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11 pages, 2303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Waste Management in Dairy Cattle Farms in Aydın Region. Potential of Energy Application

by Gürel Soyer and Ersel Yilmaz

Sustainability 2020, 12(4), 1614; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041614 - 21 Feb 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5898

Abstract

In this paper, the dairy cattle waste management systems on farms in Aydın region in Turkey were investigated. Number of farms and livestock herd size, type of barn, type of machinery and farm labour force were studied. The collection, management and storage systems [...] Read more.

In this paper, the dairy cattle waste management systems on farms in Aydın region in Turkey were investigated. Number of farms and livestock herd size, type of barn, type of machinery and farm labour force were studied. The collection, management and storage systems of manure produced in dairy cattle farms were taken into consideration. Additionally, biogas amount, which is produced from animal waste, was calculated for all districts of Aydın by using the number of livestock animals and various criteria such as the rate of dry matter. Results show that the typical and representative farm in the Aydın region is facility with a total head over 100 heads. 89.6% of the farms have heads in the range of 100 to 200. The amount of biogas that can be produced from all manure collected in Aydın region in the biogas plants is approximately 160,438 m³/day (based on 0.5 m³/day biogas per cattle), which would produce around 100 GWh/year that can be used for own needs of farms owners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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11 pages, 1893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compaction Process as a Concept of Press-Cake Production from Organic Waste

by Paweł Sobczak, Kazimierz Zawiślak, Agnieszka Starek, Wioletta Żukiewicz-Sobczak, Agnieszka Sagan, Beata Zdybel and Dariusz Andrejko

Sustainability 2020, 12(4), 1567; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041567 - 19 Feb 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3991

Abstract

As a result of agri-food production large amounts of organic waste are created in the form of press cakes. Until now, they were mainly used as animal fodder and also utilized for biofuels production. No other way usage has been found yet. A [...] Read more.

As a result of agri-food production large amounts of organic waste are created in the form of press cakes. Until now, they were mainly used as animal fodder and also utilized for biofuels production. No other way usage has been found yet. A large quantity of these by-products is usually discarded in open areas, which leads to potentially serious environmental problems. The rich chemical composition of these waste products makes it possible to use them for producing other food products valuable for consumers. Based on the test results obtained, it can be stated that moisture content of press cakes is varied and depends on the input material. However, appropriately composed mixtures of various waste products and a properly conducted compaction process allows for obtaining a new product with functional properties. In addition, application of honey powder and starch tablet coating creates a product of resistant to compression and cutting. Results seem to have commercial importance, as they demonstrate that properly processed by-products can be used in food preparations as dietary supplements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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13 pages, 1293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultraviolet Fluorescence in the Assessment of Quality in the Mixing of Granular Material

by Dominika Barbara Matuszek

Sustainability 2020, 12(4), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041546 - 19 Feb 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2760

Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of using ultraviolet fluorescence to evaluate the quality of the mixing process of industrial feed. A laboratory funnel-flow mixer was used for the mixing process. The studies were carried out using three different [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of using ultraviolet fluorescence to evaluate the quality of the mixing process of industrial feed. A laboratory funnel-flow mixer was used for the mixing process. The studies were carried out using three different feeds for pigs. A key component in the form of ground grains of yellow maize covered with the fluorescent substance Rhodamine B was introduced into the mixer before the mixing process began. After the illumination of the sample by UV lamps, the images were taken with a digital camera. The images were analyzed in Patan^® software. The information obtained on the percentage content of the key component was used for further calculations. At the same time, the tracer content was determined using the control method (weight method). The comparison of the results obtained by the two methods (statistical comparative analysis) did not indicate significant differences. Therefore, the usefulness of the proposed method to track the share of the key component by inducing it to glow in the ultraviolet light has been proven. The introduced tracer is also one of the components of the feed, which translates into the possibility of observing the material having the characteristics of a mixed material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 2653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biochars Originating from Different Biomass and Pyrolysis Process Reveal to Have Different Microbial Characterization: Implications for Practice

by Wioletta Żukiewicz-Sobczak, Agnieszka Latawiec, Paweł Sobczak, Bernardo Strassburg, Dorota Plewik and Małgorzata Tokarska-Rodak

Sustainability 2020, 12(4), 1526; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041526 - 18 Feb 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2634

Abstract

Sustainable technologies are increasingly promoted in various production areas. Protection of natural resources, as well as rational waste management, may lead to better optimization of technologies. Biochar, a product of pyrolysis of organic residues has found wide applications in waste management, agriculture, energy [...] Read more.

Sustainable technologies are increasingly promoted in various production areas. Protection of natural resources, as well as rational waste management, may lead to better optimization of technologies. Biochar, a product of pyrolysis of organic residues has found wide applications in waste management, agriculture, energy and construction industry. In the present study biochar samples produced in Poland and in Brazil were analysed for microbial content using three substrates: Plate Count Agar, Malt Agar, and Potato Agar. Both qualitative and quantitative measurements were done. Microscopic analysis of the biochar structure was also performed. We found that microbial cultures in both biochars represented a wide range of biodiversity of microorganisms genera and species. We demonstrate that the biochar samples differ depending on the botanical origin as well as on the production technology. Structure of the tested samples also varied depending on the botanical origin. Sample 1-PL (pine) was characterised by a compact and regular structure, while sample 2-PL (oak) showed porous and irregular structure. Sample from Brazil (1-BR) showed a more delicate structure than Polish biochars. Obtained properties may suggest a range of implications for practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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21 pages, 674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Extraction Conditions for the Antioxidant Potential of Different Pumpkin Varieties (Cucurbita maxima)

by Bartosz Kulczyński, Anna Gramza-Michałowska and Jolanta B. Królczyk

Sustainability 2020, 12(4), 1305; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041305 - 11 Feb 2020

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 13904

Abstract

Antioxidants are a wide group of chemical compounds characterized by high bioactivity. They affect human health by inhibiting the activity of reactive oxygen species. Thus, they limit their harmful effect and reduce the risk of many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and neurodegenerative [...] Read more.

Antioxidants are a wide group of chemical compounds characterized by high bioactivity. They affect human health by inhibiting the activity of reactive oxygen species. Thus, they limit their harmful effect and reduce the risk of many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxidants are also widely used in the food industry. They prevent the occurrence of unfavourable changes in food products during storage. They inhibit fat oxidation and limit the loss of colour. For this reason, they are often added to meat products. Many diet components exhibit an antioxidative activity. A high antioxidative capacity is attributed to fruit, vegetables, spices, herbs, tea, and red wine. So far, the antioxidative properties of various plant materials have been tested. However, the antioxidative activity of some products has not been thoroughly investigated yet. To date, there have been only a few studies on the antioxidative activity of the pumpkin, including pumpkin seeds, flowers, and leaves, but not the pulp. The main focus of our experiment was to optimize the extraction so as to increase the antioxidative activity of the pumpkin pulp. Variable extraction conditions were used for this purpose, i.e., the type and concentration of the solvent, as well as the time and temperature of the process. In addition, the experiment involved a comparative analysis of the antioxidative potential of 14 pumpkin cultivars of the Cucurbita maxima species. The study showed considerable diversification of the antioxidative activity of different pumpkin cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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13 pages, 5610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Work Process of a Station for Preparing Forage

by Andrzej Marczuk, Wojciech Misztal, Sergey Bulatov, Vladimir Nechayev and Petr Savinykh

Sustainability 2020, 12(3), 1050; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031050 - 2 Feb 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3384

Abstract

Forage from grain plays a special role in animal nutrition because it constitutes feed with a high content of readily available carbohydrates. Unfortunately, the equipment used to prepare forage is often manufactured without the necessary justification and confirmation of the declared sizes and [...] Read more.

Forage from grain plays a special role in animal nutrition because it constitutes feed with a high content of readily available carbohydrates. Unfortunately, the equipment used to prepare forage is often manufactured without the necessary justification and confirmation of the declared sizes and indicators of the work process. This forms the basis for our theoretical and experimental studies. Research has been carried out to provide justification of the design and operating parameters of the patented station for producing forage from cereal crops. This article describes the technology for preparing forage from grain and provides a detailed description of the station used and the principle of its operation. During the experiments, we studied the influence of the angle α of setting the grid-work (plate) and the distance S from the nozzle to the grid-work on the quality of forage. Qualitative, quantitative, and energy indicators have been evaluated using up-to-date measuring instruments and equipment. The method is described, and the studied factors and evaluation criteria for the preparation of forage from grain are indicated. The forage quality results are presented, as determined by the content of whole grains in it via the residue on a sieve with a sieve size of 3 mm when preparing it with a different combination of the studied factors. The analysis of the energy consumption results of the process of preparing forage from grain under various operating conditions of the plant is shown. As a result, the optimal location parameters of the passive grinder have been found, allowing to obtain high-quality forage with minimal power consumption of the electric motor. A grid-work should be used as a grinder. Its installation angle should be 30°, and the distance between the grid-work and the nozzle should be 205 mm. With this combination of parameters, the specific energy consumption is minimal and amounts to 41.5 W·h/L. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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12 pages, 927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method for the Reduction of Natural Losses of Potato Tubers During their Long-Term Storage

by Tomasz Jakubowski and Jolanta B. Królczyk

Sustainability 2020, 12(3), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031048 - 2 Feb 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3994

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to establish whether UV-C radiation applied to potato tubers prior to their storage affected their natural losses over a long period of time. A custom-built UV-C radiation stand constructed for the purpose of this experiment was equipped [...] Read more.

The purpose of the study was to establish whether UV-C radiation applied to potato tubers prior to their storage affected their natural losses over a long period of time. A custom-built UV-C radiation stand constructed for the purpose of this experiment was equipped with a UV-C NBV15 radiator generating a 253.7 nm long wave with power density of 80 to 100 μW∙cm⁻². Three varieties of edible medium late potatoes, Jelly, Syrena, and Fianna, were the objects of the research. The measurement of tightly controlled storage conditions was carried out over three seasons between 2016/2017 and 2018/2019, in a professional agricultural cold store with automated adjustment of interior microclimate parameters. The obtained data were processed using the variance analysis (α = 0.05). There was a statistically significant reduction in transpiration- and respiration-caused losses in the UV-C radiated potato tubers in comparison to those of the control sample. Additionally, the Jelly variety reacted to UV-C radiation demonstrating a reduction in sprout weight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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17 pages, 7066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical and Processing Properties of Rice Grains

by Weronika Kruszelnicka, Andrzej Marczuk, Robert Kasner, Patrycja Bałdowska-Witos, Katarzyna Piotrowska, Józef Flizikowski and Andrzej Tomporowski

Sustainability 2020, 12(2), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020552 - 11 Jan 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4756

Abstract

Strength properties of grains have a significant impact on the energy demand of grinding mills. This paper presents the results of tests of strength and energy needed the for destruction of rice grains. The research aim was to experimentally determine mechanical and processing [...] Read more.

Strength properties of grains have a significant impact on the energy demand of grinding mills. This paper presents the results of tests of strength and energy needed the for destruction of rice grains. The research aim was to experimentally determine mechanical and processing properties of the rice grains. The research problem was formulated in the form of questions: (1) what force and energy are needed to induce a rupture of rice grain of the Oryza sativa L. of long-grain variety? (2) what is the relationship between grain size and strength parameters and the energy of grinding rice grain of the species Oryza sativa L. long-grain variety? In order to find the answer to the problems posed, a static compression test of rice grains was done. The results indicate that the average forces needed to crush rice grain are 174.99 kg m·s⁻², and the average energy is 28.03 mJ. There was no statistically significant relationship between the grain volume calculated based on the volumetric mass density V_ρ and the crushing energy, nor between the volume V_ρ and other strength properties of rice grains. In the case of Vs, a low negative correlation between strength σ_min and a low positive correlation between the power inducing the first crack were found for the grain size related volume. A low negative correlation between the grain thickness a₃, stresses σ_min and work W_Fmax was found as well as a low positive correlation between thickness a₃ and the force inducing the first crack F_min. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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9 pages, 759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling Water Absorption in Micronized Lentil Seeds with the Use of Peleg’s Equation

by Izabela Kuna-Broniowska, Agata Blicharz-Kania, Dariusz Andrejko, Agnieszka Kubik-Komar, Zbigniew Kobus, Anna Pecyna, Monika Stoma, Beata Ślaska-Grzywna and Leszek Rydzak

Sustainability 2020, 12(1), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010261 - 28 Dec 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2562

Abstract

The aim of the paper was to investigate the effect of infrared pre-treatment on the process of water absorption by lentil seeds. The paper presents the effects of micronization on the process of water absorption by lentil seeds. As a source of infrared [...] Read more.

The aim of the paper was to investigate the effect of infrared pre-treatment on the process of water absorption by lentil seeds. The paper presents the effects of micronization on the process of water absorption by lentil seeds. As a source of infrared emission, 400-W ceramic infrared radiators ECS-1 were used. The seeds were soaked at three temperature values (in the range from 25 to 75 °C) for 8 h, that is, until the equilibrium moisture content was achieved. Peleg’s equation was used to describe the kinetics of water absorption by lentil seeds. The results were compared with those obtained in the process of soaking crude seeds. On the basis of the conducted research, it was found that the infrared pre-treatment contributed to a substantial increase in the water absorption rate in the initial period of soaking lentil seeds (especially at 25 °C). Infrared irradiation can be an effective method for intensification of lentil seed hydration at an ambient temperature. It should be assumed that, in accordance with the principles of sustainable development, shortening the heating time will significantly reduce the energy consumption and cost of processing lentil seeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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10 pages, 3202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Selected Parameters on Spelt Dehulling in a Wire Mesh Cylinder

by Andrzej Anders, Ewelina Kolankowska, Dariusz Jan Choszcz, Stanisław Konopka and Zdzisław Kaliniewicz

Sustainability 2020, 12(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010043 - 19 Dec 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2673

Abstract

A spelt dehuller with an innovative structural design is described in the study. In the developed solution, spelt kernels are separated by the mechanical impact of friction in a wire mesh cylinder with 4 × 4 mm openings. The dehuller is powered by [...] Read more.

A spelt dehuller with an innovative structural design is described in the study. In the developed solution, spelt kernels are separated by the mechanical impact of friction in a wire mesh cylinder with 4 × 4 mm openings. The dehuller is powered by a motor with a rotating impeller with an adjustable blade angle. In the experimental part of the study, spelt kernels are dehulled at five rotational speeds of the shaft: 160 to 400 rpm at intervals of 60 rpm, and five rotor blade angles: 50° to 90° at intervals of 10°. The efficiency of spelt dehulling (removal of glumes and glumelles) is evaluated based on kernel separation efficiency, husk separation efficiency, and the proportion of damaged kernels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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18 pages, 5386 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Wheat Moisture and Hardness on the Parameters of the Peleg and Normand Model during Relaxation of Single Kernels at Variable Initial Loading

by Jawad Kadhim Al Aridhee, Grzegorz Łysiak, Ryszard Kulig, Monika Wójcik and Marian Panasiewicz

Sustainability 2019, 11(24), 7100; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247100 - 11 Dec 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2389

Abstract

The aim of the study was to examine the Peleg and Normand model to characterize the overall stress relaxation behavior of wheat kernel at varying load conditions. The relaxation experiments were made with the help of the universal testing machine, Zwick Z020, by [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to examine the Peleg and Normand model to characterize the overall stress relaxation behavior of wheat kernel at varying load conditions. The relaxation experiments were made with the help of the universal testing machine, Zwick Z020, by subjecting the samples to compression at four distinct initial load levels, i.e., 20 N, 30 N, 40 N, and 50 N. The measurements were made for four wheat varieties (two soft and two hard-type endosperms) and seven levels of moisture content. Relaxation characteristics were approximated with the help of the Peleg and Normand equation. An interactive influence of the load level, moisture, and wheat hardness on the Peleg and Normand constants has been confirmed. For moist kernels, a higher amount of absorbed compression energy was released, since less energy was required to keep the deformation at a constant level. The constants differed depending on wheat hardness. Higher values of k₁ revealed that the initial force decay was slower for hard varieties. This is more characteristic of elastic behavior. Similarly, higher values of k₂ pointed to a larger amount of elastic (recoverable) energy at the end of the relaxation. The initial loading level had no or only a slight effect on the model coefficients (Y(t), k₁, and k₂). The parameters of the Peleg and Normand model decreased with an increase in the water content in the kernels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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17 pages, 2321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Non-Parametric Bootstrap Confidence Intervals for Evaluation of the Expected Value of the Droplet Stain Diameter Following the Spraying Process

by Andrzej Bochniak, Paweł Artur Kluza, Izabela Kuna-Broniowska and Milan Koszel

Sustainability 2019, 11(24), 7037; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247037 - 9 Dec 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2279

Abstract

In the era of sustainable agriculture, the issue of proper and precise implementation of agrotechnical operations, without harmful effects on the natural environment, begins to play an important role. Statistical tools also become important, for example, when assessing the malfunction of plant cultivation [...] Read more.

In the era of sustainable agriculture, the issue of proper and precise implementation of agrotechnical operations, without harmful effects on the natural environment, begins to play an important role. Statistical tools also become important, for example, when assessing the malfunction of plant cultivation equipment. The study presents a comparison of six nonparametric bootstrap methods used for construction of confidence intervals for the expected value of an average diameter of droplet stains following the spraying process. The simulation tests were carried out based on experiment with nozzle sprayer Lechler 110-03 using two spray nozzles: a new one and an old one. It was assumed that the distribution of the droplet stain size was consistent with the lognormal distribution. The paper considers the influence of the sample size, mean value and standard deviation of the droplet stain diameter on the interval range as well as on the estimated coverage probabilities of the confidence intervals. It was shown that in general these methods can be applied for this purpose. For the double bootstrap method and the studentized method, the empirical confidence levels of the constructed intervals turned out to be less distinct than the assumed level but the lengths of these intervals were greater than the lengths of intervals obtained using the other four methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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13 pages, 3400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lyophilized Protein Structures as an Alternative Biodegradable Material for Food Packaging

by Katarzyna Kozłowicz, Sybilla Nazarewicz, Dariusz Góral, Anna Krawczuk and Marek Domin

Sustainability 2019, 11(24), 7002; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247002 - 8 Dec 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3021

Abstract

Considering the need for sustainable development in packaging production and environmental protection, a material based on lyophilized protein structures intended for frozen food packaging was produced and its selected thermophysical properties were characterized. Analyses of density, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity were performed [...] Read more.

Considering the need for sustainable development in packaging production and environmental protection, a material based on lyophilized protein structures intended for frozen food packaging was produced and its selected thermophysical properties were characterized. Analyses of density, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity were performed and strength tests were carried out for lyophilized protein structures with the addition of xanthan gum and carboxymethyl cellulose. Packagings were made of new materials for their comparative assessment. Then, the surface temperature distribution during thawing of the deep-frozen product inside the packaging was tested. In terms of thermal insulation capacity, the best properties were obtained for sample B4 with a thermal conductivity of λ = 0.06 W∙(mK)⁻¹), thermal capacity C = 0.29 (MJ∙(m³K)⁻¹) and thermal diffusivity a = 0.21 (mm²∙s⁻¹). The density and hardness of the obtained lyophilized protein structures were significantly lower compared to foamed polystyrene used as a reference material. Thermal imaging analysis of the packaging showed the occurrence of local freezing. Lyophilized protein structures obtained from natural ingredients meet the needs of consumers and are environmentally friendly. These were made in accordance with the principles of sustainable development and can be an alternative material used for the production of frozen food packaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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16 pages, 4416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Prediction of the Uniformity of Spray Liquid Coverage from Flat Fan Spray Nozzles

by Paweł A. Kluza, Izabela Kuna-Broniowska and Stanisław Parafiniuk

Sustainability 2019, 11(23), 6716; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236716 - 27 Nov 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3664

Abstract

The effectiveness and quality of agricultural spraying largely depends on the technical efficiency of the nozzles installed in agricultural sprayers. The uniform spraying of plants results in a decrease in the amount of pesticides used in agricultural production and affects environmental safety. Both [...] Read more.

The effectiveness and quality of agricultural spraying largely depends on the technical efficiency of the nozzles installed in agricultural sprayers. The uniform spraying of plants results in a decrease in the amount of pesticides used in agricultural production and affects environmental safety. Both newly developed sprayers and those currently in use need quality control as well as an assessment of the performance of the spraying process, especially its uniformity. However, the models applied presently do not ensure accurate estimates or predictions of the spray liquid coverage uniformity of the treated surface. Generally, the distribution of the atomized liquid quantity is symmetrical and leptokurtic, which means that it does not fit well to the commonly used standard distribution. Therefore, there is a need to develop and design new tools for the evaluation, modeling, and prediction of such a process. The research problem studied in the present work was to find a new model for the distribution of atomized liquid quantity that could provide capabilities better than have been available so far to assess and predict the spraying process results. The research problem was solved through the formulation of a new function for the probability density distribution of sprayed liquid accumulation on the surface of the preset dimension size. The development of the new model was based on the results from a series of water atomization tests with an appropriate measurement device design based on the widely applied flat fan nozzles (AZ-MM type). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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19 pages, 3047 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Survivability of Probiotic Bacteria in Model Systems of Non-Fermented and Fermented Coconut and Hemp Milks

by Agnieszka Szparaga, Sylwester Tabor, Sławomir Kocira, Ewa Czerwińska, Maciej Kuboń, Bartosz Płóciennik and Pavol Findura

Sustainability 2019, 11(21), 6093; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216093 - 1 Nov 2019

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5800

Abstract

This study aimed at determining the survivability of probiotic bacteria cultures in model non-dairy beverages subjected or not to the fermentation and storage processes, representing milk substitutes. The experimental material included milks produced from desiccated coconut and non-dehulled seeds of hemp (Cannabis [...] Read more.

This study aimed at determining the survivability of probiotic bacteria cultures in model non-dairy beverages subjected or not to the fermentation and storage processes, representing milk substitutes. The experimental material included milks produced from desiccated coconut and non-dehulled seeds of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). The plant milks were subjected to chemical and microbiological evaluation immediately after preparation as well as on day 7, 14, and 21 of their cold storage. Study results proved that the produced and modified plant non-dairy beverages could be the matrix for probiotic bacteria. The fermentation process contributed to increased survivability of Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus in both coconut and hemp milk. During 21-day storage of inoculated milk substitutes, the best survivability of Lactobacillus casei was determined in the fermented coconut milk. On day 21 of cold storage, the number of viable Lactobacillus casei cells in the fermented coconut and hemp milks ensured meeting the therapeutic criterion. Due to their nutritional composition and cell count of bacteria having a beneficial effect on the human body, the analyzed groceries—offering an alternative to milk—represent a category of novel food products and their manufacture will contribute to the sustainable development of food production and to food security assurance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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11 pages, 1920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Properties of Rapeseed Oil Enriched with Oils Characterized by High Content of α-linolenic Acid

by Agnieszka Sagan, Agata Blicharz-Kania, Marek Szmigielski, Dariusz Andrejko, Paweł Sobczak, Kazimierz Zawiślak and Agnieszka Starek

Sustainability 2019, 11(20), 5638; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205638 - 13 Oct 2019

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4316

Abstract

Functional foods include cold-pressed oils, which are a rich source of antioxidants and bioactive n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of rapeseed oils supplemented with Spanish sage and cress oils. Seven oil mixtures [...] Read more.

Functional foods include cold-pressed oils, which are a rich source of antioxidants and bioactive n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of rapeseed oils supplemented with Spanish sage and cress oils. Seven oil mixtures consisting of 70% of rapeseed oil and 30% of sage and/or cress oil were prepared for the analyses. The oil mixtures were analyzed to determine their acid value, peroxide value, oxidative stability, and fatty acid composition. In terms of the acid value and the peroxide value, all mixtures met the requirements for cold-pressed vegetable oils. The enrichment of the rapeseed oil with α-linolenic acid-rich fats resulted in a substantially lower ratio of n-6 to n-3 acids in the mixtures than in the rapeseed oil. The mixture of the rapeseed oil with the sage and cress oils in a ratio of 70:10:20 exhibited higher oxidative stability than the raw materials used for enrichment and a nearly 20% α-linolenic acid content. The oils proposed in this study can improve the ratio of n-6:n-3 acids in modern diets. Additionally, mixing the cress seed oils with rapeseed oil and chia oil resulted in a reduction in the content of erucic acid in the finished product. This finding indicates that cress seeds, despite their high content of erucic acid, can be used as food components. The production of products with a positive effect on human health is one of the most important factors in the sustainable development of agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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13 pages, 245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Integrated and Conventional Plant Production on Selected Soil Parameters in Carrot Production

by Anna Szeląg-Sikora, Jakub Sikora, Marcin Niemiec, Zofia Gródek-Szostak, Joanna Kapusta-Duch, Maciej Kuboń, Monika Komorowska and Joanna Karcz

Sustainability 2019, 11(20), 5612; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205612 - 12 Oct 2019

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 4315

Abstract

Currently, the level of efficiency of an effective agricultural production process is determined by how it reduces natural environmental hazards caused by various types of technologies and means of agricultural production. Compared to conventional production, the aim of integrated agricultural cultivation on commercial [...] Read more.

Currently, the level of efficiency of an effective agricultural production process is determined by how it reduces natural environmental hazards caused by various types of technologies and means of agricultural production. Compared to conventional production, the aim of integrated agricultural cultivation on commercial farms is to maximize yields while minimizing costs resulting from the limited use of chemical and mineral means of production. As a result, the factor determining the level of obtained yield is the soil’s richness in nutrients. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of soil richness, depending on the production system appropriate for a given farm. The analysis was conducted for two comparative groups of farms with an integrated and conventional production system. The farms included in the research belonged to two groups of agricultural producers and specialized in carrot production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

11 pages, 1920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Studies of a Rotary–Centrifugal Grain Grinder Using a Multifactorial Experimental Design Method

by Andrzej Marczuk, Agata Blicharz-Kania, Petr A. Savinykh, Alexey Y. Isupov, Andrey V. Palichyn and Ilya I. Ivanov

Sustainability 2019, 11(19), 5362; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195362 - 27 Sep 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3901

Abstract

A scientific and technical literature review on machines designed to grind fodder grain revealed that the existing designs of grinding machines—those based on destruction by impact, cutting, or chipping—have various drawbacks. Some disadvantages include high metal and energy intensity, an uneven particle size [...] Read more.

A scientific and technical literature review on machines designed to grind fodder grain revealed that the existing designs of grinding machines—those based on destruction by impact, cutting, or chipping—have various drawbacks. Some disadvantages include high metal and energy intensity, an uneven particle size distribution of the ground (crushed) product, a high percentage of dust fraction, the rapid wear of work tools (units), and heating of the product. To eliminate most of the identified shortcomings, the design of a rotary–centrifugal grain grinder is proposed in this paper. The optimization of the grinder’s working process was carried out using experimental design methodology. The following factors were studied: the grain material feed, rotor speed (rpm), opening of the separating surface, number of knives (blades) on the inner and outer rings, technical conditions of the knives (sharpened or unsharpened), and the presence of a special insert that is installed in the radial grooves of the distribution bowl. The optimization criteria were based on the amount of electricity consumed by and the performance of the rotary–centrifugal grain grinder. The quality of performance was quantified by the finished product, based on the percentage of particles larger than 3 mm in size. An analysis of the results of the multifactorial experiment allowed us to establish a relationship (interaction) between the factors and their influence on the optimization criteria, as well as to determine the most significant factors and to define further directions for the research of a centrifugal–rotary grain grinder. From our experimental results, we found that the grinder is underutilized in the selected range of factor variation. Furthermore, the number of knives installed at the second stage of the grinder, the gap (clearance) of the separating surface, and the technical condition of the knives are among the most important factors influencing the power consumption and the quality of the resulting product. A reduction in the number of knives at the first stage has a positive effect on all the selected optimization criteria; and by varying the factors in the selected range, it is possible to obtain a product corresponding to medium and coarse grinding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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13 pages, 1058 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Effect of Biochar Used as Soil Amendment on Morphological Diversity of Collembola

by Iwona Gruss, Jacek P. Twardowski, Agnieszka Latawiec, Jolanta Królczyk and Agnieszka Medyńska-Juraszek

Sustainability 2019, 11(18), 5126; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11185126 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3589

Abstract

Biochar was reported to improve the chemical and physical properties of soil. The use of biochar as a soil amendment have been found to improve the soil structure, increase the porosity, decrease bulk density, as well increase aggregation and water retention. Knowing that [...] Read more.

Biochar was reported to improve the chemical and physical properties of soil. The use of biochar as a soil amendment have been found to improve the soil structure, increase the porosity, decrease bulk density, as well increase aggregation and water retention. Knowing that springtails (Collembola) are closely related to soil properties, the effect of biochar on morphological diversity of these organisms was evaluated. The main concept was the classification of springtails to the life-form groups and estimation of QBS-c index (biological quality index based on Collembola species). We conducted the field experiment where biochar was used as soil amendment in oilseed rape and maize crops. Wood-chip biochar from low-temperature (300 °C) flash pyrolysis was free from PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) and other toxic components. Results showed that all springtail life-form groups (epedaphic, hemiedaphic, and euedaphic) were positively affected after biochar application. The QBS-c index, which relates to springtails’ adaptation to living in the soil, was higher in treatments where biochar was applied. We can recommend the use of Collembola’s morphological diversity as a good tool for the bioindication of soil health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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15 pages, 2485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Simulation of Particle Motion in the Operation Area of a Centrifugal Rotary Chopper Machine

by Andrzej Marczuk, Jacek Caban, Alexey V. Aleshkin, Petr A. Savinykh, Alexey Y. Isupov and Ilya I. Ivanov

Sustainability 2019, 11(18), 4873; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11184873 - 6 Sep 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2902

Abstract

The article presents approaches to the formation of a general computational scheme for modeling (simulating) the particle motion on an axisymmetric rotating curved surface with a vertical axis of rotation. To describe the complex particle motion over a given surface, the fundamental equation [...] Read more.

The article presents approaches to the formation of a general computational scheme for modeling (simulating) the particle motion on an axisymmetric rotating curved surface with a vertical axis of rotation. To describe the complex particle motion over a given surface, the fundamental equation of particle dynamics in a non-inertial reference frame was used, and by projecting it onto the axes of cylindrical coordinates, the Lagrange’s differential equations of the first kind were obtained. According to the proposed algorithm in C#, an application was developed that enables graphical and numerical control of the calculation results. The program interface contains six screen forms with tabular baseline data (input) and a table of a step-by-step calculation of results (output); particle displacement, velocity, and acceleration diagrams constructed along the axes of the system of cylindrical coordinates ρ and z; graphical presentation of the generate of the surface of revolution and the trajectory of the absolute motion of a particle over the axisymmetric rotating surface developed in polar coordinates. Examples of the calculation of the particle motion are presented. The obtained results can be used for the study and design of machines, for example, centrifugal rotary chopper machines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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11 pages, 881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Dust Concentration During Grinding Grain in Sustainable Agriculture

by Paweł Sobczak, Jacek Mazur, Kazimierz Zawiślak, Marian Panasiewicz, Wioletta Żukiewicz-Sobczak, Jolanta Królczyk and Jerzy Lechowski

Sustainability 2019, 11(17), 4572; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174572 - 22 Aug 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3231

Abstract

This work analyses the organic dust concentration during a wheat grinding process which was carried out using two types of grinders: A hammer mill and a roller mill. DustTrak II aerosol monitor was used to measure the concentration of the dust PM10 (particles [...] Read more.

This work analyses the organic dust concentration during a wheat grinding process which was carried out using two types of grinders: A hammer mill and a roller mill. DustTrak II aerosol monitor was used to measure the concentration of the dust PM10 (particles with the size smaller than 10 μm), PM4.0, and PM1.0. An increase of the grain moisture to 14% resulted in the reduction in PM10 when grinding grain using the hammer mill. An inverse relationship was obtained when grain was ground using the roller mill. A smaller amount of the fraction below 0.1 mm was observed for larger diameter of the holes in the screen and smaller size of the working gap in the roller mill. For both mills, the obtained concentration of the PM10 fraction dust exceeded the acceptable level. To protect farmers health, it is necessary to use dust protection equipment or to modify the grinding technology by changing the grain moisture content and/or the grinding parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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14 pages, 285 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Dependency between Extreme Prices of Selected Agricultural Products on the Derivatives Market Using the Linkage Function

by Zofia Gródek-Szostak, Gabriela Malik, Danuta Kajrunajtys, Anna Szeląg-Sikora, Jakub Sikora, Maciej Kuboń, Marcin Niemiec and Joanna Kapusta-Duch

Sustainability 2019, 11(15), 4144; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154144 - 1 Aug 2019

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3346

Abstract

The purpose of the article is to identify and estimate the dependency model for the extreme prices of agricultural products listed on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. The article presents the results of the first stage of research covering the time interval 1975–2010. The [...] Read more.

The purpose of the article is to identify and estimate the dependency model for the extreme prices of agricultural products listed on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. The article presents the results of the first stage of research covering the time interval 1975–2010. The selected products are: Corn, soybean and wheat. The analysis of the dependency between extreme price values on the selected futures was based on the estimation of five models of two-dimensional extreme value copulas, namely, the Galambos copula, the Gumbel copula, the Husler–Reiss copula, the Tawn asymmetric copula and the t-EV copula. The next stage of the analysis was to test whether the structure of the dependency described with the estimated copulas is a sufficient approximation of reality, and whether it is suitable for modeling empirical data. The quality of matching the estimated copulas to empirical data of return rates of agricultural products was assessed. For this purpose, the Kendall coefficient was calculated, and the methodology of the empirical combining function was used. The conducted research allowed for the determination of the conduct for this kind of phenomena as it is crucial in the process of investing in derivatives markets. The analyzed phenomena are highly dependent on e.g., financial crises, war, or market speculation but also on drought, fires, rainfall, or even crop oversupply. The conducted analysis is of key importance in terms of balancing agricultural production on a global scale. It should be emphasized that conducting market analysis of agricultural products at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in the context of competition with the agricultural market of the European Union is of significant importance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

15 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health-Promoting Properties of Fresh and Processed Purple Cauliflower

by Joanna Kapusta-Duch, Anna Szeląg-Sikora, Jakub Sikora, Marcin Niemiec, Zofia Gródek-Szostak, Maciej Kuboń, Teresa Leszczyńska and Barbara Borczak

Sustainability 2019, 11(15), 4008; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154008 - 24 Jul 2019

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6620

Abstract

Plant-based foods should be fresh, safe, and natural, with nutritional value and processed in sustainable ways. Among all consumed vegetables, Brassica vegetables are considered to be the most important ones. As they are eaten in large quantities and frequently, they may constitute an [...] Read more.

Plant-based foods should be fresh, safe, and natural, with nutritional value and processed in sustainable ways. Among all consumed vegetables, Brassica vegetables are considered to be the most important ones. As they are eaten in large quantities and frequently, they may constitute an important source of nutrients and bioactive compounds in a daily diet. This work is aimed at assessing the effect of technological processing (blanching and traditional cooking in water and in a convection steam oven) as well as the method of frozen storage (in PE-LD zipper bags and vacuum packing) on the content of selected components in purple cauliflower. The material was examined for the content of dry matter, vitamin C, total polyphenols, anthocyanins, thiocyanates, nitrates, and nitrites, as well as antioxidant activity. All technological processes caused significant changes in the contents of examined nutritive and non-nutritive compounds as well as in antioxidant activity or the level of selected chemical pollutions. A trend was also observed towards lower constituents’ losses as a result of convection steaming, compared to traditional cooking in water. Moreover, the reduction in the content of examined compounds was smaller in vacuum-packed and frozen-stored vegetables then in those stored in zipper PE-LD bags. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

11 pages, 2907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Potential Use of Young Barley Shoots and Leaves for the Production of Green Juices

by Agata Blicharz-Kania, Dariusz Andrejko, Franciszek Kluza, Leszek Rydzak and Zbigniew Kobus

Sustainability 2019, 11(14), 3960; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143960 - 21 Jul 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3580

Abstract

It is possible to use the aboveground parts of barley, which are cultivated as a forecrop. They are often simply composted or dried for bedding. It is worth trying other more effective methods of processing aboveground biomass. The aim of this study was [...] Read more.

It is possible to use the aboveground parts of barley, which are cultivated as a forecrop. They are often simply composted or dried for bedding. It is worth trying other more effective methods of processing aboveground biomass. The aim of this study was to preliminary investigate the possibility of using young barley leaves and shoots for the production of green juice with potential health properties. The material was collected at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 after plant emergence. The length and strength of the shoots were measured and the pressing yield was calculated. The pH value and the content of protein, chlorides, and reducing sugars were also determined. The juice was additionally subjected to pasteurisation and freezing, and changes in pH and chlorophyll content occurring during storage were determined. The pressing yield of young barley leaves and shoots was estimated to be between 69% and 73%. The product was characterised by a high content of total protein (34.45%–51.81%_d.w.) and chlorophylls (6.62 mg·g⁻¹). The chlorophyll content declined during barley juice storage. Pasteurisation of the juice from young barley leaves does not induce statistically significant changes in the pH of the juice, but reduces the chlorophyll content. Our results revealed that the most effective way to preserve the green juice is by freezing. This process does not induce changes in juice acidity and only slightly reduces the chlorophyll content during storage of the product. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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10 pages, 235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Assessment for Social Practices in Small Vegetable farms in Poland as a Tool for the Optimization of Quality Management Systems

by Marcin Niemiec, Monika Komorowska, Anna Szeląg-Sikora, Jakub Sikora, Maciej Kuboń, Zofia Gródek-Szostak and Joanna Kapusta-Duch

Sustainability 2019, 11(14), 3913; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143913 - 18 Jul 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3440

Abstract

Globalization of the food market is associated with the possibility of selling products into newer markets. However, it is also associated with the necessity to ensure proper quality products. Quality defined by the ISO 9001:2015 standard consists of factors that are part of [...] Read more.

Globalization of the food market is associated with the possibility of selling products into newer markets. However, it is also associated with the necessity to ensure proper quality products. Quality defined by the ISO 9001:2015 standard consists of factors that are part of customers’ expectations concerning the safety of products and the technology of their manufacture. Currently, consumers are looking for products with defined and reproducible sensory properties, in which the content of harmful substances is below the critical values specified by legislation. This is observable particularly in developed countries. The second quality factor is the use of a production technology where negative environmental impacts are reduced. Recently, issues associated with protecting workers’ rights and social needs have also become very important. In successive versions of quality management systems, such as GLOBAL G.A.P. or SAI Platform, social issues are becoming more and more important. The aim of this study was to assess the role of risk analysis for social practices in small farms in building a quality management system. Surveys were conducted in 2018. The surveys covered 62 vegetables or fruit farms with a cultivated area of up to 20 ha. Their lack of staff was due to the character of production. Where mechanic production is possible in small farms, family members can secure workforce demand. To achieve the research objective, a risk analysis was carried out for the implementation of social practices according to the guidelines of the ISO 31000:2018 standard. The criteria and inventory of identified risks were carried out, based on the guidelines of GLOBAL G.A.P. Risk Assessments on Social Practice (GRASP). Based on the identified risks, the areas relating to social practices, which require improvement in order to satisfy compliance with the GLOBAL G.A.P. standard, were indicated. The results of the conducted research pointed to a high risk of good social practices not being carried out and not meeting compliance with the requirements of the GLOBAL G.A.P. standard. The most important identified problems are associated with the deficiency of competent workers as well as the lack of facilities where workers can rest, eat and drink. A considerable problem is the conformity of employment contracts with local legislation and ensuring that work time and rest time are consistent with the law. In conditions of small farms in Poland, the problem with ensuring compliance with the standard in question is often the small number of workers. Creating an organized quality management system in the area of social practices is difficult in these cases, and sometimes even impossible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

15 pages, 1612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Press Construction on Yield and Quality of Apple Juice

by Kamil Wilczyński, Zbigniew Kobus and Dariusz Dziki

Sustainability 2019, 11(13), 3630; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133630 - 2 Jul 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5963

Abstract

The paper presents the possibility of applying different press constructions for juice extraction in small farms. The research was carried out with three different varieties of apples, namely, Rubin, Mutsu, and Jonaprince. Two types of presses were tested: a basket press and a [...] Read more.

The paper presents the possibility of applying different press constructions for juice extraction in small farms. The research was carried out with three different varieties of apples, namely, Rubin, Mutsu, and Jonaprince. Two types of presses were tested: a basket press and a screw press. Generally, application of the screw press makes it possible to obtain a higher yield of extraction compared to the basket press. In our study, the differences in the pressing yield among press machines also depended on the apple variety used. The juices obtained on the screw press were found to be of a higher quality characterized by a higher content of soluble solids, higher viscosity, higher total content of polyphenols, higher antioxidant activity, and lower acidity. Thus, the selection of an appropriate press is the key to producing high-quality apple juice with health-promoting properties for manufacturers of apple juice at the local marketplace. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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12 pages, 3316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Modeling of the Shape of Agricultural Products on the Example of Cucumber Fruits

by Andrzej Anders, Dariusz Choszcz, Piotr Markowski, Adam Józef Lipiński, Zdzisław Kaliniewicz and Elwira Ślesicka

Sustainability 2019, 11(10), 2798; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102798 - 16 May 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3377

Abstract

The aim of the study was to build numerical models of cucumbers cv. Śremski with the use of a 3D scanner and to analyze selected geometric parameters of cucumber fruits based on the developed models. The basic dimensions of cucumber fruits–length, width and [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to build numerical models of cucumbers cv. Śremski with the use of a 3D scanner and to analyze selected geometric parameters of cucumber fruits based on the developed models. The basic dimensions of cucumber fruits–length, width and thickness—were measured with an electronic caliper with an accuracy of d = 0.01 mm, and the surface area and volume of fruits were determined by 3D scanning. Cucumber fruits were scanned with an accuracy of d = 0.13 mm. Six models approximating the shape of cucumber fruits were developed with the use of six geometric figures and their combinations to calculate the surface area and volume of the analyzed agricultural products were identified. The surface area and volume of cucumber fruits calculated by 3D scanning and mathematical formulas were compared. The surface area calculated with the model combining two truncated cones and two hemispheres with different diameters, joined base-to-base, was characterized by the smallest relative error of 3%. Fruit volume should be determined with the use of mathematical formulas derived for a model composed of an ellipsoid and a spheroid. The proposed geometric models can be used in research and design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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Review

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13 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Review of Biomass Potential for Agricultural Biogas Production in Poland

by Katarzyna Anna Koryś, Agnieszka Ewa Latawiec, Katarzyna Grotkiewicz and Maciej Kuboń

Sustainability 2019, 11(22), 6515; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226515 - 19 Nov 2019

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 6364

Abstract

Adequate management of biomass residues generated by agricultural and food industry can reduce their negative impacts on the environment. The alternative use for agricultural waste is production of biogas. Biomass feedstock intended as a substrate for the agricultural biogas plants may include energy [...] Read more.

Adequate management of biomass residues generated by agricultural and food industry can reduce their negative impacts on the environment. The alternative use for agricultural waste is production of biogas. Biomass feedstock intended as a substrate for the agricultural biogas plants may include energy crops, bio-waste, products of animal and plant origin and organic residues from food production. This study reviews the potential of selected biomass residues from the agri-food industry in terms of use for agricultural biogas production in Poland. The most common agri-food residues used as substrates for biogas plants in Poland are maize silage, slurry, and distillery waste. It is important that the input for the agricultural biogas installations can be based on local wastes and co-products that require appropriate disposal or storage conditions and might be burdensome for the environment. The study also discusses several limitations that might have an unfavourable impact regarding biogas plants development in Poland. Given the estimated biomass potential, the assumptions defining the scope of use of agricultural biogas and the undeniable benefits provided by biogas production, agricultural biogas plants should be considered as a promising branch of sustainable electricity and thermal energy production in Poland, especially in rural areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering)

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