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Infrastructures
Volume 7
Issue 3
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Infrastructures, Volume 7, Issue 3 (March 2022) – 19 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This paper presents two ambient vibration tests performed on a fortified masonry tower in the Marche region of Italy, carried out one year apart. At the start, the dynamic parameters obtained during the two experimental campaigns are compared to identify possible changes due to damage or different environmental conditions. In addition, the steps carried out for the numerical calibration of the tower’s experimental behavior are shown. The match between the numerical model and the experimental data is evaluated through the absolute frequencies’ errors and the modal assurance criteria between the modal vectors. View this paper
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16 pages, 9645 KiB  
Article
Impact of the Height of Buildings on the Maintainability of Natural Stone Claddings
by Cláudia Ferreira, Ana Silva and Jorge de Brito
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030044 - 18 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2229
Abstract
The buildings’ surroundings’ environmental exposure conditions (e.g., orientation, location, altitude, distance from the sea, temperature, precipitation, presence of damp, exposure to prevailing winds, among others) have a considerable influence on the performance and durability of their envelope. Furthermore, the intensity of these conditions [...] Read more.
The buildings’ surroundings’ environmental exposure conditions (e.g., orientation, location, altitude, distance from the sea, temperature, precipitation, presence of damp, exposure to prevailing winds, among others) have a considerable influence on the performance and durability of their envelope. Furthermore, the intensity of these conditions can vary significantly with the height of the building and, consequently, influence the degradation of different parts of the same building in different ways. In a tall building, the upper part is more prone to higher solar radiation levels, temperature variations, and exposure to wind–rain action. On the other hand, external elements at the bottom are more susceptible to high levels of pollution, especially in city centres. In this sense, the main purpose of this study was to analyse the degradation processes in buildings with different heights and understand whether the processes and maintenance requirements are statistically different. A sample of 203 natural stone claddings (NSC), located in Portugal, was used as case study. The sample was collected based on the diagnosis of the degradation condition of these claddings through in situ visual inspections. To predict the degradation process of NSC over time, a stochastic service life prediction model, based on Petri nets (PN), was implemented. This model allows evaluating the performance of NSC by encompassing the uncertainty of the future performance of the claddings. The results obtained through the degradation and maintenance models were compared with real case studies to highlight the real impact of buildings’ height subjected to environmental exposure conditions on the maintainability of NSC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from CEES 2021, the first International Conference on Construction, Energy, Environment and Sustainability (Coimbra, 2021), on the topic of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies)
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23 pages, 3085 KiB  
Article
Sustainability in the Civil Construction Sector Supported by Industry 4.0 Technologies: Challenges and Opportunities
by Jacqueline de Almeida Barbosa Franco, Ana Mariele Domingues, Nelson de Almeida Africano, Rafael Mattos Deus and Rosane Aparecida Gomes Battistelle
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030043 - 16 Mar 2022
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 9611
Abstract
The civil construction sector is under pressure to make construction processes more sustainable, that is, aligned with economic, social, and environmental sustainability. Thus, the research question considers: How do Industry 4.0 Technologies help civil construction face challenges and identify new opportunities to become [...] Read more.
The civil construction sector is under pressure to make construction processes more sustainable, that is, aligned with economic, social, and environmental sustainability. Thus, the research question considers: How do Industry 4.0 Technologies help civil construction face challenges and identify new opportunities to become sustainable? The general objective of this work is to offer a current overview of publications that associate the civil construction sector; Industry 4.0 Technologies and sustainability, and identify the challenges and opportunities of the Industry 4.0 Technologies set to contribute to sustainability achievement. The research method was a bibliographic review combined with bibliometric analysis in SCOPUS databases. The results show that civil construction faces the challenge of reducing the consumption of natural resources, ensuring safe work, and optimizing processes, especially handwork. However, the insertion of Industry 4.0 Technologies into civil construction has allowed sensors, robots, modelling and simulation systems, artificial intelligence, and drones to have their productivity, efficiency, safety, strategic and environmental management enhanced. Furthermore, Industry 4.0 Technologies can contribute to civil construction through innovative, sustainable, and technological solutions focused on the flow of work, which can provide growth through the balance of costs/benefits in the management of projects and works. Thus, it is expected that this article will contribute to discussions around the possibility of construction becoming sustainable with the support of Industry 4.0 Technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from CEES 2021, the first International Conference on Construction, Energy, Environment and Sustainability (Coimbra, 2021), on the topic of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies)
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20 pages, 21311 KiB  
Article
Effect of Directional Added Mass on Highway Bridge Response during Flood Events
by Ali Karimpour, Salam Rahmatalla and Casey Harwood
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030042 - 16 Mar 2022
Viewed by 2488
Abstract
This article presents a new analysis to determine the variation in modal dynamic characteristics of bridge superstructures caused by hydrodynamic added mass (HAM) during progressive flooding. The natural frequency variations were numerically and experimentally extracted in various artificial flood stages that included dry [...] Read more.
This article presents a new analysis to determine the variation in modal dynamic characteristics of bridge superstructures caused by hydrodynamic added mass (HAM) during progressive flooding. The natural frequency variations were numerically and experimentally extracted in various artificial flood stages that included dry conditions, semi-wet conditions, and fully wet conditions. Three-dimensional finite element modeling of both subscale and full-scale models were simulated through a coupled acoustic structural technique using Abaqus®. Experiments were performed exclusively on a subscale model at a flume laboratory to confirm the numerical simulations. Finally, an approach to quantify the directional HAM in the dominant axes of vibration was pursued using the concept of effective modal mass. It is shown that specific vibrating modes with the largest effective mass are strongly affected during artificial flood events and are identified as the dominant modes. Numerical simulation shows that large directional HAM is introduced on those dominant modes during flood events. For the full-scale representative bridge, the magnitude of the HAM along the first structural mode was estimated to be over 5.8 times the bridge’s structural modal effective mass. It is suggested that directional HAM should be included during the design of bridges over streamways that are prone to flooding in order to potentially be appended to the AASHTO code. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Bridges)
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14 pages, 650 KiB  
Article
Application of Forward Error Correction (FEC) Codes in Wireless Acoustic Emission Structural Health Monitoring on Railway Infrastructures
by Evangelos D. Spyrou and Vassilios Kappatos
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030041 - 16 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3085
Abstract
Structural health monitoring (SHM) has been extensively used in the railway industry, with applications ranging from railway infrastructures to carbody shells. An SHM method that dominates monitoring procedures is Acoustic Emissions (AE). The utilisation of the AE method could use a significantly large [...] Read more.
Structural health monitoring (SHM) has been extensively used in the railway industry, with applications ranging from railway infrastructures to carbody shells. An SHM method that dominates monitoring procedures is Acoustic Emissions (AE). The utilisation of the AE method could use a significantly large amount of data, collected and forwarded to terminal computers using wireless communications. Nowadays, the use of 5G is taking over traditional wireless such as Wi-Fi and 4G telecommunications. However, errors in the transmission due to noisy channels may be experienced. The SHM system may result in the wrong detection of a potential defect in a railway infrastructure with dangerous consequences, such as derailment. Hence, methods for adequately dealing with these errors need to be established, such as Forward Error Correction (FEC) codes. In this paper, we suggest the use of the wireless FEC codes applied to a number of deployed AE devices, in order to perform correction at the transmissions. We investigate the new POLAR codes and compare this method with the Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. We present simulations that the POLAR codes are more efficient with trials using the AFF3CT simulator. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Infrastructures Inspection and Maintenance)
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20 pages, 4424 KiB  
Article
Analytical Modeling of Crack Widths and Cracking Loads in Structural RC Members
by David Z. Yankelevsky, Yuri S. Karinski and Vladimir R. Feldgun
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030040 - 14 Mar 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2945
Abstract
Crack width is a major performance criterion in reinforced-concrete structures, in general, and is of utmost importance in ensuring bridge performance, in particular. A reliable theory-based method is required to assess crack widths and gain insight into their dependence on material, geometry, and [...] Read more.
Crack width is a major performance criterion in reinforced-concrete structures, in general, and is of utmost importance in ensuring bridge performance, in particular. A reliable theory-based method is required to assess crack widths and gain insight into their dependence on material, geometry, and loading parameters. A new, exact analytical method is proposed for a one-dimensional reinforced concrete element based on equilibrium, constitutive, and kinematic relationships, accounting for the geometrical and material behavior of the concrete and reinforcement. A linear interfacial bond stress slip is assumed to represents the small slips associated with the limited allowed crack width. Closed-form expressions have been developed and a wealth of information can be calculated immediately, such as the cracking load levels, the crack width dependence on the load level, the expected number of cracks, and the cracks spacing. The entire nonlinear force-displacement relationship of a cracked reinforced-concrete element may be depicted, demonstrating the tension-stiffening behavior that depends on the variations in the crack width throughout the loading history. Comparisons of the model with experimental data demonstrate very good agreement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Bridges)
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18 pages, 7708 KiB  
Technical Note
To Expedite Roadway Identification and Damage Assessment in LiDAR 3D Imagery for Disaster Relief Public Assistance
by Sharad Mehta, John Peach and Andrew Weinert
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030039 - 11 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2570
Abstract
Aerial surveys using LiDAR systems can play a vital role in the quantitative assessment of infrastructure damage caused by hurricanes, floods, and other natural disasters. GmAPD LiDAR provides high-resolution 3D point-cloud data which enables the surveyor to take accurate measurements of damages to [...] Read more.
Aerial surveys using LiDAR systems can play a vital role in the quantitative assessment of infrastructure damage caused by hurricanes, floods, and other natural disasters. GmAPD LiDAR provides high-resolution 3D point-cloud data which enables the surveyor to take accurate measurements of damages to roads, buildings, communication towers, power lines, etc. Due to the high point cloud density, a very large volume of data is generated during an aerial survey. The data collected during the airborne imaging is post-processed with calibration, geo-registration, and segmentation. Albeit very accurate, extracting useful information from this data is a slow and laborious process. For disaster response, methods of automating this process have spurred the development of simple, fast algorithms that can be used to recognize physical structures from the point-cloud data that can later be assessed for structural damage. In this paper, we describe an efficient algorithm to extract roadways from a massive Lidar data-set to assist the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in assessing road conditions as a step toward helping surveyors expedite a quantitative assessment of road damages for providing and distributing public assistance for disaster relief. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in the Sustainability Assessment of Building and Infrastructure Projects)
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17 pages, 6025 KiB  
Article
A Discussion on Winter Indoor Hygrothermal Conditions and Hygroscopic Behaviour of Plasters in Southern Europe
by Alessandra Ranesi, Magda Posani, Rosário Veiga and Paulina Faria
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030038 - 9 Mar 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2668
Abstract
In Southern European countries, due to the specific climate, economy and culture, a permanent heating practice during winter is not widely adopted. This may have a significant effect on the performance of indoor coating materials, typically tested considering hygrothermal conditions in the range [...] Read more.
In Southern European countries, due to the specific climate, economy and culture, a permanent heating practice during winter is not widely adopted. This may have a significant effect on the performance of indoor coating materials, typically tested considering hygrothermal conditions in the range of 33–75% relative humidity (RH) and 20–25 °C, which are common in continuously heated buildings. In this study, the indoor climate of four bedrooms located in Lisbon, Portugal, was monitored under operational conditions. Based on the data monitored in the case studies, characteristic ranges of indoor hygrothermal conditions were defined and compared to those considered in standard test procedures. In addition, numerical simulations were adopted to compare the hygroscopic performance of four plasters under operational conditions observed on-site. Results show that the four rooms, intermittently heated or unheated, do not provide comfort conditions over 50% of the wintertime, with temperatures lower and RH higher than the ones recommended by the standards. The MBVs resulting from simulations (under operational conditions) are qualitatively in agreement with the MBVs obtained under standard testing conditions. Nonetheless, future studies are recommended to evaluate if standard tests are quantitatively representative of the hygroscopic performance of coating materials in the Southern European scenario. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from CEES 2021, the first International Conference on Construction, Energy, Environment and Sustainability (Coimbra, 2021), on the topic of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies)
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19 pages, 1793 KiB  
Review
Critical Infrastructures: Reliability, Resilience and Wastage
by William Hurst, Kwabena Ebo Bennin, Ben Kotze and Tonderayi Mangara
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030037 - 9 Mar 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3446
Abstract
By 2050, according to the UN medium forecast, 68.6% of the world’s population will live in cities. This growth will place a strain on critical infrastructure distribution networks, which already operate in a state that is complex and intertwined within society. In order [...] Read more.
By 2050, according to the UN medium forecast, 68.6% of the world’s population will live in cities. This growth will place a strain on critical infrastructure distribution networks, which already operate in a state that is complex and intertwined within society. In order to create a sustainable society, there needs to be a change in both societal behaviours (for example, reducing water, energy or food waste activities) and future use of smart technologies. The main challenges are that there is a limited aggregated understanding of current waste behaviours within critical infrastructure ecosystems, and a lack of technological solutions to address this. Therefore, this article reflects on theoretical and applied works concerning waste behaviours, the reliability/availability and resilience of critical infrastructures, and the use of advanced technologies for reducing waste. Articles in the Scopus digital library are considered in the investigation, with 51 papers selected by means of a systematic literature review, from which 38 strains, 86 barriers and 87 needs are identified, along with 60 methods of analysis. The focus of the work is primarily on behaviours, barriers and needs that create an excess or wastage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Investigating Waste Behaviours for Reducing the Strain on Critical Infrastructures)
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23 pages, 4697 KiB  
Article
Identification of Stop Criteria for Large-Scale Laboratory Slab Tests Using Digital Image Correlation and Acoustic Emission
by Christian Overgaard Christensen, Fengqiao Zhang, Gabriela Zarate Garnica, Eva Olivia Leontien Lantsoght, Per Goltermann and Jacob Wittrup Schmidt
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030036 - 8 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2608
Abstract
Advanced monitoring methods are required to identify stop criteria in proof-load tests. In this study, the combined methodology of two-dimensional digital image correlation and acoustic emission is investigated for its applicability for future implementation in field tests. The two monitoring systems are deemed [...] Read more.
Advanced monitoring methods are required to identify stop criteria in proof-load tests. In this study, the combined methodology of two-dimensional digital image correlation and acoustic emission is investigated for its applicability for future implementation in field tests. The two monitoring systems are deemed to provide valuable insight with external measurements from digital image correlation and internal measurements from acoustic emission. Two overturned T-section reinforced concrete slabs (0.37 × 1.7 × 8.4 m) tested under laboratory conditions are used for the assessment. The first slab test served as a preliminary test to enable sensor placement and creation of a relevant loading protocol. The main scientific results lead to a proposal for a test procedure using the combined methodology based on results, observations, and experiences from an individual stop criteria assessment for the two methods. The results include full-field plots, an investigation of the time of crack detection and monitoring of crack widths with digital image correlation, and a qualitative assessment of activity vs. load followed by a quantitative evaluation of calm ratios using acoustic emission. The individual results show that both digital image correlation and acoustic emission can identify damage occurrence earlier than other secondary methods. At crack detection (415 kN), crack widths were measured at widths between 0.078 mm to 0.125 mm and can be monitored until reaching the stop criterion at 463 kN (Eurocode SLS threshold of wmax = 0.2 mm). The acoustic emission results were limited by the pre-defined loading protocol and thus, only indicated that damage occurred sometime between 300 kN and 500 kN (pre-defined load levels). Therefore, the proposal for test procedure involves a methodology, where the loading protocol may be updated during testing based on monitoring results and thus provide even more valuable data. Full article
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13 pages, 671 KiB  
Article
The Historical and Cultural Value of RC Constructions and the Main Critical Issues for Rehabilitation
by Marco Vona and Benedetto Manganelli
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030035 - 6 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2906
Abstract
In recent years, the preservation strategies of cultural heritage have become an element of considerable importance. Unfortunately, research has often been conducted in an excessively mono-sectoral or disaggregated manner. Moreover, there is a significant number of reinforce concrete (RC) buildings and engineering works [...] Read more.
In recent years, the preservation strategies of cultural heritage have become an element of considerable importance. Unfortunately, research has often been conducted in an excessively mono-sectoral or disaggregated manner. Moreover, there is a significant number of reinforce concrete (RC) buildings and engineering works that are of historical interest and play a key role during the earthquakes. An urban center, its historical structures and infrastructures or single buildings, if well managed, preserved, protected, recovered and enhanced can represent an excellent source of income and induce a considerable economic development in the neighboring areas. On the other hand, a lack of value appreciation and/or incorrect management represent a significant economic loss in the long-term, but an immediate loss after earthquakes. In this work, the historical and cultural value of these RC structures and infrastructures is discussed and the main critical issues are identified, outlining the fundamental requirements for conservation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Rehabilitation, Retrofitting and Strengthening)
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15 pages, 2804 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Railway Track Condition for Preventive Maintenance by Using a Data-Driven Approach
by Cecília Vale and Maria Lurdes Simões
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030034 - 3 Mar 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5209
Abstract
For scheduling track maintenance, infrastructure managers perform inspections to assess the track condition. When the irregularities are higher than the threshold limits, a track has a defect that should be corrected to avoid future failures or traffic disruption. Scheduling maintenance actions contribute to [...] Read more.
For scheduling track maintenance, infrastructure managers perform inspections to assess the track condition. When the irregularities are higher than the threshold limits, a track has a defect that should be corrected to avoid future failures or traffic disruption. Scheduling maintenance actions contribute to reliability and availability but demand the prediction of the evolution of track degradation. In recent years, several degradation models have been defined to forecast geometrical evolution over time and/or tonnage, mainly for heavy rail systems. Nevertheless, most of those models have limitations when dealing with measured data collected in different time intervals as happens in reality. To overcome this problem, a data-driven model based on the logistic binary function is presented and validated with real inspection measurements. The results prove that the model has a 91.1% success rate, an excellent discrimination ability, and a high sensitivity, classifying correctly 84.1% of inspections in need of maintenance. The model also has high specificity as it classifies 94.5% of inspections with no demand of maintenance action. The model is easy to implement, which is also an advantage for the track asset management with guaranty of excellent sensitivity and discrimination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Infrastructures Inspection and Maintenance)
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17 pages, 1998 KiB  
Review
Resilience Indicator of Urban Transport Infrastructure: A Review on Current Approaches
by Zhuyu Yang, Bruno Barroca, Aurélia Bony-Dandrieux and Hélène Dolidon
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030033 - 3 Mar 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5252
Abstract
Urban transport infrastructures (TIs) play a central role in an urban society that faces more and more disasters. TIs, part of critical infrastructures (CIs), are highly correlated with urban disaster management in terms of their resilience when cities are facing a crisis or [...] Read more.
Urban transport infrastructures (TIs) play a central role in an urban society that faces more and more disasters. TIs, part of critical infrastructures (CIs), are highly correlated with urban disaster management in terms of their resilience when cities are facing a crisis or disaster. According to many studies, indicator assessment has been frequently used for the resilience management of CIs in recent decades. Defining and characterizing indicators can be useful for disaster managers as it could help monitor and improve the capacities and performance of TIs. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is (1) to identify and summarize the existing indicators of TIs resilience from the currently available literature, and (2) to discuss the possible future studies of the resilience indicator of TIs. The first results indicated that there are some barriers to identify indicators following the common search method through keywords. Additionally, the indicators found are mainly related to technical information, the disruption stage, and internal TIs. Finally, due to the complexity of indicator assessment, sub-indicators and indicator spatialization are widely used in the resilience assessment of urban TIs studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience of Infrastructures to Natural Hazards)
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18 pages, 2732 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Financial Allocation for Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Munster’s Road Network Using the World Bank’s RONET Model
by Mayara S. Siverio Lima, Alexander Buttgereit, Cesar Queiroz, Viktors Haritonovs and Florian Gschösser
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030032 - 2 Mar 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3100
Abstract
This paper applies the Road Network Evaluation Tools (RONET) model to assess the economic impacts of urban pavement maintenance and rehabilitation in the city of Munster, Germany. The city’s road network includes main roads, main access roads, residential roads, and paved areas for [...] Read more.
This paper applies the Road Network Evaluation Tools (RONET) model to assess the economic impacts of urban pavement maintenance and rehabilitation in the city of Munster, Germany. The city’s road network includes main roads, main access roads, residential roads, and paved areas for pedestrians, cyclists, and parking spaces. The specific traffic loads applied to Munster’s network demand several different pavement materials, structures, and intervention procedures. This study aims to support stakeholders’ decision-making by assessing current expenditures, network conditions, and country-specific data to determine the appropriate financial allocation for recurrent maintenance, periodic maintenance, rehabilitation, and new pavement construction. Six scenarios comprising distinct pavement structures and maintenance strategies are modeled in RONET to perform the analysis. The outcomes include the future deterioration of pavements under different maintenance scenarios, the current and projected asset value of the network, and the total costs (road agency costs + user costs) of the network to society, considering each scenario being applied over a 20-year evaluation period. The RONET model also provides the annual average cost of each maintenance procedure and the additional costs to society while using a budget scenario other than ‘Optimal.’ The results indicate that Munster’s current investment program is in line with the ‘Optimal’ budget scenario proposed by RONET. In addition, the model suggests that performing recurrent and periodic interventions is more cost-effective than neglecting the conservation of pavements for an extended period and endorsing more extensive interventions in the future, such as rehabilitation or reconstruction. Full article
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25 pages, 4973 KiB  
Article
Discrete Element Bonded-Block Models for Detailed Analysis of Masonry
by José V. Lemos and Vasilis Sarhosis
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030031 - 25 Feb 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3334
Abstract
A detailed modelling approach to represent masonry at the meso-scale is proposed, based on the discrete element method, considering the nonlinear behavior of the joints and the units. The fracture of units is represented by the bonded-block concept, in which a random network [...] Read more.
A detailed modelling approach to represent masonry at the meso-scale is proposed, based on the discrete element method, considering the nonlinear behavior of the joints and the units. The fracture of units is represented by the bonded-block concept, in which a random network of potential cracks is created, allowing the progressive development of failure mechanisms. For simplicity, only the 2D case is presented, but the extension to 3D is straightforward. A key component of the proposed model is a framework for a joint or interface constitutive model, including the post-peak softening range, taking into account the experimental fracture energies. In this model, the softening curves in tension or shear are defined by piecewise linear segments, calibrated to reproduce the most common masonry constitutive models. The essential issues involved in the application of bonded-block models to masonry are examined, namely the block shape, either Voronoi polygons or triangles; size; deformability; and the influence of the main constitutive parameters. Uniaxial compression tests are analyzed in detail. The simulation of a well-known experiment of a brick panel under shear shows the good performance of the proposed approach. The investigation results demonstrate the model’s capabilities and provide guidelines for its application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Infrastructures and Structural Engineering)
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12 pages, 4391 KiB  
Article
Application of a Non-Invasive Technique for the Preservation of a Fortified Masonry Tower
by Ersilia Giordano, Laura Marcheggiani, Antonio Formisano and Francesco Clementi
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030030 - 24 Feb 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3146
Abstract
The Cultural heritage spread all over the World needs to be preserved with systems that do not compromise its architectural and historical value. Nowadays, the most advanced technology available is the ambient vibration test. It allows to obtain the current frequencies, modal shapes, [...] Read more.
The Cultural heritage spread all over the World needs to be preserved with systems that do not compromise its architectural and historical value. Nowadays, the most advanced technology available is the ambient vibration test. It allows to obtain the current frequencies, modal shapes, and damping of structures, without being invasive. The comparison between different monitoring campaigns and their use in combination with Finite Element models can give an insight into the state of structures’ health. This paper presents two ambient vibration tests performed on a fortified masonry tower in the Marche region of Italy, carried out after one year each other, with different temperature and humidity conditions. To extract the structure’s dynamic parameters both a time and a frequency domain approaches were used. The comparison between the parameters obtained during the two experimental campaigns showed similar frequencies and modal shapes underlining that no damage occurred and that the dynamic response of the tower does not suffer temperature and humidity variations. In addition, the steps carried out for a first attempt manual calibration of the tower’s Finite Element model are shown. The match between the numerical model and the experimental data is evaluated through the absolute frequencies’ errors and the Modal Assurance Criteria between the modal vectors. The calibrated numerical model can be used for future and accurate assessment of the tower’s structural capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 8th Civil Structural Health Monitoring Workshop)
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17 pages, 7313 KiB  
Article
Asphalt Concrete Modification with Plastomers: A Case Study Conducted 7 Years after Construction
by Shahin Eskandarsefat, Loretta Venturini, Augusto Ciarlitti, Enea Sogno and Isabella Ottonelli
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030029 - 24 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2959
Abstract
Ever-increasing traffic loads, in addition to hot climates, have always been a challenge for both road pavement authorities and engineers. Technically, asphalt binder and concrete modifiers that generally increase the viscosity and provide higher resistance to permanent deformation have been the optimal choice. [...] Read more.
Ever-increasing traffic loads, in addition to hot climates, have always been a challenge for both road pavement authorities and engineers. Technically, asphalt binder and concrete modifiers that generally increase the viscosity and provide higher resistance to permanent deformation have been the optimal choice. In this paper, the asphalt layers of a motorway constructed in 2015 were studied. In this pavement, a plastomeric polymeric compound and synthetic-cellulose composite fibers containing plastomeric polymers were used in its binder course and surface course, respectively. The higher performance of the mixtures containing the plastomeric additives allowed a thinner pavement. This study addressed a quality assurance and monitoring plan spanning 7 years, consisting of core mechanical tests, including stiffness moduli and strength tests, in situ structural analysis by means of a falling weight deflectometer (FWD), surface profile characterization by means of IRI and SCRIM, and experts’ visual inspections. Overall, the test results complied with the specifications, and no distress or failure was recorded after 7 years of being under service. This could indicate that plastomers and the dry method can be considered as reliable alternatives for high quality asphalt pavement production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Practices into Road Pavement Maintenance Management)
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16 pages, 7784 KiB  
Article
Multi-Criteria Methodology for the Location of Photovoltaic Solar Energy Production Facilities in Tenerife (Spain)
by Javier Gutiérrez, Javier Velázquez, María Luz Aguiló, Fernando Herráez, Carlos Jiménez, Luis Eduardo Canelo, Ana Hernando, Inmaculada Gómez and Víctor Rincón
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030028 - 23 Feb 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3016
Abstract
This paper presents a multi-criteria methodology for the detection of optimal locations for solar photovoltaic installations connected to the electrical grid. The proposed methodology has been applied to the island of Tenerife, as it is one of the territories in Spain with the [...] Read more.
This paper presents a multi-criteria methodology for the detection of optimal locations for solar photovoltaic installations connected to the electrical grid. The proposed methodology has been applied to the island of Tenerife, as it is one of the territories in Spain with the greatest solar potential. This methodology integrates an Aptitude Model (which covers variables such as connections to the electrical grid, accessibility, cloudiness, solar irradiation and slope) together with an Impact Model (which considers variables such as landscape vulnerability, land use and hydrology). Each one of the variables considered has been transformed into standardized decision criteria, which have been weighted by means of Saaty’s pair method, having also assigned them relative weights by means of expert consultation. The integration of both Models in a Hosting Capacity Model makes it possible to consider urban and environmental constraints in different possible scenarios. Finally, the Hosting Capacity Model generated is implemented through a Geographic Information System (GIS) on the island of Tenerife, so that it has been possible to detect the optimum locations for each municipality and region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planning Peripheral and Ultra-Peripheral Infrastructures)
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15 pages, 4366 KiB  
Article
Design and Thermal Characterization of Two Construction Solutions with and without Incorporation of Macroencapsulated PCM
by António Figueiredo, Filipe Rebelo, António Samagaio, Romeu Vicente and Jorge Lira
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030027 - 22 Feb 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3135
Abstract
Improving the energy efficiency of new and existing building stock while fostering the use of renewable energy is one of the major goals of the Renovation Wave initiative promoted by the European Union. In this framework, the present research focuses on the design [...] Read more.
Improving the energy efficiency of new and existing building stock while fostering the use of renewable energy is one of the major goals of the Renovation Wave initiative promoted by the European Union. In this framework, the present research focuses on the design of an innovative and efficient construction solution for an external envelope and internal partitions that can improve energy efficiency and thermal comfort in lightweight construction technology for buildings. The use of phase change materials (PCMs), particularly in the macroencapsulated form, in building construction solutions or components enhances the buildings’ thermal mass without significantly increasing the solutions’ weight. Therefore, the solution herein developed is essentially targeted at lightweight building technology since the incorporation of a macroencapsulated PCM core will allow to store and release large amounts of energy per volume unit, in order to attenuate high indoor temperature fluctuations. In the scope of this study, the use of a thermally active core in a lightweight construction solution was designed and thermally characterized. Thus, an experimental campaign on the thermal properties of the solution containing macroencapsulated PCMs was performed, intended for applications in two twin full-scale cold-formed steel lightweight tiny houses. Regarding the hot box heat flux meter approach, the results revealed the following: good correlation between thermal conductivity and mean specimen temperatures for both construction assemblies tested, and significant thermal amplitude reduction with the use solution containing the macroencapsulated PCM core. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from CEES 2021, the first International Conference on Construction, Energy, Environment and Sustainability (Coimbra, 2021), on the topic of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies)
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23 pages, 3876 KiB  
Article
Bio-Wastes as Aggregates for Eco-Efficient Boards and Panels: Screening Tests of Physical Properties and Bio-Susceptibility
by Eleonora Cintura, Paulina Faria, Marta Duarte and Lina Nunes
Infrastructures 2022, 7(3), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030026 - 22 Feb 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3151
Abstract
Screening tests were developed or adapted from RILEM recommendations, standards and past studies, and carried out to characterize some agro-industrial wastes and to assess their feasibility as aggregates for eco-efficient building composites. Spent coffee grounds, grape and olive press waste and hazelnut shells [...] Read more.
Screening tests were developed or adapted from RILEM recommendations, standards and past studies, and carried out to characterize some agro-industrial wastes and to assess their feasibility as aggregates for eco-efficient building composites. Spent coffee grounds, grape and olive press waste and hazelnut shells were used, as well as maritime pine chips as control material. Particle size distribution, loose bulk density, thermal conductivity and hygroscopicity properties were analysed. The selected bio-wastes did not show good thermal insulation properties if compared with some bio-wastes already studied and used for thermal insulation composites. Values of loose bulk density and thermal conductivity were between 325.6–550.5 kg/m3 and 0.078–0.107 W/(m·K); moisture buffering values higher than 2.0 g/(m2·%RH). Biological susceptibility to mould and termites were also tested, using not yet standardized methods. The low resistance to biological attack confirms one of the greatest drawbacks of using bio-wastes for building products. However, final products properties may be changed by adding other materials, pre-treatments of the wastes and the production process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from CEES 2021, the first International Conference on Construction, Energy, Environment and Sustainability (Coimbra, 2021), on the topic of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies)
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