Journal of Composites Science

23 pages, 7111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of Instabilities on Different Scales in Compressive Fatigue Testing of Composites

by Andreas Baumann and Joachim Hausmann

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040114 - 20 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2799

Compression testing of continuous fiber reinforced materials is challenging, because a great number of competing failure modes and instabilities on different length scales have to be considered. In comparison to tensile testing, the results are more affected by the chosen test set-up. Effects [...] Read more.

Compression testing of continuous fiber reinforced materials is challenging, because a great number of competing failure modes and instabilities on different length scales have to be considered. In comparison to tensile testing, the results are more affected by the chosen test set-up. Effects introduced by the test set-up as well as the type of damage in continuous fiber reinforced materials are mainly investigated for quasi-static loading. This is not the case for cyclic compression loading. Neither standardized methods nor a great deal of literature for reference exists. The aim of this work is to increase the understanding by analyzing the potential effects the set-up in fatigue loading might have on the damage for two common testing strategies by fatigue tests, load increase creep tests and supplementary analytical models. The results show that damage modes can be altered by the testing strategy for the investigated woven glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6. The tools both experimentally and analytically provide the basis to choose the correct set-up in future investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Composite Process Modeling and Characterization)

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16 pages, 7477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Ultra-Lightweight and High Strength Engineered Cementitious Composites

by Zhitao Chen, Junxia Li and En-Hua Yang

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040113 - 18 Apr 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3127

Abstract

In this study, ultra-lightweight and high strength Engineered Cementitious Composites (ULHS-ECCs) are developed via lightweight filler incorporation and matrix composition tailoring. The mechanical, physical, and micromechanical properties of the resulting ULHS-ECCs are investigated and discussed. ULHS-ECCs with a density below 1300 kg/m³ [...] Read more.

In this study, ultra-lightweight and high strength Engineered Cementitious Composites (ULHS-ECCs) are developed via lightweight filler incorporation and matrix composition tailoring. The mechanical, physical, and micromechanical properties of the resulting ULHS-ECCs are investigated and discussed. ULHS-ECCs with a density below 1300 kg/m³, a compressive strength beyond 60 MPa, a tensile strain capacity above 1%, and a thermal conductivity below 0.5 w/mK are developed. The inclusion of lightweight fillers and the variation in proportioning of the ternary binder can lead to a change in micromechanical properties, including the matrix fracture toughness and the fiber/matrix interface properties. As a result, the tensile strain-hardening performance of the ULHS-ECCs can be altered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites)

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17 pages, 5761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Defects Part II: Multiscale Effect of Microvoids, Orientation of Rivet Holes on the Damage Propagation, and Ultimate Failure Strength of Composites

by Vahid Tavaf, Mohammadsadegh Saadatzi and Sourav Banerjee

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040112 - 17 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2677

Abstract

Material properties at the vicinity of the cut-outs in composites are not entirely defect-free. The nteraction of multiple cutouts like rivet holes, the repercussion of their configuration on crack propagation, and ultimate strength were predicted using Peridynamic method and the results are reported [...] Read more.

Material properties at the vicinity of the cut-outs in composites are not entirely defect-free. The nteraction of multiple cutouts like rivet holes, the repercussion of their configuration on crack propagation, and ultimate strength were predicted using Peridynamic method and the results are reported in this article. The effect of microscale defects at the vicinity of the cutouts on macroscale damage propagation were shown to have quantifiable manifestation. This study focused on two to four holes in unidirectional composite plates with 0°, 45°, and 90° fiber directions, while the vicinity of a hole was considered degraded. Numerical results were validated using quantitative ultrasonic image correlation (QUIC) and the tensile test. Both the experimental and numerical results confirmed that the strength of the horizontal configuration is higher than the vertical in the plates with two holes. Furthermore, the square configuration was found to be stronger than the diamond configuration with four holes. When the effect of microscale defects was considered, the prediction of ultimate strength was better compared to the experimental results. The predictive model could be reliably used for progressive damage analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior and Failure Analysis of Composites)

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12 pages, 3547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Process Conditions for Continuous Growth of CNTs on the Surface of Carbon Fibers

by Chengjuan Wang, Yanxiang Wang and Shunsheng Su

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040111 - 17 Apr 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2557

Abstract

Grafting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is one of the most commonly used methods for modifying carbon fiber surface, during which complex device is usually needed and the growth of CNTs is difficult to control. Herein, we provide an implementable and continuous chemical vapor deposition [...] Read more.

Grafting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is one of the most commonly used methods for modifying carbon fiber surface, during which complex device is usually needed and the growth of CNTs is difficult to control. Herein, we provide an implementable and continuous chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, by which the novel multiscale reinforcement of carbon nanotube (CNT)-grafted carbon fiber is prepared. After exploring the effects of the moving speed and growth atmosphere on the morphology and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes/carbon fiber (CNTs/CF) reinforcement, the optimal CVD process conditions are determined. The results show that low moving speeds of carbon fibers passing through the reactor can prolong the growth time of CNTs, increasing the thickness and density of the CNTs layer. When the moving speed is 3 cm/min or 4 cm/min, the surface graphitization degree and tensile strength of CNTs/CF almost simultaneously reach the highest value. It is also found that H₂ in the growth atmosphere can inhibit the cracking of C₂H₂ and has a certain effect on prolonging the life of the catalyst. Meanwhile, the graphitization degree is promoted gradually with the increase in H₂ flow rate from 0 to 0.9 L/min, which is beneficial to CNTs/CF tensile properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials)

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13 pages, 2959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Composite Material of PDMS with Interchangeable Transmittance: Study of Optical, Mechanical Properties and Wettability

by Flaminio Sales, Andrews Souza, Ronaldo Ariati, Verônica Noronha, Elder Giovanetti, Rui Lima and João Ribeiro

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040110 - 17 Apr 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4782

Abstract

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a polymer that has attracted the attention of researchers due to its unique properties such as transparency, biocompatibility, high flexibility, and physical and chemical stability. In addition, PDMS modification and combination with other materials can expand its range of applications. [...] Read more.

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a polymer that has attracted the attention of researchers due to its unique properties such as transparency, biocompatibility, high flexibility, and physical and chemical stability. In addition, PDMS modification and combination with other materials can expand its range of applications. For instance, the ability to perform superhydrophobic coating allows for the manufacture of lenses. However, many of these processes are complex and expensive. One of the most promising modifications, which consists of the development of an interchangeable coating, capable of changing its optical characteristics according to some stimuli, has been underexplored. Thus, we report an experimental study of the mechanical and optical properties and wettability of pure PDMS and of two PDMS composites with the addition of 1% paraffin or beeswax using a gravity casting process. The composites’ tensile strength and hardness were lower when compared with pure PDMS. However, the contact angle was increased, reaching the highest values when using the paraffin additive. Additionally, these composites have shown interesting results for the spectrophotometry tests, i.e., the material changed its optical characteristics when heated, going from opaque at room temperature to transparent, with transmittance around 75%, at 70 °C. As a result, these materials have great potential for use in smart devices, such as sensors, due to its ability to change its transparency at high temperatures. Full article

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30 pages, 5261 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in Geopolymer Technology. A Potential Eco-Friendly Solution in the Construction Materials Industry: A Review

by Matteo Sambucci, Abbas Sibai and Marco Valente

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040109 - 17 Apr 2021

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 8013

Abstract

In the last ten years, the Portland cement industry has received wide criticism due to its related high embodied energy and carbon dioxide footprint. Recently, numerous “clean” strategies and solutions were developed. Among these, geopolymer technology is gaining growing interest as a functional [...] Read more.

In the last ten years, the Portland cement industry has received wide criticism due to its related high embodied energy and carbon dioxide footprint. Recently, numerous “clean” strategies and solutions were developed. Among these, geopolymer technology is gaining growing interest as a functional way to design more eco-friendly construction materials and for waste management issues suffered by various industries. Previous research has highlighted the attractive engineering properties of geopolymeric materials, especially in terms of mechanical properties and durability, resulting in even higher performance than ordinary concrete. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current state-of-the-art and implementations on geopolymer concrete materials, investigating how the key process factors (such as raw materials, synthesis regime, alkali concentration, water dosage, and reinforcement fillers) affect the rheological, microstructural, durability, and mechanical properties. Finally, the paper elucidates some noteworthy aspects for future research development: innovative geopolymer-based formulations (including alkali-activated blends for additive manufacturing and thermo-acoustic insulating cellular compounds), concrete applications successfully scaled in the civil-architectural fields, and the perspective directions of geopolymer technology in terms of commercialization and large-scale diffusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Waste to Advance Composite Materials)

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16 pages, 2880 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Porous Carbon Films and Their Impact on Carbon/Polypropylene Interfacial Bonding

by Yucheng Peng, Ruslan Burtovyy, Rajendra Bordia and Igor Luzinov

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040108 - 14 Apr 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2850

Abstract

Porous carbon films were generated by thermal treatment of polymer films made from poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate)/polyethylene terephthalate (PAN/PET) blend. The precursor films were fabricated by a dip-coating process using PAN/PET solutions in hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP). A two-step process, including stabilization and carbonization, was employed to [...] Read more.

Porous carbon films were generated by thermal treatment of polymer films made from poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate)/polyethylene terephthalate (PAN/PET) blend. The precursor films were fabricated by a dip-coating process using PAN/PET solutions in hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP). A two-step process, including stabilization and carbonization, was employed to produce the carbon films. PET functioned as a pore former. Specifically, porous carbon films with thicknesses from 0.38–1.83 μm and pore diameters between 0.1–10 μm were obtained. The higher concentrations of PET in the PAN/PET mixture and the higher withdrawal speed during dip-coating caused the formation of larger pores. The thickness of the carbon films can be regulated using the withdrawal speed used in the dip-coating deposition. We determined that the deposition of the porous carbon film on graphite substrate significantly increases the value of the interfacial shear strength between graphite plates and thermoplastic PP. This study has shown the feasibility of fabrication of 3D porous carbon structure on the surface of carbon materials for increasing the interfacial strength. We expect that this approach can be employed for the fabrication of high-performance carbon fiber-thermoplastic composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Composites)

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18 pages, 1786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Analytical Orientation Prediction Models for Suspensions Containing Fibers and Spheres

by Bastien Dietemann, Fatih Bosna, Harald Kruggel-Emden, Torsten Kraft and Claas Bierwisch

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040107 - 13 Apr 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3343

Abstract

Analytical orientation models like the Folgar Tucker (FT) model are widely applied to predict the orientation of suspended non-spherical particles. The accuracy of these models depends on empirical model parameters. In this work, we assess how well analytical orientation models can predict the [...] Read more.

Analytical orientation models like the Folgar Tucker (FT) model are widely applied to predict the orientation of suspended non-spherical particles. The accuracy of these models depends on empirical model parameters. In this work, we assess how well analytical orientation models can predict the orientation of suspensions not only consisting of fibers but also of an additional second particle type in the shape of disks, which are varied in size and filling fraction. We mainly focus on the FT model, and we also compare its accuracy to more complex models like Reduced-Strain Closure model (RSC), Moldflow Rotational Diffusion model (MRD), and Anisotropic Rotary Diffusion model (ARD). In our work, we address the following questions. First, can the FT model predict the orientation of suspensions despite the additional particle phase affecting the rotation of the fibers? Second, is it possible to formulate an expression for the sole Folgar Tucker model parameter that is based on the suspension composition? Third, is there an advantage to choose more complex orientation prediction models that require the adjustment of additional model parameters? Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of Composites, Volume II)

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12 pages, 1050 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Color Stability of CAD/CAM Interim Material for Long-Term Fixed Dental Prostheses vs. Conventional Materials after Immersion in Different Staining Solutions

by Lissethe Peñate, Montse Mercade, María Arregui, Miguel Roig, Juan Basilio and Rosario Cedeño

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040106 - 13 Apr 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2952

Abstract

The color stability of interim computer-aided design and computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials has not been exhaustively investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the translucency (TP) and contrast ratio (CR) of CAD/CAM blocks and conventional interim materials, as well as the [...] Read more.

The color stability of interim computer-aided design and computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials has not been exhaustively investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the translucency (TP) and contrast ratio (CR) of CAD/CAM blocks and conventional interim materials, as well as the effects of varnish application and tooth-brushing on color stability after immersion in different staining solutions. Four hundred and eighty specimens were fabricated with four different interim materials (n = 120) and were divided into three experimental, and one control group (n = 30). The color measurements were taken at the initial time (T0), 24 h (T1), 7 days (T2), and 30 days (T3) after immersion in different solutions. CIEDE2000 (ΔE₀₀) values were analyzed with ANOVA and Fischer’s LSD test with a 95% confidence interval. The relationship between TP and CR was analyzed with a Pearson correlation. All interim materials showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in color change after 30 days. Results showed that polyethyl methacrylate resins (PEMA) had the highest stability over time. The TP and CR were statistically significant (p < 0.05). It was observed that brushing improved the color stability but the ΔE₀₀ were the highest when the varnish alone or varnish and brushing were used, except in the bis-acryl group, in which varnish and brushing decreased the color stainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: Biomaterials in Dental Fields)

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19 pages, 23586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Hydrogels Containing Nanosilica on the Properties of Cement Pastes

by Babak Vafaei, Khashayar Farzanian and Ali Ghahremaninezhad

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040105 - 12 Apr 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2998

Abstract

The effect of hydrogels containing nanosilica (NSi) on the autogenous shrinkage, mechanical strength, and electrical resistivity of cement pastes was studied. The interaction between the hydrogels and the surrounding cementitious matrix was examined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and [...] Read more.

The effect of hydrogels containing nanosilica (NSi) on the autogenous shrinkage, mechanical strength, and electrical resistivity of cement pastes was studied. The interaction between the hydrogels and the surrounding cementitious matrix was examined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of hydrogels decreased autogenous shrinkage in the cement pastes and this reduction showed a dependence on the concentration of NSi in the hydrogels. Compressive strength and electrical resistivity were reduced in the cement pastes with hydrogels and this reduction was decreased with increased concentration of NSi in the hydrogel. A change in the phase composition of the cement paste in the region close to the hydrogel was noted, compared to the region away from the hydrogel. In a lime solution with increased pH and temperature, Ca(OH)₂ and CaCO₃ were found to form within the hydrogels; evidence of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) formation in the hydrogels with NSi was obtained, indicating the possible pozzolanic potential of the hydrogels with NSi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Si-based Ceramic and Composites)

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13 pages, 8233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Reactive Polyurethane Foam System for the Direct Sandwich Composite Molding (D-SCM) Process

by Felix Behnisch, Viktoria Lichtner, Frank Henning and Philipp Rosenberg

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040104 - 11 Apr 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2878

Abstract

Sandwich structures utilize the geometric stiffening effect by increasing the area moment of inertia. This reduces carbon fiber (CF) material within CF-reinforced plastic (CFRP) components, and thus, the CO₂ footprint. A suitable material combination for lightweight design is the use of continuous [...] Read more.

Sandwich structures utilize the geometric stiffening effect by increasing the area moment of inertia. This reduces carbon fiber (CF) material within CF-reinforced plastic (CFRP) components, and thus, the CO₂ footprint. A suitable material combination for lightweight design is the use of continuous fiber-reinforced face sheets with a light foam core. CFRP sandwich structures with foam core are manufactured by combining a prefabricated foam core with fiber-reinforced cover layers in a two-step press process. Besides the reduction of the used CFRP material, more efficient manufacturing processes are needed. The aim of this paper is to develop a novel polyurethane foam system to enable the direct sandwich composite molding (D‑SCM) process for the production of CFRP sandwich structures by utilizing the resulting foaming pressure during the reactive polyurethane (PUR) foam system expansion for the impregnation of the CF reinforced face sheets. The developed formulation enables D-SCM structures with 150–250 kg/m³ foam density and 44–47.5% fiber volume content, based on a preliminary evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Polymer Composites)

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9 pages, 7016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Hall-Petch Constants for As-Cast and Aged AZ61/CNTs Metal Matrix Composites and Their Role on Superposition Law Exponent

by Aqeel Abbas and Song-Jeng Huang

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040103 - 9 Apr 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2517

Abstract

AZ61/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 wt.%) composites were successfully fabricated by using the stir-casting method. Hall–Petch relationship and superposition of different strengthening mechanisms were analyzed for aged and as-cast AZ61/CNTs composites. Aged composites showed higher frictional stress (108.81 MPa) than [...] Read more.

AZ61/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 wt.%) composites were successfully fabricated by using the stir-casting method. Hall–Petch relationship and superposition of different strengthening mechanisms were analyzed for aged and as-cast AZ61/CNTs composites. Aged composites showed higher frictional stress (108.81 MPa) than that of as-cast (31.56 Mpa) composites when the grain size was fitted directly against the experimentally measured yield strength. In contrast, considering the superposition of all contributing strengthening mechanisms, the Hall–Petch constants contributed by only grain-size strengthening were found (σ₀ = 100.06 Mpa and K_f = 0.3048 Mpa m^1/2) for as-cast and (σ₀ = 87.154 Mpa and K_f = 0.3407 Mpa m^1/2) for aged composites when superposition law exponent is unity. The dislocation density for the as-cast composites was maximum (8.3239 × 1013 m⁻²) in the case of the AZ61/0.5 wt.%CNT composite, and for aged composites, it increased with the increase in CNTs concentration and reached the maximum value (1.0518 × 1014 m⁻²) in the case of the AZ61/1 wt.%CNT composite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Composites)

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20 pages, 10181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isosteric Enthalpy Behavior of CO₂ Adsorption on Micro-Mesoporous Materials: Carbon Microfibers (CMFs), SBA-15, and Amine-Functionalized SBA-15

by Reyna Ojeda-López, Armando Domínguez-Ortiz, Carlos Felipe, A. Cervantes-Uribe, Isaac J. Pérez-Hermosillo and J. Marcos Esparza-Schulz

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040102 - 8 Apr 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2946

Abstract

The isosteric enthalpy of adsorption (

Δ_{a d s} \dot{h}

) of CO₂ in three different micro and mesoporous materials was evaluated in this work. These materials were a microporous material with functional groups of nitrogen and oxygen (CMFs, carbon [...] Read more.

The isosteric enthalpy of adsorption (

Δ_{a d s} \dot{h}

) of CO₂ in three different micro and mesoporous materials was evaluated in this work. These materials were a microporous material with functional groups of nitrogen and oxygen (CMFs, carbon microfibers), a mesoporous material with silanol groups (SBA-15, Santa Barbara Amorphous), and a mesoporous material with amine groups (SBA-15_APTES, SBA-15 amine-functionalized with (3-Aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane). The temperature interval explored was between 263 K and 303 K, with a separation of 5 K between each one, so a total of nine CO₂ isotherms were obtained. Using the nine isotherms and the Clausius–Clapeyron equation, the reference value for

Δ_{a d s} \dot{h}

was found. The reference value was compared with those

Δ_{a d s} \dot{h}

obtained, considering some arrangement of three or five CO₂ isotherms. Finally, it was found that at 298 K and 1 bar, the total amount of CO₂ adsorbed is 2.32, 0.53, and 1.37 mmol g⁻¹ for CMF, SBA-15, and SBA-15_APTES, respectively. However, at a coverage of 0.38 mmol g⁻¹,

Δ_{a d s} \dot{h}

is worth 38, 30, and 29 KJ mol⁻¹ for SBA-15_APTES, CMFs, and SBA-15, respectively. So, physisorption predominates in the case of CMF and SBA-15 materials, and the

Δ_{a d s} \dot{h}

values significantly coincide regardless of whether the isotherms arrangement used was three or five. Meanwhile, in SBA-15_APTES, chemisorption predominates as a consequence of the arrangements used to obtain

Δ_{a d s} \dot{h}

. This happens in such a way that the use of low temperatures (263–283 K) tends to produce higher

Δ_{a d s} \dot{h}

values, while the use of high temperatures (283–303 K) decreases the

Δ_{a d s} \dot{h}

values. Full article

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19 pages, 3724 KiB

Open AccessReview

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Stimuli-Responsive Polymers

by Menglian Wei, Yu Wan and Xueji Zhang

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040101 - 7 Apr 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3658

Abstract

Metal-organic framework (MOF) based stimuli-responsive polymers (coordination polymers) exhibit reversible phase-transition behavior and demonstrate attractive properties that are capable of altering physical and/or chemical properties upon exposure to external stimuli, including pH, temperature, ions, etc., in a dynamic fashion. Thus, their conformational change [...] Read more.

Metal-organic framework (MOF) based stimuli-responsive polymers (coordination polymers) exhibit reversible phase-transition behavior and demonstrate attractive properties that are capable of altering physical and/or chemical properties upon exposure to external stimuli, including pH, temperature, ions, etc., in a dynamic fashion. Thus, their conformational change can be imitated by the adsorption/desorption of target analytes (guest molecules), temperature or pressure changes, and electromagnetic field manipulation. MOF-based stimuli responsive polymers have received great attention due to their advanced optical properties and variety of applications. Herein, we summarized some recent progress on MOF-based stimuli-responsive polymers (SRPs) classified by physical and chemical responsiveness, including temperature, pressure, electricity, pH, metal ions, gases, alcohol and multi-targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites for Sensing Applications)

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8 pages, 3503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SEM Evaluation of Endosequence BC Sealer Hiflow in Different Environmental Conditions

by Orlando Donfrancesco, Andrea Del Giudice, Alessio Zanza, Michela Relucenti, Stefano Petracchiola, Gianluca Gambarini, Luca Testarelli and Marco Seracchiani

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040099 - 4 Apr 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3006

Abstract

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the setting and sealant ability of two different bioceramic sealers in two different environmental conditions: humid and wet environment. Ex vivo root canal treatment was performed on 24 freshly extracted teeth. Irrigation was performed [...] Read more.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the setting and sealant ability of two different bioceramic sealers in two different environmental conditions: humid and wet environment. Ex vivo root canal treatment was performed on 24 freshly extracted teeth. Irrigation was performed with Niclor NaOCl 5% and EDTA 17%, then obturated with a bioceramic sealer in the two different environmental conditions listed above. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation was performed to verify the presence of gaps and the setting ability of the two sealers in two different environmental conditions was evaluated. While presence of gaps was found mainly in the wet specimens, on the other hand, regarding the setting ability, there is no statistically significant difference between the two different samples. Therefore, even if humid conditions represent the gold standard in terms of lower gaps dimension, since there is no methodology standardizing the drying procedure of the root canal, it is compulsory to investigate the sealing ability of the bioceramic sealers, even in wet conditions. Thanks to the findings shown in the present study, it is demonstrated that even in wet conditions the ability of the sealer to set does not change and such clinical situation could affect the bioceramic sealer protocol. Full article

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10 pages, 3218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vivo Effects of Two In-Office Vital Tooth Bleaching Systems on Enamel Permeability

by Angelica Bertacci, Gianfranco Ulian, Daniele Moro, Stefano Chersoni and Giovanni Valdrè

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040098 - 4 Apr 2021

Viewed by 2246

Abstract

Tooth bleaching is a common treatment for the amelioration of the aesthetic of discoloured teeth. In this context, there are two common approaches that employ concentrated solutions (30–40 wt.%) of either hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide as bleaching agents. However, there is an [...] Read more.

Tooth bleaching is a common treatment for the amelioration of the aesthetic of discoloured teeth. In this context, there are two common approaches that employ concentrated solutions (30–40 wt.%) of either hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide as bleaching agents. However, there is an ongoing debate on the possible adverse effects of these different treatments on tooth health, such as variation of the enamel structure, surface morphology, and chemistry, which also affect tooth sensitivity. In the present work, a study on the effect of the two bleaching agents, a 35 wt.% solution of hydrogen peroxide and a 30 wt.% solution of carbamide peroxide, on the permeability and surface morphology of enamel is reported. The investigation was carried out on replicas of incisors obtained after different treatment times and for several patients, employing scanning electron microscopy to study the morphological features of the treated teeth. The significance of the analytical study was corroborated by a statistical analysis of the results. The collected data suggest that hydrogen peroxide treatment increases the enamel permeability, and this could be related with tooth sensitivity, whereas the carbamide peroxide solution increases the formation of precipitates on the tooth enamel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2021)

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18 pages, 6297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of Performance Profile of Acrylic Based Polyester Bio-Composites by Bast/Basalt Fibers Hybridization for Automotive Applications

by Anjum Saleem, Luisa Medina and Mikael Skrifvars

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040100 - 4 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2919

Abstract

New technologies in the automotive industry require lightweight, environment-friendly, and mechanically strong materials. Bast fibers such as kenaf, flax, and hemp reinforced polymers are frequently used composites in semi-structural applications in industry. However, the low mechanical properties of bast fibers limit the applications [...] Read more.

New technologies in the automotive industry require lightweight, environment-friendly, and mechanically strong materials. Bast fibers such as kenaf, flax, and hemp reinforced polymers are frequently used composites in semi-structural applications in industry. However, the low mechanical properties of bast fibers limit the applications of these composites in structural applications. The work presented here aims to enhance the mechanical property profile of bast fiber reinforced acrylic-based polyester resin composites by hybridization with basalt fibers. The hybridization was studied in three resin forms, solution, dispersion, and a mixture of solution and dispersion resin forms. The composites were prepared by established processing methods such as carding, resin impregnation, and compression molding. The composites were characterized for their mechanical (tensile, flexural, and Charpy impact strength), thermal, and morphological properties. The mechanical performance of hybrid bast/basalt fiber composites was significantly improved compared to their respective bast fiber composites. For hybrid composites, the specific flexural modulus and strength were on an average about 21 and 19% higher, specific tensile modulus and strength about 31 and 16% higher, respectively, and the specific impact energy was 13% higher than bast fiber reinforced composites. The statistical significance of the results was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Applications)

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10 pages, 4193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DMSO Deintercalation in Kaolinite–DMSO Intercalate: Influence of Solution Polarity on Removal

by Berenger ZOGO MFEGUE, Jean Aimé MBEY, Sandotin Lassina COULIBALY, Vincent Laurent ONANA and Paul-Désiré NDJIGUI

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040097 - 2 Apr 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2692

Abstract

This study focused on the deintercalation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) from a kaolinite–DMSO complex in various solvents. The use of kaolinite as filler in polymer–clay composite generally faced the difficulty of kaolinite dispersion due to its high cohesion. For improved dispersion of kaolinite [...] Read more.

This study focused on the deintercalation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) from a kaolinite–DMSO complex in various solvents. The use of kaolinite as filler in polymer–clay composite generally faced the difficulty of kaolinite dispersion due to its high cohesion. For improved dispersion of kaolinite within a given matrix, previous intercalation of small polar molecules is usually done prior to its displacement during composite-making. The influence of the solvent polarity on the deintercalation in analyzed here to understand its role during the deintercalation process. The intercalation of the DMSO was done by solution-mixing and its displacement was done in distilled water, ethyl acetate, and acetone. The products of deintercalation were analyzed using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The weakening of the kaolinite cohesion after DMSO intercalation is demonstrated through the broadening of the diffraction peak associated with the kaolinite on XRD patterns. From FTIR spectra, the weakening is associated with the displacement to low wavenumbers of the Si–O or Al–O vibration bands within the kaolinite–DMSO complex. The kaolinite dehydroxylation temperatures from DSC show that the rate of DMSO displacement affects the ordering of the recovered kaolinite. The crystallite size of the kaolinite is reduced from the raw to the recovered kaolinite after DMSO displacement, indicating an exfoliation of the kaolinite. From these results, it is found that the removal of the DMSO from the kaolinite–DMSO complex is influenced by solvent polarity. The higher the polarity, the greater the removal of the DMSO from the complex. Solvent polarity affects the rate of DMSO displacement, which influences the ordering of the recovered kaolinite. It is suggested that solvent polarity can be used to control the removal rate of DMSO, which may be key to the dispersion of the kaolinite platelets. Full article

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24 pages, 943 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on the Usage of Continuous Carbon Fibers for Piezoresistive Self Strain Sensing Fiber Reinforced Plastics

by Patrick Scholle and Michael Sinapius

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040096 - 2 Apr 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4470

Abstract

This literature review examines the application of carbon fibers and their reinforced plastics for Self-Strain-Sensing structures and gives an up-to-date overview of the existing research. First, relevant basic experimental approaches that can be found in the literature are presented and discussed. Next, we [...] Read more.

This literature review examines the application of carbon fibers and their reinforced plastics for Self-Strain-Sensing structures and gives an up-to-date overview of the existing research. First, relevant basic experimental approaches that can be found in the literature are presented and discussed. Next, we propose to cluster the available articles into 5 categories based on specimen size and ranging from experiments on bare carbon fiber via impregnated fiber rovings to carbon fiber laminates. Each category is analyzed individually and the potential differences between them are discussed based on experimental evidence found in the past. The overview shows, that the choice of carbon fiber and the specific experimental setup both significantly influence the piezoresistive properties measured in Self-Strain-Sensing carbon fiber reinforced plastics. Conclusively, based on the conclusions drawn from the literature review, we propose a small number of measurements that have proven to be important for the analysis of Self-Strain-Sensing carbon fiber structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Conductive Polymer Composites)

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18 pages, 11221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Replacement of Metal Parts by BFRP Composites into a Highly Efficient Electrical Prototype

by Rosa Marat-Mendes, Diogo Ribeira and Luís Reis

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040095 - 1 Apr 2021

Viewed by 2390

Abstract

This work intends to evaluate the use of epoxy composite materials reinforced with basalt fibers as replacement to metallic mechanical parts of a highly efficient electrical prototype. The analysis of the behavior of the original metallic bracket was made and an optimization process [...] Read more.

This work intends to evaluate the use of epoxy composite materials reinforced with basalt fibers as replacement to metallic mechanical parts of a highly efficient electrical prototype. The analysis of the behavior of the original metallic bracket was made and an optimization process was carried out in order to achieve the most suitable geometry and stacking sequence if produced in composite material. Finite element analysis using Siemens NX12 and experimental tests to the produced composite part were performed in order to access it. It was verified that the total weight of the composite part shows a 45% reduction. The composite part shows a higher deformation than the metallic one due to basalt fiber’s higher flexibility. However, the advantages added by the new component largely compensate for the disadvantages that may have been added without compromising its performance. Obtained results show that the use of basalt fiber reinforced composites as the material of mechanical parts of a highly efficient electrical prototype that is a good alternative. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2021)

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12 pages, 2711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flexural Characteristics of Functionally Graded Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composite with Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber

by Toshiyuki Kanakubo, Takumi Koba and Kohei Yamada

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040094 - 1 Apr 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2372

Abstract

The objective of this study is to investigate the flexural characteristics of functionally graded fiber-reinforced cementitious composite (FG-FRCC) concerning the fiber volume fraction (V_f) varying in layers and the layered effect in bending specimens. The FG-FRCC specimens, in which V [...] Read more.

The objective of this study is to investigate the flexural characteristics of functionally graded fiber-reinforced cementitious composite (FG-FRCC) concerning the fiber volume fraction (V_f) varying in layers and the layered effect in bending specimens. The FG-FRCC specimens, in which V_f increases from 0% in the compression zone to 2% in the tensile zone, are three-layered specimens using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) FRCC that are fabricated and tested by a four-point bending test. The maximum load of the FG-FRCC specimens exhibits almost twice that of homogeneous specimens, even when the average of the fiber volume fraction in the whole specimen is 1%. The result of the section analysis, in which the stress–strain models based on the bridging law (tensile stress–crack width relationship owned by the fibers) consider the fiber orientation effect, shows a good adaptability with the experiment result. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites)

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13 pages, 7460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Shape Replicating Draping Unit for Continuous Layup of Unidirectional Non-Crimp Fabrics on Complex Surface Geometries

by Berend Denkena, Carsten Schmidt, Simon Werner and Dietmar Schwittay

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040093 - 1 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3343

Abstract

The manufacturing of large-scale structural components is still dominated by manual labor in many sectors of the modern composite industry. Efforts are being made to establish an automated layup technology for complex structural elements. Processing dry non-crimp fiber fabrics (NCF) offers great cost [...] Read more.

The manufacturing of large-scale structural components is still dominated by manual labor in many sectors of the modern composite industry. Efforts are being made to establish an automated layup technology for complex structural elements. Processing dry non-crimp fiber fabrics (NCF) offers great cost opportunities and high deposition rates, compared to prepreg-based technologies like automated fiber placement (AFP). Here, the fabric architecture is considered during the draping of the plane textile on curved surfaces. In this paper, the development of a draping unit for balancing fabric tension and consolidating continuously across the layup width is presented. We introduce a geometrical process model to achieve a fabric-friendly draping of the used unidirectional NCF. The shape of the resulting draping front depends on the surface geometry, the shearing of the previously laid-up textile, and the positioning of the material feed. To consolidate the fabric at the altering draping front in an automated layup process, the shape of the continuous consolidation element can be controlled by the elongation of serial soft actuators, manipulated by parallel robot kinematics. The shape replication ability of the draping unit is promising for the implementation of a continuous, fabric-friendly draping process for complex surface geometries. Full article

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27 pages, 5222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Optimization of Functionally Graded Beams Using a Genetic Algorithm with Non-Dominated Sorting

by Chih-Ping Wu and Kuan-Wei Li

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040092 - 30 Mar 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2163

Abstract

A mixed layer-wise (LW) higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) is developed for the thermal buckling analysis of simply-supported, functionally graded (FG) beams subjected to a uniform temperature change. The material properties of the FG beam are assumed to be dependent on the thickness [...] Read more.

A mixed layer-wise (LW) higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) is developed for the thermal buckling analysis of simply-supported, functionally graded (FG) beams subjected to a uniform temperature change. The material properties of the FG beam are assumed to be dependent on the thickness and temperature variables, and the effective material properties are estimated using either the rule of mixtures or the Mori–Tanaka scheme. The results shown in the numerical examples indicate the mixed LW HSDT solutions for critical temperature change parameters are in excellent agreement with the accurate solutions available in the literature. A multi-objective optimization of FG beams is presented to maximize the critical temperature change parameters and to minimize their total mass using a non-dominated sorting-based genetic algorithm. Some specific forms for the volume fractions of the constituents of the FG beam are assumed in advance, such as the one- and three-parameter power-law functions. The former is used in the thermal buckling analysis of the FG beams for comparison purposes, and the latter is used in their optimal design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2021)

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J. Compos. Sci., Volume 5, Issue 4 (April 2021) – 23 articles

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