Nutrients

Editorial

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2 pages, 208 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Human Health

by Elena González-Burgos and M. Pilar Gómez-Serranillos

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3922; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113922 - 1 Nov 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 2897

Abstract

This book, based on a Special Issue of Nutrients, contains a total of 12 papers (8 original research and 4 reviews) on the effect of phenolic compounds on human health [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Human Health)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

13 pages, 1211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reversal of Insulin Resistance in Overweight and Obese Subjects by trans-Resveratrol and Hesperetin Combination—Link to Dysglycemia, Blood Pressure, Dyslipidemia, and Low-Grade Inflammation

by Naila Rabbani, Mingzhan Xue, Martin O. Weickert and Paul J. Thornalley

Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2374; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072374 - 11 Jul 2021

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 6492

Abstract

The dietary supplement, trans-resveratrol and hesperetin combination (tRES-HESP), induces expression of glyoxalase 1, countering the accumulation of reactive dicarbonyl glycating agent, methylglyoxal (MG), in overweight and obese subjects. tRES-HESP produced reversal of insulin resistance, improving dysglycemia and low-grade inflammation in a randomized, [...] Read more.

The dietary supplement, trans-resveratrol and hesperetin combination (tRES-HESP), induces expression of glyoxalase 1, countering the accumulation of reactive dicarbonyl glycating agent, methylglyoxal (MG), in overweight and obese subjects. tRES-HESP produced reversal of insulin resistance, improving dysglycemia and low-grade inflammation in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Herein, we report further analysis of study variables. MG metabolism-related variables correlated with BMI, dysglycemia, vascular inflammation, blood pressure, and dyslipidemia. With tRES-HESP treatment, plasma MG correlated negatively with endothelial independent arterial dilatation (r = −0.48, p < 0.05) and negatively with peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) quinone reductase activity (r = −0.68, p < 0.05)—a marker of the activation status of transcription factor Nrf2. For change from baseline of PBMC gene expression with tRES-HESP treatment, Glo1 expression correlated negatively with change in the oral glucose tolerance test area-under-the-curve plasma glucose (ΔAUGg) (r = −0.56, p < 0.05) and thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) correlated positively with ΔAUGg (r = 0.59, p < 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) correlated positively with change in fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.70, p < 0.001) and negatively with change in insulin sensitivity (r = −0.68, p < 0.01). These correlations were not present with placebo. tRES-HESP decreased low-grade inflammation, characterized by decreased expression of CCL2, COX-2, IL-8, and RAGE. Changes in CCL2, IL-8, and RAGE were intercorrelated and all correlated positively with changes in MLXIP, MAFF, MAFG, NCF1, and FTH1, and negatively with changes in HMOX1 and TKT; changes in IL-8 also correlated positively with change in COX-2. Total urinary excretion of tRES and HESP metabolites were strongly correlated. These findings suggest tRES-HESP counters MG accumulation and protein glycation, decreasing activation of the unfolded protein response and expression of TXNIP and TNFα, producing reversal of insulin resistance. tRES-HESP is suitable for further evaluation for treatment of insulin resistance and related disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Human Health)

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15 pages, 2418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional Value of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaf Powder Extracts and Their Neuroprotective Effects via Antioxidative and Mitochondrial Regulation

by Elena González-Burgos, Isabel Ureña-Vacas, Marta Sánchez and M. Pilar Gómez-Serranillos

Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2203; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072203 - 26 Jun 2021

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 13650

Abstract

Age-related neurodegenerative disorders are an increasing public health problem. Oxidative stress is one of the major causes. Medicinal plant-based functional foods can be effective for these diseases. The aim of this work is to investigate the neuroprotective role of methanol extracts of Moringa [...] Read more.

Age-related neurodegenerative disorders are an increasing public health problem. Oxidative stress is one of the major causes. Medicinal plant-based functional foods can be effective for these diseases. The aim of this work is to investigate the neuroprotective role of methanol extracts of Moringa oleifera leaf powder on antioxidant/oxidant imbalance and mitochondrial regulation in a H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress model in human neuroblastoma cells. On nutritional analysis, results showed that moringa contained 28.50% carbohydrates, 25.02% proteins, 10.42% fat, 11.83% dietary fiber, 1.108 mg β-carotene, 326.4 µg/100 g vitamin B1 and 15.2 mg/100 g vitamin C. In-vitro assays revealed that moringa methanol extracts had more phenolic content and higher antioxidant activity than acetone extracts. Moreover, pretreatments with methanol extracts showed a protective effect against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage through increasing cell viability and reducing free radicals. Furthermore, the extract decreased lipid peroxidation and enhanced glutathione levels and antioxidant enzyme activity. Finally, moringa also prevented mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating calcium levels and increasing mitochondrial membrane potential. The most active concentration was 25 µg/mL. In summary, the nutritional and functional properties of Moringa oleifera as a neuroprotective agent could be beneficial to protect against oxidative stress and provide necessary nutrients for a healthy diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Human Health)

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17 pages, 3118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ROS Modulating Effects of Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) Polyphenols on Obese Adipocyte Hypertrophy and Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction

by Katarzyna Kowalska, Radosław Dembczyński, Agata Gołąbek, Mariola Olkowicz and Anna Olejnik

Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030885 - 9 Mar 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3952

Abstract

Oxidative stress and dysregulated adipocytokine secretion accompanying hypertrophied adipose tissue induce chronic inflammation, which leads to vascular endothelial dysfunction. The present study investigated the ability of anthocyanin (ACN) and non-anthocyanin polyphenol (PP) fractions from lingonberry fruit to mitigate adipose tissue hypertrophy and endothelial [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress and dysregulated adipocytokine secretion accompanying hypertrophied adipose tissue induce chronic inflammation, which leads to vascular endothelial dysfunction. The present study investigated the ability of anthocyanin (ACN) and non-anthocyanin polyphenol (PP) fractions from lingonberry fruit to mitigate adipose tissue hypertrophy and endothelial dysfunction using 3T3-L1 adipocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). This study showed that the PP fraction decreased intracellular ROS generation in hypertrophied adipocytes by enhancing antioxidant enzyme expression (SOD2) and inhibiting oxidant enzyme expression (NOX4, iNOS). Moreover, PP and ACN fractions reduced triglyceride content in adipocytes accompanied by downregulation of the expression of lipogenic genes such as aP2, FAS, and DAGT1. Treatment with both fractions modulated the mRNA expression and protein secretion of key adipokines in hypertrophied adipocytes. Expression and secretion of leptin and adiponectin were, respectively, down- and upregulated. Furthermore, PP and ACN fractions alleviated the inflammatory response in TNF-α-induced HUVECs by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (IL-6, IL-1β) and adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, SELE). The obtained results suggest that consuming polyphenol-rich lingonberry fruit may help prevent and treat obesity and endothelial dysfunction due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Human Health)

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13 pages, 1821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Variation in the Bitter Receptors Responsible for Epicatechin Detection Are Associated with BMI in an Elderly Cohort

by Alexandria Turner, Martin Veysey, Simon Keely, Christopher J. Scarlett, Mark Lucock and Emma L. Beckett

Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020571 - 9 Feb 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3659

Abstract

Globally, more than one-third of adults are overweight. Overweight and obesity are complex and multifaceted conditions, associated with an increased risk of chronic illness and early mortality. While there are known risk factors, these alone do not fully explain the varying outcomes between [...] Read more.

Globally, more than one-third of adults are overweight. Overweight and obesity are complex and multifaceted conditions, associated with an increased risk of chronic illness and early mortality. While there are known risk factors, these alone do not fully explain the varying outcomes between individuals. Recently, taste receptors have been proposed to have a role in the risk for obesity. These receptors are expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract. In this system, they may be involved in modulating dietary intake and metabolic processes. The taste 2 family of receptors (T2Rs) detects bitter compounds. Receptors T2R4 and T2R5 detect (-)-epicatechin (epicatechin), an antioxidant polyphenol, which may have protective effects against obesity. However, the potential role for taste receptors in this association has not been explored. This study assessed whether polymorphisms in TAS2R4 (rs2233998 and rs2234001) and TAS2R5 (rs2227264) were associated with body mass index (BMI). Genotyping (Taqman qPCR assays) was performed on DNA extracted from blood samples (n = 563) from an elderly cohort. Homozygosity for the minor allele of all polymorphisms was significantly associated with a lower BMI in males. The TAS2R4-rs2233998 CC genotype, the TAS2R4-rs2234001 CC genotype and the TAS2R5-rs2227264 TT genotype were associated with lower BMI (2.1, 2.1 and 2.2 units; p = 0.002, 0.003 and 0.001, respectively). Epicatechin intake was not associated with BMI and genotype was not associated with epicatechin intake. This suggests that the association between TAS2R genotype and elevated BMI risk occurs through altered extra-oral responses and not directly via altered epicatechin intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Human Health)

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16 pages, 920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sixteen Weeks of Supplementation with a Nutritional Quantity of a Diversity of Polyphenols from Foodstuff Extracts Improves the Health-Related Quality of Life of Overweight and Obese Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Clinical Trial

by Cindy Romain, Linda H. Chung, Elena Marín-Cascales, Jacobo A. Rubio-Arias, Sylvie Gaillet, Caroline Laurent, Juana María Morillas-Ruiz, Alejandro Martínez-Rodriguez, Pedro Emilio Alcaraz and Julien Cases

Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020492 - 2 Feb 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5754

Abstract

Overweight and obesity adversely affect health-related quality of life (HRQOL) through day-to-day impairments of both mental and physical functioning. It is assumed that polyphenols within the Mediterranean diet may contribute to improving HRQOL. This investigation aimed at studying the effects of a polyphenol-rich [...] Read more.

Overweight and obesity adversely affect health-related quality of life (HRQOL) through day-to-day impairments of both mental and physical functioning. It is assumed that polyphenols within the Mediterranean diet may contribute to improving HRQOL. This investigation aimed at studying the effects of a polyphenol-rich ingredient on HRQOL in overweight and obese but otherwise healthy individuals. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study including 72 volunteers was conducted. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive for a 16-week period either 900 mg/day of the supplement or a placebo. Dietary recommendations were individually determined and intakes were recorded. Daily physical mobility was also monitored. Improvement of HRQOL was set as the primary outcome and assessed at baseline and at the end of the investigation using the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) health survey. Body composition was analyzed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Physical activity was calculated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). After 16 weeks, despite there being no adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Serving Score (MDSS), supplemented individuals experienced significant HRQOL improvement (+5.3%; p = 0.001), including enhanced perceived physical (+11.2%; p = 0.002) and mental health (+4.1%; p = 0.021) components, with bodily pain, vitality, and general health being the greatest contributors. Body fat mass significantly decreased (−1.2 kg; p = 0.033), mainly within the trunk area (−1.0 kg; p = 0.002). Engagement in physical activity significantly increased (+1308 Met-min (Metabolic Equivalent Task minutes)/week; p = 0.050). Hence, chronic supplementation with nutritional diversity and dosing of a Mediterranean diet-inspired, polyphenol-rich ingredient resulted in significant amelioration in both perceived physical and mental health, concomitant with the improvement of body composition, in healthy subjects with excessive adiposity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Human Health)

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12 pages, 1681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Ten-Day Grape Seed Procyanidin Treatment Prevents Certain Ageing Processes in Female Rats over the Long Term

by Carme Grau-Bové, Marta Sierra-Cruz, Alba Miguéns-Gómez, Esther Rodríguez-Gallego, Raúl Beltrán-Debón, Mayte Blay, Ximena Terra, Montserrat Pinent and Anna Ardévol

Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3647; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123647 - 27 Nov 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3193

Abstract

Adaptive homeostasis declines with age and this leads to, among other things, the appearance of chronic age-related pathologies such as cancer, neurodegeneration, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Grape seed-derived procyanidins (GSPE) have been shown to be effective against several of these pathologies, [...] Read more.

Adaptive homeostasis declines with age and this leads to, among other things, the appearance of chronic age-related pathologies such as cancer, neurodegeneration, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Grape seed-derived procyanidins (GSPE) have been shown to be effective against several of these pathologies, mainly in young animal models. Here we test their effectiveness in aged animals: 21-month-old female rats were treated with 500 mg GSPE/kg of body weight for ten days. Afterwards they were kept on a chow diet for eleven weeks. Food intake, body weight, metabolic plasma parameters and tumor incidence were measured. The GSPE administered to aged rats had an effect on food intake during the treatment and after eleven weeks continued to have an effect on visceral adiposity. It prevented pancreas dysfunction induced by ageing and maintained a higher glucagon/insulin ratio together with a lower decrease in ketonemia. It was very effective in preventing age-related tumor development. All in all, this study supports the positive effect of GSPE on preventing some age-related pathologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Human Health)

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21 pages, 4190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inula britannica Inhibits Adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes via Modulation of Mitotic Clonal Expansion Involving ERK 1/2 and Akt Signaling Pathways

by Hyung-Seok Yu, Won-Ju Kim, Won-Young Bae, Na-Kyoung Lee and Hyun-Dong Paik

Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 3037; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103037 - 3 Oct 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3946

Abstract

The flower of Inula britannica contains various phenolic compounds with prophylactic properties. This study aimed to determine the anti-adipogenic effect of an I. britannica flower aqueous extract (IAE) and its underlying mechanisms in the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and to identify the phenolic compounds in [...] Read more.

The flower of Inula britannica contains various phenolic compounds with prophylactic properties. This study aimed to determine the anti-adipogenic effect of an I. britannica flower aqueous extract (IAE) and its underlying mechanisms in the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and to identify the phenolic compounds in the extract. Treatment with IAE inhibited the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by showing a dose-dependently suppressed intracellular lipid accumulation and significantly mitigated expression levels of lipogenesis- and adipogenesis-associated biomarkers including transcription factors. IAE exerted an anti-adipogenic effect through the modulation of the early phases of adipogenesis including mitotic clonal expansion (MCE). Treatment with IAE inhibited MCE by arresting the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and suppressing the activation of MCE-related transcription factors. Furthermore, IAE inhibited adipogenesis by regulating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt signaling pathways. Protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, and 6-methoxyluteolin, which are reported to exhibit anti-adipogenic properties, were detected in IAE. Therefore, modulation of early phases of adipogenesis, especially MCE, is a key mechanism underlying the anti-adipogenic activity of IAE. In summary, the anti-obesity effects of IAE can be attributed to its phenolic compounds, and hence, IAE can be used for the development of anti-obesity products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Human Health)

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16 pages, 766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Total Dietary Antioxidant Intake Including Polyphenol Content: Is It Capable to Fight against Increased Oxidants within the Body of Ultra-Endurance Athletes?

by Aslı Devrim-Lanpir, Pelin Bilgic, Tuğba Kocahan, Gökhan Deliceoğlu, Thomas Rosemann and Beat Knechtle

Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1877; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061877 - 23 Jun 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4788

Abstract

The role of dietary antioxidants on exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress has been well investigated. However, the contribution of total dietary antioxidant capacity on exogenous antioxidant defense and exercise performance has commonly been disregarded. The aims of the present investigation were to examine (i) [...] Read more.

The role of dietary antioxidants on exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress has been well investigated. However, the contribution of total dietary antioxidant capacity on exogenous antioxidant defense and exercise performance has commonly been disregarded. The aims of the present investigation were to examine (i) the effects of dietary total antioxidant intake on body antioxidant mechanisms, and (ii) an exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative damage in ultra-endurance athletes. The study included 24 ultra-marathon runners and long-distance triathletes (12 male and 12 female) who underwent an acute exhaustive exercise test (a cycle ergometer (45 min at 65% VO₂max) immediately followed by a treadmill test (75% VO₂max to exhaustion). Oxidative stress-related biomarkers (8-isoprostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso PGF2a), total oxidant status (TOS, total antioxidant status (TAS)) in plasma were collected before and after exercise. Oxidative stress index was calculated to assess the aspect of redox balance. Blood lactate concentrations and heart rate were measured at the 3rd and 6th min after exercise. Dietary antioxidant intake was calculated using the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. Dietary total antioxidant intake of the subjects was negatively correlated with pre-exercise TOS concentrations (rs = −0.641 in male, and rs = −0.741 in females) and post- vs. pre- (∆) 8-iso PGF2a levels (rs = −0.702 in male; p = 0.016, and rs = −0.682 in females; p = 0.024), and positively correlated with ∆ TAS concentrations (rs = 0.893 in males; p = 0.001, and rs = 0.769 in females; p = 0.002) and post- exercise lactate concentrations (rs = 0.795 for males; p = 0.006, and rs = 0.642 for females; p = 0.024). A positive meaningful (p = 0.013) interaction was observed between time at exhaustion and dietary antioxidant intake (rs = 0.692) in males, but not in females. In conclusion, the determination of total dietary antioxidant intake in ultra-endurance athletes may be crucial for gaining a better perspective on body antioxidant defense against exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress. However, the effects of dietary antioxidant on exercise performance and recovery rate needs further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Human Health)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

22 pages, 1211 KiB

Open AccessReview

Redox and Anti-Inflammatory Properties from Hop Components in Beer-Related to Neuroprotection

by Gustavo Ignacio Vazquez-Cervantes, Daniela Ramírez Ortega, Tonali Blanco Ayala, Verónica Pérez de la Cruz, Dinora Fabiola González Esquivel, Aleli Salazar and Benjamín Pineda

Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 2000; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062000 - 10 Jun 2021

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5714

Abstract

Beer is a fermented beverage widely consumed worldwide with high nutritional and biological value due to its bioactive components. It has been described that both alcoholic and non-alcoholic beer have several nutrients derived from their ingredients including vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and antioxidants [...] Read more.

Beer is a fermented beverage widely consumed worldwide with high nutritional and biological value due to its bioactive components. It has been described that both alcoholic and non-alcoholic beer have several nutrients derived from their ingredients including vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and antioxidants that make beer a potential functional supplement. Some of these compounds possess redox, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties making the benefits of moderate beer consumption an attractive way to improve human health. Specifically, the hop cones used for beer brewing provide essential oils, bitter acids and flavonoids that are potent antioxidants and immune response modulators. This review focuses on the redox and anti-inflammatory properties of hop derivatives and summarizes the current knowledge of their neuroprotective effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Human Health)

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18 pages, 1117 KiB

Open AccessReview

Immunomodulatory Effects of Dietary Polyphenols

by Hira Shakoor, Jack Feehan, Vasso Apostolopoulos, Carine Platat, Ayesha Salem Al Dhaheri, Habiba I. Ali, Leila Cheikh Ismail, Marijan Bosevski and Lily Stojanovska

Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030728 - 25 Feb 2021

Cited by 136 | Viewed by 12529

Abstract

Functional and nutraceutical foods provide an alternative way to improve immune function to aid in the management of various diseases. Traditionally, many medicinal products have been derived from natural compounds with healing properties. With the development of research into nutraceuticals, it is becoming [...] Read more.

Functional and nutraceutical foods provide an alternative way to improve immune function to aid in the management of various diseases. Traditionally, many medicinal products have been derived from natural compounds with healing properties. With the development of research into nutraceuticals, it is becoming apparent that many of the beneficial properties of these compounds are at least partly due to the presence of polyphenols. There is evidence that dietary polyphenols can influence dendritic cells, have an immunomodulatory effect on macrophages, increase proliferation of B cells, T cells and suppress Type 1 T helper (Th1), Th2, Th17 and Th9 cells. Polyphenols reduce inflammation by suppressing the pro-inflammatory cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease by inducing Treg cells in the intestine, inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and induction of apoptosis, decreasing DNA damage. Polyphenols have a potential role in prevention/treatment of auto-immune diseases like type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis by regulating signaling pathways, suppressing inflammation and limiting demyelination. In addition, polyphenols cause immunomodulatory effects against allergic reaction and autoimmune disease by inhibition of autoimmune T cell proliferation and downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, interferon-γ (IFN-γ)). Herein, we summarize the immunomodulatory effects of polyphenols and the underlying mechanisms involved in the stimulation of immune responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Human Health)

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19 pages, 395 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutraceutical Properties of Polyphenols against Liver Diseases

by Jorge Simón, María Casado-Andrés, Naroa Goikoetxea-Usandizaga, Marina Serrano-Maciá and María Luz Martínez-Chantar

Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3517; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113517 - 15 Nov 2020

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 6067

Abstract

Current food tendencies, suboptimal dietary habits and a sedentary lifestyle are spreading metabolic disorders worldwide. Consequently, the prevalence of liver pathologies is increasing, as it is the main metabolic organ in the body. Chronic liver diseases, with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as [...] Read more.

Current food tendencies, suboptimal dietary habits and a sedentary lifestyle are spreading metabolic disorders worldwide. Consequently, the prevalence of liver pathologies is increasing, as it is the main metabolic organ in the body. Chronic liver diseases, with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as the main cause, have an alarming prevalence of around 25% worldwide. Otherwise, the consumption of certain drugs leads to an acute liver failure (ALF), with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) as its main cause, or alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Although programs carried out by authorities are focused on improving dietary habits and lifestyle, the long-term compliance of the patient makes them difficult to follow. Thus, the supplementation with certain substances may represent a more easy-to-follow approach for patients. In this context, the consumption of polyphenol-rich food represents an attractive alternative as these compounds have been characterized to be effective in ameliorating liver pathologies. Despite of their structural diversity, certain similar characteristics allow to classify polyphenols in 5 groups: stilbenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans and curcuminoids. Herein, we have identified the most relevant compounds in each group and characterized their main sources. By this, authorities should encourage the consumption of polyphenol-rich products, as most of them are available in quotidian life, which might reduce the socioeconomical burden of liver diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Human Health)

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32 pages, 2631 KiB

Open AccessReview

Citrus Flavonoids as Promising Phytochemicals Targeting Diabetes and Related Complications: A Systematic Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

by Gopalsamy Rajiv Gandhi, Alan Bruno Silva Vasconcelos, Ding-Tao Wu, Hua-Bin Li, Poovathumkal James Antony, Hang Li, Fang Geng, Ricardo Queiroz Gurgel, Narendra Narain and Ren-You Gan

Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 2907; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102907 - 23 Sep 2020

Cited by 180 | Viewed by 16181

Abstract

The consumption of plant-based food is important for health promotion, especially concerning the prevention and management of chronic diseases. Flavonoids are the main bioactive compounds in citrus fruits, with multiple beneficial effects, especially antidiabetic effects. We systematically review the potential antidiabetic action and [...] Read more.

The consumption of plant-based food is important for health promotion, especially concerning the prevention and management of chronic diseases. Flavonoids are the main bioactive compounds in citrus fruits, with multiple beneficial effects, especially antidiabetic effects. We systematically review the potential antidiabetic action and molecular mechanisms of citrus flavonoids based on in vitro and in vivo studies. A search of the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection databases for articles published since 2010 was carried out using the keywords citrus, flavonoid, and diabetes. All articles identified were analyzed, and data were extracted using a standardized form. The search identified 38 articles, which reported that 19 citrus flavonoids, including 8-prenylnaringenin, cosmosiin, didymin, diosmin, hesperetin, hesperidin, isosiennsetin, naringenin, naringin, neohesperidin, nobiletin, poncirin, quercetin, rhoifolin, rutin, sineesytin, sudachitin, tangeretin, and xanthohumol, have antidiabetic potential. These flavonoids regulated biomarkers of glycemic control, lipid profiles, renal function, hepatic enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes, and modulated signaling pathways related to glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity that are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its related complications. Citrus flavonoids, therefore, are promising antidiabetic candidates, while their antidiabetic effects remain to be verified in forthcoming human studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Human Health)

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