Polymers

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8 pages, 183 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Wood Composites

by Antonios N. Papadopoulos

Polymers 2020, 12(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010048 - 30 Dec 2019

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4752

Abstract

Wood composites are manufactured from a variety of materials [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Composites)

Research

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14 pages, 4173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Performance of HDPE and WPC Lumber Components Used in Aquacultural Geodesic Spherical Cages

by Murtada Abass A. Alrubaie, Douglas J. Gardner and Roberto A. Lopez-Anido

Polymers 2020, 12(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010026 - 21 Dec 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3927

Abstract

Based on previous research, a novel wood–plastic composite (WPC) lumber has shown potential to replace high-density polyethylene (HDPE) lumber in the construction of aquacultural geodesic spherical cage structures. Six HDPE and six WPC assemblies, which are representative of typical full-size cage dimensions, were [...] Read more.

Based on previous research, a novel wood–plastic composite (WPC) lumber has shown potential to replace high-density polyethylene (HDPE) lumber in the construction of aquacultural geodesic spherical cage structures. Six HDPE and six WPC assemblies, which are representative of typical full-size cage dimensions, were fabricated by bolting pairs of triangular panel components made with connected struts. Half of the panel assemblies had a plastic-coated steel wire mesh to simulate the actual restraint in field applications of the cages. The objective of the research was to characterize the structural performance of the panel assemblies under compressive loading. To determine the critical buckling load for the panel assemblies made from WPC and HDPE struts with and without wire mesh, Southwell’s method was implemented. A two-dimensional (2D) linear finite element analysis model was developed to determine axial forces in the struts of the panel assembly for the applied load and boundary conditions. This model was used to determine strut compressive forces corresponding to the Southwell’s method buckling load and the experimental failure load. It was found that the wire mesh increased the load capacity of both HDPE and WPC panel assemblies by a factor of two. The typical failure mode of the panels made from HDPE lumber struts, with and without wire mesh, was buckling of the struts, whereas the failure mode of the WPC panels, with and without wire mesh, was fracture at the notched section corresponding to the location of the bolts. The load capacity of the panel assemblies made from WPC lumber struts was three times and 2.5 times higher than the load capacity of the panel assemblies made from HDPE lumber struts with and without wire mesh, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Composites)

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14 pages, 5516 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mechanical and Physical Properties of Oriented Strand Lumber (OSL): The Effect of Fortification Level of Nanowollastonite on UF Resin

by Vahid Hassani, Hamid R. Taghiyari, Olaf Schmidt, Sadegh Maleki and Antonios N. Papadopoulos

Polymers 2019, 11(11), 1884; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111884 - 14 Nov 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3483

Abstract

The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of the fortification level of nanowollastonite on urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) and its effect on mechanical and physical properties of oriented strand lumbers (OSL). Two resin contents are applied, namely, 8% and 10%. Nanowollastonite [...] Read more.

The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of the fortification level of nanowollastonite on urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) and its effect on mechanical and physical properties of oriented strand lumbers (OSL). Two resin contents are applied, namely, 8% and 10%. Nanowollastonite is mixed with the resin at two levels (10% and 20%). It is found that the fortification of UF resin with 10% nanowollastonite can be considered as an optimum level. When nanowollastonite content is higher (that is, 20%), higher volume of UF resin is left over from the process of sticking the strips together, and therefore is absorbed by wollastonite nanofibers. The mechanism involved in the fortification of UF resin with nanowollastonite, which results in an improvement of thickness swelling values, can be attributed to the following two main factors: (i) nanowollastonite compounds making active bonds with the cellulose hydroxyl groups, putting them out of reach for bonding with the water molecules and (ii) high thermal conductivity coefficient of wollastonite improving the transfer of heat to different layers of the OSL mat, facilitating better and more complete resin curing. Since nanowollastonite contributes to making bonds between the wood strips, which consequently improves physical and mechanical properties, its use can be safely recommended in the OSL production process to improve the physical and mechanical properties of the panel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Composites)

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11 pages, 1544 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships between Thermoplastic Type and Properties of Polymer-Triticale Boards

by Radosław Mirski, Pavlo Bekhta and Dorota Dziurka

Polymers 2019, 11(11), 1750; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111750 - 25 Oct 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2951

Abstract

This study examined the effects of selected types of thermoplastics on the physical and mechanical properties of polymer-triticale boards. The investigated thermoplastics differed in their type (polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS)), form (granulate, agglomerate) and origin (native, recycled). The resulting five-ply boards [...] Read more.

This study examined the effects of selected types of thermoplastics on the physical and mechanical properties of polymer-triticale boards. The investigated thermoplastics differed in their type (polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS)), form (granulate, agglomerate) and origin (native, recycled). The resulting five-ply boards contained layers made from different materials (straw or pine wood) and featured different moisture contents (2%, 25%, and 7% for the face, middle, and core layers, respectively). Thermoplastics were added only to two external layers, where they substituted 30% of straw particles. This study demonstrated that, irrespective of their type, thermoplastics added to the face layers most favorably reduced the hydrophobic properties of the boards, i.e., thickness, swelling, and V100, by nearly 20%. The bending strength and modulus of elasticity were about 10% lower in the experimental boards than in the reference ones, but still within the limits set out in standard for P7 boards (20 N/mm² according to EN 312). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Composites)

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14 pages, 4159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Chemical Modification of Bamboo Material Prepared Using Vinyl Acetate and Methyl Methacrylate: Dimensional Stability, Chemical Structure, and Dynamic Mechanical Properties

by Saisai Huang, Qiufang Jiang, Bin Yu, Yujing Nie, Zhongqing Ma and Lingfei Ma

Polymers 2019, 11(10), 1651; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101651 - 11 Oct 2019

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 3900

Abstract

Acetylation and in situ polymerization are two typical chemical modifications that are used to improve the dimensional stability of bamboo. In this work, the combination of chemical modification of vinyl acetate (VA) acetylation and methyl methacrylate (MMA) in situ polymerization of bamboo was [...] Read more.

Acetylation and in situ polymerization are two typical chemical modifications that are used to improve the dimensional stability of bamboo. In this work, the combination of chemical modification of vinyl acetate (VA) acetylation and methyl methacrylate (MMA) in situ polymerization of bamboo was employed. Performances of the treated bamboo were evaluated in terms of dimensional stability, wettability, thermal stability, chemical structure, and dynamic mechanical properties. Results show that the performances (dimensional stability, thermal stability, and wettability) of bamboo that was prepared via the combined pretreatment of VA and MMA (VA/MMA-B) were better than those of raw bamboo, VA single-treated bamboo (VA-B), and MMA single-treated bamboo (MMA-B). According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses, VA and MMA were mainly grafted onto the surface of the cell wall or in the bamboo cell lumen. The antiswelling efficiency and contact angle of VA/MMA-B increased to maximum values of 40.71% and 107.1°, respectively. From thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG curves), the highest onset decomposition temperature (277 °C) was observed in VA/MMA-B. From DMA analysis, the storage modulus (E’) of VA/MMA-B increased sharply from 15,057 Pa (untreated bamboo) to 17,909 Pa (single-treated bamboo), and the glass transition temperature was improved from 180 °C (raw bamboo) to 205 °C (single-treated bamboo). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Composites)

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17 pages, 2681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ammonium Lignosulfonate Adhesives for Particleboards with pMDI and Furfuryl Alcohol as Crosslinkers

by Venla Hemmilä, Stergios Adamopoulos, Reza Hosseinpourpia and Sheikh Ali Ahmed

Polymers 2019, 11(10), 1633; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101633 - 10 Oct 2019

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 5407

Abstract

Tightening formaldehyde emission limits and the need for more sustainable materials have boosted research towards alternatives to urea-formaldehyde adhesives for wood-based panels. Lignin residues from biorefineries consist of a growing raw material source but lack reactivity. Two crosslinkers were tested for ammonium lignosulfonate [...] Read more.

Tightening formaldehyde emission limits and the need for more sustainable materials have boosted research towards alternatives to urea-formaldehyde adhesives for wood-based panels. Lignin residues from biorefineries consist of a growing raw material source but lack reactivity. Two crosslinkers were tested for ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS)—bio-based furfuryl alcohol (FOH) and synthetic polymeric 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI). The addition of mimosa tannin to ALS before crosslinking was also evaluated. The derived ALS adhesives were used for gluing 2-layered veneer samples and particleboards. Differential Scanning Calorimetry showed a reduction of curing temperature and heat for the samples with crosslinkers. Light microscopy showed that the FOH crosslinked samples had thicker bondlines and higher penetration, which occurred mainly through vessels. Tensile shear strength values of 2-layered veneer samples glued with crosslinked ALS adhesives were at the same level as the melamine reinforced urea-formaldehyde (UmF) reference. For particleboards, the FOH crosslinked samples showed a significant decrease in mechanical properties (internal bond (IB), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR)) and thickness swelling. For pMDI crosslinked samples, these properties increased compared to the UmF. Although the FOH crosslinked ALS samples can be classified as non-added-formaldehyde adhesives, their emissions were higher than what can be expected to be sourced from the particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Composites)

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15 pages, 2536 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Thermally-Modified Beech Wood Impregnated with Silver Nano-Suspension and Their Relationship with the Crystallinity of Cellulose

by Siavash Bayani, Hamid R. Taghiyari and Antonios N. Papadopoulos

Polymers 2019, 11(10), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101538 - 20 Sep 2019

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4597

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of thermally modified beech wood impregnated with silver nano-suspension and to examine their relationship with the crystallinity of cellulose. Specimens were impregnated with a 400 ppm nanosilver suspension (NS); at [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of thermally modified beech wood impregnated with silver nano-suspension and to examine their relationship with the crystallinity of cellulose. Specimens were impregnated with a 400 ppm nanosilver suspension (NS); at least, 90% of silver nano-particles ranged between 20 and 100 nano-meters. Heat treatment took place in a laboratory oven at three temperatures, namely 145, 165, and 185 °C. Physical properties and mechanical properties of treated wood demonstrated statistically insignificant fluctuations at low temperatures compared to control specimens. On the other hand, an increase of temperature to 185 °C had a significant effect on all properties. Physical properties (volumetric swelling and water absorption) and mechanical properties (MOR and MOE) of treated wood demonstrated statistically insignificant fluctuations at low temperatures compared to control specimens. This degradation ultimately resulted in significant decrease in MOR, impact strength, and physical properties. However, thermal modification at 185 °C did not seem to cause significant fluctuations in MOE and compression strength parallel to grain. As a consequence of the thermal modification, part of amorphous cellulose was changed to crystalline cellulose. At low temperatures an increased crystallinity caused some of the properties to be improved. Crystallinity also demonstrated a decrease in NS-HT185 in comparison to HT185 treatment. TCr indices in specimens thermally treated at 145 °C revealed a significant increase as a result of impregnation with nanosilver suspension. This improvement in TCr index resulted in a noticeable increase in MOR and MOE values. Other properties did not show significant fluctuations, suggesting that the effect of the increased crystallinity and cross-linking in lignin was more than the negative effect of the low cell-wall polymer degradation caused by thermal modification. Change of amorphous cellulose to crystalline cellulose, as well as cross-linking in lignin, partially ameliorated the negative effects of thermal degradation at higher temperatures and therefore, compression parallel to grain and modulus of elasticity did not decrease significantly. Overall, it can be concluded that increased crystallinity and cross-linking in lignin can compensate for some decreased properties caused by thermal modification, but it would be significantly dependent on the temperature under which modification is carried out. Impregnating specimens with silver nano-suspension prior to thermal modification enhanced the effects of thermal modification as a result of improved thermal conductivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Composites)

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13 pages, 5509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Biomorphic Porous SiC Ceramics from Bamboo by Combining Sol–Gel Impregnation and Carbothermal Reduction

by Ke-Chang Hung, Tung-Lin Wu, Jin-Wei Xu and Jyh-Horng Wu

Polymers 2019, 11(9), 1442; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11091442 - 2 Sep 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4094

Abstract

This study investigated the feasibility of using bamboo to prepare biomorphic porous silicon carbide (bio-SiC) ceramics through a combination of sol–gel impregnation and carbothermal reduction. The effects of sintering temperature, sintering duration, and sol–gel impregnation cycles on the crystalline phases and microstructure of [...] Read more.

This study investigated the feasibility of using bamboo to prepare biomorphic porous silicon carbide (bio-SiC) ceramics through a combination of sol–gel impregnation and carbothermal reduction. The effects of sintering temperature, sintering duration, and sol–gel impregnation cycles on the crystalline phases and microstructure of bio-SiC were investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that when bamboo charcoal–SiO₂ composites (BcSiCs) were sintered at 1700 °C for more than 2 h, the resulting bio-SiC ceramics exhibited significant β-SiC diffraction peaks. In addition, when the composites were sintered at 1700 °C for 2 h, scanning electron microscopy micrographs of the resulting bio-SiC ceramic prepared using a single impregnation cycle showed the presence of SiC crystalline particles and nanowires in the cell wall and cell lumen of the carbon template, respectively. However, bio-SiC prepared using three and five repeated cycles of sol–gel impregnation exhibited a foam-like microstructure compared with that prepared using a single impregnation cycle. Moreover, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction revealed that the atomic plane of the nanowire of bio-SiC prepared from BcSiCs had a planar distance of 0.25 nm and was perpendicular to the (111) growth direction. Similar results were observed for the bio-SiC ceramics prepared from bamboo–SiO₂ composites (BSiCs). Accordingly, bio-SiC ceramics can be directly and successfully prepared from BSiCs, simplifying the manufacturing process of SiC ceramics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Composites)

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13 pages, 4081 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of a Fast Water-Based UV Cured Polyurethane-Acrylate Wood Coating and the Effect of Coating Amount on the Surface Properties of Oak (Quercus alba L.)

by Jin Wang, Huagui Wu, Ru Liu, Ling Long, Jianfeng Xu, Minggui Chen and Hongyun Qiu

Polymers 2019, 11(9), 1414; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11091414 - 28 Aug 2019

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4847

Abstract

A fast water-based ultraviolet light (UV) curing polyurethane-acrylate (PUA) wood coating was prepared in the laboratory, and applied on oak (Quercus alba L.) at different coating amounts. The PUA wood coating can be fast cured within 22 min, which highly improved the [...] Read more.

A fast water-based ultraviolet light (UV) curing polyurethane-acrylate (PUA) wood coating was prepared in the laboratory, and applied on oak (Quercus alba L.) at different coating amounts. The PUA wood coating can be fast cured within 22 min, which highly improved the drying speed compared to normal water-based wood coatings (often higher than 35 min). The coating amounts affected the coating properties after curing on oak. With the increase of coating amount, the adhesion, hardness and gloss value of surface increased to different extents. Meanwhile, the surface of sample became smooth gradually because the voids of the oak were filled. Thus, higher coating amount resulted in better coating properties. However, no significant increase of penetration depth was found. During curing, the hydroxyl groups of the wood reacted with the coating. The optimal parameter in this study was the coating amount of 120 g/m², where the adhesion reached 1 (with 0–5% cross-cut area of flaking along the edges), with the hardness of 2H and the gloss of 92.56°, which met the requirement of Chinese standard GB/T 18103–2013, and could be used for engineered wood flooring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Composites)

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10 pages, 2364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal and Mechanical Behavior of Wood Plastic Composites by Addition of Graphene Nanoplatelets

by Xingli Zhang, Jinglan Zhang and Ruihong Wang

Polymers 2019, 11(8), 1365; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11081365 - 19 Aug 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3605

Abstract

Wood plastic composites (WPCs) incorporating graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) were fabricated using hot-pressed technology to enhance thermal and mechanical behavior. The influences of thermal filler content and temperature on the thermal performance of the modified WPCs were investigated. The results showed that the thermal [...] Read more.

Wood plastic composites (WPCs) incorporating graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) were fabricated using hot-pressed technology to enhance thermal and mechanical behavior. The influences of thermal filler content and temperature on the thermal performance of the modified WPCs were investigated. The results showed that the thermal conductivity of the composites increased significantly with the increase of GNPs fillers, but decreased with the increase of temperature. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that coupling GNPs resulted in better thermal stability of the WPCs. The limiting oxygen index test also showed that addition of GNPs caused good fire retardancy in WPCs. Incorporation of GNPs also led to an improvement in mechanical properties as compared to neat WPCs. Through a series of mechanical performance tests, it could be concluded that the flexural and tensile moduli of WPCs were improved with the increase of the content of fillers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Composites)

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11 pages, 2884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urea Formaldehyde Resin Resultant Plywood with Rapid Formaldehyde Release Modified by Tunnel-Structured Sepiolite

by Xiaona Li, Qiang Gao, Changlei Xia, Jianzhang Li and Xiaoyan Zhou

Polymers 2019, 11(8), 1286; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11081286 - 1 Aug 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5655

Abstract

In order to reduce the cost of plywood and save edible resources (wheat flour), a cheap and resourceful clay, sepiolite, was used to modify urea formaldehyde (UF) resin. The performances of filler-filled UF resins were characterized by measuring the thermal behavior, cross section, [...] Read more.

In order to reduce the cost of plywood and save edible resources (wheat flour), a cheap and resourceful clay, sepiolite, was used to modify urea formaldehyde (UF) resin. The performances of filler-filled UF resins were characterized by measuring the thermal behavior, cross section, and functional groups. Results showed that cured UF resin with SEP (sepiolite) formed a toughened fracture surface, and the wet shear strength of the resultant plywood was maximum improved by 31.4%. The tunnel structure of SEP was beneficial to the releasing of formaldehyde, as a result, the formaldehyde emission of the plywood bonded by UF resin with SEP declined by 43.7% compared to that without SEP. This study provided a new idea to reduce the formaldehyde emission, i.e., accelerating formaldehyde release before the product is put into use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Composites)

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12 pages, 5064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Creep Behavior Prediction of Sol-Gel Derived SiO₂- and TiO₂-Wood Composites Using the Stepped Isostress Method

by Ke-Chang Hung, Tung-Lin Wu and Jyh-Horng Wu

Polymers 2019, 11(7), 1215; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11071215 - 20 Jul 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3688

Abstract

In this study, methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS), methyltriethoxysilane (MTEOS), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) were used as precursor sols to prepare wood-inorganic composites (WICs) by a sol-gel process, and subsequently, the long-term creep behavior of these composites was estimated by application of the stepped [...] Read more.

In this study, methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS), methyltriethoxysilane (MTEOS), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) were used as precursor sols to prepare wood-inorganic composites (WICs) by a sol-gel process, and subsequently, the long-term creep behavior of these composites was estimated by application of the stepped isostress method (SSM). The results revealed that the flexural modulus of wood and WICs were in the range of 9.8–10.5 GPa, and there were no significant differences among them. However, the flexural strength of the WICs (93–103 MPa) was stronger than that of wood (86 MPa). Additionally, based on the SSM processes, smooth master curves were obtained from different SSM testing parameters, and they fit well with the experimental data. These results demonstrated that the SSM was a useful approach to evaluate the long-term creep behavior of wood and WICs. According to the Eyring equation, the activation volume of the WICs prepared from MTMOS (0.825 nm³) and TEOS (0.657 nm³) was less than that of the untreated wood (0.832 nm³). Furthermore, the WICs exhibited better performance on the creep resistance than that of wood, except for the WIC_MTEOS. The reduction of time-dependent modulus for the WIC prepared from MTMOS was 26% at 50 years, which is the least among all WICs tested. These findings clearly indicate that treatment with suitable metal alkoxides could improve the creep resistance of wood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Composites)

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21 pages, 2373 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Environmentally-Friendly High-Density Polyethylene-Bonded Plywood Panels

by Pavlo Bekhta and Ján Sedliačik

Polymers 2019, 11(7), 1166; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11071166 - 8 Jul 2019

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 6513

Abstract

Thermoplastic films exhibit good potential to be used as adhesives for the production of veneer-based composites. This work presents the first effort to develop and evaluate composites based on alder veneers and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) film. The effects of hot-pressing temperature (140, 160, [...] Read more.

Thermoplastic films exhibit good potential to be used as adhesives for the production of veneer-based composites. This work presents the first effort to develop and evaluate composites based on alder veneers and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) film. The effects of hot-pressing temperature (140, 160, and 180 °C), hot-pressing pressure (0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 MPa), hot-pressing time (1, 2, 3, and 5 min), and type of adhesives on the physical and mechanical properties of alder plywood panels were investigated. The effects of these variables on the core-layer temperature during the hot pressing of multiplywood panels using various adhesives were also studied. Three types of adhesives were used: urea–formaldehyde (UF), phenol–formaldehyde (PF), and HDPE film. UF and PF adhesives were used for the comparison. The findings of this work indicate that formaldehyde-free HDPE film adhesive gave values of mechanical properties of alder plywood panels that are comparable to those obtained with traditional UF and PF adhesives, even though the adhesive dosage and pressing pressure were lower than when UF and PF adhesives were used. The obtained bonding strength values of HDPE-bonded alder plywood panels ranged from 0.74 to 2.38 MPa and met the European Standard EN 314-2 for Class 1 plywood. The optimum conditions for the bonding of HDPE plywood were 160 °C, 0.8 MPa, and 3 min. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Composites)

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19 pages, 4279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Perspective on Wood Thermal Modification: Relevance between the Evolution of Chemical Structure and Physical-Mechanical Properties, and Online Analysis of Release of VOCs

by Jiajia Xu, Yu Zhang, Yunfang Shen, Cong Li, Yanwei Wang, Zhongqing Ma and Weisheng Sun

Polymers 2019, 11(7), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11071145 - 4 Jul 2019

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 5972

Abstract

Thermal modification (TM) is an ecological and low-cost pretreated method to improve the dimensional stability and decay resistance of wood. This study systematically investigates the relevance between the evolution of chemical structure and the physical and mechanical properties during wood thermal modification processes. [...] Read more.

Thermal modification (TM) is an ecological and low-cost pretreated method to improve the dimensional stability and decay resistance of wood. This study systematically investigates the relevance between the evolution of chemical structure and the physical and mechanical properties during wood thermal modification processes. Moreover, the volatility of compounds (VOCs) was analyzed using a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TGA-FTIR) and a pyrolizer coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (Py-GC/MS). With an increase of TM temperature, the anti-shrink efficiency and contact angle increased, while the equilibrium moisture content decreased. This result indicates that the dimensional stability improved markedly due to the reduction of hydrophilic hydroxyl (–OH). However, a slight decrease of the moduli of elasticity and of rupture was observed after TM due to the thermal degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose. Based on a TGA-FTIR analysis, the small molecular gaseous components were composed of H₂O, CH₄, CO₂, and CO, where H₂O was the dominant component with the highest absorbance intensity, i.e., 0.008 at 200 °C. Based on the Py-GC/MS analysis, the VOCs were shown to be mainly composed of acids, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, furans, alcohols, sugars, and esters, where acids were the dominant compounds, with a relative content of 37.05−42.77%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Composites)

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