Parent- and Youth-Rated Irritability Score in Early-Onset Mood Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study with the Affective Reactivity Index (ARI)

by Giulia Serra, Massimo Apicella, Elisa Andracchio, Giorgia Della Santa, Caterina Lanza, Monia Trasolini, Maria Elena Iannoni, Gino Maglio and Stefano Vicari

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060611 - 19 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 869

Abstract

Correct classification of irritability is extremely important to assess prognosis and treatment indications of juvenile mood disorders. We assessed factors associated with low versus high parent- and self-rated irritability using the affective reactivity index (ARI) in a sample of 289 adolescents diagnosed with [...] Read more.

Correct classification of irritability is extremely important to assess prognosis and treatment indications of juvenile mood disorders. We assessed factors associated with low versus high parent- and self-rated irritability using the affective reactivity index (ARI) in a sample of 289 adolescents diagnosed with a bipolar or a major depressive disorder. Bivariate analyses were followed by multilinear logistic regression model. Factors significantly and independently associated with high versus low parent-rated ARI score were: more severe emotional dysregulation and bipolar disorders diagnosis. Factors significantly and independently associated with high versus low self-rated ARI score were: lower children depression rating scale (CDRS-R) difficulty of having fun item score, greater children depression inventory (CDI-2) self-report score, more severe emotional dysregulation, and greater CDRS-R appetite disturbance item score. High parent-rated irritability was strictly related with a bipolar disorder diagnosis, whereas high youth-rated irritability was related to depressive phenotype characterized by appetite/food-intake dysregulation, mood lability, and less anhedonia and apathy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical and Biological Correlates of Emotional Dysregulation in Children and Adolescents: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Developmental Psychopathology)

20 pages, 4906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Networks of Reward and Punishment Processing and Their Molecular Profiles Predicting the Severity of Young Adult Drinking

by Yashuang Li, Lin Yang, Dongmei Hao, Yu Chen, Yiyao Ye-Lin, Chiang-Shan Ray Li and Guangfei Li

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060610 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1130

Abstract

Alcohol misuse is associated with altered punishment and reward processing. Here, we investigated neural network responses to reward and punishment and the molecular profiles of the connectivity features predicting alcohol use severity in young adults. We curated the Human Connectome Project data and [...] Read more.

Alcohol misuse is associated with altered punishment and reward processing. Here, we investigated neural network responses to reward and punishment and the molecular profiles of the connectivity features predicting alcohol use severity in young adults. We curated the Human Connectome Project data and employed connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) to examine how functional connectivity (FC) features during wins and losses are associated with alcohol use severity, quantified by Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism, in 981 young adults. We combined the CPM findings and the JuSpace toolbox to characterize the molecular profiles of the network connectivity features of alcohol use severity. The connectomics predicting alcohol use severity appeared specific, comprising less than 0.12% of all features, including medial frontal, motor/sensory, and cerebellum/brainstem networks during punishment processing and medial frontal, fronto-parietal, and motor/sensory networks during reward processing. Spatial correlation analyses showed that these networks were associated predominantly with serotonergic and GABAa signaling. To conclude, a distinct pattern of network connectivity predicted alcohol use severity in young adult drinkers. These “neural fingerprints” elucidate how alcohol misuse impacts the brain and provide evidence of new targets for future intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric Diseases)

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18 pages, 2429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensitivity to and Control of Distraction: Distractor-Entrained Oscillation and Frontoparietal EEG Gamma Synchronization

by Taylor Brown, Kamin Kim, William J. Gehring, Cindy Lustig and Nicolaas I. Bohnen

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060609 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1040

Abstract

While recent advancements have been made towards a better understanding of the involvement of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the context of cognitive control, the exact mechanism is still not fully understood. Successful behavior requires the correct detection of goal-relevant cues and resisting [...] Read more.

While recent advancements have been made towards a better understanding of the involvement of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the context of cognitive control, the exact mechanism is still not fully understood. Successful behavior requires the correct detection of goal-relevant cues and resisting irrelevant distractions. Frontal parietal networks have been implicated as important for maintaining cognitive control in the face of distraction. The present study investigated the role of gamma-band power in distraction resistance and frontoparietal networks, as its increase is linked to cholinergic activity. We examined changes in gamma activity and their relationship to frontoparietal top–down modulation for distractor challenges and to bottom–up distractor processing. Healthy young adults were tested using a modified version of the distractor condition sustained attention task (dSAT) while wearing an EEG. The modified distractor was designed so that oscillatory activities could be entrained to it, and the strength of entrainment was used to assess the degree of distraction. Increased top–down control during the distractor challenge increased gamma power in the left parietal regions rather than the right prefrontal regions predicted from rodent studies. Specifically, left parietal gamma power increased in response to distraction where the amount of this increase was negatively correlated with the neural activity reflecting bottom–up distractor processing in the visual area. Variability in gamma power in right prefrontal regions was associated with increased response time variability during distraction. This may suggest that the right prefrontal region may contribute to the signaling needed for top–down control rather than its implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognitive, Social and Affective Neuroscience)

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23 pages, 2266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensorimotor Simulation’s Influence on Stress: EEG and Autonomic Responses in Digital Interviews

by Michela Balconi, Laura Angioletti and Katia Rovelli

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060608 - 15 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1083

Abstract

This study explored the role of sensorimotor simulation in modulating the stress response in individuals exposed to stressful digital simulated interviews. Participants were assigned to two different versions of a Digital Social Stress Test: a simulated version with a dynamic–realistic examining committee (Dyn-DSST) [...] Read more.

This study explored the role of sensorimotor simulation in modulating the stress response in individuals exposed to stressful digital simulated interviews. Participants were assigned to two different versions of a Digital Social Stress Test: a simulated version with a dynamic–realistic examining committee (Dyn-DSST) and a version with a static examining committee (Stat-DSST). During interview preparation, behavioral indices reflecting stress regulation and resistance, response times, and electroencephalographic (EEG) and autonomic indices were collected. Higher regulation scores were found for the Stat-DSST group compared to the Dyn-DSST group, probably induced by the presence of limited external sensory input in time and space, perceived as less stressful. The EEG results revealed a distinct contribution of the low- and high-frequency bands for both groups. Dyn-DSST required greater cognitive regulation effort due to the presence of a continuous flow of information, which can enhance sensory and motor activation in the brain. The SCR increased in the Dyn-DSST group compared to the Stat-DSST group, reflecting greater emotional involvement in the Dyn-DSST group and reduced sensory stimulation in the static version. In conclusion, the results suggest that sensorimotor simulation impacts the stress response differently in dynamic interviews compared to static ones, with distinct profiles based on behavioral, EEG, and autonomic measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Movement Generation: Sensorimotor Processes)

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12 pages, 824 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Depression Severity, Slow- versus Fast-Wave Neural Activity, and Symptoms of Melancholia

by Christopher F. Sharpley, Vicki Bitsika, Ian D. Evans, Kirstan A. Vessey, Emmanuel Jesulola and Linda L. Agnew

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060607 - 15 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1407

Abstract

Melancholia is a major and severe subtype of depression, with only limited data regarding its association with neurological phenomena. To extend the current understanding of how particular aspects of melancholia are correlated with brain activity, electroencephalographic data were collected from 100 adults (44 [...] Read more.

Melancholia is a major and severe subtype of depression, with only limited data regarding its association with neurological phenomena. To extend the current understanding of how particular aspects of melancholia are correlated with brain activity, electroencephalographic data were collected from 100 adults (44 males and 56 females, all aged 18 y or more) and investigated for the association between symptoms of melancholia and the ratios of alpha/beta activity and theta/beta activity at parietal–occipital EEG sites PO1 and PO2. The results indicate differences in these associations according to the depressive status of participants and the particular symptom of melancholia. Depressed participants exhibited meaningfully direct correlations between alpha/beta and theta/beta activity and the feeling that “Others would be better off if I was dead” at PO1, whereas non-depressed participants had significant inverse correlations between theta/beta activity and “Feeling useless and not needed” and “I find it hard to make decisions” at PO1. The results are discussed in terms of the relative levels of fast-wave (beta) versus slow-wave (alpha, theta) activity exhibited by depressed and non-depressed participants in the parietal–occipital region and the cognitive activities that are relevant to that region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Network Connectivity Analysis in Neuroscience)

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17 pages, 2757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neural Mechanisms of Inhibition in Scientific Reasoning: Insights from fNIRS

by Donglin Liu, Samrah Jamshaid and Lijuan Wang

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060606 - 15 Jun 2024

Viewed by 951

Abstract

This study examines the impact of response and semantic inhibition on scientific reasoning using fNIRS data from 30 students (15 male, 15 female). Utilizing Go/Nogo and Stroop-like tasks within a modified speeded-reasoning task, it was found that inhibition significantly influences scientific reasoning. Specifically, [...] Read more.

This study examines the impact of response and semantic inhibition on scientific reasoning using fNIRS data from 30 students (15 male, 15 female). Utilizing Go/Nogo and Stroop-like tasks within a modified speeded-reasoning task, it was found that inhibition significantly influences scientific reasoning. Specifically, slower responses and lower accuracy on incongruent statements were linked to increased activity in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA). The research shows that both DLPFC and pre-SMA are associated with overcoming misconceptions in scientific reasoning. The findings suggest that understanding inhibitory mechanisms can enhance educational strategies to improve critical thinking and scientific literacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Educational Neuroscience)

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11 pages, 604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships between Grey Matter Volume in the Bilateral Superior Frontal Gyrus and Reactive Aggression Varied by Level of Traditional Masculinity

by Weijun Liu, Cody Ding, Ziang Li and Hong Chen

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060605 - 15 Jun 2024

Viewed by 843

Abstract

Although previous behavioral studies have associated reactive aggression (RA) and proactive aggression (PA) with traditional masculinity, further investigation is needed into the traditional masculinity-linked neuroanatomical characteristics of RA and PA. This study analyzed the traditional masculinity-by-aggression interaction in 705 participants (350 men) by [...] Read more.

Although previous behavioral studies have associated reactive aggression (RA) and proactive aggression (PA) with traditional masculinity, further investigation is needed into the traditional masculinity-linked neuroanatomical characteristics of RA and PA. This study analyzed the traditional masculinity-by-aggression interaction in 705 participants (350 men) by measuring grey matter volume (GMV). We have expanded on previous studies and found that traditional masculinity was not associated with RA and PA when not controlled for traditional femininity. However, the association appeared when controlling for it. Furthermore, we found significant traditional masculinity-by-RA interactions on the GMV in the bilateral superior frontal gyrus, a region known to be involved in cognitive control. When traditional masculinity scores were 1 standard deviation above the mean, there was a positive correlation between RA and the GMV in the bilateral superior frontal gyrus. Conversely, when traditional masculinity scores were 1 standard deviation below the mean, there was a negative correlation between RA and the GMV in the region. However, no traditional masculinity-linked neuroanatomical characteristics of PA were found. The results indicated that individuals with high/low traditional masculinity perceived RA as a different outcome (gain or loss) of self-control. The results supported an opportunity to develop prevention or intervention strategies for RA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Neuroscience)

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20 pages, 476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae in Long COVID-19 Infection

by Marta Almeria, Juan Carlos Cejudo, Joan Deus and Jerzy Krupinski

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060604 - 14 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1154

Abstract

Objective: To characterize the cognitive profile of long COVID-19 subjects and its possible association with clinical symptoms, emotional disturbance, biomarkers, and disease severity. Methods: We performed a single-center cross-sectional cohort study. Subjects between 20 and 60 years old with confirmed COVID-19 [...] Read more.

Objective: To characterize the cognitive profile of long COVID-19 subjects and its possible association with clinical symptoms, emotional disturbance, biomarkers, and disease severity. Methods: We performed a single-center cross-sectional cohort study. Subjects between 20 and 60 years old with confirmed COVID-19 infection were included. The assessment was performed 6 months following hospital or ambulatory discharge. Excluded were those with prior neurocognitive impairment and severe neurological/neuropsychiatric disorders. Demographic and laboratory data were extracted from medical records. Results: Altogether, 108 participants were included, 64 were male (59.25%), and the mean age was 49.10 years. The patients were classified into four groups: non-hospitalized (NH, n = 10), hospitalized without Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or oxygen therapy (HOSPI, n = 21), hospitalized without ICU but with oxygen therapy (OXY, n = 56), and ICU (ICU, n = 21) patients. In total, 38 (35.18%) reported Subjective Cognitive Complaints (SCC). No differences were found considering illness severity between groups. Females had more persistent clinical symptoms and SCC than males. Persistent dyspnea and headache were associated with higher scores in anxiety and depression. Persistent fatigue, anxiety, and depression were associated with worse overall cognition. Conclusions: No cognitive impairment was found regarding the severity of post-COVID-19 infection. SCC was not associated with a worse cognitive performance, but with higher anxiety and depression. Persistent clinical symptoms were frequent independent of illness severity. Fatigue, anxiety, and depression were linked to poorer cognitive function. Tests for attention, processing speed, and executive function were the most sensitive in detecting cognitive changes in these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric Diseases)

8 pages, 1064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inhibition of Acute mGluR5-Dependent Depression in Hippocampal CA1 by High-Frequency Magnetic Stimulation

by Norman Holl, Marco Heerdegen, Volker Zschorlich, Rüdiger Köhling and Timo Kirschstein

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060603 - 14 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 887

Abstract

High-frequency magnetic stimulation (HFMS) applied directly to the hippocampal slice preparation in vitro induces activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity. In addition, changes in synaptic transmission following HFMS involve the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). Here, we asked whether a short [...] Read more.

High-frequency magnetic stimulation (HFMS) applied directly to the hippocampal slice preparation in vitro induces activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity. In addition, changes in synaptic transmission following HFMS involve the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). Here, we asked whether a short period of HFMS (5 × 10 delta-burst trains, duration of ~1 min) could alter mGluR5-mediated depression at Schaffer collateral–CA1 synapses in the acute brain slice preparation at 30 min after HFMS. To this end, we obtained field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) slopes from Schaffer collateral–CA1 synapses after HFMS or control. First, we demonstrated that activity-dependent plasticity following HFMS depends on the slice orientation towards the magnetic coil indicating specific ion fluxes induced by magnetic fields. Second, we found that the mGluR5-specific agonist (RS)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine reduced the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) slopes in control slices but rather enhanced them in HFMS-treated slices. In contrast, the compound (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine acting at both mGluR1 and mGluR5 reduced fEPSP slopes in both control and HFMS-treated slices. Importantly, the mGluR-dependent effects were independent from the slice-to-coil orientation indicating that asynchronous glutamate release could play a role. We conclude that a short period of HFMS inhibits subsequently evoked mGluR5-dependent depression at Schaffer collateral–CA1 synapses. This could be relevant for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatric disorders such as major depression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Stimulation for Psychiatric Disorders: Emerging Evidence and New Perspectives)

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9 pages, 247 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Neutrophil–Lymphocyte Ratio Values in Schizophrenia: A Comparison between Oral and Long-Acting Antipsychotic Therapies

by Antonino Messina, Fabrizio Bella, Giuliana Maccarone, Alessandro Rodolico and Maria Salvina Signorelli

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060602 - 14 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1053

Abstract

Background: Schizophrenia is a mental disorder affecting approximately 0.32% of the global population, according to the World Health Organization. Antipsychotic medications are used to treat this condition by inhibiting D2 dopamine and 5HT2 serotonin receptors. The selection of the appropriate mode of delivery [...] Read more.

Background: Schizophrenia is a mental disorder affecting approximately 0.32% of the global population, according to the World Health Organization. Antipsychotic medications are used to treat this condition by inhibiting D2 dopamine and 5HT2 serotonin receptors. The selection of the appropriate mode of delivery for these drugs is based on factors such as patient adherence, clinical presentation, and patient preferences. However, additional drivers of treatment selection are required in clinical practice. Mounting evidence suggests that neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. NLR, a cost-effective biomarker of inflammation, has increased in several psychiatric conditions and may represent a valid method for studying the inflammatory stage in schizophrenia, relapse, and the first episode of psychosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether there are any variations in NLR values between patients given oral antipsychotics and those given long-acting antipsychotics. Methods: The study included 50 individuals with schizophrenia, either acute or in the follow-up phase. NLR was obtained by calculating the ratio of absolute neutrophil count (cells/μL) and absolute lymphocyte count (cells/μL). Results: Patients on long-acting antipsychotics exhibited significantly lower mean NLR scores (1.5 ± 0.7) compared to those on oral antipsychotics (2.2 ± 1.3) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: NLR appears promising as a neuroinflammatory biomarker. This study reveals significantly lower NLR values in patients on long-acting antipsychotics, which may signify reduced systemic inflammation and improved adherence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric Diseases)

14 pages, 3714 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

CD59 Protects Primary Human Cerebrovascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Cytolytic Membrane Attack Complex

by Carson D. Whinnery, Ying Nie, Danilo S. Boskovic, Salvador Soriano and Wolff M. Kirsch

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060601 - 14 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 892

Abstract

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is characterized by a weakening of the small- and medium-sized cerebral arteries, as their smooth muscle cells are progressively replaced with acellular amyloid β, increasing vessel fragility and vulnerability to microhemorrhage. In this context, an aberrant overactivation of the complement [...] Read more.

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is characterized by a weakening of the small- and medium-sized cerebral arteries, as their smooth muscle cells are progressively replaced with acellular amyloid β, increasing vessel fragility and vulnerability to microhemorrhage. In this context, an aberrant overactivation of the complement system would further aggravate this process. The surface protein CD59 protects most cells from complement-induced cytotoxicity, but expression levels can fluctuate due to disease and varying cell types. The degree to which CD59 protects human cerebral vascular smooth muscle (HCSM) cells from complement-induced cytotoxicity has not yet been determined. To address this shortcoming, we selectively blocked the activity of HCSM-expressed CD59 with an antibody, and challenged the cells with complement, then measured cellular viability. Unblocked HCSM cells proved resistant to all tested concentrations of complement, and this resistance decreased progressively with increasing concentrations of anti-CD59 antibody. Complete CD59 blockage, however, did not result in a total loss of cellular viability, suggesting that additional factors may have some protective functions. Taken together, this implies that CD59 plays a predominant role in HCSM cellular protection against complement-induced cytotoxicity. The overexpression of CD59 could be an effective means of protecting these cells from excessive complement system activity, with consequent reductions in the incidence of microhemorrhage. The precise extent to which cellular repair mechanisms and other complement repair proteins contribute to this resistance has yet to be fully elucidated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience)

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16 pages, 259 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Nursing Role in the Management of Medication Overuse Headache: Realities and Prospects

by Luigi Alberto Pini, Katiuscia Cottafavi and Paola Ferri

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060600 - 14 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1033

Abstract

This review aims to analyze the current literature to identify articles related to the role of nurses and, in general, the nursing management of patients suffering from medication overuse headache (MOH), a globally spread disease. We specifically argue for non-pharmacological approaches to pain [...] Read more.

This review aims to analyze the current literature to identify articles related to the role of nurses and, in general, the nursing management of patients suffering from medication overuse headache (MOH), a globally spread disease. We specifically argue for non-pharmacological approaches to pain management, such as multidisciplinary team approaches, holistic treatment, cognitive behavioral therapy and exercise. For this review, we investigated international scientific databases, including PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and Embase, in the period between 2000 and 2024. We observed a wealth of scientific articles related to MOH, but a poverty of articles relating to the nursing management of headache. The research included the presence of academic-level training for nurses, whereas there are few institutions that train competent professionals in both pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of MOH patients. Nursing assessment and assistance strategies are indicated to plan tailored treatment paths related to the specific needs of these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medication Overuse Headache from Different Points of View)

12 pages, 250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Head Injury and Associated Sequelae in Individuals Seeking Asylum in the United States: A Retrospective Mixed-Methods Review of Medico-Legal Affidavits

by Altaf Saadi, Julia Asfour, Maria Vassimon De Assis, Tessa Wilson, Rohini J. Haar and Michele Heisler

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060599 - 14 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1173

Abstract

People seeking asylum are susceptible to head injury (HI) due to exposure to various forms of violence including war, torture, or interpersonal violence. Yet, the extents to which clinicians assess HI, and if so, what the associated characteristics are, are not well known. [...] Read more.

People seeking asylum are susceptible to head injury (HI) due to exposure to various forms of violence including war, torture, or interpersonal violence. Yet, the extents to which clinicians assess HI, and if so, what the associated characteristics are, are not well known. We analyzed 200 U.S.-based medico-legal affidavits using descriptive, multivariate regression, and thematic analysis. Head injury was documented in 38% of affidavits. Those who experienced physical violence were eight times likelier to experience HI than those who did not experience physical violence. Five themes emerged: (1) HI occurred commonly in the context of interpersonal violence (44%), followed by militarized violence (33%); (2) mechanisms of HI included direct blows to the head and asphyxiation, suggesting potential for both traumatic brain injury and brain injury from oxygen deprivation; (3) HI was often recurrent and concurrent with other physical injuries; (4) co-morbid psychiatric and post-concussive symptoms made it challenging to assess neurological and psychiatric etiologies; and (5) overall, there was a paucity of assessments and documentation of HI and sequelae. Among individuals assessed for asylum claims, HI is common, often recurrent, occurring in the context of interpersonal violence, and concurrent with psychological and other physical trauma. Physical violence is an important risk factor for HI, which should be assessed when physical violence is reported. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shedding Light on the Hidden Epidemic of Violence and Brain Injury)

15 pages, 262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wideband Tympanometry and Pressurized Otoacoustic Emissions in Children with Surgical Excision of Palatine and/or Pharyngeal Tonsils

by Aline Buratti Sanches, Milaine Dominici Sanfins, Piotr Henryk Skarzynski, Magdalena Beata Skarżyńska, Henrique Costa Penatti, Caroline Donadon, Ingrid Pereira de Souza, Ingridy Vitoria da Silva and Maria Francisca Colella-Santos

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060598 - 14 Jun 2024

Viewed by 913

Abstract

Palatine and pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy may lead to dysfunction of the auditory tube due to a propensity for infection, potentially giving rise to otitis media. This is a quantitative and longitudinal study, developed from 2019 to 2021, at the State University of Campinas [...] Read more.

Palatine and pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy may lead to dysfunction of the auditory tube due to a propensity for infection, potentially giving rise to otitis media. This is a quantitative and longitudinal study, developed from 2019 to 2021, at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). The studied sample comprised 15 participants aged 5 to 12 years (mean 7.9 years), 12 male and 3 female, arranged into two groups: children diagnosed with pharyngeal and/or palatine tonsil hypertrophy who were candidates for surgery (G1), and children who were later evaluated after surgery (G2). As part of the test, an otoscopy and measurements of logoaudiometry, pure-tone threshold audiometry, wideband tympanometry (ambient and peak pressure), and otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs and DPOAEs, both at ambient and peak pressure) were all performed. There were statistically significant differences between phases in pure-tone audiometry, in terms of 226 Hz tympanometry, wideband tympanometry in peak pressure conditions, in the amplitude measurement TEOAEs in both pressure conditions, in DPOAEs in ambient pressure conditions, and in the signal/noise measurement in both pressures in DPOAEs. Overall, it was found that hearing tests were different for subjects with palatine and pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy compared to the post-surgical group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Hearing Impairment)

3 pages, 168 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

The Anxious Brain: The Influence of Stress on the Nervous System

by Drozdstoy Stoyanov

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060597 - 13 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1004

Abstract

Anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress, constitute the most frequent mental disorders and occur in about 14–18% of the overall population [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anxious Brain: Stress Influence on the Nervous System)

17 pages, 2771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neuroprotective Potentials of Berberine in Rotenone-Induced Parkinson’s Disease-like Motor Symptoms in Rats

by Hsiang-Chien Tseng, Mao-Hsien Wang, Chih-Hsiang Fang, Yi-Wen Lin and Hung-Sheng Soung

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060596 - 13 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1311

Abstract

Rotenone (RTN) induces neurotoxicity and motor dysfunction in rats, mirroring the pathophysiological traits of Parkinson’s disease (PD), including striatal oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and changes in neural structure. This makes RTN a valuable model for PD research. Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid recognized [...] Read more.

Rotenone (RTN) induces neurotoxicity and motor dysfunction in rats, mirroring the pathophysiological traits of Parkinson’s disease (PD), including striatal oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and changes in neural structure. This makes RTN a valuable model for PD research. Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid recognized for its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, was evaluated for its ability to counteract RTN-induced impairments. Rats received subcutaneous RTN at 0.5 mg/kg for 21 days, resulting in weight loss and significant motor deficits assessed through open-field, bar catalepsy, beam-crossing, rotarod, and grip strength tests. BBR, administered orally at 30 or 100 mg/kg doses, one hour prior to RTN exposure for the same duration, effectively mitigated many of the RTN-induced motor impairments. Furthermore, BBR treatment reduced RTN-induced nitric oxide (NO) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, bolstered antioxidative capacity, enhanced mitochondrial enzyme activities (e.g., succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), ATPase, and the electron transport chain (ETC)), and diminished striatal neuroinflammation and apoptosis markers. Notably, the co-administration of trigonelline (TGN), an inhibitor of the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, significantly attenuated BBR’s protective effects, indicating that BBR’s neuroprotective actions are mediated via the Nrf2 pathway. These results underscore BBR’s potential in ameliorating motor impairments akin to PD, suggesting its promise in potentially delaying or managing PD symptoms. Further research is warranted to translate these preclinical findings into clinical settings, enhancing our comprehension of BBR’s therapeutic prospects in PD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Biomedical Technology and Molecular Biological Approach in Brain Diseases)

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18 pages, 13718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid EEG-Based Stress State Classification Model Using Multi-Domain Transfer Entropy and PCANet

by Yuefang Dong, Lin Xu, Jian Zheng, Dandan Wu, Huanli Li, Yongcong Shao, Guohua Shi and Weiwei Fu

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060595 - 12 Jun 2024

Viewed by 923

Abstract

This paper proposes a new hybrid model for classifying stress states using EEG signals, combining multi-domain transfer entropy (TrEn) with a two-dimensional PCANet (2D-PCANet) approach. The aim is to create an automated system for identifying stress levels, which is crucial for early intervention [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a new hybrid model for classifying stress states using EEG signals, combining multi-domain transfer entropy (TrEn) with a two-dimensional PCANet (2D-PCANet) approach. The aim is to create an automated system for identifying stress levels, which is crucial for early intervention and mental health management. A major challenge in this field lies in extracting meaningful emotional information from the complex patterns observed in EEG. Our model addresses this by initially applying independent component analysis (ICA) to purify the EEG signals, enhancing the clarity for further analysis. We then leverage the adaptability of the fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) to represent the EEG data in time, frequency, and time–frequency domains. This multi-domain representation allows for a more nuanced understanding of the brain’s activity in response to stress. The subsequent stage involves the deployment of a two-layer 2D-PCANet network designed to autonomously distill EEG features associated with stress. These features are then classified by a support vector machine (SVM) to determine the stress state. Moreover, stress induction and data acquisition experiments are designed. We employed two distinct tasks known to trigger stress responses. Other stress-inducing elements that enhance the stress response were included in the experimental design, such as time limits and performance feedback. The EEG data collected from 15 participants were retained. The proposed algorithm achieves an average accuracy of over 92% on this self-collected dataset, enabling stress state detection under different task-induced conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognitive, Social and Affective Neuroscience)

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8 pages, 2887 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Ictal Fear or Panic Attack, This Is the Question—A Video–EEG Study

by Francesco Castellana, Grazia D’Onofrio, Filomena Ciccone, Maria Teresa Di Claudio, Maura Pugliatti, Teresa Popolizio and Giuseppe d’Orsi

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060594 - 12 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1108

Abstract

Panic disorder (PD) and focal epilepsy, in particular, temporal lobe epilepsy, often present diagnostic challenges due to overlapping clinical manifestations. This article describes the case of a 25-year-old female, misdiagnosed with PD for 15 years, whose recurring episodes of sudden fear, palpitations, and [...] Read more.

Panic disorder (PD) and focal epilepsy, in particular, temporal lobe epilepsy, often present diagnostic challenges due to overlapping clinical manifestations. This article describes the case of a 25-year-old female, misdiagnosed with PD for 15 years, whose recurring episodes of sudden fear, palpitations, and nausea were later identified as manifestations of focal epilepsy. Initially unresponsive to conventional anti-anxiety medications, the patient’s correct diagnosis was only established through comprehensive electro-clinical, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging evaluations during her admission to our research hospital. Long-term video–EEG monitoring (LTVEM) played a pivotal role in identifying the epileptic nature of her episodes, which were characterized by paroxysmal activity in the right temporal and zygomatic regions, consistent with the location of a dysplastic lesion in the right amygdala, as revealed by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. These findings underline the importance of considering focal epilepsy in the differential diagnosis of PD, especially in cases refractory to standard psychiatric treatments. The misdiagnosis of epilepsy as PD can lead to significant delays in appropriate treatment, potentially exacerbating the patient’s condition and affecting their quality of life. This case emphasizes the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach and the utilization of advanced diagnostic tools like LTVEM in elucidating the underlying causes of paroxysmal psychiatric symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurotechnology and Neuroimaging)

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21 pages, 4125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bidirectional Association between Sarcopenia and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Middle- and Older-Aged Adults: Longitudinal Observational Study

by Na Zeng, Chao Li, Huan Mei, Shuilin Wu, Chang Liu, Xiaokun Wang, Jie Shi, Lin Lu and Yanping Bao

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060593 - 11 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1478

Abstract

Background: The study aimed to examine the bidirectional relationship between sarcopenia and depressive symptoms in a national, community-based cohort study, despite the unclear temporal sequence demonstrated previously. Methods: Data were derived from four waves (2011 baseline and 2013, 2015, and 2018 follow-ups) of [...] Read more.

Background: The study aimed to examine the bidirectional relationship between sarcopenia and depressive symptoms in a national, community-based cohort study, despite the unclear temporal sequence demonstrated previously. Methods: Data were derived from four waves (2011 baseline and 2013, 2015, and 2018 follow-ups) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). A total of 17,708 participants aged 45 years or older who had baseline data on both sarcopenia status and depressive symptoms in 2011 were included in the study. For the two cohort analyses, a total of 8092 adults without depressive symptoms and 11,292 participants without sarcopenia in 2011 were included. Sarcopenia status was defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 (AWGS 2019) criteria. Depressive symptoms were defined as a score of 20 or higher on the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depressive Scale (CES-D-10). Cox proportional hazard regression models were conducted to examine the risk of depressive symptoms and sarcopenia risk, while cross-lagged panel models were used to examine the temporal sequence between depressive symptoms and sarcopenia over time. Results: During a total of 48,305.1 person-years follow-up, 1262 cases of incident depressive symptoms were identified. Sarcopenia exhibited a dose–response relationship with a higher risk of depressive symptoms (HR = 1.7, 95%CI: 1.2–2.3 for sarcopenia, and HR = 1.5, 95%CI: 1.2–1.8 for possible sarcopenia, p trend < 0.001). In the second cohort analysis, 240 incident sarcopenia cases were identified over 39,621.1 person-years. Depressive symptoms (HR = 1.5, 95%CI: 1.2–2.0) are significantly associated with a higher risk of developing sarcopenia after multivariable adjustment (p < 0.001, Cross-lagged panel analyses demonstrated that depressive symptoms were associated with subsequent sarcopenia (β = 0.003, p < 0.001). Simultaneously, baseline sarcopenia was also associated with subsequent depressive symptoms (β = 0.428, p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study identified a bidirectional relationship between depressive symptoms and sarcopenia. It seems more probable that baseline sarcopenia is associated with subsequent depressive symptoms in a stronger pattern than the reverse pathway. The interlinkage indicated that maintaining normal muscle mass and strength may serve as a crucial intervention strategy for alleviating mood disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric Diseases)

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23 pages, 365 KiB

Open AccessReview

Endocannabinoid System Changes throughout Life: Implications and Therapeutic Potential for Autism, ADHD, and Alzheimer’s Disease

by Kamila Gabrieli Dallabrida, Joyce Maria de Oliveira Bender, Ellen Schavarski Chade, Nathalia Rodrigues and Tuane Bazanella Sampaio

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060592 - 10 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2584

Abstract

The endocannabinoid system has been linked to various physiological and pathological processes, because it plays a neuromodulator role in the central nervous system. In this sense, cannabinoids have been used off-label for neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [...] Read more.

The endocannabinoid system has been linked to various physiological and pathological processes, because it plays a neuromodulator role in the central nervous system. In this sense, cannabinoids have been used off-label for neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHA), as well as in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a more prevalent neurodegenerative disease. Thus, this study aims, through a comprehensive literature review, to arrive at a better understanding of the impact of cannabinoids in the therapeutic treatment of patients with ASD, ADHD, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Overall, cannabis products rich in CBD displayed a higher therapeutic potential for ASD children, while cannabis products rich in THC have been tested more for AD therapy. For ADHD, the clinical studies are incipient and inconclusive, but promising. In general, the main limitations of the clinical studies are the lack of standardization of the cannabis-based products consumed by the participants, a lack of scientific rigor, and the small number of participants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuropharmacology and Neuropathology)

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