Nanomaterials

Research

10 pages, 4970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gd/Y Hydroxide Nanosheets as Highly Efficient T₁/T₂ MRI Contrast Agents

by Xin Li, Zhenhai Xue, Jinfeng Xia, Guohong Zhou, Danyu Jiang, Mengting Dai, Wenhui Wang, Jiayan Miu, Yuerong Heng, Cuiyan Yu and Qiang Li

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11010017 - 24 Dec 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2486

Abstract

To develop highly efficient T₁/T₂ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs), Gd/Y hydroxide nanosheets were synthesized by a simple exfoliation method from layer compounds using sodium polyacrylate (PAA) as a dispersant and stabilizer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic [...] Read more.

To develop highly efficient T₁/T₂ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs), Gd/Y hydroxide nanosheets were synthesized by a simple exfoliation method from layer compounds using sodium polyacrylate (PAA) as a dispersant and stabilizer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) results revealed the excellent performance of monolayer nanosheets with thicknesses of up to 1.5 nm. The MRI results of the T₁ and T₂ relaxation times showed that all of the Gd/Y hydroxide nanosheets have high longitudinal and transverse relaxivities (r₁ and r₂). In particular, the 10% Gd-LRH nanosheets exhibited excellent MRI performance (r₁ = 103 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹, r₂ = 372 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹), which is rarely reported. Based on the relationship between the structure of 10% Gd-LRH nanosheets and their MRI performances, and the highly efficient MRI of spaced Gd atoms in the nanosheets, a special model to explain the outstanding MRI performance of the 10% Gd-LRH nanosheets is suggested. The cytotoxicity assessment of the 10% Gd-LRH nanosheets, evaluated by CCK-8 assays on HeLa cells, indicated no significant cytotoxicity. This study presents a significant advancement in 2D nanomaterial MRI CA research, with Gd-doped nanosheets positioned as highly efficient T₁/T₂ MRI CA candidates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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13 pages, 2282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning Analysis of Raman Spectra of MoS₂

by Yu Mao, Ningning Dong, Lei Wang, Xin Chen, Hongqiang Wang, Zixin Wang, Ivan M. Kislyakov and Jun Wang

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(11), 2223; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10112223 - 9 Nov 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7342

Abstract

Defects introduced during the growth process greatly affect the device performance of two-dimensional (2D) materials. Here we demonstrate the applicability of employing machine-learning-based analysis to distinguish the monolayer continuous film and defect areas of molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) using position-dependent information extracted [...] Read more.

Defects introduced during the growth process greatly affect the device performance of two-dimensional (2D) materials. Here we demonstrate the applicability of employing machine-learning-based analysis to distinguish the monolayer continuous film and defect areas of molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) using position-dependent information extracted from its Raman spectra. The random forest method can analyze multiple Raman features to identify samples, making up for the problem of not being able to effectively identify by using just one certain variable with high recognition accuracy. Even some dispersed nucleation site defects can be predicted, which would commonly be ignored under an optical microscope because of the lower optical contrast. The successful application for classification and analysis highlights the potential for implementing machine learning to tap the depth of classical methods in 2D materials research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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12 pages, 5288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Laser-Induced Biochar Formation through 355 nm Pulsed Laser Irradiation of Wood, and Application to Eco-Friendly pH Sensors

by Sung-Yeob Jeong, Chan-Woo Lee, Jun-Uk Lee, Yong-Won Ma and Bo-Sung Shin

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(10), 1904; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10101904 - 24 Sep 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3435

Abstract

Due to the limited availability of agricultural land, pH sensing is becoming more and more important these days to produce efficient agricultural products. Therefore, to fabricate eco-friendly and disposable sensors, the black carbon, which is called biochar, is formed by irradiation of a [...] Read more.

Due to the limited availability of agricultural land, pH sensing is becoming more and more important these days to produce efficient agricultural products. Therefore, to fabricate eco-friendly and disposable sensors, the black carbon, which is called biochar, is formed by irradiation of a UV pulsed laser having a wavelength of 355 nm onto wood and applying the resulting material as a pH sensor. The surfaces of three types of wood (beech, cork oak, and ash) were converted to the graphitic structure after UV laser irradiation; their morphologies were investigated. In addition, since the content of lignin, an organic polymer, is different for each wood, optimal laser irradiation conditions (laser fluence) needed to form these woods into pH sensors were considered. Depending on the degree of oil-like material generated after laser irradiation, a disposable pH sensor that can be used from one to three times is fabricated; due to the environmental characteristics of wood and biochar, the sensor shows high availability in that it can be easily discarded after use on agricultural land. After that, it can be used as filter in soil. Our wood-based pH sensor sensitively measures sequential changes from pH 4 to pH 10 and shows a very linear change of △R/R, indicating its potential for use in agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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10 pages, 2515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Graphdiyne Saturable Absorber for Passively Q-Switched Ho³⁺-Doped Laser

by Cheng Zhang, Qianqian Hao, Yuqian Zu, Mengyu Zong, Jia Guo, Feng Zhang, Yanqi Ge and Jie Liu

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(9), 1848; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091848 - 16 Sep 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2765

Abstract

High-quality all-carbon nanostructure graphdiyne (GDY) saturable absorber was successfully fabricated and saturable absorption properties in the 2 μm region were characterized using a commercial mode-locked laser as a pulsed source. The fabricated GDY was first used as an optical switcher in a passively [...] Read more.

High-quality all-carbon nanostructure graphdiyne (GDY) saturable absorber was successfully fabricated and saturable absorption properties in the 2 μm region were characterized using a commercial mode-locked laser as a pulsed source. The fabricated GDY was first used as an optical switcher in a passively Q-switched Ho laser. Under absorbed pump power of 2.4 W, the maximum average output power and shortest pulse width were 443 mW and 1.38 µs, at a repetition rate of 29.72 kHz. The results suggest that GDY nanomaterial is a promising candidate as an optical modulator for generation of short pulses in Ho-doped lasers at 2.1 μm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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9 pages, 3161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vertically-Oriented WS₂ Nanosheets with a Few Layers and Its Raman Enhancements

by Yukyung Shin, Jayeong Kim, Yujin Jang, Eunji Ko, Nam-Suk Lee, Seokhyun Yoon and Myung Hwa Kim

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(9), 1847; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091847 - 16 Sep 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4186

Abstract

Vertically-oriented two-dimensional (2D) tungsten disulfide (WS₂) nanosheets were successfully grown on a Si substrate at a temperature range between and 550 °C via the direct chemical reaction between WCl₆ and S in the gas phase. The growth process was carefully [...] Read more.

Vertically-oriented two-dimensional (2D) tungsten disulfide (WS₂) nanosheets were successfully grown on a Si substrate at a temperature range between and 550 °C via the direct chemical reaction between WCl₆ and S in the gas phase. The growth process was carefully optimized by adjusting temperature, the locations of reactants and substrate, and carrier gas flow. Additionally, vertically-oriented 2D WS₂ nanosheets with a few layers were tested as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate for detecting rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules where enhancement occurs from chemical enhancement by charge transfer transition from semiconductor). Raman spectra of R6G molecules adsorbed on vertically-oriented 2D WS₂ nanosheets exhibited strong Raman enhancement effects up to 9.2 times greater than that on the exfoliated WS₂ monolayer flake sample. From our results, we suggest that the WS₂ nanosheets can be an effective surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate for detecting target molecules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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12 pages, 3406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth of Multiorientated Polycrystalline MoS₂ Using Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reactions

by Na Liu, Jeonghun Kim, Jeonghyeon Oh, Quang Trung Nguyen, Bibhuti Bhusan Sahu, Jeong Geon Han and Sunkook Kim

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(8), 1465; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10081465 - 27 Jul 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4279

Abstract

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) has attracted considerable attention as a promising electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the catalytic HER performance of MoS₂ is significantly limited by the few active sites and low electrical conductivity. In this study, the [...] Read more.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) has attracted considerable attention as a promising electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the catalytic HER performance of MoS₂ is significantly limited by the few active sites and low electrical conductivity. In this study, the growth of multiorientated polycrystalline MoS₂ using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) for the HER is achieved. The MoS₂ is synthesized by sulfurizing a sputtered pillar-shaped Mo film. The relatively low growth temperature during the PECVD process results in multiorientated MoS₂ with an expanded interlayer spacing of ~0.75 nm, which provides abundant active sites, a reduced Gibbs free energy of H adsorption, and enhanced intralayer conductivity. In HER applications, the PECVD-grown MoS₂ exhibits an overpotential value of 0.45 V, a Tafel slope of 76 mV dec⁻¹, and excellent stability in strong acidic media for 10 h. The high HER performance achieved in this study indicates that two-dimensional MoS₂ has potential as an electrocatalyst for next-generation energy technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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13 pages, 2626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MoS₂-Carbon Inter-overlapped Structures as Effective Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

by Po-Chia Huang, Chia-Ling Wu, Sanjaya Brahma, Muhammad Omar Shaikh, Jow-Lay Huang, Jey-Jau Lee and Sheng-Chang Wang

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(7), 1389; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10071389 - 17 Jul 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3373

Abstract

The ability to generate hydrogen in an economic and sustainable manner is critical to the realization of a future hydrogen economy. Electrocatalytic water splitting into molecular hydrogen using the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) provides a viable option for hydrogen generation. Consequently, advanced non-precious [...] Read more.

The ability to generate hydrogen in an economic and sustainable manner is critical to the realization of a future hydrogen economy. Electrocatalytic water splitting into molecular hydrogen using the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) provides a viable option for hydrogen generation. Consequently, advanced non-precious metal based electrocatalysts that promote HER and reduce the overpotential are being widely researched. Here, we report on the development of MoS₂-carbon inter-overlapped structures and their applicability for enhancing electrocatalytic HER. These structures were synthesized by a facile hot-injection method using ammonium tetrathiomolybdate ((NH₄)₂MoS₄) as the precursor and oleylamine (OLA) as the solvent, followed by a carbonization step. During the synthesis protocol, OLA not only plays the role of a reacting solvent but also acts as an intercalating agent which enlarges the interlayer spacing of MoS₂ to form OLA-protected monolayer MoS₂. After the carbonization step, the crystallinity improves substantially, and OLA can be completely converted into carbon, thus forming an inter-overlapped superstructure, as characterized in detail using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A Tafel slope of 118 mV/dec is obtained for the monolayer MoS₂-carbon superstructure, which shows a significant improvement, as compared to the 202 mV/dec observed for OLA-protected monolayer MoS₂. The enhanced HER performance is attributed to the improved conductivity along the c-axis due to the presence of carbon and the abundance of active sites due to the interlayer expansion of the monolayer MoS₂ by OLA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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16 pages, 4309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Voltage Icing Protection Film for Automotive and Aeronautical Industries

by Liberata Guadagno, Fabiana Foglia, Roberto Pantani, Maria Dolores Romero-Sanchez, Blanca Calderón and Luigi Vertuccio

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(7), 1343; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10071343 - 9 Jul 2020

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3400

Abstract

High-performance heater films are here proposed. They manifest great applicative potentiality in the de-icing technology of aircraft and motor vehicles. The films are suitable to be integrated into composite structures for the de/anti-icing function, which can be activated if the need arises. The [...] Read more.

High-performance heater films are here proposed. They manifest great applicative potentiality in the de-icing technology of aircraft and motor vehicles. The films are suitable to be integrated into composite structures for the de/anti-icing function, which can be activated if the need arises. The heating is based on the joule effect of the current flowing through the electrically conductive films. Voltage and current parameters have been set based on the generators’ capacities on-board an aircraft and a car, as well as on the energy consumption during the operating conditions and the autonomy in the time. Green processes have been employed through all preparative steps of the films, which are composed of expanded graphite (60% wt/wt) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (40% wt/wt). The results reveal a very significant influence of the aspect ratio of the filler on the heating and de-icing performance and suggest how to enhance the de-icing efficiency saving energy and adapting the current on-board aircraft/car generators for de-icing operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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10 pages, 2902 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Exfoliation of High-Quality 2H-MoS₂ Nanoflakes for Solution-Processed Photodetector

by Seulgi Kim, Woojin Park, Dohoon Kim, Jiyeon Kang, Jaesoung Lee, Hye Yeon Jang, Sung Ho Song, Byungjin Cho and Dongju Lee

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(6), 1045; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061045 - 29 May 2020

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4488

Abstract

Highly dispersive molybdenum disulfide nanoflakes (MoS₂ NFs), without any phase transition during the exfoliation process, are desirable for full utilization of their semiconductor properties in practical applications. Here, we demonstrate an innovate approach for fabricating MoS₂ NFs by using hydrazine-assisted ball [...] Read more.

Highly dispersive molybdenum disulfide nanoflakes (MoS₂ NFs), without any phase transition during the exfoliation process, are desirable for full utilization of their semiconductor properties in practical applications. Here, we demonstrate an innovate approach for fabricating MoS₂ NFs by using hydrazine-assisted ball milling via the synergetic effect of chemical intercalation and mechanical exfoliation. The NFs obtained have a lateral size of 600–800 nm, a thickness less than 3 nm, and high crystallinity in the 2H semiconducting phase. They form a stable dispersion in various solvents, which will be helpful for many applications, due to the oxygen functional group. To investigate production of a two-dimensional (2D) photodetector, 2D semiconducting MoS₂, MoS₂–p-Si vertical devices were fabricated, and their optical properties were characterized. The photodiode exhibited consistent responses with excellent photo-switching characteristics with wavelengths of 850, 530, and 400 nm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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11 pages, 2744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measurement of Quantum Yields of Monolayer TMDs Using Dye-Dispersed PMMA Thin Films

by Shrawan Roy, Anir S. Sharbirin, Yongjun Lee, Won Bin Kim, Tae Soo Kim, Kiwon Cho, Kibum Kang, Hyun Suk Jung and Jeongyong Kim

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(6), 1032; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061032 - 28 May 2020

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 5248

Abstract

In general, the quantum yields (QYs) of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (1L-TMDs) are low, typically less than 1% in their pristine state, significantly limiting their photonic applications. Many methods have been reported to increase the QYs of 1L-TMDs; however, the technical difficulties involved [...] Read more.

In general, the quantum yields (QYs) of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (1L-TMDs) are low, typically less than 1% in their pristine state, significantly limiting their photonic applications. Many methods have been reported to increase the QYs of 1L-TMDs; however, the technical difficulties involved in the reliable estimation of these QYs have prevented the general assessment of these methods. Herein, we demonstrate the estimation of the QYs of 1L-TMDs using a poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) thin film embedded with rhodamine 6G (R6G) as a reference specimen for measuring the QYs of 1L-TMDs. The PMMA/R6G composite films with thicknesses of 80 and 300 nm demonstrated spatially homogeneous emissions with the incorporation of well-dispersed R6G molecules, and may, therefore, be used as ideal reference specimens for the QY measurement of 1L-TMDs. Using our reference specimens, for which the QY ranged from 5.4% to 22.2% depending on the film thickness and R6G concentrations, we measured the QYs of the exfoliated or chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown 1L-WS₂, -MoSe₂, -MoS₂, and -WSe₂ TMDs. The convenient procedure proposed in this study for preparing the thin reference films and the simple protocol for the QY estimation of 1L-TMDs may enable accurate comparisons of the absolute QYs between the 1L-TMD samples, thereby enabling the development of a method to improve the QY of 1L-TMDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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14 pages, 5649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Yield Production of Few-Layer Graphene via New-fashioned Strategy Combining Resonance Ball Milling and Hydrothermal Exfoliation

by Qingfeng Yang, Ming Zhou, Mingyang Yang, Zhixun Zhang, Jianwen Yu, Yibo Zhang, Wenjun Cheng and Xuyin Li

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(4), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10040667 - 2 Apr 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4465

Abstract

Graphene shows great potential applications in functional coating, electrodes, and ultrasensitive sensors, but high-yield and scalable preparation of few-layer graphene (FLG) by mechanical exfoliation method is still a formidable challenge. In this work, a novel two-step method for high-yield preparation of FLG is [...] Read more.

Graphene shows great potential applications in functional coating, electrodes, and ultrasensitive sensors, but high-yield and scalable preparation of few-layer graphene (FLG) by mechanical exfoliation method is still a formidable challenge. In this work, a novel two-step method for high-yield preparation of FLG is developed by combining resonance ball milling and hydrothermal treatment. During the resonance ball milling process, the utilization of magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles as a new “particle wedge” is beneficial to facilitate fragment and delamination of graphitic layers. In addition, further hydrothermal treatment can enhance ball milling product (BMP) exfoliation because of the shear force driven by the Brownian motion of various molecules at high temperature and high pressure. As expected, the two-step method can have high exfoliation efficiency up to 92% (≤10 layers). Moreover, the FLG nanosheet ink can easily achieve the formation of FLG coatings on the surface of various substrates, resulting in good electrical conductivity, which possesses potential applications in various fields including functional coating, energy storages, and electrochemical sensors, etc. Our work provides a new-fashioned strategy for mechanical large-scale production of graphene. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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12 pages, 2728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low Voltage Graphene-Based Amplitude Modulator for High Efficiency Terahertz Modulation

by Qianying Zheng, Liangping Xia, Linlong Tang, Chunlei Du and Hongliang Cui

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(3), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10030585 - 23 Mar 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3781

Abstract

In this paper, a high-efficiency terahertz amplitude modulation device based on a field-effect transistor has been proposed. The polarization insensitive modulator is designed to achieve a maximum experimental modulation depth of about 53% within 5 V of gate voltages using monolayer graphene. Moreover, [...] Read more.

In this paper, a high-efficiency terahertz amplitude modulation device based on a field-effect transistor has been proposed. The polarization insensitive modulator is designed to achieve a maximum experimental modulation depth of about 53% within 5 V of gate voltages using monolayer graphene. Moreover, the manufacturing processes are inexpensive. Two methods are adopted to improve modulation performance. For one thing, the metal metamaterial designed can effectively enhance the electromagnetic field near single-layer graphene and therefore greatly promote the graphene’s modulation ability in terahertz. For another, polyethylene oxide-based electrolytes (PEO:LiClO₄) acts as a high-capacity donor, which makes it possible to dope single-layer graphene at a relatively low voltage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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13 pages, 2997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Transport in Graphene Oxide Films: Theoretical Analysis and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

by Yi Yang, Dan Zhong, Yilun Liu, Donghui Meng, Lina Wang, Ning Wei, Guohua Ren, Rongxin Yan and Yang Kang

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(2), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020285 - 7 Feb 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3728

Abstract

As a derivative material of graphene, graphene oxide films hold great promise in thermal management devices. Based on the theory of Fourier formula, we deduce the analytical formula of the thermal conductivity of graphene oxide films. The interlaminar thermal property of graphene oxide [...] Read more.

As a derivative material of graphene, graphene oxide films hold great promise in thermal management devices. Based on the theory of Fourier formula, we deduce the analytical formula of the thermal conductivity of graphene oxide films. The interlaminar thermal property of graphene oxide films is studied using molecular dynamics simulation. The effect of vacancy defect on the thermal conductance of the interface is considered. The interfacial heat transfer efficiency of graphene oxide films strengthens with the increasing ratio of the vacancy defect. Based on the theoretical model and simulation results, we put forward an optimization model of the graphene oxide film. The optimal structure has the minimum overlap length and the maximum thermal conductivity. An estimated optimal overlap length for the GO (graphene-oxide) films with degree of oxidation 10% and density of vacancy defect 2% is 0.33 μm. Our results can provide effective guidance to the rationally designed defective microstructures on engineering thermal transport processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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9 pages, 1535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Quality Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots Fabricated via Microwave-Tailored Technology

by Kaixiang Du, Wen Yang, Shukang Deng, Xueming Li and Peizhi Yang

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010139 - 13 Jan 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4370

Abstract

Black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) have recently obtained great attention due to their high mobility and tunable bandgap features, which are beneficial for their potential application in photoelectronic devices. However, a precise synthesis of high-quality BPQDs is still a great challenge owing to [...] Read more.

Black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) have recently obtained great attention due to their high mobility and tunable bandgap features, which are beneficial for their potential application in photoelectronic devices. However, a precise synthesis of high-quality BPQDs is still a great challenge owing to the formation of an impurity phase when employing traditional methods. Herein, we demonstrate the scalable fabrication of BPQDs from mineralization-derived bulk black phosphorus (BP) single crystals by means of a microwave (MW)-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation method in ethanol. The primary results demonstrate that ethanol plays a crucial role in determining the final properties of BPQDs, such as their excellent tolerance to oxygen, good crystallinity, and uniform size. Furthermore, the mechanism behind the formation of BPQDs is proposed, revealing that a layer-by-layer disintegration process of bulk BP crystals under microwave-energy stimuli is responsible. This work may provide a novel path for the further development of BPQDs and corresponding devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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15 pages, 5687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anomalous Thermal Response of Graphene Kirigami Induced by Tailored Shape to Uniaxial Tensile Strain: A Molecular Dynamics Study

by Hui Li, Gao Cheng, Yongjian Liu and Dan Zhong

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010126 - 9 Jan 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3442

Abstract

The mechanical and thermal properties of graphene kirigami are strongly dependent on the tailoring structures. Here, thermal conductivity of three typical graphene kirigami structures, including square kirigami graphene, reentrant hexagonal honeycomb structure, and quadrilateral star structure under uniaxial strain are explored using molecular [...] Read more.

The mechanical and thermal properties of graphene kirigami are strongly dependent on the tailoring structures. Here, thermal conductivity of three typical graphene kirigami structures, including square kirigami graphene, reentrant hexagonal honeycomb structure, and quadrilateral star structure under uniaxial strain are explored using molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the structural deformation of graphene kirigami is sensitive to its tailoring geometry. It influences thermal conductivity of graphene by changing heat flux scattering, heat path, and cross-section area. It is found that the factor of cross-section area can lead to four times difference of thermal conductivity in the large deformation system. Our results are elucidated based on analysis of micro-heat flux, geometry deformation, and atomic lattice deformation. These insights enable us to design of more efficient thermal management devices with elaborated graphene kirigami materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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11 pages, 2823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Oxidation and Polarization-Dependent Optical Properties of Environmentally Stable Layered GaTe Using a Novel Passivation Approach

by Mounika Kotha, Thomas Murray, David Tuschel and Spyros Gallis

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(11), 1510; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9111510 - 23 Oct 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4457

Abstract

Emerging two-dimensional gallium chalcogenides, such as gallium telluride (GaTe), are considered promising layered semiconductors that can serve as vital building blocks towards the implementation of nanodevices in the fields of nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and quantum photonics. However, oxidation-induced electronic, structural, and optical changes observed [...] Read more.

Emerging two-dimensional gallium chalcogenides, such as gallium telluride (GaTe), are considered promising layered semiconductors that can serve as vital building blocks towards the implementation of nanodevices in the fields of nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and quantum photonics. However, oxidation-induced electronic, structural, and optical changes observed in ambient-exposed gallium chalcogenides need to be further investigated and addressed. Herein, we report on the thickness-dependent effect of air exposure on the Raman and photoluminescence (PL) properties of GaTe flakes, with thicknesses spanning in the range of a few layers to 100 nm. We have developed a novel chemical passivation that results in complete encapsulation of the as-exfoliated GaTe flakes in ultrathin hydrogen–silsesquioxane (HSQ) film. A combination of correlation and comparison of Raman and PL studies reveal that the HSQ-capped GaTe flakes are effectively protected from oxidation in air ambient over the studied-period of one year, and thus, preserving their structural and optical characteristics. This contrasts with the behavior of uncapped GaTe, where we observe a significant reduction of the GaTe-related PL (~100×) and Raman (~4×) peak intensities for the few-layered flakes over a period of few days. The time-evolution of the Raman spectra in uncapped GaTe is accompanied by the appearance of two new prominent broad peaks at ~130 cm⁻¹ and ~146 cm⁻¹, which are attributed to the formation of polycrystalline tellurium, due to oxidation of ambient-exposed GaTe. Furthermore, and by leveraging this novel passivation, we were able to explore the optical anisotropy of HSQ-capped GaTe flakes. This is caused by the one-dimensional-like nature of the GaTe layer, as the layer comprises Ga–Ga chains extending along the b-axis direction. In concurrence with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis, polarization-dependent PL spectroscopy was used to identify the b-axis crystal direction in HSQ-capped GaTe flakes with various thicknesses over a range of wavelengths (458 nm–633 nm). Thus, our novel surface-passivation offers a new approach to explore and reveal the physical properties of the layered GaTe, with the potential of fabricating reliable polarization-dependent nanophotonics with structural and optical stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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11 pages, 7960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Production of Multi-Layer Graphene from Graphite Flakes in Water by Lipase-Graphene Sheets Conjugation

by Noelia Losada-Garcia, Angel Berenguer-Murcia, Diego Cazorla-Amorós and Jose M. Palomo

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(9), 1344; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091344 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3983

Abstract

Biographene was successfully produced in water from graphite flakes by a simple, rapid, and efficient methodology based on a bioexfoliation technology. The methodology consisted in the application of a lipase, with a unique mechanism of interaction with hydrophobic surfaces, combined with a previous [...] Read more.

Biographene was successfully produced in water from graphite flakes by a simple, rapid, and efficient methodology based on a bioexfoliation technology. The methodology consisted in the application of a lipase, with a unique mechanism of interaction with hydrophobic surfaces, combined with a previous mechanical sonication, to selectively generate lipase-graphene sheets conjugates in water at room temperature. The adsorption of the lipase on the graphene sheets permits to keep the sheets separated in comparison with other methods. It was possible to obtain more than 80% of graphene (in the form of multi-layer graphene) from low-cost graphite and with less damage compared to commercial graphene oxide (GO) or reduced GO. Experimental analysis demonstrated the formation of multi-layer graphene (MLG) mainly using lipase from Thermomyces Lanuginosus (TLL). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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15 pages, 3655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Characterization of Graphene Oxide: Surface Functional Groups and Fractionated Oxidative Debris

by Elvin Aliyev, Volkan Filiz, Muntazim M. Khan, Young Joo Lee, Clarissa Abetz and Volker Abetz

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(8), 1180; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9081180 - 18 Aug 2019

Cited by 344 | Viewed by 22086

Abstract

The purpose of this work is the structural analysis of graphene oxide (GO) and by means of a new structural model to answer the questions arising from the Lerf–Klinowski and the Lee structural models. Surface functional groups of GO layers and the oxidative [...] Read more.

The purpose of this work is the structural analysis of graphene oxide (GO) and by means of a new structural model to answer the questions arising from the Lerf–Klinowski and the Lee structural models. Surface functional groups of GO layers and the oxidative debris (OD) stacked on them were investigated after OD was extracted. Analysis was performed successfully using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR), standardized Boehm potentiometric titration analysis, elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The analysis showed that graphene oxide layers, as well as oxidative debris contain different functional groups such as phenolic –OH, ketone, lactone, carboxyl, quinone and epoxy. Based on these results, a new structural model for GO layers is proposed, which covers all spectroscopic data and explains the presence of the other oxygen functionalities besides carboxyl, phenolic –OH and epoxy groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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11 pages, 3389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanocomposite Synthesis of Nanodiamond and Molybdenum Disulfide

by Youngjun Kim, Dukhee Lee, Soo Young Kim, Eunah Kang and Chang Keun Kim

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(7), 927; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9070927 - 27 Jun 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3958

Abstract

A chemically conjugated nanodiamond (ND)/MoS₂ nanocomposite was synthesized with amine-functionalized MoS₂ and acyl chloride-coordinated ND. The chemical structure and morphology of the nanocomposite were characterized to examine the dispersion of MoS₂ on the ND platform. The results revealed that the [...] Read more.

A chemically conjugated nanodiamond (ND)/MoS₂ nanocomposite was synthesized with amine-functionalized MoS₂ and acyl chloride-coordinated ND. The chemical structure and morphology of the nanocomposite were characterized to examine the dispersion of MoS₂ on the ND platform. The results revealed that the degree of dispersion was enhanced with increasing ratio of MoS₂ nanosheets to ND. Moreover, the nanosheets consisted of several molecular interlayers that were well-dispersed on the ND platform, thereby forming a nanophase. The efficient electrocapacity of the ND/MoS₂ nanocomposite was considerably greater than that of the MoS₂ electrode alone. Furthermore, the nanophase distribution of MoS₂ on ND with a graphitic shell provided a large surface area and reduced the diffusion distance of ions and electrons. Therefore, the nanophase electrode showed higher electrochemical capacitance than that of the MoS₂ electrode alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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Review

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48 pages, 35584 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Research of Graphene-Based Nanocomposites and Their Application for Supercapacitors

by Santosh K. Tiwari, Anukul K. Thakur, Amrita De Adhikari, Yanqiu Zhu and Nannan Wang

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(10), 2046; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10102046 - 16 Oct 2020

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 6816

Abstract

This review acmes the latest developments of composites of metal oxides/sulfide comprising of graphene and its analogues as electrode materials in the construction of the next generation of supercapacitors (SCs). SCs have become an indispensable device of energy-storage modes. A prompt increase in [...] Read more.

This review acmes the latest developments of composites of metal oxides/sulfide comprising of graphene and its analogues as electrode materials in the construction of the next generation of supercapacitors (SCs). SCs have become an indispensable device of energy-storage modes. A prompt increase in the number of scientific accomplishments in this field, including publications, patents, and device fabrication, has evidenced the immense attention they have attracted from scientific communities. These efforts have resulted in rapid advancements in the field of SCs, focusing on the development of electrode materials with features of high performance, economic viability, and robustness. It has been demonstrated that carbon-based electrode materials mixed with metal oxides and sulfoxides can perform extremely well in terms of energy density, durability, and exceptional cyclic stability. Herein, the state-of-the-art technologies relevant to the fabrication, characterization, and property assessment of graphene-based SCs are discussed in detail, especially for the composite forms when mixing with metal sulfide, metal oxides, metal foams, and nanohybrids. Effective synthetic methodologies for the nanocomposite fabrications via intercalation, coating, wrapping, and covalent interactions will be reviewed. We will first introduce some fundamental aspects of SCs, and briefly highlight the impact of graphene-based nanostructures on the basic principle of SCs, and then the recent progress in graphene-based electrodes, electrolytes, and all-solid-state SCs will be covered. The important surface properties of the metal oxides/sulfides electrode materials (nickel oxide, nickel sulfide, molybdenum oxide, ruthenium oxides, stannous oxide, nickel-cobalt sulfide manganese oxides, multiferroic materials like BaMnF, core-shell materials, etc.) will be described in each section as per requirement. Finally, we will show that composites of graphene-based electrodes are promising for the construction of the next generation of high performance, robust SCs that hold the prospects for practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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33 pages, 5920 KiB

Open AccessReview

Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for the Application of Pollution Reduction: A Review

by Xixia Zhang, Sin Yong Teng, Adrian Chun Minh Loy, Bing Shen How, Wei Dong Leong and Xutang Tao

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(6), 1012; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061012 - 26 May 2020

Cited by 94 | Viewed by 8774

Abstract

The material characteristics and properties of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDCs) have gained research interest in various fields, such as electronics, catalytic, and energy storage. In particular, many researchers have been focusing on the applications of TMDCs in dealing with environmental pollution. TMDCs provide [...] Read more.

The material characteristics and properties of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDCs) have gained research interest in various fields, such as electronics, catalytic, and energy storage. In particular, many researchers have been focusing on the applications of TMDCs in dealing with environmental pollution. TMDCs provide a unique opportunity to develop higher-value applications related to environmental matters. This work highlights the applications of TMDCs contributing to pollution reduction in (i) gas sensing technology, (ii) gas adsorption and removal, (iii) wastewater treatment, (iv) fuel cleaning, and (v) carbon dioxide valorization and conversion. Overall, the applications of TMDCs have successfully demonstrated the advantages of contributing to environmental conversation due to their special properties. The challenges and bottlenecks of implementing TMDCs in the actual industry are also highlighted. More efforts need to be devoted to overcoming the hurdles to maximize the potential of TMDCs implementation in the industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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Other

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10 pages, 2698 KiB

Open AccessLetter

Synthesis of Monolayer MoSe₂ with Controlled Nucleation via Reverse-Flow Chemical Vapor Deposition

by Siyuan Wang, Guang Wang, Xi Yang, Hang Yang, Mengjian Zhu, Sen Zhang, Gang Peng and Zheng Li

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010075 - 31 Dec 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5263

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) layered semiconductor materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), have attracted considerable interests because of their intriguing optical and electronic properties. Controlled growth of TMDC crystals with large grain size and atomically smooth surface is indeed desirable but remains challenging due [...] Read more.

Two-dimensional (2D) layered semiconductor materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), have attracted considerable interests because of their intriguing optical and electronic properties. Controlled growth of TMDC crystals with large grain size and atomically smooth surface is indeed desirable but remains challenging due to excessive nucleation. Here, we have synthesized high-quality monolayer, bilayer MoSe₂ triangular crystals, and continuous thin films with controlled nucleation density via reverse-flow chemical vapor deposition (CVD). High crystallinity and good saturated absorption performance of MoSe₂ have been systematically investigated and carefully demonstrated. Optimized nucleation and uniform morphology could be achieved via fine-tuning reverse-flow switching time, growth time and temperature, with corresponding growth kinetics proposed. Our work opens up a new approach for controllable synthesis of monolayer TMDC crystals with high yield and reliability, which promote surface/interface engineering of 2D semiconductors towards van der Waals heterostructure device applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Synthesis and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials)

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