Nutrients

Editorial

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4 pages, 202 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Dietary Intake and Chronic Disease Prevention

by Annalisa Noce, Annalisa Romani and Roberta Bernini

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1358; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041358 - 19 Apr 2021

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6666

Abstract

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are non-infectious chronic pathologies [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Chronic Disease Prevention)

Research

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16 pages, 2335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Study on Pasta Samples Characterized in Antioxidant Compounds and Their Biological Activity on Kidney Cells

by Federico Di Marco, Francesco Trevisani, Pamela Vignolini, Silvia Urciuoli, Andrea Salonia, Francesco Montorsi, Annalisa Romani, Riccardo Vago and Arianna Bettiga

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1131; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041131 - 30 Mar 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3109

Abstract

Pasta is one of the basic foods of the Mediterranean diet and for this reason it was chosen for this study to evaluate its antioxidant properties. Three types of pasta were selected: buckwheat, rye and egg pasta. Qualitative–quantitative characterization analyses were carried out [...] Read more.

Pasta is one of the basic foods of the Mediterranean diet and for this reason it was chosen for this study to evaluate its antioxidant properties. Three types of pasta were selected: buckwheat, rye and egg pasta. Qualitative–quantitative characterization analyses were carried out by HPLC-DAD to identify antioxidant compounds. The data showed the presence of carotenoids such as lutein and polyphenols such as indoleacetic acid, (carotenoids from 0.08 to 0.16 mg/100 g, polyphenols from 3.7 to 7.4 mg/100 g). To assess the effect of the detected metabolites, in vitro experimentation was carried out on kidney cells models: HEK-293 and MDCK. Standards of β-carotene, indoleacetic acid and caffeic acid, hydroalcoholic and carotenoid-enriched extracts from samples of pasta were tested in presence of antioxidant agent to determine viability variations. β-carotene and indoleacetic acid standards exerted a protective effect on HEK-293 cells while no effect was detected on MDCK. The concentrations tested are likely in the range of those reached in body after the consumption of a standard pasta meal. Carotenoid-enriched extracts and hydroalcoholic extracts showed different effects, observing rescues for rye pasta hydroalcoholic extract and buckwheat pasta carotenoid-enriched extract, while egg pasta showed milder dose depending effects assuming pro-oxidant behavior at high concentrations. The preliminary results suggest behaviors to be traced back to the whole phytocomplexes respect to single molecules and need further investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Chronic Disease Prevention)

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16 pages, 1801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Hydrolysable Tannins and Anthocyanins on Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Nephropathic Patients: Preliminary Data

by Annalisa Noce, Francesca Di Daniele, Margherita Campo, Manuela Di Lauro, Anna Pietroboni Zaitseva, Nicola Di Daniele, Giulia Marrone and Annalisa Romani

Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020591 - 11 Feb 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3177

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by uropathogenic microorganism colonization. UTIs often require an antibiotic therapy that can cause the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. A natural bioactive compound may represent a valid therapeutic adjuvant approach, in combination with drug therapy. In this [...] Read more.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by uropathogenic microorganism colonization. UTIs often require an antibiotic therapy that can cause the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. A natural bioactive compound may represent a valid therapeutic adjuvant approach, in combination with drug therapy. In this paper, we present a pilot study, based on the administration of an oral food supplement (OFS), containing chestnut tannins and anthocyanins, to nephropathic patients suffering from recurrent UTIs (16 treated patients with 1 cp/day and 10 untreated patients). We performed laboratory tests and quality of life and body composition assessments, at T0 (baseline) and T1 (after 6 weeks OFS assumption). The analysis of OFS was performed by HPLC-DAD-MS for its content in polyphenols and by in vitro tests for its antioxidative and anti-free radical activities. In each capsule, polyphenol content was 6.21 mg (4.57 mg hydrolysable tannins, 0.94 mg anthocyanosides, 0.51 mg proanthocyanidins, 0.18 mg quercetin derivatives). A significant reduction of erythrocyte sedimentation rate was observed only in male patients. Urinalysis showed a significant reduction of leukocytes in both genders, whereas urinary bacterial flora at T1 significantly decreased only in male subjects. Tannins seem to exert an antimicrobial action according to gender, useful to counteract the recurrence of UTIs. Full article

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12 pages, 460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Higher Intakes of Potassium and Magnesium, but Not Lower Sodium, Reduce Cardiovascular Risk in the Framingham Offspring Study

by R. Taylor Pickering, M. Loring Bradlee, Martha R. Singer and Lynn L. Moore

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010269 - 19 Jan 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 9083

Abstract

We explored the dose-response relations of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in the Framingham Offspring Study, as well as the combined effects of these minerals. Analyses included 2362 30–64 year-old men and women free of CVD at baseline. [...] Read more.

We explored the dose-response relations of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in the Framingham Offspring Study, as well as the combined effects of these minerals. Analyses included 2362 30–64 year-old men and women free of CVD at baseline. Cox proportional-hazards models were used estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mineral intakes and incident CVD. Cox models with restricted cubic spline functions were used to examine dose-response relations, adjusting for confounding by age, sex, body mass index, dietary fiber intake, and time-varying occurrence of hypertension. Lower sodium intake (<2500 vs. ≥3500 mg/d) was not associated with a lower risk of CVD. In contrast, potassium intake ≥3000 (vs. <2500) mg/d was associated with a 25% lower risk (95% CI: 0.59, 0.95), while magnesium intake ≥320 (vs. <240) mg/d led to a 34% lower risk (95% CI: 0.51, 0.87) of CVD. Calcium intake ≥700 (vs. <500) mg/d was associated with a non-statistically significant 19% lower risk. Restricted cubic spline curves showed inverse dose-response relations of potassium and magnesium with CVD risk, but no such associations were observed for sodium or calcium. These results highlight the importance of potassium and magnesium to cardiovascular health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Chronic Disease Prevention)

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15 pages, 2738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Patterns and Progression of Impaired Kidney Function in Japanese Adults: A Longitudinal Analysis for the Fukushima Health Management Survey, 2011–2015

by Enbo Ma, Tetsuya Ohira, Seiji Yasumura, Hironori Nakano, Eri Eguchi, Makoto Miyazaki, Mitsuaki Hosoya, Akira Sakai, Atsushi Takahashi, Hiromasa Ohira, Junichiro Kazama, Michio Shimabukuro, Hirooki Yabe, Masaharu Maeda, Hitoshi Ohto and Kenji Kamiya

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010168 - 7 Jan 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3509

Abstract

To investigate associations between dietary patterns and the risk of impaired kidney function, we analyzed data from 14,732 participants (40–89 years) who completed the baseline diet questionnaire of The Fukushima Health Management Survey in 2011. The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (estimated [...] Read more.

To investigate associations between dietary patterns and the risk of impaired kidney function, we analyzed data from 14,732 participants (40–89 years) who completed the baseline diet questionnaire of The Fukushima Health Management Survey in 2011. The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m² or proteinuria (≥1+ by dipstick test)) and annual changes in eGFR were assessed from 2012 to 2015. Three major dietary patterns were identified. The adjusted cumulative incidence ratio of the highest vs. lowest tertile of a vegetable diet scores was 0.90 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.82, 1.00) for eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m², 0.68 (95% CI: 0.52, 0.90) for proteinuria, and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80, 0.97) for CKD (P for trend = 0.031, 0.007, and 0.005, respectively). The incident risk of CKD in the highest tertile of juice diet scores was 18% higher than the lowest tertile. The odds ratio of the highest vs. lowest tertile of vegetable diet scores was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.98) in the rapidly decreasing eGFR group (P for trend = 0.009). We did not observe significant associations for the meat dietary pattern. A Japanese vegetable diet could reduce the risk of developing impaired kidney function and CKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Chronic Disease Prevention)

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14 pages, 293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adherence to Dietary Guidelines in Adults by Diabetes Status: Results From the 2012 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey

by Nancy López-Olmedo, Satya Jonnalagadda, Ana Basto-Abreu, Alan Reyes-García, Carolyn J. Alish, Teresa Shamah-Levy and Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutierrez

Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3464; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113464 - 12 Nov 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2296

Abstract

The aims of the present study were to compare the adherence to dietary guidelines and evaluate potential differences in nutrient profiles among adults by diabetes status. We used the Mexican Alternate Healthy Eating Index (MxAHEI) to evaluate adherence to dietary guidelines. We calculated [...] Read more.

The aims of the present study were to compare the adherence to dietary guidelines and evaluate potential differences in nutrient profiles among adults by diabetes status. We used the Mexican Alternate Healthy Eating Index (MxAHEI) to evaluate adherence to dietary guidelines. We calculated the MxAHEI scores (total and by dietary component) with scales from 0 (non-adherence) to 100 (perfect adherence) based on a food frequency questionnaire. Mean daily intakes of macronutrients and micronutrients (g, mg, mcg/1000 kcal per day) were also estimated by diabetes status. Sex-specific, multivariable linear regression models were estimated to test whether MxAHEI scores as well as nutrient intakes were different by diabetes status. Mexican adults had low adherence to the dietary guidelines irrespective of their diabetes status (score < 50 points). Among men, the MxAHEI score was 2.6 points higher among those with diabetes than those without diabetes (46.9; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 44.6, 49.2 vs. 44.3; 95% CI: 44.2, 45.6, respectively). Among women, the total MxAHEI score was similar in individuals with diabetes compared to those without diabetes. Lower intakes of carbohydrates and added sugars and higher intakes of protein, calcium, and zinc were observed in individuals with diabetes. Our findings support the development of strategies focused on promoting dietary patterns that can help to prevent and control the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Chronic Disease Prevention)

7 pages, 238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Diet and Lifestyles Play a Role in the Pathogenesis of NMSCs?

by Nevena Skroza, Ilaria Proietti, Anna Marchesiello, Salvatore Volpe, Veronica Balduzzi, Nicoletta Bernardini, Patrizia Maddalena, Alessandra Mambrin, Simone Michelini, Ersilia Tolino, Giuseppe La Torre and Concetta Potenza

Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3459; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113459 - 11 Nov 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2118

Abstract

Background and Aims: Literature highlights the role of risk factors like age, body mass index (BMI), tobacco smoking, alcohol intake and diet in the pathogenesis of several cancer types but little is known for non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). The aim of this epidemiological [...] Read more.

Background and Aims: Literature highlights the role of risk factors like age, body mass index (BMI), tobacco smoking, alcohol intake and diet in the pathogenesis of several cancer types but little is known for non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). The aim of this epidemiological study was to evaluate the correlation between modifiable risk factors (BMI, metabolic panel, diet, lifestyle, medical history) and not modifiable risk factors (gender, age) and NMSC development. Methods: From February 2018 to September 2019, 162 patients affected by NMSC were compared to a group of 167 controls. A univariate and multivariate analysis was conducted to elaborate the data collected through face-to-face interviews. Results: While our evidence did not always reach statistical significance, NMSC study group patients exhibited high rates of analyzed risk factors (male gender aging over 55 years, high BMI, reduced physical activity) compared to the control group. Conclusions: Our study indicates that practicing more than 30 min of physical activity daily could be a protective factor against the NMSC onset. Other risk factors were not correlated with NMSC, but more evidence is needed to establish a possible link. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Chronic Disease Prevention)

16 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mediterranean Personalized Diet Combined with Physical Activity Therapy for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases in Italian Women

by Laura Di Renzo, Giulia Cinelli, Maria Dri, Paola Gualtieri, Alda Attinà, Claudia Leggeri, Giuseppe Cenname, Ernesto Esposito, Alberto Pujia, Gaetano Chiricolo, Chiara Salimei and Antonino De Lorenzo

Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3456; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113456 - 11 Nov 2020

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3649

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and inflammatory risk indexes are used to calculate the exposure to morbidity. Most of them are suggested by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association to predict the risk of CVDs diagnosis in primary prevention, instead of treating the ongoing [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and inflammatory risk indexes are used to calculate the exposure to morbidity. Most of them are suggested by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association to predict the risk of CVDs diagnosis in primary prevention, instead of treating the ongoing pathology. Prevention starts from habit changes with the prescription of diet and physical activity (PA). The aim of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of a personalized Mediterranean Diet (MD) and a PA intervention, on the risk indexes Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP) and Fatty Liver Index (FLI) in a population of women at risk of CVDs with different pathological conditions. After treatment, patients achieved the best results in body composition (BC) and laboratory tests. The BC analysis showed a significant reduction of total body Fat Mass (FM). CVDs risk indexes significantly decreased, except for Neutrophil/Lymphocyte (NLR) and Platelet/Lymphocyte Ratios (PLR). The reduction of the CVDs indexes associated with lipid profile was linked to both weight and FM decrease. AIP and LAP were significantly reduced when losing fat mass and body weight, respectively. A personalized MD therapy plus a PA program led to body weight loss, BC remodelling and risk indexes reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Chronic Disease Prevention)

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13 pages, 656 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association of Dietary Macronutrients with Lung Function in Healthy Adults Using the Ansan-Ansung Cohort Study

by Sang-Ah Lee, Pankaj Joshi, Yeonjin Kim, Daehee Kang and Woo Jin Kim

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2688; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092688 - 3 Sep 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3731

Abstract

This study is aimed to examine the association between macronutrient intake and lung function in healthy adults (n = 5880) using the Ansan-Ansung cohort study. To identify the index of lung function, we used the percentage difference of predicted Forced Expiratory Volume [...] Read more.

This study is aimed to examine the association between macronutrient intake and lung function in healthy adults (n = 5880) using the Ansan-Ansung cohort study. To identify the index of lung function, we used the percentage difference of predicted Forced Expiratory Volume (%FEV_{1_diff}) between baseline and follow-up. Based on the median %FEV_{1_diff}, subjects were classified by two groups as “decreased vs. unchanged/improved”. The dietary macronutrients were estimated and validated using the food-frequency questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association after adjusting for confounders. Advanced analysis examined the association after stratifying by age and obesity. The average of %FEV₁ is 114.1 and 112.5 at baseline and follow-up, respectively. The positive association of protein and fiber intake with lung function was observed in men. Low fat and high carbohydrate intake decreased the lung function in women only. After stratification by age, the association of protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake with lung function was observed in young men and old women only. Otherwise, the association of protein and fiber with lung function was influenced by abdominal obesity. In conclusion, the lung function was positively associated with high protein and fat intake, but was negatively associated with high carbohydrate intake, which could be influenced by age and obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Chronic Disease Prevention)

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21 pages, 1680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Attenuating Effect of Peruvian Cocoa Populations on the Acute Asthmatic Response in Brown Norway Rats

by Marta Périz, Francisco J. Pérez-Cano, Trinitat Cambras, Àngels Franch, Ivan Best, Santiago Pastor-Soplin, Margarida Castell and Malén Massot-Cladera

Nutrients 2020, 12(8), 2301; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082301 - 31 Jul 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4467

Abstract

Cocoa contains bioactive components, which vary according to genetic and environmental factors. The present study aimed to ascertain the anti-allergic properties of native Peruvian cocoa populations (“Blanco de Piura” or BPC, “Amazonas Peru” or APC, “Criollo de Montaña” or CMC, “Chuncho” or CCC, [...] Read more.

Cocoa contains bioactive components, which vary according to genetic and environmental factors. The present study aimed to ascertain the anti-allergic properties of native Peruvian cocoa populations (“Blanco de Piura” or BPC, “Amazonas Peru” or APC, “Criollo de Montaña” or CMC, “Chuncho” or CCC, and an ordinary cocoa or OC). To do so, after an initial in vitro approach, an in vivo study focused on the induction of an anaphylactic response associated with allergic asthma in Brown Norway rats was carried out. Based on their polyphenol content, antioxidant activity and in vitro effects, the APC and CMC were selected to be included in the in vivo study. Cocoa diets were tested in a model of allergic asthma in which anaphylactic response was assessed by changes in body temperature, motor activity and body weight. The concentration of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), mast cell protease and leukotrienes was also quantified in serum and/or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. CMC and OC populations exhibited a protective effect on the allergic asthma rat model as evidenced by means of a partial protection against anaphylactic response and, above all, in the synthesis of IgE and the release of mast cell protease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Chronic Disease Prevention)

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16 pages, 380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends and Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition in China: A Series of National Surveys, 1982–2012

by Zhenni Zhu, Xiaoguang Yang, Yuehui Fang, Jian Zhang, Zhenyu Yang, Zhu Wang, Ailing Liu, Li He, Jing Sun, Yiyao Lian, Gangqiang Ding and Yuna He

Nutrients 2020, 12(8), 2168; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082168 - 22 Jul 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3095

Abstract

Background: China’s diet transition might offer guidance to undeveloped countries on the way to prosperity. This report describes the trends and disparities in energy and macronutrient composition among Chinese adults, and between subpopulations. Methods: Data for the current study were obtained from the [...] Read more.

Background: China’s diet transition might offer guidance to undeveloped countries on the way to prosperity. This report describes the trends and disparities in energy and macronutrient composition among Chinese adults, and between subpopulations. Methods: Data for the current study were obtained from the 1982, 1992, 2002, and 2010–2012 China National Nutrition Survey (CNNS) rounds, which were nationally representative cross-sectional surveys. We applied 24-h dietary recall and food weighing to assess dietary intake. Results: There were 204,877 participants aged 20 years or older included in the current analysis. From 1982 to 2012, the estimated energy intake declined from 2614.7 kcal to 2063.9 kcal. The trend in the estimated percentage of energy intake from fat showed a spike. It increased from 16.3% to 33.1% (1992 vs. 1982 difference, 7.6%; 95% CI 7.4% to 7.7%; 2002 vs. 1992 difference, 7.7%; 95% CI 7.6% to 7.9%; 2012 vs. 2002 difference, 1.6%; 95% CI 1.4% to 1.7%; p < 0.01 for trend). The trends coincided in all the subgroups (all p < 0.01 for trend) except for the subgroup of those educated over 15 years, whose percentage of energy intake from fat declined from 37.4% to 36.6% (2012 vs. 2002 difference, −0.8%; 95% CI −1.6% to 0.0%). The estimated percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates declined from 74.0% to 55.0%. The ranges of the estimated percentage of energy intake from fat, within population subgroups stratified by education level, area and Gross national product (GNP) level, were narrowed. Conclusions: Quick improvements in society and the economy effectively curbed undernutrition, but easily triggered overnutrition. Disparities persistently existed between different subpopulations, while the gaps would narrow if comprehensive efforts were made. Education might be a promising way to prevent overnutrition during prosperous progress. The low-social profile populations require specific interventions so as to avoid further disease burdens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Chronic Disease Prevention)

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12 pages, 280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Nutrient-Based Dietary Patterns and Bladder Cancer in Italy

by Valeria Edefonti, Carlo La Vecchia, Matteo Di Maso, Anna Crispo, Jerry Polesel, Massimo Libra, Maria Parpinel, Diego Serraino, Monica Ferraroni and Francesca Bravi

Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1584; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061584 - 28 May 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3391

Abstract

Limited knowledge is available on dietary patterns and bladder cancer risk. We analyzed data from an Italian case-control study carried out between 2003 and 2014, including 690 incident bladder cancer cases and 665 hospital-controls. We derived nutrient-based dietary patterns applying principal component factor [...] Read more.

Limited knowledge is available on dietary patterns and bladder cancer risk. We analyzed data from an Italian case-control study carried out between 2003 and 2014, including 690 incident bladder cancer cases and 665 hospital-controls. We derived nutrient-based dietary patterns applying principal component factor analysis on 28 selected nutrients. We categorized factor scores according to quartiles, and estimated the odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) through logistic regression models, adjusted for major confounding factors. We identified four dietary patterns named “Animal products”, “Vitamins and fiber”, “Starch-rich”, and “Animal unsaturated fatty acids”. We found an inverse association between the “Vitamins and fiber” pattern and bladder cancer (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.48–0.99, IV versus I quartile category). Inverse relationships of borderline significance were also found for the “Animal products” and the “Animal unsaturated fatty acids” dietary patterns. No significant association was evident for the “Starch-rich” pattern. The current study allowed us to identify major dietary patterns in this Italian population. Our study confirms available evidence and shows that scoring high on a fruit-and-vegetables pattern provides beneficial effects on bladder cancer risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Chronic Disease Prevention)

11 pages, 247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Home Food Availability with Prediabetes and Diabetes among Adults in the United States

by Jennifer R. McAtee, Meng-Hua Tao, Christian King and Weiwen Chai

Nutrients 2020, 12(5), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051209 - 25 Apr 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2759

Abstract

This study examined associations of home food availabilities with prediabetes and diabetes among 8929 adults (20–70 years) participating in 2007–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated by logistic regression. Relative to non-diabetic [...] Read more.

This study examined associations of home food availabilities with prediabetes and diabetes among 8929 adults (20–70 years) participating in 2007–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated by logistic regression. Relative to non-diabetic participants (individuals without diabetes or prediabetes), prediabetes participants were associated with lower availabilities of green vegetables (OR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.73–0.91; p = 0.0006) and fat-free/low-fat milk (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.65–0.89; p = 0.001) and higher sugary drink availability (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.04–1.48; p = 0.02), adjusting for age, sex, and ethnicity (Model 1). The associations remained significant for vegetables (p = 0.005) and fat-free/low-fat milk (p = 0.02) adjusting for additional confounders (body mass index, education, Model 2). Adjusting for dietary components did not change the above results (in model 2) significantly. Participants with high healthy food availability scores had approximately 31% reduction (p = 0.003) in odds of prediabetes compared to those with low scores in Model 1. No associations were detected for diabetes except for fat-free/low-fat milk availability, for which an inverse association was observed in Model 1 (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.65–0.99; p = 0.04). The results show prediabetes participants had lower availability of healthy foods and higher availability of unhealthy foods, suggesting the need to improve healthy food availability at home for this population. Full article

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12 pages, 311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Alice J. Owen, Michael J. Abramson, Jill F. Ikin, Tracy A. McCaffrey, Sylvia Pomeroy, Brigitte M. Borg, Caroline X. Gao, David Brown and Danny Liew

Nutrients 2020, 12(3), 860; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030860 - 23 Mar 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4099

Abstract

This study examined the relationship between diet quality scores and cardiometabolic risk factors in regionally-dwelling older Australian adults with increased cardiovascular risk. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of demographic, anthropometric, and cardiometabolic risk factor data from 458 participants of the Cardiovascular Stream [...] Read more.

This study examined the relationship between diet quality scores and cardiometabolic risk factors in regionally-dwelling older Australian adults with increased cardiovascular risk. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of demographic, anthropometric, and cardiometabolic risk factor data from 458 participants of the Cardiovascular Stream of the Hazelwood Health Study. Participants completed a 120 item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression adjusting for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, education, diabetes, and body mass index was used to examine the relationship between diet and cardiometabolic risk factors. Mean (SD) age of participants was 71 (8) years, and 55% were male. More than half of men and women did not meet recommended intakes of fibre, while 60% of men and 42% of women exceeded recommended dietary sodium intakes. Higher diet quality in terms of intake of vegetables, grains, and non-processed meat, as well as intake of non-fried fish, was associated with more favourable cardiometabolic risk profiles, while sugar-sweetened soft drink intake was strongly associated with adverse cardiometabolic risk factor levels. In older, regionally-dwelling adults, dietary public health strategies that address whole grain products, vegetable and fish consumption, and sugar-sweetened soft-drink intake may be of benefit in reducing cardiometabolic risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Chronic Disease Prevention)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

17 pages, 354 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Cachexia and Fragility in the Patient Candidate for Cardiac Surgery

by Calogera Pisano, Daniele Polisano, Carmela Rita Balistreri, Claudia Altieri, Paolo Nardi, Fabio Bertoldo, Daniele Trombetti, Laura Asta, Maria Sabrina Ferrante, Dario Buioni, Calogero Foti and Giovanni Ruvolo

Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020517 - 5 Feb 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3580

Abstract

Frailty is the major expression of accelerated aging and describes a decreased resistance to stressors, and consequently an increased vulnerability to additional diseases in elderly people. The vascular aging related to frail phenotype reflects the high susceptibility for cardiovascular diseases and negative postoperative [...] Read more.

Frailty is the major expression of accelerated aging and describes a decreased resistance to stressors, and consequently an increased vulnerability to additional diseases in elderly people. The vascular aging related to frail phenotype reflects the high susceptibility for cardiovascular diseases and negative postoperative outcomes after cardiac surgery. Sarcopenia can be considered a biological substrate of physical frailty. Malnutrition and physical inactivity play a key role in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. We searched on Medline (PubMed) and Scopus for relevant literature published over the last 10 years and analyzed the strong correlation between frailty, sarcopenia and cardiovascular diseases in elderly patient. In our opinion, a right food intake and moderate intensity resistance exercise are mandatory in order to better prepare patients undergoing cardiac operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Chronic Disease Prevention)

23 pages, 1662 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Caloric Restriction Diet on Arterial Hypertension and Endothelial Dysfunction

by Nicola Di Daniele, Giulia Marrone, Manuela Di Lauro, Francesca Di Daniele, Daniela Palazzetti, Cristina Guerriero and Annalisa Noce

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010274 - 19 Jan 2021

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 11622

Abstract

The most common manifestation of cardiovascular (CV) diseases is the presence of arterial hypertension (AH), which impacts on endothelial dysfunction. CV risk is associated with high values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and depends on the presence of risk factors, both modifiable [...] Read more.

The most common manifestation of cardiovascular (CV) diseases is the presence of arterial hypertension (AH), which impacts on endothelial dysfunction. CV risk is associated with high values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and depends on the presence of risk factors, both modifiable and not modifiable, such as overweight, obesity, physical exercise, smoking, age, family history, and gender. The main target organs affected by AH are the heart, brain, vessels, kidneys, and eye retina. AH onset can be counteracted or delayed by adopting a proper diet, characterized by a low saturated fat and sodium intake, a high fruit and vegetable intake, a moderate alcohol consumption, and achieving and maintaining over time the ideal body weight. In this review, we analyzed how a new nutritional approach, named caloric restriction diet (CRD), can provide a significant reduction in blood pressure values and an improvement of the endothelial dysfunction. In fact, CRD is able to counteract aging and delay the onset of CV and neurodegenerative diseases through the reduction of body fat mass, systolic and diastolic values, free radicals production, and oxidative stress. Currently, there are few studies on CRD effects in the long term, and it would be advisable to perform observational studies with longer follow-up. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Chronic Disease Prevention)

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24 pages, 766 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Whole Grain Intake on Gastrointestinal Tumors: A Focus on Colorectal, Gastric, and Esophageal Cancers

by Valentina Tullio, Valeria Gasperi, Maria Valeria Catani and Isabella Savini

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010081 - 29 Dec 2020

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6913

Abstract

Cereals are one of staple foods in human diet, mainly consumed as refined grains. Nonetheless, epidemiological data indicate that whole grain (WG) intake is inversely related to risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and several cancer types, as well as to all-cause [...] Read more.

Cereals are one of staple foods in human diet, mainly consumed as refined grains. Nonetheless, epidemiological data indicate that whole grain (WG) intake is inversely related to risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and several cancer types, as well as to all-cause mortality. Particularly responsive to WG positive action is the gastrointestinal tract, daily exposed to bioactive food components. Herein, we shall provide an up-to-date overview on relationship between WG intake and prevention of gastrointestinal tumors, with a particular focus on colorectal, stomach, and esophagus cancers. Unlike refined counterparts, WG consumption is inversely associated with risk of these gastrointestinal cancers, most consistently with the risk of colorectal tumor. Some WG effects may be mediated by beneficial constituents (such as fiber and polyphenols) that are reduced/lost during milling process. Beside health-promoting action, WGs are still under-consumed in most countries; therefore, World Health Organization and other public/private stakeholders should cooperate to implement WG consumption in the whole population, in order to reach nutritionally effective intakes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Chronic Disease Prevention)

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Open AccessReview

Potential Cardiovascular and Metabolic Beneficial Effects of ω-3 PUFA in Male Obesity Secondary Hypogonadism Syndrome

by Annalisa Noce, Giulia Marrone, Francesca Di Daniele, Manuela Di Lauro, Anna Pietroboni Zaitseva, Georgia Wilson Jones, Antonino De Lorenzo and Nicola Di Daniele

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2519; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092519 - 20 Aug 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3953

Abstract

Long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are fundamental biocomponents of lipids and cell membranes. They are involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and they are able to exert anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective actions. Thanks to their potential beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, [...] Read more.

Long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are fundamental biocomponents of lipids and cell membranes. They are involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and they are able to exert anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective actions. Thanks to their potential beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, metabolic axis and body composition, we have examined their action in subjects affected by male obesity secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) syndrome. MOSH syndrome is characterized by the presence of obesity associated with the alteration of sexual and metabolic functions. Therefore, this review article aims to analyze scientific literature regarding the possible benefits of ω-3 PUFA administration in subjects affected by MOSH syndrome. We conclude that there are strong evidences supporting ω-3 PUFA administration and/or supplementation for the treatment and management of MOSH patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Chronic Disease Prevention)

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