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Membranes
Volume 11
Issue 10
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Membranes, Volume 11, Issue 10 (October 2021) – 73 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Throughout history, the desalination of seawater has been achieved using water evaporation systems and later with reverse osmosis membranes. However, the resulting high energy consumption has been an important issue to solve. Modern times have introduced the possibility to transition from the use of reverse osmosis to capacitive deionization (CDI), or membrane capacitive deionization, which is a novel system that, in addition to removing salt from the water, allows for the storage of energy, similar to other electrochemical devices (batteries, supercapacitors, etc.). Within this context, it would be necessary to develop flexible and adaptable systems for the evaluation and characterization of the different innovations in the field of the CDI units, for scientists, engineers, and for engineering students. View this paper
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19 pages, 831 KiB  
Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Based Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: Progress and Opportunity
by Yi-An Chen, Cheng-Hsiu Lu, Chien-Chih Ke and Ren-Shyan Liu
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 796; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100796 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4307
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as a neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by mass neuronal and synaptic loss and, currently, there are no successful curative therapies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an emerging approach to intercellular communication via transferring cellular materials such as proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and [...] Read more.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as a neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by mass neuronal and synaptic loss and, currently, there are no successful curative therapies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an emerging approach to intercellular communication via transferring cellular materials such as proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and miRNAs from parental cells to recipient cells, leading to the reprogramming of the molecular machinery. Numerous studies have suggested the therapeutic potential of EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of AD, based on the neuroprotective, regenerative and immunomodulatory effects as effective as MSCs. In this review, we focus on the biology and function of EVs, the potential of MSC-derived EVs for AD therapy in preclinical and clinical studies, as well as the potent mechanisms of MSC-derived EVs actions. Finally, we highlight the modification strategies and diagnosis utilities in order to make advance in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shedding New Light on the Cell Biology and Medicine of Extracellular Vesicles)
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11 pages, 1795 KiB  
Article
Biphenyl-Based Covalent Triazine Framework/Matrimid® Mixed-Matrix Membranes for CO2/CH4 Separation
by Stefanie Bügel, Quang-Dien Hoang, Alex Spieß, Yangyang Sun, Shanghua Xing and Christoph Janiak
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100795 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3262
Abstract
Processes, such as biogas upgrading and natural gas sweetening, make CO2/CH4 separation an environmentally relevant and current topic. One way to overcome this separation issue is the application of membranes. An increase in separation efficiency can be achieved by applying [...] Read more.
Processes, such as biogas upgrading and natural gas sweetening, make CO2/CH4 separation an environmentally relevant and current topic. One way to overcome this separation issue is the application of membranes. An increase in separation efficiency can be achieved by applying mixed-matrix membranes, in which filler materials are introduced into polymer matrices. In this work, we report the covalent triazine framework CTF-biphenyl as filler material in a matrix of the glassy polyimide Matrimid®. MMMs with 8, 16, and 24 wt% of the filler material are applied for CO2/CH4 mixed-gas separation measurements. With a CTF-biphenyl loading of only 16 wt%, the CO2 permeability is more than doubled compared to the pure polymer membrane, while maintaining the high CO2/CH4 selectivity of Matrimid®. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mixed-Matrix Membranes and Polymeric Membranes)
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33 pages, 6801 KiB  
Article
Cardiac Alternans Occurs through the Synergy of Voltage- and Calcium-Dependent Mechanisms
by Minh Tuan Hoang-Trong, Aman Ullah, William Jonathan Lederer and Mohsin Saleet Jafri
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 794; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100794 - 18 Oct 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3011
Abstract
Cardiac alternans is characterized by alternating weak and strong beats of the heart. This signaling at the cellular level may appear as alternating long and short action potentials (APs) that occur in synchrony with alternating large and small calcium transients, respectively. Previous studies [...] Read more.
Cardiac alternans is characterized by alternating weak and strong beats of the heart. This signaling at the cellular level may appear as alternating long and short action potentials (APs) that occur in synchrony with alternating large and small calcium transients, respectively. Previous studies have suggested that alternans manifests itself through either a voltage dependent mechanism based upon action potential restitution or as a calcium dependent mechanism based on refractoriness of calcium release. We use a novel model of cardiac excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in the rat ventricular myocyte that includes 20,000 calcium release units (CRU) each with 49 ryanodine receptors (RyR2s) and 7 L-type calcium channels that are all stochastically gated. The model suggests that at the cellular level in the case of alternans produced by rapid pacing, the mechanism requires a synergy of voltage- and calcium-dependent mechanisms. The rapid pacing reduces AP duration and magnitude reducing the number of L-type calcium channels activating individual CRUs during each AP and thus increases the population of CRUs that can be recruited stochastically. Elevated myoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium, [Ca2+]myo and [Ca2+]SR respectively, increases ryanodine receptor open probability (Po) according to our model used in this simulation and this increased the probability of activating additional CRUs. A CRU that opens in one beat is less likely to open the subsequent beat due to refractoriness caused by incomplete refilling of the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (jSR). Furthermore, the model includes estimates of changes in Na+ fluxes and [Na+]i and thus provides insight into how changes in electrical activity, [Na+]i and sodium-calcium exchanger activity can modulate alternans. The model thus tracks critical elements that can account for rate-dependent changes in [Na+]i and [Ca2+]myo and how they contribute to the generation of Ca2+ signaling alternans in the heart. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Channel of Cells)
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17 pages, 7345 KiB  
Review
Recent Developments in Nanoporous Graphene Membranes for Organic Solvent Nanofiltration: A Short Review
by Yoon-Tae Nam, Jun-Hyeok Kang, Jae-Dong Jang, Jun-Hyuk Bae, Hee-Tae Jung and Dae-Woo Kim
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100793 - 18 Oct 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4827
Abstract
Graphene-based membranes are promising candidates for efficient organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) processes because of their unique structural characteristics, such as mechanical/chemical stability and precise molecular sieving. Recently, to improve organic solvent permeance and selectivity, nanopores have been fabricated on graphene planes via chemical [...] Read more.
Graphene-based membranes are promising candidates for efficient organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) processes because of their unique structural characteristics, such as mechanical/chemical stability and precise molecular sieving. Recently, to improve organic solvent permeance and selectivity, nanopores have been fabricated on graphene planes via chemical and physical methods. The nanopores serve as an additional channel for facilitating ultrafast solvent permeation while filtering organic molecules by size exclusion. This review summarizes the recent developments in nanoporous graphene (NG)-based membranes for OSN applications. The membranes are categorized depending on the membrane structure: single-layer NG, multilayer NG, and graphene-based composite membranes hybridized with other porous materials. Techniques for nanopore generation on graphene, as well as the challenges faced and the perspectives required for the commercialization of NG membranes, are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements of 2D Materials-Based Membranes)
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18 pages, 50625 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Polyelectrolyte Membranes of Pectin Graft-Copolymers with PVA and Their Composites with Phosphomolybdic Acid for Drug Delivery, Toxic Metal Ion Removal, and Fuel Cell Applications
by Raagala Vijitha, Nagella Sivagangi Reddy, Kasula Nagaraja, Tiruchuru J. Sudha Vani, Marlia M. Hanafiah, Katta Venkateswarlu, Sivarama Krishna Lakkaboyana, Kummari S. V. Krishna Rao and Kummara Madhususdana Rao
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100792 - 18 Oct 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3332
Abstract
In this study, a simple method for the fabrication of highly diffusive, adsorptive and conductive eco-friendly polyelectrolyte membranes (PEMs) with sulfonate functionalized pectin and poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) was established. The graft-copolymers were synthesized by employing the use of potassium persulfate as a free radical [...] Read more.
In this study, a simple method for the fabrication of highly diffusive, adsorptive and conductive eco-friendly polyelectrolyte membranes (PEMs) with sulfonate functionalized pectin and poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) was established. The graft-copolymers were synthesized by employing the use of potassium persulfate as a free radical initiator from pectin (PC), a carbohydrate polymer with 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulphonic acid (AMPS) and sodium 4-vinylbenzene sulphonate (SVBS). The PEMs were fabricated from the blends of pectin graft-copolymers (PC-g-AMPS and PC-g-SVBS) and PVA by using a solution casting method, followed by chemical crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. The composite PEMs were fabricated by mixing phosphomolybdic acid with the aforementioned blends. The PEMs were successfully characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDAX studies. They were assessed for the controlled release of an anti-cancer drug (5-fluorouracil) and the removal of toxic metal ions (Cu2+) from aqueous media. Furthermore, the composite PEMs were evaluated for fuel cell application. The 5-fluorouracil release capacity of the PEMs was found to be 93% and 99.1% at 300 min in a phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.4). The highest Cu2+ removal was observed at 206.7 and 190.1 mg/g. The phosphomolybdic acid-embedded PEMs showed superior methanol permeability, i.e., 6.83 × 10−5, and 5.94 × 10−5, compared to the pristine PEMs. Furthermore, the same trend was observed for the proton conductivities, i.e., 13.77 × 10−3, and 18.6 × 10−3 S/cm at 30 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Novel Composite Membranes in Water/Wastewater Treatment)
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13 pages, 3222 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Plasticizers on the Polypyrrole-Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Based Conducting Polymer Electrolyte and Its Application in Semi-Transparent Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
by KM Manikandan, Arunagiri Yelilarasi, SS Saravanakumar, Raed H. Althomali, Anish Khan, Khamael M. Abualnaja, Dalal Alhashmialameer and MA Hussein
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100791 - 18 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2832
Abstract
In this work, the quasi-solid-state polymer electrolyte containing poly(vinyl alcohol)-polypyrrole as a polymer host, potassium iodide (KI), iodine (I2), and different plasticizers (EC, PC, GBL, and DBP) was successfully prepared via the solution casting technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was [...] Read more.
In this work, the quasi-solid-state polymer electrolyte containing poly(vinyl alcohol)-polypyrrole as a polymer host, potassium iodide (KI), iodine (I2), and different plasticizers (EC, PC, GBL, and DBP) was successfully prepared via the solution casting technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze the interaction between the polymer and the plasticizer. X-ray diffraction confirmed the reduction of crystallinity in the polymer electrolyte by plasticizer doping. The ethylene carbonate-based polymer electrolyte showed maximum electrical conductivity of 0.496 S cm−1. The lowest activation energy of 0.863 kJ mol−1 was obtained for the EC-doped polymer electrolyte. The lowest charge transfer resistance Rct1 was due to a faster charge transfer at the counter electrode/electrolyte interface. The polymer electrolyte containing the EC plasticizer exhibited an average roughness of 23.918 nm. A photo-conversion efficiency of 4.19% was recorded in the DSSC with the EC-doped polymer electrolyte under the illumination of 100 mWcm−2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion-Exchange Membranes and Processes (Volume III))
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21 pages, 6819 KiB  
Article
An Experimental Performance Study of a Catalytic Membrane Reactor for Ethanol Steam Reforming over a Metal Honeycomb Catalyst
by Nikita Eremeev, Alexey Krasnov, Yuliya Bespalko, Ludmilla Bobrova, Oleg Smorygo and Vladislav Sadykov
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 790; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100790 - 18 Oct 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2629
Abstract
The present study deals with the combination of ethanol steam reforming over a monolithic catalyst and hydrogen separation by membrane in a lab-scale catalytic membrane reactor (CMR). The catalyst was comprised of honeycomb thin-walled Fechralloy substrate loaded with Ni + Ru/Pr0.35Ce [...] Read more.
The present study deals with the combination of ethanol steam reforming over a monolithic catalyst and hydrogen separation by membrane in a lab-scale catalytic membrane reactor (CMR). The catalyst was comprised of honeycomb thin-walled Fechralloy substrate loaded with Ni + Ru/Pr0.35Ce0.35Zr0.35O2 active component. The asymmetric supported membrane consisted of a thin Ni-Cu alloy–Nd tungstate nanocomposite dense permselective layer deposited on a hierarchically structured asymmetric support. It has been shown that the monolithic catalyst-assisted CMR is capable of increasing the driving potential for hydrogen permeation through the same membrane as compared with that of the packed bed catalyst by increasing the retentate hydrogen concentration. Important operating parameters responsible for the low carbon deposition rate as well as the amount of hydrogen produced from 1 mol of ethanol, such as the temperature range of 700–900 °C, the water/ethanol molar ratio of 4 in the feed, have been determined. Regarding the choice of the reagent concentration (ethanol and steam in Ar), its magnitude may directly interfere with the effectiveness of the reaction-separation process in the CMR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Supported Membranes for Syngas Generation and Hydrogen Separation)
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37 pages, 32302 KiB  
Review
A Review on Ion-Exchange Membrane Fouling during the Electrodialysis Process in the Food Industry, Part 1: Types, Effects, Characterization Methods, Fouling Mechanisms and Interactions
by Lasâad Dammak, Julie Fouilloux, Myriam Bdiri, Christian Larchet, Estelle Renard, Lassaad Baklouti, Veronika Sarapulova, Anton Kozmai and Natalia Pismenskaya
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100789 - 16 Oct 2021
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 6199
Abstract
Electrodialysis (ED) was first established for water desalination and is still highly recommended in this field for its high water recovery, long lifetime and acceptable electricity consumption. Today, thanks to technological progress in ED processes and the emergence of new ion-exchange membranes (IEMs), [...] Read more.
Electrodialysis (ED) was first established for water desalination and is still highly recommended in this field for its high water recovery, long lifetime and acceptable electricity consumption. Today, thanks to technological progress in ED processes and the emergence of new ion-exchange membranes (IEMs), ED has been extended to many other applications in the food industry. This expansion of uses has also generated several problems such as IEMs’ lifetime limitation due to different ageing phenomena (because of organic and/or mineral compounds). The current commercial IEMs show excellent performance in ED processes; however, organic foulants such as proteins, surfactants, polyphenols or other natural organic matters can adhere on their surface (especially when using anion-exchange membranes: AEMs) forming a colloid layer or can infiltrate the membrane matrix, which leads to the increase in electrical resistance, resulting in higher energy consumption, lower water recovery, loss of membrane permselectivity and current efficiency as well as lifetime limitation. If these aspects are not sufficiently controlled and mastered, the use and the efficiency of ED processes will be limited since, it will no longer be competitive or profitable compared to other separation methods. In this work we reviewed a significant amount of recent scientific publications, research and reviews studying the phenomena of IEM fouling during the ED process in food industry with a special focus on the last decade. We first classified the different types of fouling according to the most commonly used classifications. Then, the fouling effects, the characterization methods and techniques as well as the different fouling mechanisms and interactions as well as their influence on IEM matrix and fixed groups were presented, analyzed, discussed and illustrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue In-Depth on the Fouling and Antifouling of Ion-Exchange Membranes)
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13 pages, 3220 KiB  
Article
Flexible, Transparent and Highly Conductive Polymer Film Electrodes for All-Solid-State Transparent Supercapacitor Applications
by Xin Guan, Lujun Pan and Zeng Fan
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 788; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100788 - 16 Oct 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4100
Abstract
Lightweight energy storage devices with high mechanical flexibility, superior electrochemical properties and good optical transparency are highly desired for next-generation smart wearable electronics. The development of high-performance flexible and transparent electrodes for supercapacitor applications is thus attracting great attention. In this work, we [...] Read more.
Lightweight energy storage devices with high mechanical flexibility, superior electrochemical properties and good optical transparency are highly desired for next-generation smart wearable electronics. The development of high-performance flexible and transparent electrodes for supercapacitor applications is thus attracting great attention. In this work, we successfully developed flexible, transparent and highly conductive film electrodes based on a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The PEDOT:PSS film electrodes were prepared via a simple spin-coating approach followed by a post-treatment with a salt solution. After treatment, the film electrodes achieved a high areal specific capacitance (3.92 mF/cm2 at 1 mA/cm2) and long cycling lifetime (capacitance retention >90% after 3000 cycles) with high transmittance (>60% at 550 nm). Owing to their good optoelectronic and electrochemical properties, the as-assembled all-solid-state device for which the PEDOT:PSS film electrodes were utilized as both the active electrode materials and current collectors also exhibited superior energy storage performance over other PEDOT-based flexible and transparent symmetric supercapacitors in the literature. This work provides an effective approach for producing high-performance, flexible and transparent polymer electrodes for supercapacitor applications. The as-obtained polymer film electrodes can also be highly promising for future flexible transparent portable electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)
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17 pages, 3032 KiB  
Article
Hydroxylated Fatty Acids: The Role of the Sphingomyelin Synthase and the Origin of Selectivity
by Lucia Sessa, Anna Maria Nardiello, Jacopo Santoro, Simona Concilio and Stefano Piotto
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 787; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100787 - 16 Oct 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3057
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a class of lipids acting as key modulators of many physiological and pathophysiological processes. Hydroxylation patterns have a major influence on the biophysical properties of sphingolipids. In this work, we have studied the mechanism of action of hydroxylated lipids in sphingomyelin [...] Read more.
Sphingolipids are a class of lipids acting as key modulators of many physiological and pathophysiological processes. Hydroxylation patterns have a major influence on the biophysical properties of sphingolipids. In this work, we have studied the mechanism of action of hydroxylated lipids in sphingomyelin synthase (SMS). The structures of the two human isoforms, SMS1 and SMS2, have been generated through neural network supported homology. Furthermore, we have elucidated the reaction mechanism that allows SMS to recover the choline head from a phosphocholine (PC) and transfer it to ceramide, and we have clarified the role of the hydroxyl group in the interaction with the enzyme. Finally, the effect of partial inhibition of SMS on the levels of PC and sphingomyelin was calculated for different rate constants solving ordinary differential equation systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Model Lipid Membrane)
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17 pages, 5181 KiB  
Article
Quaternized Diaminobutane/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Cross-Linked Membranes for Acid Recovery via Diffusion Dialysis
by Muhammad Adnan Ashraf, Atif Islam, Muhammad Arif Butt, Hafiz Abdul Mannan, Rafi Ullah Khan, Kashif Kamran, Shahid Bashir, Javed Iqbal, Ahmed A. Al-Ghamdi and Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100786 - 14 Oct 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2677
Abstract
Diffusion dialysis (DD) using anion exchange membranes (AEM) is an effective process for acid recovery and requires the preparation of suitable materials for AEMs, characterized by unique ions transport properties. In this work, novel AEMs composed of quaternized diaminobutane (QDAB) and poly(vinyl alcohol) [...] Read more.
Diffusion dialysis (DD) using anion exchange membranes (AEM) is an effective process for acid recovery and requires the preparation of suitable materials for AEMs, characterized by unique ions transport properties. In this work, novel AEMs composed of quaternized diaminobutane (QDAB) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were cross-linked by tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) via the sol–gel process. The prepared AEMs were systematically characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ion-exchange capacity (IEC) analysis, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), water uptake, linear expansion ratio (LER), and mechanical strength determination, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and DD performance analysis for acid recovery using a hydrochloric acid/iron chloride (HCl/FeCl2) aqueous mixture and varying the QDAB content. The prepared AEMs exhibited IEC values between 0.86 and 1.46 mmol/g, water uptake values within 71.3 and 47.8%, moderate thermal stability, tensile strength values in the range of 26.1 to 41.7 MPa, and elongation from 68.2 to 204.6%. The dialysis coefficient values were between 0.0186 and 0.0295 m/h, whereas the separation factors range was 24.7–44.1 at 25 °C. The prepared membranes have great potential for acid recovery via diffusion dialysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Separation Processes in Membranes: Design, Synthesis and Applications)
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18 pages, 9442 KiB  
Article
Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutant in Wastewater by Electrospun Functionally Modified Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers Membrane Anchoring TiO2 Nanostructured
by Fahad A. AlAbduljabbar, Sajjad Haider, Fekri Abdulraqeb Ahmed Ali, Abdulaziz A. Alghyamah, Waheed A. Almasry, Raj Patel and Iqbal M. Mujtaba
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100785 - 14 Oct 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3246
Abstract
In this study, polyacrylonitrile (PAN_P) nanofibers (NFs) were fabricated by electrospinning. The PAN_P NFs membrane was functionalized with diethylenetriamine to prepare a functionalized polyacrylonitrile (PAN_F) NFs membrane. TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized in the laboratory were anchored to the surface of the PAN_F [...] Read more.
In this study, polyacrylonitrile (PAN_P) nanofibers (NFs) were fabricated by electrospinning. The PAN_P NFs membrane was functionalized with diethylenetriamine to prepare a functionalized polyacrylonitrile (PAN_F) NFs membrane. TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized in the laboratory were anchored to the surface of the PAN_F NFs membrane by electrospray to prepare a TiO2 NPs coated NFs membrane (PAN_Coa). A second TiO2/PAN_P composite membrane (PAN_Co) was prepared by embedding TiO2 NPs into the PAN_P NFs by electrospinning. The membranes were characterized by microscopic, spectroscopic and X-ray techniques. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) revealed smooth morphologies for PAN_P and PAN_F NFs membranes and a dense cloud of TiO2 NPs on the surface of PAN_Coa NFs membrane. The attenuated total reflectance in the infrared (ATR-IR) proved the addition of the new amine functionality to the chemical structure of PAN. Transmission electron microscope images (TEM) revealed spherical TiO2 NPs with sizes between 18 and 32 nm. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the existence of the anatase phase of TiO2. Surface profilometry da-ta showed increased surface roughness for the PAN_F and PAN_Coa NFs membranes. The adsorption-desorption isotherms and hysteresis loops for all NFs membranes followed the IV -isotherm and the H3 -hysteresis loop, corresponding to mesoporous and slit pores, respectively. The photocatalytic activities of PAN_Coa and PAN_Co NFs membranes against methyl orange dye degradation were evaluated and compared with those of bare TiO2 NPs.The higher photocatalytic activity of PAN_Coa membrane (92%, 20 ppm) compared to (PAN_Co) NFs membrane (41.64%, 20 ppm) and bare TiO2 (49.60%, 20 ppm) was attributed to the synergy between adsorption, lower band gap, high surface roughness and surface area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Conducting Membranes: Preparation, Properties, and Applications)
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13 pages, 2616 KiB  
Article
Cholesterol Modulates the Interaction between HIV-1 Viral Protein R and Membrane
by Chun-Hao Liu, Shing-Jong Huang and Tsyr-Yan Yu
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100784 - 13 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2339
Abstract
Being a major metabolite for maintaining cellular homeostasis, as well as an important structural component in lipid membrane, cholesterol also plays critical roles in the life cycles of some viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). The involvement of cholesterol in HIV-1 infectivity, assembly [...] Read more.
Being a major metabolite for maintaining cellular homeostasis, as well as an important structural component in lipid membrane, cholesterol also plays critical roles in the life cycles of some viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). The involvement of cholesterol in HIV-1 infectivity, assembly and budding has made it an important research target. Viral protein R (Vpr) is an accessory protein of HIV-1, which is involved in many major events in the life cycle of HIV-1. In addition to its multi-functional roles in the HIV-1 life cycle, it is shown to interact with lipid membrane and form a cation-selective channel. In this work, we examined the effect of cholesterol on the interaction of Vpr and lipid membrane. Using calcein release assay, we found that the membrane permeability induced by the membrane binding of Vpr was significantly reduced in the presence of cholesterol in membrane. In addition, using solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy, Vpr was shown to experience multiple chemical environments in lipid membrane, as indicated by the broad line shape of carbonyl 13C resonance of Cys-76 residue ranging from 165–178 ppm, which can be attributed to the existence of complex Vpr-membrane environments. We further showed that the presence of cholesterol in membrane will alter the distribution of Vpr in the complex membrane environments, which may explain the change of the Vpr induced membrane permeability in the presence of cholesterol. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Structure–Function Relationships of Membrane Proteins)
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13 pages, 4298 KiB  
Article
Cell Attachment Capacity and Compounds of Fibrin Membranes Isolated from Fresh Frozen Plasma and Cryoprecipitate
by Adél Hinsenkamp, Kiara Kun, Fatime Gajnut, Aliz Majer, Zsombor Lacza and István Hornyák
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100783 - 13 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2285
Abstract
Fibrin membranes are widely used in regenerative medicine because they are biocompatible, biodegradable, contain growth factors, and support cell attachment. Most commonly they are produced from serum, but they can also be isolated from activated plasma. To increase the fibrinogen concentration of plasma, [...] Read more.
Fibrin membranes are widely used in regenerative medicine because they are biocompatible, biodegradable, contain growth factors, and support cell attachment. Most commonly they are produced from serum, but they can also be isolated from activated plasma. To increase the fibrinogen concentration of plasma, cryoprecipitate isolation is a possible solution. In this work, cryoprecipitate was prepared from fresh frozen plasma, isolated by plasmapheresis. The concentration of cellular elements, fibrinogen, total protein, and immunoglobulins among others was measured in different concentrations of cryoprecipitates. After activation with Ca-gluconate, fibrin membranes were produced in different thicknesses, and human mesenchymal stem cells were seeded onto the membranes. They were visualized by live-dead staining and their viability was determined by XTT. The platelet-derived growth factor AB content was quantified by ELISA. Our results showed that fibrinogen and platelet concentration can be multiplied in plasma by cryoprecipitate isolation, which affects the thickness and slightly the growth factor content of the membranes. According to live-dead staining, the thickness of the membranes does not influence cell attachment, and XTT measurement did not reveal a significant difference in cell attachment capacity either; however, a growing trend could be observed in the case of some membranes. Full article
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31 pages, 6024 KiB  
Review
Waste Reutilization in Polymeric Membrane Fabrication: A New Direction in Membranes for Separation
by Pei Sean Goh, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman and Takeshi Matsuura
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100782 - 12 Oct 2021
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6672
Abstract
In parallel to the rapid growth in economic and social activities, there has been an undesirable increase in environmental degradation due to the massively produced and disposed waste. The need to manage waste in a more innovative manner has become an urgent matter. [...] Read more.
In parallel to the rapid growth in economic and social activities, there has been an undesirable increase in environmental degradation due to the massively produced and disposed waste. The need to manage waste in a more innovative manner has become an urgent matter. In response to the call for circular economy, some solid wastes can offer plenty of opportunities to be reutilized as raw materials for the fabrication of functional, high-value products. In the context of solid waste-derived polymeric membrane development, this strategy can pave a way to reduce the consumption of conventional feedstock for the production of synthetic polymers and simultaneously to dampen the negative environmental impacts resulting from the improper management of these solid wastes. The review aims to offer a platform for overviewing the potentials of reutilizing solid waste in liquid separation membrane fabrication by covering the important aspects, including waste pretreatment and raw material extraction, membrane fabrication and characterizations, as well as the separation performance evaluation of the resultant membranes. Three major types of waste-derived polymeric raw materials, namely keratin, cellulose, and plastics, are discussed based on the waste origins, limitations in the waste processing, and their conversion into polymeric membranes. With the promising material properties and viability of processing facilities, recycling and reutilization of waste resources for membrane fabrication are deemed to be a promising strategy that can bring about huge benefits in multiple ways, especially to make a step closer to sustainable and green membrane production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue in Honor of Professor Ahmad Fauzi Ismail)
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18 pages, 1375 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Energy Efficiency, Operation Costs, Carbon Footprint and Ecological Footprint with Reverse Osmosis Membranes in Seawater Desalination Plants
by Federico Leon, Alejandro Ramos and Sebastian O. Perez-Baez
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100781 - 12 Oct 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3932
Abstract
This article shows the optimization of the reverse osmosis process in seawater desalination plants, taking the example of the Canary Islands, where there are more than 320 units of different sizes, both private and public. The objective is to improve the energy efficiency [...] Read more.
This article shows the optimization of the reverse osmosis process in seawater desalination plants, taking the example of the Canary Islands, where there are more than 320 units of different sizes, both private and public. The objective is to improve the energy efficiency of the system in order to save on operation costs as well as reduce the carbon and ecological footprints. Reverse osmosis membranes with higher surface area have lower energy consumption, as well as energy recovery systems to recover the brine pressure and introduce it in the system. Accounting for the operation, maintenance and handling of the membranes is also important in energy savings, in order to improve the energy efficiency. The energy consumption depends on the permeate water quality required and the model of the reverse osmosis membrane installed in the seawater desalination plant, as it is shown in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Mass and Heat Transfers in Membrane Separation Processes)
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10 pages, 1832 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Membrane Protein TmrA Purification Procedure Guided by Analytical Ultracentrifugation
by Dongdong Li, Wendan Chu, Xinlei Sheng and Wenqi Li
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100780 - 12 Oct 2021
Viewed by 2970
Abstract
Membrane proteins are involved in various cellular processes. However, purification of membrane proteins has long been a challenging task, as membrane protein stability in detergent is the bottleneck for purification and subsequent analyses. Therefore, the optimization of detergent conditions is critical for the [...] Read more.
Membrane proteins are involved in various cellular processes. However, purification of membrane proteins has long been a challenging task, as membrane protein stability in detergent is the bottleneck for purification and subsequent analyses. Therefore, the optimization of detergent conditions is critical for the preparation of membrane proteins. Here, we utilize analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) to examine the effects of different detergents (OG, Triton X-100, DDM), detergent concentrations, and detergent supplementation on the behavior of membrane protein TmrA. Our results suggest that DDM is more suitable for the purification of TmrA compared with OG and TritonX-100; a high concentration of DDM yields a more homogeneous protein aggregation state; supplementing TmrA purified with a low DDM concentration with DDM maintains the protein homogeneity and aggregation state, and may serve as a practical and cost-effective strategy for membrane protein purification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomembranes’ Involvement in Physiological Processes, and Tools for Their Characterization)
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20 pages, 5468 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Labelled with a Lipophilic Dye Using Fluorescence Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
by Getnet Midekessa, Kasun Godakumara, Keerthie Dissanayake, Mohammad Mehedi Hasan, Qurat Ul Ain Reshi, Toonika Rinken and Alireza Fazeli
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100779 - 12 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5395
Abstract
Research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has intensified over the past decade, including fluorescent membrane labeling of EVs. An optimal fluorescent method requires the size of EVs to be preserved after labeling. Lipophilic fluorescent dyes, such as CellMask™ Green (CMG), have been widely used [...] Read more.
Research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has intensified over the past decade, including fluorescent membrane labeling of EVs. An optimal fluorescent method requires the size of EVs to be preserved after labeling. Lipophilic fluorescent dyes, such as CellMask™ Green (CMG), have been widely used for this purpose. Here, we investigated conditions affecting the optimum CMG labeling of EVs derived from human choriocarcinoma cells (JAr) and different biological fluids using fluorescence NTA (fl-NTA). The effect of CMG labeling on the size, concentration and zeta potential (ZP) on JAr EVs purified with different methods were measured along with biological fluid-derived EVs. With the increase of CMG dye concentration, a significant decrease in the mean size of fluorescent nanoparticles (fl-NPs) was observed. The ZP of fl-NPs originating from JAr cells with the lowest and highest dye concentrations showed a significant shift towards more and less negative ZP values, respectively. Differences in the concentration of fl-NPs were observed for JAr EVs purified using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) alone and SEC in combination with tangential flow filtration. The proportion of CMG labeling of NPs varied across different biological sources. CMG labeling may be a reliable technique for the detection of EVs using fl-NTA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Membranes in Life Sciences)
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22 pages, 7156 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Sieverts Law Assumptions and ‘n’ Values in Palladium Membranes: Experimental and Theoretical Analyses
by Abdulrahman Alraeesi and Tracy Gardner
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100778 - 12 Oct 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7759
Abstract
Palladium and palladium alloy membranes are superior materials for hydrogen purification, removal, or reaction processes. Sieverts’ Law suggests that the flux of hydrogen through such membranes is proportional to the difference between the feed and permeate side partial pressures, each raised to the [...] Read more.
Palladium and palladium alloy membranes are superior materials for hydrogen purification, removal, or reaction processes. Sieverts’ Law suggests that the flux of hydrogen through such membranes is proportional to the difference between the feed and permeate side partial pressures, each raised to the 0.5 power (n = 0.5). Sieverts’ Law is widely applied in analyzing the steady state hydrogen permeation through Pd-based membranes, even in some cases where the assumptions made in deriving Sieverts’ Law do not apply. Often permeation data are fit to the model allowing the pressure exponent (n) to vary. This study experimentally assessed the validity of Sieverts’ Law as hydrogen was separated from other gases and theoretically modelled the effects of pressure and temperature on the assumptions and hence the accuracy of the 0.5-power law even with pure hydrogen feed. Hydrogen fluxes through Pd and Pd-Ag alloy foils from feed mixtures (5–83% helium in hydrogen; 473–573 K; with and without a sweep gas) were measured to study the effect of concentration polarization (CP) on hydrogen permeance and the applicability of Sieverts’ Law under such conditions. Concentration polarization was found to dominate hydrogen transport under some experimental conditions, particularly when feed concentrations of hydrogen were low. All mixture feed experiments showed deviation from Sieverts’ Law. For example, the hydrogen flux through Pd foil was found to be proportional to the partial pressure difference (n ≈ 1) rather than being proportional to the difference in the square root of the partial pressures (n = 0.5), as suggested by Sieverts’ Law, indicating the high degree of concentration polarization. A theoretical model accounting for Langmuir adsorption with temperature dependent adsorption equilibrium coefficient was made and used to assess the effect of varying feed pressure from 1–136 atm at fixed temperature, and of varying temperature from 298 to 1273 K at fixed pressure. Adsorption effects, which dominate at high pressure and at low temperature, result in pressure exponents (n) values less than 0.5. With better understanding of the transport steps, a qualitative analysis of literature (n) values of 0.5, 0.5 < n < 1, and n > 1, was conducted suggesting the role of each condition or step on the hydrogen transport based on the empirically fit exponent value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Simulation of Industrial and Environmental Processes with Membranes)
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17 pages, 3178 KiB  
Article
Improved CO2/CH4 Separation Properties of Cellulose Triacetate Mixed–Matrix Membranes with CeO2@GO Hybrid Fillers
by Chhabilal Regmi, Saeed Ashtiani, Zdeněk Sofer and Karel Friess
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100777 - 11 Oct 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2872
Abstract
The study of the effects associated with the compatibility of the components of the hybrid filler with polymer matrix, which ultimately decide on achieving mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) with better gas separation properties, is essential. Herein, a facile solution casting process of simple [...] Read more.
The study of the effects associated with the compatibility of the components of the hybrid filler with polymer matrix, which ultimately decide on achieving mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) with better gas separation properties, is essential. Herein, a facile solution casting process of simple incorporating CeO2@GO hybrid inorganic filler material is implemented. Significant improvements in material and physico-chemical properties of the synthesized membranes were observed by SEM, XRD, TGA, and stress-strain measurements. Usage of graphene oxide (GO) with polar groups on the surface enabled forming bonds with ceria (CeO2) nanoparticles and CTA polymer and provided the homogeneous dispersion of the nanofillers in the hybrid MMMs. Moreover, increasing GO loading concentration enhanced both gas permeation in MMMs and CO2 gas uptakes. The best performance was achieved by the membrane containing 7 wt.% of GO with CO2 permeability of 10.14 Barrer and CO2/CH4 selectivity 50.7. This increase in selectivity is almost fifteen folds higher than the CTA-CeO2 membrane sample, suggesting the detrimental effect of GO for enhancing the selectivity property of the MMMs. Hence, a favorable synergistic effect of CeO2@GO hybrid fillers on gas separation performance is observed, propounding the efficient and feasible strategy of using hybrid fillers in the membrane for the potential biogas upgrading process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Novel Material Concept to Scalable Membrane Product for Gas Separation)
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12 pages, 22802 KiB  
Article
Self-Humidifying Membrane for High-Performance Fuel Cells Operating at Harsh Conditions: Heterojunction of Proton and Anion Exchange Membranes Composed of Acceptor-Doped SnP2O7 Composites
by Pilwon Heo, Mijeong Kim, Hansol Ko, Sang Yong Nam and Kihyun Kim
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100776 - 11 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2714
Abstract
Here we suggest a simple and novel method for the preparation of a high-performance self-humidifying fuel cell membrane operating at high temperature (>100 °C) and low humidity conditions (<30% RH). A self-humidifying membrane was effectively prepared by laminating together proton and anion exchange [...] Read more.
Here we suggest a simple and novel method for the preparation of a high-performance self-humidifying fuel cell membrane operating at high temperature (>100 °C) and low humidity conditions (<30% RH). A self-humidifying membrane was effectively prepared by laminating together proton and anion exchange membranes composed of acceptor-doped SnP2O7 composites, Sn0.9In0.1H0.1P2O7/Sn0.92Sb0.08(OH)0.08P2O7. At the operating temperature of 100 °C, the electrochemical performances of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with this heterojunction membrane at 3.5% RH were better than or comparable to those of each MEA with only the proton or anion exchange membranes at 50% RH or higher. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membranes in Electrochemistry Applications)
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11 pages, 3157 KiB  
Article
Effects of Impurities from Sugar Excipient on Filtrate Flux during Ultrafiltration and Diafiltration Process
by Jieun Lee, Jiwon Na and Youngbin Baek
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100775 - 11 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3180
Abstract
Sugar excipients such as sucrose and maltose are widely used for biopharmaceutical formulation to improve protein stability and to ensure isotonicity for administration. However, according to recent literature, pharmaceutical-grade sucrose contained nanoparticulate impurities (NPIs) that result in protein aggregation and degradation. The objective [...] Read more.
Sugar excipients such as sucrose and maltose are widely used for biopharmaceutical formulation to improve protein stability and to ensure isotonicity for administration. However, according to recent literature, pharmaceutical-grade sucrose contained nanoparticulate impurities (NPIs) that result in protein aggregation and degradation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the filtrate flux behavior of sugar solution during ultrafiltration (UF) and diafiltration (DF). Filtrate flux data were obtained using either a tangential flow filtration (TFF) system for DF experiments or a normal flow filtration system for UF experiments. In diafiltration experiments, which were performed using 7 g/L of human immunoglobulin G in a 20 mM histidine buffer with the 100 mM sucrose or maltose, the filtrate flux with sucrose solution decreased significantly. In contrast, the one with maltose solution was in good correspondence with the calculated filtrate flux accounting for the effects of solution viscosity. This large decline in the flux was also observed during UF experiments, in which the presence of NPIs was identified by dynamic light scattering analysis and by capturing an SEM image of the membrane surface after filtration. In addition, highly purified sucrose resulted in a much lower flux decline in TFF in the absence of NPIs. These results provide important insights into the factors governing the optimization of the UF/DF process using appropriate excipients for biopharmaceutical formulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioprocessing with Membranes: Filtration and Chromatography)
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11 pages, 25862 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis of a Full-Scale Desalination Plant with Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Irrigation
by Federico Leon and Alejandro Ramos
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100774 - 11 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5868
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most widely used technology for seawater desalination purposes. The long-term operating data of full-scale plants is key to analyse their performance under real conditions. The studied seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant had a production capacity of 5000 [...] Read more.
Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most widely used technology for seawater desalination purposes. The long-term operating data of full-scale plants is key to analyse their performance under real conditions. The studied seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant had a production capacity of 5000 m3/d for irrigation purposes. The operating data such as conductivities flows, and pressures were collected for around 27,000 h for 4 years. The plant had sand and cartridge filters without chemical dosing in the pre-treatment stage, a RO system with one stage, 56 pressure vessels, seven RO membrane elements per pressure vessel and a Pelton turbine as energy recovery device. The operating data allowed to calculate the average water and salt permeability coefficients (A and B) of the membrane as well as the specific energy consumption (SEC) along the operating period. The calculation of the average A in long-term operation allowed to fit the parameters of three different models used to predict the mentioned parameter. The results showed a 30% decrease of A, parameter B increase around 70%. The SEC was between 3.75 and 4.25 kWh/m3. The three models fitted quite well to the experimental data with standard deviations between 0.0011 and 0.0015. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Mass and Heat Transfers in Membrane Separation Processes)
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50 pages, 6942 KiB  
Article
Design and Implementation of an Electrical Characterization System for Membrane Capacitive Deionization Units for the Water Treatment
by Federico A. Leon, Alejandro Ramos-Martin and David Santana
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100773 - 11 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3125
Abstract
The desalination of seawater is one of the most established techniques in the world. In the middle of the 20th century this was achieved using water evaporation systems, later with reverse osmosis membranes and nowadays with the possibility of capacitive deionization membranes. Capacitive [...] Read more.
The desalination of seawater is one of the most established techniques in the world. In the middle of the 20th century this was achieved using water evaporation systems, later with reverse osmosis membranes and nowadays with the possibility of capacitive deionization membranes. Capacitive deionization and membrane capacitive deionization are an emerging technology that make it possible to obtain drinking water with an efficiency of 95%. This technology is in the development stage and consists of porous activated carbon electrodes, which have great potential for saving energy in the water desalination process and can be used for desalination using an innovative technology called capacitive deionization (CDI), or membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) if an anion and cation membrane exchange is used. In this paper is proposed and designed a characterization system prototype for CDI and MCDI that can operate with constant current charging and discharging (galvanostatic method). Adequate precision has been achieved, as can be seen in the results obtained. These results were obtained from the performance of typical characterization tests with electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLC), since they are electrochemical devices that behave similarly to MCDI, from the point of view of the electrical variables of the processes that take place in MCDI. A philosophy of using free software with open-source code has been followed, with software such as the Arduino and Processing programming editors (IDE), as well as the Arduino Nano board (ATmega328), the analogical-digital converter (ADC1115) and the digital-analogical converter (MCP4725). Moreover, a low-cost system has been developed. A robust and versatile system has been designed for water treatment, and a flexible system has been obtained for the specifications established, as it is shown in the results section. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Mass and Heat Transfers in Membrane Separation Processes)
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15 pages, 2371 KiB  
Article
The Cytoplasmic Tail of Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin and Membrane Lipid Composition Change the Mode of M1 Protein Association with the Lipid Bilayer
by Larisa V. Kordyukova, Petr V. Konarev, Nataliya V. Fedorova, Eleonora V. Shtykova, Alexander L. Ksenofontov, Nikita A. Loshkarev, Lubov A. Dadinova, Tatyana A. Timofeeva, Sergei S. Abramchuk, Andrei V. Moiseenko, Lyudmila A. Baratova, Dmitri I. Svergun and Oleg V. Batishchev
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100772 - 10 Oct 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3535
Abstract
Influenza A virus envelope contains lipid molecules of the host cell and three integral viral proteins: major hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and minor M2 protein. Membrane-associated M1 matrix protein is thought to interact with the lipid bilayer and cytoplasmic domains of integral viral proteins to [...] Read more.
Influenza A virus envelope contains lipid molecules of the host cell and three integral viral proteins: major hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and minor M2 protein. Membrane-associated M1 matrix protein is thought to interact with the lipid bilayer and cytoplasmic domains of integral viral proteins to form infectious virus progeny. We used small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and complementary techniques to analyze the interactions of different components of the viral envelope with M1 matrix protein. Small unilamellar liposomes composed of various mixtures of synthetic or “native” lipids extracted from Influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) virions as well as proteoliposomes built from the viral lipids and anchored peptides of integral viral proteins (mainly, hemagglutinin) were incubated with isolated M1 and measured using SAXS. The results imply that M1 interaction with phosphatidylserine leads to condensation of the lipid in the protein-contacting monolayer, thus resulting in formation of lipid tubules. This effect vanishes in the presence of the liquid-ordered (raft-forming) constituents (sphingomyelin and cholesterol) regardless of their proportion in the lipid bilayer. We also detected a specific role of the hemagglutinin anchoring peptides in ordering of viral lipid membrane into the raft-like one. These peptides stimulate the oligomerization of M1 on the membrane to form a viral scaffold for subsequent budding of the virion from the plasma membrane of the infected cell. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Regulation of Protein Function)
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17 pages, 2205 KiB  
Article
Studies on Anion Exchange Membrane and Interface Properties by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy: The Role of pH
by Wenjuan Zhang, Wei Cheng, Ramato Ashu Tufa, Caihong Liu, David Aili, Debabrata Chanda, Jing Chang, Shaopo Wang, Yufeng Zhang and Jun Ma
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100771 - 10 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4351
Abstract
Ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) represent a key component in various electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems. In this study, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to investigate the effects of structural changes of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) on the bulk membrane and interface properties [...] Read more.
Ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) represent a key component in various electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems. In this study, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to investigate the effects of structural changes of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) on the bulk membrane and interface properties as a function of solution pH. The variations in the physico/electrochemical properties, including ion exchange capacity, swelling degree, fixed charge density, zeta potentials as well as membrane and interface resistances of two commercial AEMs and cation exchange membranes (CEMs, as a control) were systematically investigated in different pH environments. Structural changes of the membrane surface were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Most notably, at high pH (pH > 10), the membrane (Rm) and the diffusion boundary layer resistances (Rdbl) increased for the two AEMs, whereas the electrical double layer resistance decreased simultaneously. This increase in Rm and Rdbl was mainly attributed to the deprotonation of the tertiary amino groups (-NR2H+) as a membrane functionality. Our results show that the local pH at the membrane-solution interface plays a crucial role on membrane electrochemical properties in IEM transport processes, particularly for AEMs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion Exchange Membrane Design for Energy Conversion and Storage)
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22 pages, 9703 KiB  
Review
Electrospun Medicated Nanofibers for Wound Healing: Review
by Xinkuan Liu, Haixia Xu, Mingxin Zhang and Deng-Guang Yu
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100770 - 9 Oct 2021
Cited by 187 | Viewed by 13516
Abstract
With the increasing demand for wound care and treatment worldwide, traditional dressings have been unable to meet the needs of the existing market due to their limited antibacterial properties and other defects. Electrospinning technology has attracted more and more researchers’ attention as a [...] Read more.
With the increasing demand for wound care and treatment worldwide, traditional dressings have been unable to meet the needs of the existing market due to their limited antibacterial properties and other defects. Electrospinning technology has attracted more and more researchers’ attention as a simple and versatile manufacturing method. The electrospun nanofiber membrane has a unique structure and biological function similar to the extracellular matrix (ECM), and is considered an advanced wound dressing. They have significant potential in encapsulating and delivering active substances that promote wound healing. This article first discusses the common types of wound dressing, and then summarizes the development of electrospun fiber preparation technology. Finally, the polymers and common biologically active substances used in electrospinning wound dressings are summarized, and portable electrospinning equipment is also discussed. Additionally, future research needs are put forward. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes: From Synthesis to Applications)
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10 pages, 1893 KiB  
Article
A Study to Enhance the Nitrate-Nitrogen Removal Rate without Dismantling the NF Module by Building a PFSA Ionomer-Coated NF Module
by In-Kee Park, Jian Hou, Jaehan Yun, Hee-Dae Lee and Chang-Hyun Lee
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100769 - 9 Oct 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2588
Abstract
Water resource pollution by nitrate-nitrogen, mainly caused by anthropogenic causes, induces eutrophication of water resources, and indicates the degree of organic pollution. Therefore, this study devised a method for coating PFSA ionomer with excellent chemical resistance without disassembling the module to improve the [...] Read more.
Water resource pollution by nitrate-nitrogen, mainly caused by anthropogenic causes, induces eutrophication of water resources, and indicates the degree of organic pollution. Therefore, this study devised a method for coating PFSA ionomer with excellent chemical resistance without disassembling the module to improve the removal rate of nitrate-nitrogen in water by using a cyclic coating method on a commercially available nanofiltration membrane (NF membrane) module. Nafion was prepared as a supercritical fluid dispersion using a high-temperature and high-pressure reactor, and the particle size and the degree of dispersion of the dispersion were analyzed by DLS. The crystallinity was confirmed through XRD by drying the dispersion in the liquid state. After the dispersion was prepared as a membrane according to the heat treatment conditions, the characteristics according to the particle size were analyzed by tensile strength and TEM. The nitrate-nitrogen removal rate of the NF membrane module coated with the dispersion was increased by 93% compared to that before coating. Therefore, the result showed that the cycle coating method devised in this study could efficiently coat the already commercialized module and improve performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Membrane Research and Development in Korea)
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14 pages, 2037 KiB  
Article
Peritoneal-Membrane Characteristics and Hypervolemia Management in Peritoneal Dialysis: A Randomized Control Trial
by Szu-Yuan Li, Chiao-Lin Chuang, Chih-Ching Lin, Shin-Hung Tsai and Jinn-Yang Chen
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 768; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100768 - 8 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3168
Abstract
Excessive bodily-fluid retention is the major cause of hypertension and congestive heart failure in patients with end-stage renal disease. Compared to hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis (PD) uses the abdominal peritoneum as a semipermeable dialysis membrane, providing continuous therapy as natural kidneys, and having fewer [...] Read more.
Excessive bodily-fluid retention is the major cause of hypertension and congestive heart failure in patients with end-stage renal disease. Compared to hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis (PD) uses the abdominal peritoneum as a semipermeable dialysis membrane, providing continuous therapy as natural kidneys, and having fewer hemodynamic changes. One major challenge of PD treatment is to determine the dry weight, especially considering that the speed of small solutes and fluid across the peritoneal membrane varies among individuals; considerable between-patient variability is expected in both solute transportation and ultrafiltration capacity. This study explores the influence of peritoneal-membrane characteristics in the hydration status in patients on PD. A randomized control trial compares the bioimpedance-assessed dry weight with clinical judgment alone. A high peritoneal membrane D/P ratio was associated with the extracellular/total body water ratio, dialysate protein loss, and poor nutritional status in patients on PD. After a six-month intervention, patients with monthly bioimpedance analysis (BIA) assistance had better fluid (−1.2 ± 0.4 vs. 0.1 ± 0.4 kg, p = 0.014) and blood-pressure (124.7 ± 2.7 vs. 136.8 ± 2.8 mmHg, p < 0.001) control; however, hydration status and blood pressure returned to the baseline after we prolonged BIA assistance to a 3-month interval. The dry-weight reduction process had no negative effect on residual renal function or peritoneal-membrane function. We concluded that peritoneal-membrane characteristics affect fluid and nutritional status in patients on PD, and BIA is a helpful objective technique for fluid assessment for PD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membranes in Renal Replacement Therapy)
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38 pages, 12139 KiB  
Review
A Review of Commercial Developments and Recent Laboratory Research of Dialyzers and Membranes for Hemodialysis Application
by Noresah Said, Woei Jye Lau, Yeek-Chia Ho, Soo Kun Lim, Muhammad Nidzhom Zainol Abidin and Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100767 - 7 Oct 2021
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 13706
Abstract
Dialyzers have been commercially used for hemodialysis application since the 1950s, but progress in improving their efficiencies has never stopped over the decades. This article aims to provide an up-to-date review on the commercial developments and recent laboratory research of dialyzers for hemodialysis [...] Read more.
Dialyzers have been commercially used for hemodialysis application since the 1950s, but progress in improving their efficiencies has never stopped over the decades. This article aims to provide an up-to-date review on the commercial developments and recent laboratory research of dialyzers for hemodialysis application and to discuss the technical aspects of dialyzer development, including hollow fiber membrane materials, dialyzer design, sterilization processes and flow simulation. The technical challenges of dialyzers are also highlighted in this review, which discusses the research areas that need to be prioritized to further improve the properties of dialyzers, such as flux, biocompatibility, flow distribution and urea clearance rate. We hope this review article can provide insights to researchers in developing/designing an ideal dialyzer that can bring the best hemodialysis treatment outcomes to kidney disease patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hollow Fiber Membranes and Their Applications)
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