Agriculture

28 pages, 6948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Experiment of Greenhouse Self-Balancing Mobile Robot Based on PR Joint Sensor

by Yaohui Zhang, Yugang Song, Fanggang Lu, Dongxing Zhang, Li Yang, Tao Cui, Xiantao He and Kailiang Zhang

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2040; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102040 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1799

Abstract

To avoid issues such as the greenhouse working robot’s inability to perform normal tasks or reduced working accuracy due to the influence of uneven ground, this study designed a set of greenhouse self-balancing mobile robots. The self-balancing mobile robot system designed in this [...] Read more.

To avoid issues such as the greenhouse working robot’s inability to perform normal tasks or reduced working accuracy due to the influence of uneven ground, this study designed a set of greenhouse self-balancing mobile robots. The self-balancing mobile robot system designed in this study uses a quadruped mobile robot as a carrier, equipped with a three-degrees-of-freedom wheel-leg structure and is complemented with a posture control algorithm. The algorithm calculates the adjustment of each leg based on the vehicle’s tilt angle and wheel-ground pressure, achieving control over the robot’s posture angle, the center of gravity height, wheel-ground contact force, and other functions. To address the issue of over-constrained (weak legs) posture adjustment during mobile robot fieldwork, a flexible joint sensor based on the PR structure has been designed and developed. After field testing, it was verified that the greenhouse self-balancing mobile robot proposed in this study can adapt well to field environments, such as climbing hills, overcoming obstacles, crossing furrows, and so on. The response speed of the flexible joint sensor can meet the requirements of self-balancing while effectively solving the problem of weak legs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Machinery Design and Agricultural Engineering)

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11 pages, 1339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptability of Toxoptera aurantii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to Different Tea Cultivars

by Yingqin He, Changhao Lu, Wenbin Jiang, Wenlong Chen, Jinjuan Fan, Suzhen Niu and Degang Zhao

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2039; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102039 - 23 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1408

Abstract

The adaptability of phytophagous insects to different host plants is a key determinant of their population propagation. Understanding the feeding behaviour and population dynamics of insects is crucial for elucidating host adaptability and screening for insect-resistant germplasms. Here, we investigated Toxoptera aurantii (Hemiptera: [...] Read more.

The adaptability of phytophagous insects to different host plants is a key determinant of their population propagation. Understanding the feeding behaviour and population dynamics of insects is crucial for elucidating host adaptability and screening for insect-resistant germplasms. Here, we investigated Toxoptera aurantii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) adaptability using electropenetrography and assessed its population growth on seven tea cultivars: Huangjinya (HJY), Qianmei601 (QM601), Fudingdabaicha (FD), Longjing43 (LJ43), Qiancha1 (QC1), Qiancha8 (QC8) and Qiancha10 (QC10). The results showed that the feeding behaviour of T. aurantii differed significantly depending on the tea cultivars. The initial probing of T. aurantii on HJY was the earliest among the seven host plants. Aphids on QC1 and QC10 displayed an increased duration of stylet probing and decreased ingestion of phloem sap, whereas a contrasting trend was observed for aphids on HJY. In addition, the mechanical resistance of T. aurantii fed on HJY and QM601 during the probing phase was significantly lower than that of aphids fed on other cultivars. Population dynamic parameters revealed that the growth rate of T. aurantii reared on HJY was the fastest, and its population quantity within 15 days was markedly higher than that of aphids fed on other cultivars. These findings demonstrate that HJY is the most suitable host plant, whereas QC1 and QC10 are less suitable hosts for T. aurantii, although the aphids successfully survived on all the selected tea cultivars. Our results provide valuable information for the biological control of T. aurantii using resistant tea varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Protection, Diseases, Pests and Weeds)

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14 pages, 296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Cultivation for Green Manure and Forage on Subsequent Above- and Below-Ground Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max)

by Miri Choi, Nayoung Choi, Jihyeon Lee, Sora Lee, Yoonha Kim and Chaein Na

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102038 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1523

Abstract

To diversify upland cropping systems, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum; IRG) can be incorporated as forage or green manure to soybean (Glycine max L.). The current study was conducted to analyze the effect of IRG cultivar and usage methods on the [...] Read more.

To diversify upland cropping systems, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum; IRG) can be incorporated as forage or green manure to soybean (Glycine max L.). The current study was conducted to analyze the effect of IRG cultivar and usage methods on the subsequent soybean above- and below-ground growth, as well as the yield, under different conditions. Three cycles of crop rotation were implemented with the combination of IRG cultivar (early maturing “Kowinearly”; late maturing “Winterhawk”), IRG usage (green manure for which both above- and below-ground biomass was incorporated, +CC; and forage for which only below-ground biomass was incorporated, −CC), and fallow soil as control. The soybean yield of +CC was consistently high regardless of the IRG cultivar, and it demonstrated an increase even under unfavorable weather conditions, while −CC treated did not differ from control. Incorporated IRG could serve as a starter fertilizer (79 to 156 kg ha⁻¹ of N input). Soybean root characteristic differences showed substantial variability depending on the year and treatments. However, when compared to the control, no adverse effects of IRG were evident. Thus, using IRG as a green manure has the potential to enhance soybean yield, while using IRG as a forage could bring additional harvested matter to the rotational system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability and Adaptability on Crop Production)

28 pages, 1512 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Application of Artificial Intelligence Models for Food Security: A Review

by Rebecca Sarku, Ulfia A. Clemen and Thomas Clemen

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2037; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102037 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 9062

Abstract

Emerging technologies associated with Artificial Intelligence (AI) have enabled improvements in global food security situations. However, there is a limited understanding regarding the extent to which stakeholders are involved in AI modelling research for food security purposes. This study systematically reviews the existing [...] Read more.

Emerging technologies associated with Artificial Intelligence (AI) have enabled improvements in global food security situations. However, there is a limited understanding regarding the extent to which stakeholders are involved in AI modelling research for food security purposes. This study systematically reviews the existing literature to bridge the knowledge gap in AI and food security, focusing on software modelling perspectives. The study found the application of AI models to examine various indicators of food security across six continents, with most studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa. While research organisations conducting AI modelling were predominantly based in Europe or the Americas, their study communities were in the Global South. External funders also supported AI modelling research on food security through international universities and research institutes, although some collaborations with local organisations and external partners were identified. The analysis revealed three patterns in the application of AI models for food security research: (1) the exclusive utilisation of AI models to assess food security situations, (2) stakeholder involvement in some aspects of the AI modelling process, and (3) stakeholder involvement in AI modelling for food security through an iterative process. Overall, studies on AI models for food security were primarily experimental and lacked real-life implementation of the results with stakeholders. Consequently, this study concluded that research on AI, which incorporates feedback and/or the implementation of research outcomes for stakeholders, can contribute to learning and enhance the validity of the models in addressing food security challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Agricultural Machinery and Robots: Embracing Technological Advancements for a Sustainable and Highly Efficient Agricultural Future)

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16 pages, 4666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization and Accuracy Analysis of a Soil–Planter Model during the Sowing Period of Wheat after a Rice Stubble Based Discrete Element Method

by Weiwen Luo, Xulei Chen, Kai Guo, Mingyang Qin, Feng Wu, Fengwei Gu and Zhichao Hu

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2036; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102036 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1455

Abstract

The soil during the sowing period of wheat after rice stubble cannot be accurately described by existing models and parameters with DEM because of its high moisture content and strong viscosity. The purpose of this study is to conduct an overall simulation of [...] Read more.

The soil during the sowing period of wheat after rice stubble cannot be accurately described by existing models and parameters with DEM because of its high moisture content and strong viscosity. The purpose of this study is to conduct an overall simulation of high-viscosity paddy soil and to analyze the accuracy of the model. Based on the results of an unconfined compression test and shear test, the range of bond parameters is preliminarily determined by a simulation test. Through the P-BD test and RSM test, the parameters with significant influence are determined to be normal stiffness per unit area (S_N), shear stiffness per unit area (S_S), and critical shear stress (C_S), and an optimized combination of these parameters is obtained. Based on the optimized model, the error range and error generation mechanism of the model are analyzed under different operating parameters. The results show that the optimal parameter combination is S_N of 1.07 × 10⁷ N/m³, S_S of 0.70 × 10⁷ N/m³, and C_S of 0.35 × 10⁵ Pa, corresponding to a compression force of 120.1 N and a shear force of 7.70 N. With an increase in forward speed or seeding quantity or a decrease in rotary plowing speed, the model accuracy tends to increase, and the range of relative errors was found to be from 8.8% to 28.4%. The results can provide a research basis for the study of the motion state of seeds under soil. It can also further enrich parameter data of soil discrete element simulation models and provide a reference for related research studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Machinery Design and Agricultural Engineering)

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13 pages, 890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Activity and Germination of Corn Seeds Stored under Vacuum Pressure

by Arturo Mancera-Rico, Mario E. Vázquez-Badillo, Ernesto Cerna-Chávez, Miriam Sánchez-Vega and Elizabeth González-Estrada

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2035; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102035 - 22 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1399

Abstract

Warehouse pests cause losses in seed quality by physically damaging seeds, carrying other pathogens, and leaving residues of their consumption or their remains. Taking into account that warehouse pests have higher metabolism rates than seeds, in the present study, the viability of Sitophilus [...] Read more.

Warehouse pests cause losses in seed quality by physically damaging seeds, carrying other pathogens, and leaving residues of their consumption or their remains. Taking into account that warehouse pests have higher metabolism rates than seeds, in the present study, the viability of Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky & V.de, 1855) insects and the germination of corn seeds were evaluated for 93 and 180 days, respectively, under conditions of a partial vacuum (0.26 atm (atmosphere)), hermetic sealing, and air exchange. The partial vacuum environment (0.26 atm) did not negatively affect the germination of the seeds over a period of 180 days and resulted in the mortality of adult insects from the 4th day onwards; it also completely prevented physical damage to the seeds. The hermetic packaging did not negatively affect germination, but the insects remained active until day 34, and there was severe damage to the seeds used for their sustenance. Similarly, the gas exchange packaging did not affect germination, but the insects remained active until the last day of observation (93) and also caused severe damage to the seeds used for their maintenance. Partial vacuum (0.26 atm) storage represents a practical solution in certain conditions, for example, the short-term (6 months) storage of germplasms at room temperature (24–26 °C); it can also be useful in the storage and transfer of grains, with the possibility of eliminating or reducing the need for insecticide applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seed Storage, Conservation and Longevity)

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27 pages, 16433 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial-Temporal Differentiation of Soil Biochemical Parameters and Their Relationship with Nitrogen Resources during the Vegetation Period of Selected Crops

by Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka, Aleksandra Grzyb, Remigiusz Łukowiak, Jakub Ceglarek, Alicja Niewiadomska and Dariusz Kayzer

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102034 - 22 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1458

Abstract

Understanding the spatial–temporal variability of soil enzymatic activity and its relationship with nitrogen (N) resources in the soil and crop yield is crucial in rational management practices of mineral fertilization. The scarcity of comprehensive studies on geostatic analyses of agricultural soils and plant [...] Read more.

Understanding the spatial–temporal variability of soil enzymatic activity and its relationship with nitrogen (N) resources in the soil and crop yield is crucial in rational management practices of mineral fertilization. The scarcity of comprehensive studies on geostatic analyses of agricultural soils and plant yields, which would take into account both temporal and spatial variability, was the reason for undertaking this research. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal variability of the activity of soil enzymes, such as acid (PAC) and alkaline (PAL) phosphatases, urease (URE) and protease (PROT), the content of N-NH₄ (ammonium ions), N-NO₃ (nitrate ions), phosphorus (P), pH, moisture, as well as crop yield on a conventionally managed farmland of 40 ha. During the two-year experiment, soil samples were collected from 37 measurement points. Wheat was the first tested crop, followed by oilseed rape. It was shown that all the tested soil parameters showed temporal and spatial variability, and a significant number of them were significantly higher in July. The creation of raster maps showing the distribution of the tested parameters allowed for the observation of the considerable activity of PAC, PAL, URE, and PROT, as well as a high application of N-NO₃ in the southern part of the field during the growth of the plants. The statistical analysis revealed a negative interaction between the N-NH₄ and N-NO₃ and the urease in the soil under the cultivation of plants. The pH and the percentage of moisture in the soil also had higher values in the south of the field. This pointed to the existence of separate production zones in the south-central part of the field, characterized by a higher yield of wheat and rape. On the basis of the conducted research, it was unequivocally stated that the values of enzymatic and chemical parameters of the soil were reflected in the size of the yield obtained, which allows conclusions to be drawn with respect to the rational management of N in the production process, laying the foundations for precision agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture)

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20 pages, 1922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Agronomic Characteristics of Alternative Black Barley Genotypes (Hordeum vulgare var. nigricans and H. v. var. rimpaui) under Different Hydrothermal Conditions of the Growing Seasons

by Małgorzata Szczepanek, Rafał Nowak and Karolina Błaszczyk

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2033; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102033 - 22 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2175

Abstract

Black-seeded barley can be a valuable raw material for functional food. However, its restoration to cropping should be preceded by the identification of the characteristics determining productivity. The field study was conducted to identify specific parameters of the black-seeded barley genotypes (Hordeum [...] Read more.

Black-seeded barley can be a valuable raw material for functional food. However, its restoration to cropping should be preceded by the identification of the characteristics determining productivity. The field study was conducted to identify specific parameters of the black-seeded barley genotypes (Hordeum vulgare var. nigricans and H. v. var. rimpaui) and compare them with common barley (H. vulgare) under the different hydrothermal conditions of the two growing seasons of 2021 and 2022. Our research has shown that each genotype has a set of specific characteristics that best describe it at a given developmental stage. H. v. rimpaui was well characterized by chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as F_V/F_M, F_V/F₀, and PI_ABS at the seedling stage and H. v. nigricans by F_V/F_M and F_V/F₀ at the flag leaf stage. Moreover, H. v. var. rimpaui was distinguished by a high biomass of shoot (726 g m⁻²) and straw yield (5.04 t ha⁻¹) but H. v. var. nigricans by a high number of sterile generative tillers (103 m⁻² in the dry year 2022). Further research should focus on the response of black-seeded barley genotypes to abiotic stresses, while in agronomic practice, efforts should be made to increase the number of grains per ear and 1000-grain weight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Genetics, Genomics and Breeding)

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13 pages, 316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Feeding Dried Apple Pomace on Ruminal Fermentation, Methane Emission, and Biohydrogenation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Dairy Cows

by Khaled Gadulrab, Pola Sidoruk, Martyna Kozłowska, Małgorzata Szumacher-Strabel, Dorota Lechniak, Paweł Kołodziejski, Jarosław Pytlewski, Nina Strzałkowska, Jarosław Olav Horbańczuk, Artur Jóźwik, Yulianri Rizki Yanza, Agung Irawan, Amlan Kumar Patra and Adam Cieślak

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2032; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102032 - 21 Oct 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2180

Abstract

Industrial fruit by-products are now being utilized as animal feeds for several reasons. They may substitute the conventional cereal feeds, and also offer economic and environmental benefits. One of the most important industrial fruit by-products is apple pomace, which can be used as [...] Read more.

Industrial fruit by-products are now being utilized as animal feeds for several reasons. They may substitute the conventional cereal feeds, and also offer economic and environmental benefits. One of the most important industrial fruit by-products is apple pomace, which can be used as a source of energy in the ration of ruminant species, including dairy cattle. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feeding dried apple pomace to dairy cattle on ruminal fermentation, fatty acid concentration, microbial populations, and methane production. The experiment lasted 64 days and was conducted with 4 cannulated commercial dairy cows. The control animals received a standard diet, while the experimental animals was fed a standard diet supplemented with 150 g/kg DM dried apple pomace. Ruminal fluid samples were collected at three different time intervals. The samples were obtained at 0-, 3-, and 6-h post-feeding. The ruminal fluid was used to assess the ammonia concentration, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), long-chain fatty acids (FA), microbial population. A number of ruminal fermentation variables changed as a result of the addition of dried apple pomace to the standard diet. Ruminal pH slightly increased (p < 0.01) while the ammonia concentration decreased (p < 0.01) by 46%. There was a significant decrease in total protozoa count (p < 0.01) and an increase (p < 0.01) in total volatile fatty acids. In addition, there was a decline in methane emission (p = 0.05) by 8% due to dried apple pomace feeding. To sum up, this study demonstrated a positive effect of 150 g/kg DM dietary dried apple pomace on ruminal metabolism including a decrease in ammonia concentration and methane emissions, alongside with an increase in total ruminal VFAs, higher nutrient digestibility, and milk production. Also, beneficial changes to the ruminal fatty acid profile resulting from reduced biohydrogenation were observed although a decreased content of the C18:2 cis 9 trans 11 isomer was also noticed. The dietary inclusion of DAP can serve as a valuable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly dietary component for dairy cows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farm Animal Production)

22 pages, 1127 KiB

Open AccessReview

New Advances in Nano-Enabled Weed Management Using Poly(Epsilon-Caprolactone)-Based Nanoherbicides: A Review

by Meisam Zargar, Maryam Bayat, Francess Sia Saquee, Simbo Diakite, Nakhaev M. Ramzanovich and Khasukhadzhiev A. S. Akhmadovich

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2031; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102031 - 21 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3298

Abstract

The number of effective herbicides available to farmers is steadily decreasing due to increasing herbicide resistance. It seems very important to address and effectively deal with the main weed management challenges (low crop yield and environmental pollution) by investigating the potential of newly [...] Read more.

The number of effective herbicides available to farmers is steadily decreasing due to increasing herbicide resistance. It seems very important to address and effectively deal with the main weed management challenges (low crop yield and environmental pollution) by investigating the potential of newly introduced materials, such as biocompatible polymer-based nanoparticles. The current review aims to encourage agricultural or environmental researchers to conduct new research on the synthesis and application of modified herbicides, such as nanoherbicides, for application in weed management and to provide a comprehensive foundation on the topic. Such nanosystems could help with the promotion of the controlled release of active ingredients and extend their action time, resulting in a reduction in dose and application number; improve the physical and chemical characteristics of the herbicide to increase foliar adhesion; prevent degradation that results from environmental factors (such as sunlight, temperature, microorganisms, or pH); and decrease herbicide leaching and contamination of the environment. Furthermore, it has been indicated that some polymeric nanocarriers can penetrate biological barriers, including membranes and plant cell walls, and translocate across vascular tissues, resulting in a more efficient delivery of active ingredients. Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) is a biocompatible material that is easily decomposable by enzymes and fungi. PCL nanoparticles could be applied as nanocarriers of herbicides in agriculture due to their low toxicity, their potential for large-scale synthesis from inexpensive materials, their ability to dissolve herbicides, their high loading capacity, and their ability to help minimize the chemical decomposition of herbicides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Protection, Diseases, Pests and Weeds)

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19 pages, 2236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Farmer Livelihood Resilience to Climate Change in Rural Areas of Inner Mongolia, China

by Zhiying Han, Yeo-Chang Youn, Seunguk Kim and Hyeyeong Choe

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2030; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102030 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3168

Abstract

This study evaluates how resilient farmers’ livelihoods are to climate change and what factors influence this resilience. To measure resilience, we constructed an indicator system based on the livelihood resilience analysis framework. We surveyed 42 experts and 630 farmers after a climate change [...] Read more.

This study evaluates how resilient farmers’ livelihoods are to climate change and what factors influence this resilience. To measure resilience, we constructed an indicator system based on the livelihood resilience analysis framework. We surveyed 42 experts and 630 farmers after a climate change disturbance in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia, from August to October 2021, and analyzed these data using the comprehensive index method. Meanwhile, we used a multiple linear regression model to analyze the key factors affecting farmer livelihood resilience across different livelihood types and towns. We found that farmers who primarily worked in agriculture had the highest resilience scores and that livelihood resilience differed by geographical location; specifically, livelihood resilience gradually declines from southern to northern areas and from forest and forest-grassland to grassland locations. The results also show that education level, agricultural technology training, transportation infrastructure, accessibility of information, awareness of climate change, climate change perception, change in livelihood strategies, family size, and the holding size of the arable area are positively associated with farmer livelihood resilience, while household head age is negatively associated with resilience. We therefore advise that policymakers should diversify agricultural livelihoods, afforest surrounding arable areas, improve transportation infrastructure, increase learning activities and skill training for farmers, and publicize climate change knowledge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Practices and Policies for More Resilient and Sustainable Agricultural and Agri-Food Systems)

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11 pages, 685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Plant Species against the Phytopathogens Ralstonia solanacearum, Phytophthora infestans, and Neopestalotiopsis javaensis

by Yadira F. Ordóñez, Josué Ruano, Pamela Avila, Lennys Berutti, Paola Chavez Guerrero and Paola E. Ordóñez

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2029; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102029 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2430

Abstract

Plants are prone to be attacked by various pathogenic microorganisms, leading to significant crop yield losses. Pesticides are used to control agricultural pathogens; however, frequently, they are toxic synthetic products. This work evaluated the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Pernettya prostrata, and [...] Read more.

Plants are prone to be attacked by various pathogenic microorganisms, leading to significant crop yield losses. Pesticides are used to control agricultural pathogens; however, frequently, they are toxic synthetic products. This work evaluated the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Pernettya prostrata, and Rubus roseus plant extracts against three phytopathogens Ralstonia solanacearum, Phytophthora infestans, and Neopestalotiopsis javaensis responsible for causing banana bacterial wilt, late blight y scab diseases, respectively. The extracts were obtained in methanol. The phytopathogens were isolated from diseased plants grown in Ecuador, R. solanacearum was isolated from samples of Musa paradiasiaca, P. infestans from samples of Solanum lycopersicum and N. javaensis from diseased samples of Persea americana—morphological and molecular methods identified the isolated pathogens. The antibacterial activity was determined by the microtiter broth dilution method; six serial concentrations of the extracts were tested. The antifungal activity was determined based on the effects of the plant extracts on the inhibition of radial growth of fungi; five serial concentrations of the extracts were tested. The extracts of P. prostrata and R. roseus showed activity against R. solanacearum and P. infestans with a MIC of 22.5 and 31.25 mg/mL, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Control of Plant Diseases)

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24 pages, 6118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Sustainable Approach to Tourism Development in Rural Areas: The Example of Poland

by Krzysztof Widawski, Alicja Krzemińska, Anna Zaręba and Anna Dzikowska

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2028; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102028 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6533

Abstract

The research presented in this article concerns the issue of rural tourism, which is associated with significant economic and landscape changes in the countryside. It is important that tourist development in these areas be subject to the principles of sustainable development, which are [...] Read more.

The research presented in this article concerns the issue of rural tourism, which is associated with significant economic and landscape changes in the countryside. It is important that tourist development in these areas be subject to the principles of sustainable development, which are important for the preservation of the environment in which tourism operates. The research topic is related to two of the most salient features of rural tourism today, environmental sustainability and pro-environmental behavior, which are considered the right ways to achieve sustainability goals. The main research aim presented is to indicate which of the postulates of sustainable development are being implemented and how concerning the functioning and development of rural tourism is on the Polish tourism market. Another goal is to indicate what types of resources in the rural environment are the basis for the preparation of a tourist product; for whom and how these resources are to be used; as well as the participation of the local community in the management of the resources that constitute its own environment, one of the basic principles of sustainable development. The primary method used was a document analysis and an analysis of selected websites presenting rural environmental resources used in this form of tourism. The research identified that sustainable approaches to tourism development in rural areas in Poland are appropriate with respect to the resources available there and to both natural and cultural values. For resources used in a rural environment, emphasis is placed on the protection of both elements. It has been identified that one idea for their protection is sustainable sharing, which assumes rational use to an extent that would not affect the nature of the assets but at the same time could benefit the local community. Both values are used in different ways but, in addition to their purely recreational value, their educational value is equally important each time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Areas Facing the Challenge of Economic Diversification: Threats and Opportunities)

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12 pages, 4040 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Development of a Weight Prediction System for Pigs Using Raspberry Pi

by Myung Hwan Na, Wan Hyun Cho, Sang Kyoon Kim and In Seop Na

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2027; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102027 - 19 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1942

Abstract

Generally, measuring the weight of livestock is difficult; it is time consuming, inconvenient, and stressful for both livestock farms and livestock to be measured. Therefore, these problems must be resolved to boost convenience and reduce economic costs. In this study, we develop a [...] Read more.

Generally, measuring the weight of livestock is difficult; it is time consuming, inconvenient, and stressful for both livestock farms and livestock to be measured. Therefore, these problems must be resolved to boost convenience and reduce economic costs. In this study, we develop a portable prediction system that can automatically predict the weights of pigs, which are commonly used for consumption among livestock, using Raspberry Pi. The proposed system consists of three parts: pig image data capture, pig weight prediction, and the visualization of the predicted results. First, the pig image data are captured using a three-dimensional depth camera. Second, the pig weight is predicted by segmenting the livestock from the input image using the Raspberry Pi module and extracting features from the segmented image. Third, a 10.1-inch monitor is used to visually show the predicted results. To evaluate the performance of the constructed prediction device, the device is learned using the 3D sensor dataset collected from specific breeding farms, and the efficiency of the system is evaluated using separate verification data. The evaluation results show that the proposed device achieves approximately 10.702 for RMSE, 8.348 for MAPE, and 0.146 for MASE predictive power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Innovations in Agriculture—Series II)

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14 pages, 3720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Hand–Eye Calibration Accuracy Improvement Method Based on Iterative Closest Point Algorithm

by Tingwu Yan, Peijuan Li, Yiting Liu, Tong Jia, Hanqi Yu and Guangming Chen

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2026; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102026 - 19 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1702

Abstract

In the functioning of the hand–eye collaboration of an apple picking robot, the accuracy of the hand–eye relationship is a key factor affecting the efficiency and accuracy of the robot’s operation. In order to enhance the low accuracy of traditional hand–eye calibration methods, [...] Read more.

In the functioning of the hand–eye collaboration of an apple picking robot, the accuracy of the hand–eye relationship is a key factor affecting the efficiency and accuracy of the robot’s operation. In order to enhance the low accuracy of traditional hand–eye calibration methods, linear and nonlinear solving methods based on mathematical tools such as quaternions are commonly adopted. To solve the loss of accuracy in decoupling during the linearization solution and to reduce the cumulative error that occurs during nonlinear solutions, a hand–eye calibration method, based on the ICP algorithm, is proposed in this paper. The method initializes the ICP matching algorithm with a solution derived from Tsai–Lenz, and substitutes it for iterative computation, thereby ascertaining a precise hand–eye conversion relationship by optimizing the error threshold and iteration count in the ICP matching process. Experimental results demonstrate that the ICP-based hand–eye calibration optimization algorithm not only circumvents the issues pertaining to accuracy loss and significant errors during solving, but also enhances the rotation accuracy by 13.6% and the translation accuracy by 2.47% compared with the work presented by Tsai–Lenz. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Automation in Smart Farming)

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22 pages, 4393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combining Neural Architecture Search with Knowledge Graphs in Transformer: Advancing Chili Disease Detection

by Boyu Xie, Qi Su, Beilun Tang, Yan Li, Zhengwu Yang, Jiaoyang Wang, Chenxi Wang, Jingxian Lin and Lin Li

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2025; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102025 - 19 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1777

Abstract

With the advancement in modern agricultural technologies, ensuring crop health and enhancing yield have become paramount. This study aims to address potential shortcomings in the existing chili disease detection methods, particularly the absence of optimized model architecture and in-depth domain knowledge integration. By [...] Read more.

With the advancement in modern agricultural technologies, ensuring crop health and enhancing yield have become paramount. This study aims to address potential shortcomings in the existing chili disease detection methods, particularly the absence of optimized model architecture and in-depth domain knowledge integration. By introducing a neural architecture search (NAS) and knowledge graphs, an attempt is made to bridge this gap, targeting enhanced detection accuracy and robustness. A disease detection model based on the Transformer and knowledge graphs is proposed. Upon evaluating various object detection models on edge computing platforms, it was observed that the dynamic head module surpassed the performance of the multi-head attention mechanism during data processing. The experimental results further indicated that when integrating all the data augmentation methods, the model achieved an optimal mean average precision (mAP) of 0.94. Additionally, the dynamic head module exhibited superior accuracy and recall compared to the traditional multi-head attention mechanism. In conclusion, this research offers a novel perspective and methodology for chili disease detection, with aspirations that the findings will contribute to the further advancement of modern agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Big Data Analytics and Machine Learning for Smart Agriculture)

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14 pages, 1581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concentration of Phenolic Compounds and Phenolic Acids of Various Spelt Cultivars in Response to Growing Years

by Magdaléna Lacko-Bartošová, Amandeep Kaur, Lucia Lacko-Bartošová, Ľubomír Kobida, Matej Hudec and Jan Moudrý

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2024; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102024 - 18 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1715

Abstract

The aims of this study were to evaluate and compare the radical scavenging activities (DPPH), phenolic concentrations and concentrations of selected phenolic acids (PAs) of spelt cultivars and breeding lines with common wheat in a three-year controlled field experiment under conditions of organic [...] Read more.

The aims of this study were to evaluate and compare the radical scavenging activities (DPPH), phenolic concentrations and concentrations of selected phenolic acids (PAs) of spelt cultivars and breeding lines with common wheat in a three-year controlled field experiment under conditions of organic farming. No significant variations were observed in the total and free DPPH of Altgold, Ebners Rotkorn, Ostro and PN-1-36 with common wheat. The total DPPH ranged from 52.13% to the lowest value of 44.01% in Franckenkorn. Total, free and bound phenolic concentrations were the highest for common wheat (1902.55 µg FAE g⁻¹ DM of total), while all spelt cultivars achieved significantly lower values (from 1434.94 µg FAE g⁻¹ DM in Franckenkorn to 1650.22 µg FAE g⁻¹ DM in Ebners Rotkorn). Bound phenolic compounds represented 86.3% of the total ones. An extremely dry and warm ripening period had a negative impact on the synthesis of phenolic compounds. The highest concentration of total PAs was observed in spelt Ebners Rotkorn (681.75 µg g⁻¹ DM) and the lowest in common wheat (396.05 µg g⁻¹ DM). The total share of free and bound PAs was 5.7% and 74.8%, respectively. The extremely dry and very warm grain filling period had a more evident negative impact on the concentration of free PAs compared to bound forms. The dominant free PA was ferulic (70.48%), followed by syringic (9.30%), p-HBA (5.59%), sinapic acid (5.40%), salicylic (4.18%), p-coumaric acid (3.22%) and caffeic acid (1.93%). Spelt cultivar Ebners Rotkorn was distinguished by the highest concentration of free and bound forms of PAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Ecological Agriculture in Crop Production)

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21 pages, 550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Can the Digital Economy Promote the Integration of Rural Industries—Taking China as an Example

by Zepu Zhang, Chen Sun and Jing Wang

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2023; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102023 - 18 Oct 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4671

Abstract

The rapid development of China’s digital economy has promoted the digital transformation of Chinese society and become a new driving force for China’s social development. Furthermore, increasing farmers’ income is the central task of China’s “three rural issues” project, and the integrated development [...] Read more.

The rapid development of China’s digital economy has promoted the digital transformation of Chinese society and become a new driving force for China’s social development. Furthermore, increasing farmers’ income is the central task of China’s “three rural issues” project, and the integrated development of primary, secondary, and tertiary rural industries is an important way to revitalize rural industries and broaden farmers’ income channels, so it is very important to promote the integrated development of rural industries. In the context of the rapid development of China’s digital economy, it is of great significance to study how the digital economy promotes the integration of rural industries. Therefore, this study analyzed how China’s digital economy promotes the integration of rural industries by using the panel data and regression models of 30 provinces (municipalities and districts) in China from 2011 to 2021. The results show that (1) there is a significant positive relationship between the development level of the digital economy and the level of rural–industrial integration and that the development of the digital economy promotes the process of rural–industrial integration; (2) intermediary effect analysis shows that as the digital economy promotes rural–industrial integration, scientific and technological innovation levels and rural human capital are important intermediary channels; and (3) spatial analysis shows that the development of the digital economy can not only promote the integration of rural industries in the province but also have a positive spatial spillover effect on neighboring provinces. Therefore, it is necessary to create a good atmosphere for the development of the digital economy, constantly promote the development of the digital economy, pay attention to scientific and technological innovation and rural talent training, and promote the integration and coordinated development of the digital economy and rural industries between regions in order to improve the level of rural–industrial integration and contribute to the rural revitalization strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Novel Studies in Agricultural Economics and Sustainable Farm Management)

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37 pages, 10689 KiB

Open AccessReview

Journey of Trichoderma from Pilot Scale to Mass Production: A Review

by Vipul Kumar, Bhupendra Koul, Pooja Taak, Dhananjay Yadav and Minseok Song

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2022; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102022 - 18 Oct 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 9759

Abstract

Trichoderma spp. has the ability to inhibit fungal plant pathogens through several mechanisms like the production of hydrolytic enzymes, mycoparasitism, coiling, and antibiosis and is therefore recommended as a potential and native biocontrol agent for effective control of soil-transmitted diseases. Various species of [...] Read more.

Trichoderma spp. has the ability to inhibit fungal plant pathogens through several mechanisms like the production of hydrolytic enzymes, mycoparasitism, coiling, and antibiosis and is therefore recommended as a potential and native biocontrol agent for effective control of soil-transmitted diseases. Various species of Trichoderma, like T. virens, T. asperellum, T. harzianum, etc., have been explored for their biocontrol activity against phytopathogens. There are different Trichoderma species and strains with respect to plant pathogens. Efforts have been made to develop effective and efficient methods, such as microencapsulation use of different polymers, adjuvants, or carriers, to increase the shelf-life and efficacy of Trichoderma formulations. The crucial aspects for the success of a biocontrol agent include developing and validating formulations, improvement in shelf-life, cost-effectiveness, easy accessibility, improved delivery systems, broad spectrum in action, robust performance (biocontrol), and integrative strategies for sustainable disease management. This review focuses on recent developments in the isolation, identification, preservation, substrates, consortium, quality control, mass production, delivery methods, field performance, registration, and commercialization of Trichoderma formulations for strategic development of next-generation multifunctional biological control formulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Protection, Diseases, Pests and Weeds)

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25 pages, 24246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Total Factor Efficiency in Vegetable Production: A Comprehensive Ecological Analysis of China’s Practices

by Yi-Xuan Lu, Si-Ting Wang, Guan-Xin Yao and Jing Xu

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2021; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102021 - 18 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2132

Abstract

This study undertakes a comprehensive analysis of vegetable production efficiency in China using input–output data from 30 provinces spanning 2011 to 2017. By incorporating environmental pollution costs as undesirable outputs alongside vegetable output value, we employ Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with the Banker, [...] Read more.

This study undertakes a comprehensive analysis of vegetable production efficiency in China using input–output data from 30 provinces spanning 2011 to 2017. By incorporating environmental pollution costs as undesirable outputs alongside vegetable output value, we employ Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with the Banker, Charnes, and Cooper (BCC) model and the Malmquist index model. Our assessment reveals both annual and inter-period efficiency changes. The findings highlight a modest overall efficiency in China’s vegetable production and significant regional disparities. Technical progress emerges as a pivotal determinant of total factor productivity (TFP). Recognizing these dynamics, we propose policy recommendations that prioritize technical innovation, sustainable practices, rural infrastructure enhancement, and specialized cultivation methods. Implementing these recommendations could bolster China’s position in international trade negotiations due to increased exports and potentially drive broader environmental policy reforms. As vegetable production becomes more efficient and sustainable, there might be a shift in labor needs, potentially leading to migration patterns or changes in employment structures. These insights contribute to the sustainable development of China’s vegetable industry, offering a broader understanding of the dynamics of agricultural efficiency in the context of environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)

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22 pages, 1794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smart Temperature and Humidity Control in Pig House by Improved Three-Way K-Means

by Haopu Li, Haoming Li, Bugao Li, Jiayuan Shao, Yanbo Song and Zhenyu Liu

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2020; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102020 - 18 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2319

Abstract

Efficiently managing temperature and humidity in a pig house is crucial for enhancing animal welfare. This research endeavors to develop an intelligent temperature and humidity control system grounded in a three-way decision and clustering algorithm. To establish and validate the effectiveness of this [...] Read more.

Efficiently managing temperature and humidity in a pig house is crucial for enhancing animal welfare. This research endeavors to develop an intelligent temperature and humidity control system grounded in a three-way decision and clustering algorithm. To establish and validate the effectiveness of this intelligent system, experiments were conducted to compare its performance against a naturally ventilated pig house without any control system. Additionally, comparisons were made with a threshold-based control system to evaluate the duration of temperature anomalies. The experimental findings demonstrate a substantial improvement in temperature regulation within the experimental pig house. Over a 24 h period, the minimum temperature increased by 4 °C, while the maximum temperature decreased by 8 °C, approaching the desired range. Moreover, the average air humidity decreased from 73.4% to 68.2%. In summary, this study presents a precision-driven intelligent control strategy for optimizing temperature and humidity management in pig housing facilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer Vision and Sensor Networks in Agriculture)

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13 pages, 1073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Allele Frequencies and Genetic Diversity in Red Clover after Selection for Cold Tolerance Using SSR Markers

by Jurica Primorac, Hrvoje Šarčević, Zrinka Knezović, Aleš Vokurka, Ana Mandić and Snježana Bolarić

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2019; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102019 - 18 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1181

Abstract

The selection of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) populations adapted to extreme environmental conditions is of great importance due to continuing climate change. The plant material analyzed with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers included two parent populations, P1 (cultivar ‘Reichersberger’) and P3 [...] Read more.

The selection of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) populations adapted to extreme environmental conditions is of great importance due to continuing climate change. The plant material analyzed with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers included two parent populations, P1 (cultivar ‘Reichersberger’) and P3 (cultivar ‘Croatia’) and their reselections, which were created after one cycle of selection under cold temperature conditions. The reselections PS1 and PS3 were produced by intercrossing 38 surviving plants of parent populations P1 and P3, respectively. A total of 48 plants from each cultivar and each reselection were randomly selected for SSR analysis. Sixteen SSR primer pairs were selected, taking into account the presence of loci on all seven pairs of red clover chromosomes. An increase in the average frequency of alleles from the initial populations to the populations after one cycle of selection was observed, followed by a decrease in the number of alleles. Out of a total of 16 loci, the Waples neutrality test revealed significant frequency changes at 12 loci from P1 to PS1 and 9 loci from P3 to PS3 populations. The genetic diversity in the studied populations did not change significantly after selection, leaving enough genetic variability as a prerequisite for the success of future selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Genetics, Genomics and Breeding)

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14 pages, 907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Compounds of Endemic Medicinal Plants (Cuphea spp.) Cultured in Aquaponic Systems: A Short Study

by Priscila Sarai Flores-Aguilar, Amanda Kim Rico-Chávez, Eloy Rodriguez-deLeón, Humberto Aguirre-Becerra, Sergio Aurelio Zamora-Castro and Genaro Martín Soto-Zarazúa

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2018; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102018 - 18 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1437

Abstract

Aquaculture waters can be associated with the modification of the phytochemical profile in plants when they are used for irrigation; thus, Integrated Agri-Aquaculture Systems such as aquaponics represent a strategy to improve the bioactive content of medicinal plants. This study aimed to analyze [...] Read more.

Aquaculture waters can be associated with the modification of the phytochemical profile in plants when they are used for irrigation; thus, Integrated Agri-Aquaculture Systems such as aquaponics represent a strategy to improve the bioactive content of medicinal plants. This study aimed to analyze the effect caused by cultivation using aquaponics on the modification of the content of bioactive compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, and apigenin in Cuphea hyssopifolia and Cuphea cyanea irrigated with Cyprinus carpio waters. The results of each culture method showed unique differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the concentrations of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in Cuphea spp. For C. hyssopifolia in aquaponics, 76% (61.08 ± 7.2 mg g⁻¹ GAEq) of phenols and 50% (5.62 ± 0.5 mg g⁻¹ CAEq) of flavonoids were maintained compared to 20% (16.99 ± 0.4 mg g⁻¹ GAEq) of phenols and 76.5% (8.19 ± 1.6 mg g⁻¹ CAEq) of flavonoids in conventional culture. For C. cyanea in aquaponics, 91% (15.36 ± 0.8 mg g⁻¹ GAEq) of phenols and 47% (3.52 ± 0.6 mg g⁻¹ CAEq) of flavonoids were maintained compared to 24% (14.11 ± 1.3 mg g⁻¹ GAEq) of phenols and 82% (1.79 ± 0.1 mg g⁻¹ CAEq) of flavonoids in conventional culture. An increase of more than 60% in the apigenin content of C. hyssopifolia in aquaponics confirms a eustress effect related to the use of organically enriched waters. The results indicate that aquaponics can promote the biostimulation/elicitation of medicinal plants and increase their bioactive compounds, but this effect does not occur in the same way between species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stresses, Biostimulant and Plant Activity—Series II)

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13 pages, 3716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Using Ensilaged Corn Wet Distillers’ Grains Plus Solubles (WDGS) as a Partial Replacement for Concentrated Feed for Wet Lot Fed Fatteners during Fattening on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Pork Quality

by Mateusz Roguski, Andrzej Łozicki, Marcin Sońta, Wiktor Bendowski, Tomasz Niemiec, Klara Zglińska and Marlena Zielińska-Górska

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2017; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102017 - 18 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1423

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the nutritional suitability of WDGS in pigs’ feeding and production. Pigs were liquid fed and divided into 3 groups. Pigs in the control group were fed diets based on cereal grains, while the experimental groups [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to determine the nutritional suitability of WDGS in pigs’ feeding and production. Pigs were liquid fed and divided into 3 groups. Pigs in the control group were fed diets based on cereal grains, while the experimental groups were also given 10% or 15% WDGS, which partially replaced their cereal grains. During this study, the average daily gains (ADG), feed intake, chemical composition of meat, fatty acid profile of meat, and quality parameters of the carcass and meat were examined. The highest statistical weight gains were detected for the group WDGS 10% during the first stage of the fattening period. No statistical differences were detected for the final body weight, carcass traits, chemical composition of the meat or the composition of fatty acids such as SFAs, PUFAs, and MUFAs, with the exception of eicosenoic acid (C20:1n9). Pigs fed on 10% WDGS exhibited lower peroxidation of lipids (TBARS) than the control group or WDGS 15%. Similarly, water holding capacity (WHC) was the lowest for the group WDGS 10%. Of the meat coloration, redness (a*), yellowness (b*), and chroma (C*) were affected by the WDGS’ inclusion, where the highest values were observed for the group WDGS 10%. In conclusion, WDGS can be utilized in the liquid feeding of pigs for up to 15% of their DM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Nutrition and Productions: Series II)

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18 pages, 1743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Measurement, Regional Differences, Convergence and Dynamic Evolutionary Trends of the Green Production Level in Chinese Agriculture

by Jiale Yan, Zhengyuan Tang, Yinuo Guan, Mingjian Xie and Yongjian Huang

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2016; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102016 - 18 Oct 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1503

Abstract

The development of green agriculture is conducive to accelerating the agricultural modernization process, making a significance for the sustainable development of agriculture and the environment in China. This paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation model by selecting 17 representative indicators from the perspective of [...] Read more.

The development of green agriculture is conducive to accelerating the agricultural modernization process, making a significance for the sustainable development of agriculture and the environment in China. This paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation model by selecting 17 representative indicators from the perspective of sustainability. Then, this paper uses the entropy value method to measure the level of green agricultural production in 31 provinces from 2011 to 2021. We use Dagum’s Gini coefficient and decomposition method, the kernel density estimation method and spatial Markov chain analysis method to explore the main sources of spatial differences and dynamic evolution trends. The results show that: (1) The overall level of green production in Chinese agriculture is low, and the level in the central region is higher than that in eastern and western regions; (2) There are significant regional differences in the level of green production in China’s agriculture, and this is likely to widen. The interaction of inter- and intra-regional differences is the main reason for overall differences; (3) The trend of polarization in the level of green agricultural production is more obvious in the eastern part of China, while it is weaker in central and western regions; (4) There is a spatial spillover effect in the dynamic evolution of China’s agricultural green production level. And the longer the overall time, the more obvious the spillover effect is. This paper analyzes the past development of green agriculture in China, makes predictions and provides constructive suggestions for the improvement and development of green agricultural production in China in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Ecological Agriculture in Crop Production)

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11 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Nanosilver-Based Preparation Added to Litter on Silver and Antagonistic Elements Content in Broiler Tissues and Organs

by Katarzyna Czyż, Zbigniew Dobrzański, Anna Wyrostek, Magdalena Senze, Monika Kowalska-Góralska and Marzena Janczak

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2015; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102015 - 18 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1150

Abstract

Nanosilver has a wide range of applications in many industries, including animal production. Its beneficial effects resulting from, among others, antibacterial properties are known; however, some concerns remain related to safety of its use and possible accumulation in the environment and all its [...] Read more.

Nanosilver has a wide range of applications in many industries, including animal production. Its beneficial effects resulting from, among others, antibacterial properties are known; however, some concerns remain related to safety of its use and possible accumulation in the environment and all its components. This study aimed to analyze the content of silver and antagonistic elements (copper, selenium, zinc) in breast and thigh muscles, abdomen skin, liver, lung and blood serum of broilers exposed to a nanosilver-based preparation added to litter. Ross 308 broilers were divided into three groups: control and two experimental (84 birds in each) differing by the amount of preparation addition. The study lasted 24 days, after which the birds were slaughtered and the mentioned samples were collected for laboratory analyses using atomic absorption spectroscopy. An application of preparation based on nanosilver caused an increase in Ag content in chickens’ liver, lung and abdomen skin. Cu content decreased in all experimental groups, except for abdomen skin, while Zn content increased in most cases compared to the control. No clear decrease of the increasing tendency was found for Se. It did not demonstrate an antagonism with respect to the content of Cu, Se and Zn in examined samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farm Animal Production)

18 pages, 3770 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Biodegradable Liquid Film (BLF) on Cold Resistance in Grapevine Revealed by Metabolomic Analysis

by Xinyao Duan, Xing Han, Rihui Li, Dezhen Li, Xuedong Shao, Zhengwen Zhang, Xiaomin Zhong, Hua Wang and Hua Li

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2014; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102014 - 18 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1406

Abstract

Low temperatures are among the most important abiotic stresses, severely affecting vine growth and development. In order to overwinter safely, grape growers pay high labor costs, which are unsustainable in modern agriculture. Biodegradable liquid film (BLF) is an environmentally friendly material that assists [...] Read more.

Low temperatures are among the most important abiotic stresses, severely affecting vine growth and development. In order to overwinter safely, grape growers pay high labor costs, which are unsustainable in modern agriculture. Biodegradable liquid film (BLF) is an environmentally friendly material that assists grapevines to withstand the cold. In this experiment, Cabernet Sauvignon from Junding Winery was used as material for field trials. The regulatory effect of BLF on the cold resistance of grapevines was analyzed, and its mechanism of action was explored using metabolomics. The results showed that BLF significantly increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, the content of proline and ascorbic acid, reducing sugar, sucrose, and soluble sugar, and also decreased the content of malondialdehyde. In addition, BLF significantly increased the activity of invertase and decreased the activity of pectinase and phosphofructokinase. Metabolomics data showed that BLF improved cold resistance in grapevines by affecting lipids, flavonoids, amino acids, and nucleotide metabolic pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Viticulture and Grapevine Physiology)

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17 pages, 3142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate-Induced Risk Assessment of Rural and Urban Agroforestry Managers of Aizawl District, Northeast India

by Pentile Thong, Uttam Thangjam, Uttam Kumar Sahoo, Raul Pascalau, Piotr Prus and Laura Smuleac

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2013; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102013 - 17 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1619

Abstract

Climate change exerts a substantial influence on global livelihood security. This research aims to elucidate the risk faced by agroforestry managers of urban and rural areas. Adhering to the IPCC risk framework, we structured the experimental design and adopted an indicator-based methodology to [...] Read more.

Climate change exerts a substantial influence on global livelihood security. This research aims to elucidate the risk faced by agroforestry managers of urban and rural areas. Adhering to the IPCC risk framework, we structured the experimental design and adopted an indicator-based methodology to delineate the risk dimensions. Altogether, 105 households from 7 villages in Aizawl district, Mizoram, India, were considered for the study. For indicator identification, we conducted a comprehensive literature review and subsequently employed principal component analysis to select relevant indicators. Finally, risk was determined using the index value of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Additionally, we also developed a regression model and integrated it into ArcGIS to generate a spatial risk map. Out of 69 indicators identified, 52 were selected for final assessment after PCA analysis. Our findings underscore the higher susceptibility of urban agroforestry managers to climate change which was in agreement to our hypothesis that the risk index of agroforestry households increases with altitude while it decreases with the distance from Aizawl headquarter. Furthermore, we observed that households residing at higher altitudes exhibit greater vulnerability. Key determinants contributing to elevated risk in the region encompass land ownership constraints, diminished yields, traditional farming practices with no institutional help, and a dearth of available labour resources. The study advocates the implementation of climate smart agroforestry practices integrated with agricultural credit schemes and an educational policy designed to enrol dropout youths. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Modelling Climate Change Impacts on Cropping Systems)

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12 pages, 280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of Field Bean (Vicia faba var. minor) Seeds Stored for 33 Years

by Dariusz J. Michalczyk, Magdalena Krupka, Jan Kamiński, Marta Wierzbicka, Sonia Floryańska, Wiktor Kopeć and Agnieszka I. Piotrowicz-Cieślak

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2012; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102012 - 17 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1339

Abstract

Changes occurring in seeds of two field bean cultivars during long-term storage at −14 °C, +4 °C and +20 °C were examined. It was found that after 33 years of storage at low temperatures, the seeds showed a significant decline in biological quality, [...] Read more.

Changes occurring in seeds of two field bean cultivars during long-term storage at −14 °C, +4 °C and +20 °C were examined. It was found that after 33 years of storage at low temperatures, the seeds showed a significant decline in biological quality, and the seeds stored at +20 °C completely lost their germination capacity. As the seeds aged, changes in their phenolic composition, concentrations of polyamines and activity of enzymes associated with redox homeostasis and phenolic metabolism could be easily observed. The activity of ascorbate peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in deteriorated seeds was higher than in high-quality seeds. The activity of guaiacol peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase in low-quality seeds was decreased. With superoxide dismutase, the pattern was less clear-cut and depended on both seed biological quality and cultivar. Whole seed levels of spermine and spermidine decreased in ageing seeds and were lowest in non-germinating seeds. However, the opposite pattern was observed regarding spermine and spermidine, as well as putrescine, in seed coats. The obtained results indicate that changes in the activity of redox and protective systems in seeds have a clear relationship with the seed biological quality and can be detected even at a moderate level of seed deterioration. The analyses of such changes can significantly facilitate the assessment of seed quality and can therefore be of interest for seed companies and seed banks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seed Storage, Conservation and Longevity)

15 pages, 26726 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visual Detection of Lost Ear Tags in Breeding Pigs in a Production Environment Using the Enhanced Cascade Mask R-CNN

by Fang Wang, Xueliang Fu, Weijun Duan, Buyu Wang and Honghui Li

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 2011; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13102011 - 17 Oct 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1498

Abstract

As the unique identifier of individual breeding pigs, the loss of ear tags can result in the loss of breeding pigs’ identity information, leading to data gaps and confusion in production and genetic breeding records, which can have catastrophic consequences for breeding efforts. [...] Read more.

As the unique identifier of individual breeding pigs, the loss of ear tags can result in the loss of breeding pigs’ identity information, leading to data gaps and confusion in production and genetic breeding records, which can have catastrophic consequences for breeding efforts. Detecting the loss of ear tags in breeding pigs can be challenging in production environments due to factors such as overlapping breeding pig clusters, imbalanced pig-to-tag ratios, and relatively small-sized ear tags. This study proposes an improved method for the detection of lost ear tags in breeding pigs based on Cascade Mask R-CNN. Firstly, the model utilizes ResNeXt combined with a feature pyramid network (FPN) as the feature extractor; secondly, the classification branch incorporates the online hard example mining (OHEM) technique to improve the utilization of ear tags and low-confidence samples; finally, the regression branch employs a decay factor of Soft-NMS to reduce the overlap of redundant bounding boxes. The experiment employs a sliding window detection method to evaluate the algorithm’s performance in detecting lost ear tags in breeding pigs in a production environment. The results show that the accuracy of the detection can reach 92.86%. This improvement effectively enhances the accuracy and real-time performance of lost ear tag detection, which is highly significant for the production and breeding of breeding pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Livestock Farming)

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