Nanomaterials

16 pages, 2869 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Well-Defined Pinholes in TiO₂ Electron Selective Layers Used in Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells

by Muhammad Talha Masood, Syeda Qudsia, Mahboubeh Hadadian, Christian Weinberger, Mathias Nyman, Christian Ahläng, Staffan Dahlström, Maning Liu, Paola Vivo, Ronald Österbacka and Jan-Henrik Smått

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010181 - 20 Jan 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5440

Abstract

The recently introduced perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology is a promising candidate for providing low-cost energy for future demands. However, one major concern with the technology can be traced back to morphological defects in the electron selective layer (ESL), which deteriorates the solar [...] Read more.

The recently introduced perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology is a promising candidate for providing low-cost energy for future demands. However, one major concern with the technology can be traced back to morphological defects in the electron selective layer (ESL), which deteriorates the solar cell performance. Pinholes in the ESL may lead to an increased surface recombination rate for holes, if the perovskite absorber layer is in contact with the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate via the pinholes. In this work, we used sol-gel-derived mesoporous TiO₂ thin films prepared by block co-polymer templating in combination with dip coating as a model system for investigating the effect of ESL pinholes on the photovoltaic performance of planar heterojunction PSCs. We studied TiO₂ films with different porosities and film thicknesses, and observed that the induced pinholes only had a minor impact on the device performance. This suggests that having narrow pinholes with a diameter of about 10 nm in the ESL is in fact not detrimental for the device performance and can even, to some extent improve their performance. A probable reason for this is that the narrow pores in the ordered structure do not allow the perovskite crystals to form interconnected pathways to the underlying FTO substrate. However, for ultrathin (~20 nm) porous layers, an incomplete ESL surface coverage of the FTO layer will further deteriorate the device performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanoporous Materials)

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11 pages, 3258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in Toilet Wastewater by Photo-Fenton Reactive Membrane Filtration

by Shaobin Sun, Hong Yao, Xinyang Li, Shihai Deng, Shenlong Zhao and Wen Zhang

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010180 - 20 Jan 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4511

Abstract

Pharmaceutical residuals are increasingly detected in natural waters, which made great threat to the health of the public. This study evaluated the utility of the photo-Fenton ceramic membrane filtration toward the removal and degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as a model recalcitrant micropollutant. The [...] Read more.

Pharmaceutical residuals are increasingly detected in natural waters, which made great threat to the health of the public. This study evaluated the utility of the photo-Fenton ceramic membrane filtration toward the removal and degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as a model recalcitrant micropollutant. The photo-Fenton catalyst Goethite (α-FeOOH) was coated on planar ceramic membranes as we reported previously. The removal of SMX in both simulated and real toilet wastewater were assessed by filtering the feed solutions with/without H₂O₂ and UV irradiation. The SMX degradation rate reached 87% and 92% respectively in the presence of UV/H₂O₂ for the original toilet wastewater (0.8 ± 0.05 ppb) and toilet wastewater with a spiked SMX concentration of 100 ppb. The mineralization and degradation by-products were both assessed under different degradation conditions to achieve deeper insight into the degradation mechanisms during this photo-Fenton reactive membrane filtration. Results showed that a negligible removal rate (e.g., 3%) of SMX was obtained when only filtering the feed solution through uncoated or catalyst-coated membranes. However, the removal rates of SMX were significantly increased to 67% (no H₂O₂) and 90% (with H₂O₂) under UV irradiation, respectively, confirming that photo-Fenton reactions played the key role in the degradation/mineralization process. The highest apparent quantum yield (AQY) reached up to approximately 27% when the H₂O₂ was 10 mmol·L⁻¹ and UV254 intensity was 100 μW·cm⁻². This study lays the groundwork for reactive membrane filtration to tackle the issues from micropollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Removal of Organic Pollutants)

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10 pages, 2202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plasticised Regenerated Silk/Gold Nanorods Hybrids as Sealant and Bio-Piezoelectric Materials

by Silvia Bittolo Bon, Michele Rapi, Riccardo Coletta, Antonino Morabito and Luca Valentini

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010179 - 20 Jan 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3669

Abstract

Manual and mechanical suturing are currently the gold standard for bowel anastomosis. If tissue approximation fails, anastomotic leaks occur. Anastomotic leaks may have catastrophic consequences. The development of a fully absorbable, biocompatible sealant material based on a bio-ink silk fibroin can reduce the [...] Read more.

Manual and mechanical suturing are currently the gold standard for bowel anastomosis. If tissue approximation fails, anastomotic leaks occur. Anastomotic leaks may have catastrophic consequences. The development of a fully absorbable, biocompatible sealant material based on a bio-ink silk fibroin can reduce the chance of anastomotic leaks. We have produced a Ca-modified plasticised regenerated silk (RS) with gold nanorods sealant. This sealant was applied to anastomosed porcine intestine. Water absorption from wet tissue substrate applied compressive strains on hybrid RS films. This compression results in a sealant effect on anastomosis. The increased toughness of the hybrid plasticised RS resulted in the designing of a bio-film with superior elongation at break (i.e., ≈200%) and bursting pressure. We have also reported structure-dependent piezoelectricity of the RS film that shows a piezoelectric effect out of the plane. We hope that in the future, bowel anastomosis can be simplified by providing a multifunctional bio-film that makes feasible the mechanical tissue joint without the need for specific tools and could be used in piezoelectric sealant heads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protein Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications)

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19 pages, 7667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Construction of CNT/CuS Hybrids and Their Application in Photodegradation for Removing Organic Dyes

by Yanping Wang, Fuchuan Jiang, Jiafu Chen, Xiaofeng Sun, Tao Xian and Hua Yang

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010178 - 20 Jan 2020

Cited by 96 | Viewed by 6725

Abstract

Herein, a coprecipitation method used to synthesize CuS nanostructures is reported. By varying the reaction time and temperature, the evolution of the CuS morphology between nanoparticles and nanoflakes was investigated. It was found that CuS easily crystallizes into sphere-/ellipsoid-like nanoparticles within a short [...] Read more.

Herein, a coprecipitation method used to synthesize CuS nanostructures is reported. By varying the reaction time and temperature, the evolution of the CuS morphology between nanoparticles and nanoflakes was investigated. It was found that CuS easily crystallizes into sphere-/ellipsoid-like nanoparticles within a short reaction time (0.5 h) or at a high reaction temperature (120 °C), whereas CuS nanoflakes are readily formed at a low reaction temperature (20 °C) for a long time (12 h). Photodegradation experiments demonstrate that CuS nanoflakes exhibit a higher photodegradation performance than CuS nanoparticles for removing rhodamine B (RhB) from aqueous solution under simulated sunlight irradiation. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were further used to modify the photodegradation performance of a CuS photocatalyst. To achieve this aim, CNTs and CuS were integrated to form CNT/CuS hybrid composites via an in situ coprecipitation method. In the in situ constructed CNT/CuS composites, CuS is preferably formed as nanoparticles, but cannot be crystallized into nanoflakes. Compared to bare CuS, the CNT/CuS composites manifest an obviously enhanced photodegradation of RhB; notably, the 3% CNT/CuS composite with CNT content of 3% showed the highest photodegradation performance (η = 89.4% for 120 min reaction, k_app = 0.01782 min⁻¹). To make a comparison, CuS nanoflakes and CNTs were mechanically mixed in absolute alcohol and then dried to obtain the 3% CNT/CuS-MD composite. It was observed that the 3% CNT/CuS-MD composite exhibited a slightly higher photodegradation performance (η = 92.4%, k_app = 0.0208 min⁻¹) than the 3% CNT/CuS composite, which may be attributed to the fact that CuS maintains the morphology of nanoflakes in the 3% CNT/CuS-MD composite. The underlying enhanced photocatalytic mechanism of the CNT/CuS composites was systematically investigated and discussed. Full article

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12 pages, 11353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Application of Indium Oxide@CPM-5-C-600 Composite Material Derived from MOF in Cathode Material of Lithium Sulfur Batteries

by Guodong Han, Xin Wang, Jia Yao, Mi Zhang and Juan Wang

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010177 - 20 Jan 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4686

Abstract

Due to the “shuttle effect”, the cycle performance of lithium sulfur (Li-S) battery is poor and the capacity decays rapidly. Replacing lithium-ion battery is the maximum problem to be overcome. In order to solve this problem, we use a cage like microporous MOF(CPM-5) [...] Read more.

Due to the “shuttle effect”, the cycle performance of lithium sulfur (Li-S) battery is poor and the capacity decays rapidly. Replacing lithium-ion battery is the maximum problem to be overcome. In order to solve this problem, we use a cage like microporous MOF(CPM-5) as a carbon source, which is carbonized at high temperature to get a micro-mesoporous carbon composite material. In addition, indium oxide particles formed during carbonization are deposited on CPM-5 structure, forming a simple core-shell structure CPM-5-C-600. When it is used as the cathode of Li-S battery, the small molecule sulfide can be confined in the micropores, while the existence of large pore size mesopores can provide a channel for the transmission of lithium ions, so as to improve the conductivity of the material and the rate performance of the battery. After 100 cycles, the specific capacity of the battery can be still maintained at 650 mA h·g⁻¹ and the Coulombic efficiency is close to 100%. When the rate goes up to 2 C, the first discharge capacity not only can reach 1400 mA h·g⁻¹, but also still provides 500 mA h·g⁻¹ after 200 cycles, showing excellent rate performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Powered Wireless Sensor Networks in the Era of Internet of Things)

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23 pages, 3441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Nanoparticles Functionalized with Carboxylic Acid Improved the Germination and Seedling Vigor in Upland Boreal Forest Species

by Md. Hossen Ali, Jean-Marie Sobze, Thu Huong Pham, Muhammad Nadeem, Chen Liu, Lakshman Galagedara, Mumtaz Cheema and Raymond Thomas

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010176 - 20 Jan 2020

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5475

Abstract

Nanopriming has been shown to significantly improve seed germination and seedling vigor in several agricultural crops. However, this approach has not been applied to native upland boreal forest species with complex seed dormancy to improve propagation. Herein, we demonstrate the effectiveness of carbon [...] Read more.

Nanopriming has been shown to significantly improve seed germination and seedling vigor in several agricultural crops. However, this approach has not been applied to native upland boreal forest species with complex seed dormancy to improve propagation. Herein, we demonstrate the effectiveness of carbon nanoparticles functionalized with carboxylic acids in resolving seed dormancy and improved the propagation of two native upland boreal forest species. Seed priming with carbon nanoparticles functionalized with carboxylic acids followed by stratification were observed to be the most effective in improving germination to 90% in green alder (Alnus viridis L.) compared to 60% in the control. Conversely, a combination of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), especially multiwall carbon nanoparticles functionalized with carboxylic acid (MWCNT–COOH), cold stratification, mechanical scarification and hormonal priming (gibberellic acid) was effective for buffaloberry seeds (Shepherdia canadensis L.). Both concentrations (20 µg and 40 µg) of MWCNT–COOH had a higher percent germination (90%) compared to all other treatments. Furthermore, we observed the improvement in germination, seedling vigor and resolution of both embryo and seed coat dormancy in upland boreal forest species appears to be associated with the remodeling of C18:3 enriched fatty acids in the following seed membrane lipid molecular species: PC18:1/18:3, PG16:1/18:3, PE18:3/18:2, and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG18:3/18:3). These findings suggest that nanopriming may be a useful approach to resolve seed dormancy issues and improve the seed germination in non-resource upland boreal forest species ideally suited for forest reclamation following resource mining. Full article

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25 pages, 302 KiB

Open AccessReview

Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers with Antioxidant Properties: A Review

by Ariel Vilchez, Francisca Acevedo, Mara Cea, Michael Seeger and Rodrigo Navia

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010175 - 20 Jan 2020

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 7499

Abstract

Antioxidants can be encapsulated to enhance their solubility or bioavailability or to protect them from external factors. Electrospinning has proven to be an excellent option for applications in nanotechnology, as electrospun nanofibers can provide the necessary environment for antioxidant encapsulation. Forty-nine papers related [...] Read more.

Antioxidants can be encapsulated to enhance their solubility or bioavailability or to protect them from external factors. Electrospinning has proven to be an excellent option for applications in nanotechnology, as electrospun nanofibers can provide the necessary environment for antioxidant encapsulation. Forty-nine papers related to antioxidants loaded onto electrospun nanofibers were categorized and reviewed to identify applications and new trends. Medical and food fields were commonly proposed for the newly obtained composites. Among the polymers used as a matrix for the electrospinning process, synthetic poly (lactic acid) and polycaprolactone were the most widely used. In addition, natural compounds and extracts were identified as antioxidants that help to inhibit free radical and oxidative damage in tissues and foods. The most recurrent active compounds used were tannic acid (polyphenol), quercetin (flavonoid), curcumin (polyphenol), and vitamin B₆ (pyridoxine). The incorporation of active compounds in nanofibers often improves their bioavailability, giving them increased stability, changing the mechanical properties of polymers, enhancing nanofiber biocompatibility, and offering novel properties for the required field. Although most of the polymers used were synthetic, natural polymers such as silk fibroin, chitosan, cellulose, pullulan, polyhydroxybutyrate, and zein have proven to be proper matrices for this purpose. Full article

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17 pages, 3488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Biomass Glucose-Derived Porous Carbon Spheres with High Nitrogen Doping: As a Promising Adsorbent for CO₂/CH₄/N₂ Adsorptive Separation

by Yao Li, Shiying Wang, Binbin Wang, Yan Wang and Jianping Wei

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010174 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4377

Abstract

Separation of CO₂/CH₄/N₂ is significantly important from the view of environmental protection and energy utilization. In this work, we reported nitrogen (N)-doped porous carbon spheres prepared from sustainable biomass glucose via hydrothermal carbonization, CO₂ activation, and urea [...] Read more.

Separation of CO₂/CH₄/N₂ is significantly important from the view of environmental protection and energy utilization. In this work, we reported nitrogen (N)-doped porous carbon spheres prepared from sustainable biomass glucose via hydrothermal carbonization, CO₂ activation, and urea treatment. The optimal carbon sample exhibited a high CO₂ and CH₄ capacity, as well as a low N₂ uptake, under ambient conditions. The excellent selectivities toward CO₂/N₂, CO₂/CH₄, and CH₄/N₂ binary mixtures were predicted by ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) via correlating pure component adsorption isotherms with the Langmuir−Freundlich model. At 25 °C and 1 bar, the adsorption capacities for CO₂ and CH₄ were 3.03 and 1.3 mmol g⁻¹, respectively, and the IAST predicated selectivities for CO₂/N₂ (15/85), CO₂/CH₄ (10/90), and CH₄/N₂ (30/70) reached 16.48, 7.49, and 3.76, respectively. These results should be attributed to the synergistic effect between suitable microporous structure and desirable N content. This report introduces a simple pathway to obtain N-doped porous carbon spheres to meet the flue gas and energy gas adsorptive separation requirements. Full article

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20 pages, 5522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Behaviour of Ti/Al₂O₃/Ni Nanocomposite Material in Artificial Physiological Solution: Prospects for Biomedical Application

by Alla Vorobjova, Daria Tishkevich, Dmitriy Shimanovich, Maxim Zdorovets, Artem Kozlovskiy, Tatiana Zubar, Denis Vinnik, Mengge Dong, Sergey Trukhanov, Alex Trukhanov and Valery Fedosyuk

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010173 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 64 | Viewed by 3964

Abstract

Inorganic-based nanoelements such as nanoparticles (nanodots), nanopillars and nanowires, which have at least one dimension of 100 nm or less, have been extensively developed for biomedical applications. Furthermore, their properties can be varied by controlling such parameters as element shape, size, surface functionalization, [...] Read more.

Inorganic-based nanoelements such as nanoparticles (nanodots), nanopillars and nanowires, which have at least one dimension of 100 nm or less, have been extensively developed for biomedical applications. Furthermore, their properties can be varied by controlling such parameters as element shape, size, surface functionalization, and mutual interactions. In this study, Ni-alumina nanocomposite material was synthesized by the dc-Ni electrodeposition into a porous anodic alumina template (PAAT). The structural, morphological, and corrosion properties were studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electrochemical techniques (linear sweep voltammetry). Template technology was used to obtain Ni nanopillars (NiNPs) in the PAAT nanocomposite. Low corrosion current densities (order of 0.5 µA/cm²) were indicators of this nanocomposite adequate corrosion resistance in artificial physiological solution (0.9% NaCl). A porous anodic alumina template is barely exposed to corrosion and performs protective functions in the composite. The results may be useful for the development of new nanocomposite materials technologies for a variety of biomedical applications including catalysis and nanoelectrodes for sensing and fuel cells. They are also applicable for various therapeutic purposes including targeting, diagnosis, magnetic hyperthermia, and drug delivery. Therefore, it is an ambitious task to research the corrosion resistance of these magnetic nanostructures in simulated body fluid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomagnetics and Magneto-Optical Nanomaterials)

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23 pages, 2430 KiB

Open AccessReview

PbE (E = S, Se) Colloidal Quantum Dot-Layered 2D Material Hybrid Photodetectors

by Tom Nakotte, Hongmei Luo and Jeff Pietryga

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010172 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8562

Abstract

Hybrid lead chalcogenide (PbE) (E = S, Se) quantum dot (QD)-layered 2D systems are an emerging class of photodetectors with unique potential to expand the range of current technologies and easily integrate into current complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible architectures. Herein, we review recent advancements [...] Read more.

Hybrid lead chalcogenide (PbE) (E = S, Se) quantum dot (QD)-layered 2D systems are an emerging class of photodetectors with unique potential to expand the range of current technologies and easily integrate into current complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible architectures. Herein, we review recent advancements in hybrid PbE QD-layered 2D photodetectors and place them in the context of key findings from studies of charge transport in layered 2D materials and QD films that provide lessons to be applied to the hybrid system. Photodetectors utilizing a range of layered 2D materials including graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides sensitized with PbE QDs in various device architectures are presented. Figures of merit such as responsivity (R) and detectivity (D*) are reviewed for a multitude of devices in order to compare detector performance. Finally, a look to the future considers possible avenues for future device development, including potential new materials and device treatment/fabrication options. Full article

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48 pages, 390 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Nanomaterials in 2019

by Nanomaterials Editorial Office

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010171 - 19 Jan 2020

Viewed by 5301

Abstract

The editorial team greatly appreciates the reviewers who have dedicated their considerable time and expertise to the journal’s rigorous editorial process over the past 12 months, regardless of whether the papers are finally published or not [...] Full article

20 pages, 4842 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cellulose Nanofibril/Carbon Nanomaterial Hybrid Aerogels for Adsorption Removal of Cationic and Anionic Organic Dyes

by Zhencheng Yu, Chuanshuang Hu, Anthony B. Dichiara, Weihui Jiang and Jin Gu

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010169 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 95 | Viewed by 6447

Abstract

Advances in nanoscale science and engineering are providing new opportunities to develop promising adsorbents for environmental remediation. Here, hybrid aerogels are assembled from cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and carbon nanomaterials to remove cationic dye methylene blue (MB) and anionic dye Congo red (CR) in [...] Read more.

Advances in nanoscale science and engineering are providing new opportunities to develop promising adsorbents for environmental remediation. Here, hybrid aerogels are assembled from cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and carbon nanomaterials to remove cationic dye methylene blue (MB) and anionic dye Congo red (CR) in single and binary systems. Two classes of carbon nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplates (GnPs), are incorporated into CNFs with various amounts, respectively. The adsorption, mechanics and structure properties of the hybrid aerogels are investigated and compared among different combinations. The results demonstrate CNF–GnP 3:1 hybrid exhibits the best performance among all composites. Regarding a single dye system, both dye adsorptions follow a pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic and monolayer Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The maximal adsorption capacities of CNF–GnP aerogels for MB and CR are 1178.5 mg g⁻¹ and 585.3 mg g⁻¹, respectively. CNF–GnP hybrid show a superior binary dye adsorption capacity than pristine CNF or GnP. Furthermore, nearly 80% of MB or CR can be desorbed from CNF–GNP using ethanol as the desorption agent, indicating the reusability of this hybrid material. Hence, the CNF–GnP aerogels show great promise as adsorption materials for wastewater treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocellulose and Nanocarbons Based Hybrid Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications)

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20 pages, 5975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cationic Dye Removal Using Novel Magnetic/Activated Charcoal/β-Cyclodextrin/Alginate Polymer Nanocomposite

by Sushma Yadav, Anupama Asthana, Rupa Chakraborty, Bhawana Jain, Ajaya Kumar Singh, Sónia A. C. Carabineiro and Md. Abu Bin Hasan Susan

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010170 - 18 Jan 2020

Cited by 139 | Viewed by 6446

Abstract

New magnetic iron oxide (Fe₃O₄)/activated charcoal (AC)/β-cyclodextrin (CD)/sodium alginate (Alg) polymer nanocomposite materials were prepared by direct mixing of the polymer matrix with the nanofillers. The obtained materials were utilized as nano-adsorbents for the elimination of methylene blue (MB), [...] Read more.

New magnetic iron oxide (Fe₃O₄)/activated charcoal (AC)/β-cyclodextrin (CD)/sodium alginate (Alg) polymer nanocomposite materials were prepared by direct mixing of the polymer matrix with the nanofillers. The obtained materials were utilized as nano-adsorbents for the elimination of methylene blue (MB), a hazardous water-soluble cationic dye, from aqueous solutions, and showed excellent regeneration capacity. The formation of the nanocomposites was followed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and adsorption of N₂ at −196 °C. The rate of adsorption was investigated varying several factors, namely contact time, pH, amount of adsorbent and MB concentration on the adsorption process. Studies dealing with equilibrium and kinetics were carried out in batch conditions. The obtained results indicated that the removal rate of MB was 99.53% in 90 min. Langmuir’s isotherm fitted better to the equilibrium data of MB. Fe₃O₄/AC/CD/Alg polymer beads shows amazing adsorption capacities in the elimination of cationic dyes (2.079 mg/g for polymer gel beads and 10.63 mg g⁻¹ for dry powder beads), in comparison to other adsorbent materials. The obtained adsorbent is spherical with hydrophobic cross-linked surface properties that enable an easy recovery without any significant weight loss of in the adsorbent used. Full article

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15 pages, 2281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Graphene Oxide Composite for the Microextraction and Determination of Benzophenones in Water Samples

by Alejandro Medina, Francisco Antonio Casado-Carmona, Ángela I. López-Lorente and Soledad Cárdenas

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010168 - 18 Jan 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4390

Abstract

Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) functionalized with graphene oxide (GO) have been synthesized through a silanization process of the magnetic nanoparticles with tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and further coupling of GO. The synthesized nanomaterials have been characterized by several techniques, such [...] Read more.

Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) functionalized with graphene oxide (GO) have been synthesized through a silanization process of the magnetic nanoparticles with tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and further coupling of GO. The synthesized nanomaterials have been characterized by several techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and infrared and Raman spectroscopy, which enabled the evaluation of the different steps of the functionalization process. The hybrid nanomaterial has been employed for the extraction of five benzophenones (benzophenone-1, benzophenone-3, 4-hydroxybenzophenone, benzophenone-6 and benzophenone-8) in aqueous samples by dispersive micro-solid phase extraction, combining the magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles with the excellent sorption capacity of graphene oxide via hydrophobic interactions with the analytes. The subsequent separation and quantification of the analytes was performed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection, achieving limits of detection (LODs) in the range 2.5 to 8.2 μg·L⁻¹, with relative standard deviations ranging from 1.3–9.8% and relative recovering in the range 86 to 105%. Positive swimming pool water samples analysed following the developed method revealed the presence of benzophenones in from 14.3 to 39 μg·L⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Nanomaterials for Applications in Trace Analysis)

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13 pages, 2332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemically Deposited NiO Films as a Blocking Layer in p-Type Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with an Impressive 45% Fill Factor

by Matteo Bonomo, Diego Di Girolamo, Marco Piccinni, Denis P. Dowling and Danilo Dini

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010167 - 17 Jan 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3965

Abstract

The enhancement of photoelectrochemical conversion efficiency of p-type dye-sensitized solar cells (p-DSSCs) is necessary to build up effective tandem devices in which both anode and cathode are photoactive. The efficiency of a p-type device (2.5%) is roughly one order [...] Read more.

The enhancement of photoelectrochemical conversion efficiency of p-type dye-sensitized solar cells (p-DSSCs) is necessary to build up effective tandem devices in which both anode and cathode are photoactive. The efficiency of a p-type device (2.5%) is roughly one order of magnitude lower than the n-type counterparts (13.1%), thus limiting the overall efficiency of the tandem cell, especially in terms of powered current density. This is mainly due to the recombination reaction that occurs especially at the photocathode (or Indium-doped Tin Oxide (ITO))/electrolyte interface. To minimize this phenomenon, a widely employed strategy is to deposit a compact film of NiO (acting as a blocking electrode) beneath the porous electrode. Here, we propose electrodeposition as a cheap, easy scalable and environmental-friendly approach to deposit nanometric films directly on ITO glass. The results are compared to a blocking layer made by means of sol-gel technique. Cells embodying a blocking layer substantially outperformed the reference device. Among them, BL_1.10V shows the best photoconversion efficiency (0.166%) and one of the highest values of fill factor (approaching 46%) ever reported. This is mainly due to an optimized surface roughness of the blocking layer assuring a good deposition of the porous layer. The effectiveness of the implementation of the blocking layer is further proved by means of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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15 pages, 6400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polypyrrole Chains Decorated on CoS Spheres: A Core-Shell Like Heterostructure for High-Performance Microwave Absorption

by Hui Liu, Guangzhen Cui, Ling Li, Zhi Zhang, Xuliang Lv and Xinxin Wang

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010166 - 17 Jan 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3583

Abstract

Cobalt sulfide composites have exhibited great potential in terms of microwave absorption, owing to their low price, relatively high capacitance, and excellent electrocatalytic activity. Thus, a novel core-shell like structure comprising cobalt sulfide@polypyrrole (CoS@PPy) composite was synthesized by a facile solvothermal synthesis method [...] Read more.

Cobalt sulfide composites have exhibited great potential in terms of microwave absorption, owing to their low price, relatively high capacitance, and excellent electrocatalytic activity. Thus, a novel core-shell like structure comprising cobalt sulfide@polypyrrole (CoS@PPy) composite was synthesized by a facile solvothermal synthesis method and in situ polymerization. When coated by the heterostructure polypyrrole aerogel, CoS@PPy composite exhibited excellent microwave absorption properties with an optimal reflection loss (R_L) of −41.8 dB at 6.96 GHz. Furthermore, the absorption bandwidth (R_L < −10 dB) of 5.4 GHz could be reached at a coating thickness of 2.05 mm, probably attributing to the synergistic effect of good impedance matching, interfacial polarization, dipole polarization, and conductivity loss. Moreover, this work proposed a loss mechanism mode which probably occurred in the CoS@PPy composites. It was demonstrated that the CoS@PPy composite is a promising material in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption. Full article

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16 pages, 3628 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metal–Organic Framework-Based Sustainable Nanocatalysts for CO Oxidation

by Luis A. Lozano, Betina M. C. Faroldi, María A. Ulla and Juan M. Zamaro

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010165 - 17 Jan 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4117

Abstract

The development of new catalytic nanomaterials following sustainability criteria both in their composition and in their synthesis process is a topic of great current interest. The purpose of this work was to investigate the preparation of nanocatalysts derived from the zirconium metal–organic framework [...] Read more.

The development of new catalytic nanomaterials following sustainability criteria both in their composition and in their synthesis process is a topic of great current interest. The purpose of this work was to investigate the preparation of nanocatalysts derived from the zirconium metal–organic framework UiO-66 obtained under friendly conditions and supporting dispersed species of non-noble transition elements such as Cu, Co, and Fe, incorporated through a simple incipient wetness impregnation technique. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized solids were studied through several characterization techniques and then they were investigated in reactions of relevance for environmental pollution control, such as the oxidation of carbon monoxide in air and in hydrogen-rich streams (COProx). By controlling the atmospheres and pretreatment temperatures, it was possible to obtain active catalysts for the reactions under study, consisting of Cu-based UiO-66-, bimetallic CuCo–UiO-66-, and CuFe–UiO-6-derived materials. These solids represent new alternatives of nanostructured catalysts based on highly dispersed non-noble active metals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of New Nanoparticle Structures as Catalysts)

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12 pages, 3511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy on Hybrid Graphene/Gold Substrates near the Percolation Threshold

by Dmitry E. Tatarkin, Dmitry I. Yakubovsky, Georgy A. Ermolaev, Yury V. Stebunov, Artem A. Voronov, Aleksey V. Arsenin, Valentyn S. Volkov and Sergey M. Novikov

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010164 - 17 Jan 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5177

Abstract

Graphene is a promising platform for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-active substrates, primarily due to the possibility of quenching photoluminescence and fluorescence. Here we study ultrathin gold films near the percolation threshold fabricated by electron-beam deposition on monolayer CVD graphene. The advantages of such [...] Read more.

Graphene is a promising platform for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-active substrates, primarily due to the possibility of quenching photoluminescence and fluorescence. Here we study ultrathin gold films near the percolation threshold fabricated by electron-beam deposition on monolayer CVD graphene. The advantages of such hybrid graphene/gold substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy are discussed in comparison with conventional substrates without the graphene layer. The percolation threshold is determined by independent measurements of the sheet resistance and effective dielectric constant by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The surface morphology of the ultrathin gold films is analyzed by the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the thicknesses of the films in addition to the quartz-crystal mass-thickness sensor are also measured by AFM. We experimentally demonstrate that the maximum SERS signal is observed near and slightly below the percolation threshold. In this case, the region of maximum enhancement of the SERS signal can be determined using the figure of merit (FOM), which is the ratio of the real and imaginary parts of the effective dielectric permittivity of the films. SERS measurements on hybrid graphene/gold substrates with the dye Crystal Violet show an enhancement factor of ~10⁵ and also demonstrate the ability of graphene to quench photoluminescence by an average of ~60%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for (Bio)Sensors Development)

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15 pages, 3026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural, Thermal, and Release Properties of Hybrid Materials Based on Layered Zinc Hydroxide and Caffeic Acid

by Christhy V. Ruiz, María E. Becerra and Oscar Giraldo

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010163 - 17 Jan 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3323

Abstract

Caffeic acid (CA) molecules were immobilized in a layered inorganic host matrix based on zinc hydroxide structures with different starting interlayer anions, nitrate, and acetate. The chemical composition, structure, thermal stability, morphology, and surface of the host matrices and hybrid compounds were analyzed [...] Read more.

Caffeic acid (CA) molecules were immobilized in a layered inorganic host matrix based on zinc hydroxide structures with different starting interlayer anions, nitrate, and acetate. The chemical composition, structure, thermal stability, morphology, and surface of the host matrices and hybrid compounds were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), themogravimetric/differencial thermal analysis (TG/DTA), Fourier transform infrarred spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Additionally, the surface charge of the materials was investigated using zeta potential at pH ~7. The results show an influence of the surface charge on the chemical, interaction, and structure of the resulting hybrid materials as a function of the starting layered structures. An expansion of the basal spacing to 10.20 Å for zinc hydroxide nitrate (ZHN), and a shrinkage to 10.37 Å for zinc hydroxide acetate (ZHA). These results suggest that the CA lies with a tilt angle in the interlayer region of the inorganic host matrix. The immobilization of CA is favored in ZHN, with respect to ZHA, because a single-layered phase was identified. A higher thermal stability at 65 °C was observed for ZHN-CA than for ZHA-CA. The evaluation of the release behavior showed a higher percentage of CA released from ZHN than ZHA, and the release mechanism was described by the Elovich model. The hybrid materials show potential characteristics for use as bioactive delivery systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials and Natural Extract)

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11 pages, 4056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of Epoxy Resin Filled with Ti₃C₂T_x MXene Nanosheets with Excellent Electric Conductivity

by Ailing Feng, Tianqi Hou, Zirui Jia, Yi Zhang, Fan Zhang and Guanglei Wu

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010162 - 17 Jan 2020

Cited by 105 | Viewed by 7572

Abstract

MXene represents new kinds of two-dimensional material transition metal carbides and/or carbonitrides, which have attracted much attention in various applications including electrochemical storage devices, catalysts, and polymer composite. Here, we report a facile method to synthesize Ti₃C₂T_x MXene [...] Read more.

MXene represents new kinds of two-dimensional material transition metal carbides and/or carbonitrides, which have attracted much attention in various applications including electrochemical storage devices, catalysts, and polymer composite. Here, we report a facile method to synthesize Ti₃C₂T_x MXene nanosheets and prepare a novel electrically conductive adhesive based on epoxy resin filled with Ti₃C₂T_x MXene nanosheets by solution blending. The structure, morphology, and performance of Ti₃C₂Tx MXene nanosheets and epoxy/Ti₃C₂T_x MXene nanosheets composite were investigated. The results show that Ti₃C₂T_x MXene possesses nanosheet structure. Ti₃C₂T_x MXene nanosheets were homogeneously dispersed in epoxy resin. Electrical conductivity and mechanical properties measurements reveal that the epoxy/Ti₃C₂T_x MXene nanosheet composite exhibited both good electrical conductivity (4.52 × 10⁻⁴ S/m) and favorable mechanical properties (tensile strength of 66.2 MPa and impact strength of 24.2 kJ/m²) when the content of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene nanosheets is 1.2 wt %. Thus, Ti₃C₂T_x MXene is a promising filler for electrically conductive adhesive with high electric conductivity and high mechanical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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20 pages, 3354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Indocyanine Green-Nexturastat A-PLGA Nanoparticles Combine Photothermal and Epigenetic Therapy for Melanoma

by Debbie K. Ledezma, Preethi B. Balakrishnan, Juliana Cano-Mejia, Elizabeth E. Sweeney, Melissa Hadley, Catherine M. Bollard, Alejandro Villagra and Rohan Fernandes

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010161 - 17 Jan 2020

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5763

Abstract

In this study, we describe poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-based nanoparticles that combine photothermal therapy (PTT) with epigenetic therapy for melanoma. Specifically, we co-encapsulated indocyanine green (ICG), a PTT agent, and Nexturastat A (NextA), an epigenetic drug within PLGA nanoparticles (ICG-NextA-PLGA; INAPs). [...] Read more.

In this study, we describe poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-based nanoparticles that combine photothermal therapy (PTT) with epigenetic therapy for melanoma. Specifically, we co-encapsulated indocyanine green (ICG), a PTT agent, and Nexturastat A (NextA), an epigenetic drug within PLGA nanoparticles (ICG-NextA-PLGA; INAPs). We hypothesized that combining PTT with epigenetic therapy elicits favorable cytotoxic and immunomodulatory responses that result in improved survival in melanoma-bearing mice. We utilized a nanoemulsion synthesis scheme to co-encapsulate ICG and NextA within stable and monodispersed INAPs. The INAPs exhibited concentration-dependent and near-infrared (NIR) laser power-dependent photothermal heating characteristics, and functioned as effective single-use agents for PTT of melanoma cells in vitro. The INAPs functioned as effective epigenetic therapy agents by inhibiting the expression of pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) and HDAC6-specific activity in melanoma cells in vitro. When used for both PTT and epigenetic therapy in vitro, the INAPs increased the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I in melanoma cells relative to controls. These advantages persisted in vivo in a syngeneic murine model of melanoma, where the combination therapy slowed tumor progression and improved median survival. These findings demonstrate the potential of INAPs as agents of PTT and epigenetic therapy for melanoma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications)

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16 pages, 4140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surfactant-Free Synthesis of Nb₂O₅ Nanoparticles Anchored Graphene Nanocomposites with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance for Supercapacitor Electrodes

by P. Nagaraju, R. Vasudevan, A. Alsalme, A. Alghamdi, M. Arivanandhan and R. Jayavel

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010160 - 17 Jan 2020

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4932

Abstract

Nb₂O₅/graphene nanocomposites without any surfactant are synthesized by an in situ microwave irradiation technique. Structural and morphological studies revealed that the prepared composites were composed of Nb₂O₅ nanoparticles intercalated into the graphene sheet. The thermal stability [...] Read more.

Nb₂O₅/graphene nanocomposites without any surfactant are synthesized by an in situ microwave irradiation technique. Structural and morphological studies revealed that the prepared composites were composed of Nb₂O₅ nanoparticles intercalated into the graphene sheet. The thermal stability of graphene oxide, Nb₂O₅, and Nb₂O₅/graphene nanocomposite was studied by the TGA. The electrochemical properties are assessed by cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses. The specific capacitance of Nb₂O₅/graphene nanocomposites is greater (633 Fg⁻¹) than pure Nb₂O₅ nanoparticles (221 Fg⁻¹) and graphene (290 Fg⁻¹) at a current density of 1 Ag⁻¹. The long-term cyclic measurement confirms higher cyclic stability of the nanocomposite with capacitance retention of 99.3% after 5000 cycles without performance degradation. The composites exhibit higher electrochemical conductivity and allow effective ions and charge transport over the entire electrode surface with aqueous electrolyte. The electrochemical study suggests that Nb₂O₅/graphene nanocomposites have the potential to be an effective electrode for superior performance supercapacitor applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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10 pages, 5159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Substrate-Controlled Magnetism: Fe Nanowires on Vicinal Cu Surfaces

by D. Hashemi, M. J. Waters, W. Hergert, J. Kieffer and V. S. Stepanyuk

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010159 - 16 Jan 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3405

Abstract

Here we present a novel approach to controlling magnetic interactions between atomic-scale nanowires. Our ab initio calculations demonstrate the possibility to tune magnetic properties of Fe nanowires formed on vicinal Cu surfaces. Both intrawire and interwire magnetic exchange parameters are extracted from density [...] Read more.

Here we present a novel approach to controlling magnetic interactions between atomic-scale nanowires. Our ab initio calculations demonstrate the possibility to tune magnetic properties of Fe nanowires formed on vicinal Cu surfaces. Both intrawire and interwire magnetic exchange parameters are extracted from density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This study suggests that the effective interwire magnetic exchange parameters exhibit Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida-like (RKKY) oscillations as a function of Fe interwire separation. The choice of the vicinal Cu surface offers possibilities for controlling the magnetic coupling. Furthermore, an anisotropic Heisenberg model was used in Monte Carlo simulations to examine the stability of these magnetic configurations at finite temperatures. The predicted critical temperatures of the Fe nanowires on Cu(422) and Cu(533) surfaces are well above room temperature. Full article

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20 pages, 6752 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Radiosensitization by Gold Nanoparticles and the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor SAHA in 2D and 3D Cancer Cell Cultures

by Nóra Igaz, Krisztina Szőke, Dávid Kovács, Andrea Buhala, Zoltán Varga, Péter Bélteky, Zsolt Rázga, László Tiszlavicz, Csaba Vizler, Katalin Hideghéty, Zoltán Kónya and Mónika Kiricsi

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010158 - 16 Jan 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4271

Abstract

Radiosensitizing agents are capable of augmenting the damage of ionizing radiation preferentially on cancer cells, thereby increasing the potency and the specificity of radiotherapy. Metal-based nanoparticles have recently gathered ground in radio-enhancement applications, owing to their exceptional competence in amplifying the cell-killing effects [...] Read more.

Radiosensitizing agents are capable of augmenting the damage of ionizing radiation preferentially on cancer cells, thereby increasing the potency and the specificity of radiotherapy. Metal-based nanoparticles have recently gathered ground in radio-enhancement applications, owing to their exceptional competence in amplifying the cell-killing effects of irradiation. Our aim was to examine the radiosensitizing performance of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and the chromatin-modifying histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) alone and in combination. We observed that the colony-forming capability of cancer cells decreased significantly and the DNA damage, detected by γH2AX immunostaining, was substantially greater after combinational treatments than upon individual drug exposures followed by irradiation. Synergistic radiosensitizing effects of AuNPs and SAHA were proven on various cell lines, including radioresistant A549 and DU-145 cancer cells. 3D cultures often manifest radio- and drug-resistance, nevertheless, AuNPs in combination with SAHA could effectively enhance the potency of irradiation as the number of viable cells decreased significantly when spheroids received AuNP + SAHA prior to radiotherapy. Our results imply that a relaxed chromatin structure induced by SAHA renders the DNA of cancerous cells more susceptible to the damaging effects of irradiation-triggered, AuNP-released reactive electrons. This feature of AuNPs should be exploited in multimodal treatment approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanoscale Materials for Cancer Diagnostic and Therapy)

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12 pages, 3301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte via In Situ Synthesis of SiO₂ Nanoparticles in PEO

by Xinjie Tan, Yongmin Wu, Weiping Tang, Shufeng Song, Jianyao Yao, Zhaoyin Wen, Li Lu, Serguei V. Savilov, Ning Hu and Janina Molenda

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010157 - 16 Jan 2020

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 6197

Abstract

Composite polymer electrolytes provide an emerging solution for new battery development by replacing liquid electrolytes, which are commonly complexes of polyethylene oxide (PEO) with ceramic fillers. However, the agglomeration of fillers and weak interaction restrict their conductivities. By contrast with the prevailing methods [...] Read more.

Composite polymer electrolytes provide an emerging solution for new battery development by replacing liquid electrolytes, which are commonly complexes of polyethylene oxide (PEO) with ceramic fillers. However, the agglomeration of fillers and weak interaction restrict their conductivities. By contrast with the prevailing methods of blending preformed ceramic fillers within the polymer matrix, here we proposed an in situ synthesis method of SiO₂ nanoparticles in the PEO matrix. In this case, robust chemical interactions between SiO₂ nanoparticles, lithium salt and PEO chains were induced by the in situ non-hydrolytic sol gel process. The in situ synthesized nanocomposite polymer electrolyte delivered an impressive ionic conductivity of ~1.1 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at 30 °C, which is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the preformed synthesized composite polymer electrolyte. In addition, an extended electrochemical window of up to 5 V vs. Li/Li⁺ was achieved. The Li/nanocomposite polymer electrolyte/Li symmetric cell demonstrated a stable long-term cycling performance of over 700 h at 0.01–0.1 mA cm⁻² without short circuiting. The all-solid-state battery consisting of the nanocomposite polymer electrolyte, Li metal and LiFePO₄ provides a discharge capacity of 123.5 mAh g⁻¹, a Coulombic efficiency above 99% and a good capacity retention of 70% after 100 cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Energy Storage)

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15 pages, 2766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Dimensional Clusters of Colloidal Particles Induced by Emulsion Droplet Evaporation

by Hai Pham-Van, Linh Tran-Phan-Thuy, Cuong Tran-Manh, Bich Do-Danh and Hoang Luc-Huy

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010156 - 16 Jan 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3301

Abstract

The minimization principle of the second moment of the mass distribution (

M_{2}

) is responsible for the unique structure of three-dimensional clusters by using emulsion droplet evaporation. Herein we study the structure of two-dimensional clusters of colloidal particles bound at the [...] Read more.

The minimization principle of the second moment of the mass distribution (

M_{2}

) is responsible for the unique structure of three-dimensional clusters by using emulsion droplet evaporation. Herein we study the structure of two-dimensional clusters of colloidal particles bound at the interface of liquid droplets in the plane. We found that, differently from the three-dimensional system, the two-dimensional clusters have multiple degenerate configurations (isomers). An interesting feature of such two-dimensional clusters is that they have the same packings as those belonging to a class of geometric figures known as polyiamonds. In particular, except for the six-particle cluster, many higher order clusters of polyiamond have not been reported previously. Using a simple geometrical approach, based on the number of ways to generate a packing, we calculated the occupation probabilities of distinct isomeric clusters. The level of agreement with the results of metropolis Monte Carlo simulations was good for clusters containing up to nine particles, suggesting that our two-dimensional cluster structures are not a result of the minimization of the second moment. In addition, the structure of these clusters is somewhat insensitive to the range and depth of the interparticle potential, in good agreement with the results in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nano Emulsions: Smart Colloids for Multiple Applications)

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8 pages, 2369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Charge Carrier Transport Behavior and Dielectric Properties of BaF₂:Tb³⁺ Nanocrystals

by Xiaoyan Cui, Tingjing Hu, Huangyu Wu, Junkai Zhang, Lihua Yang, Xin Zhong, Xiaoxin Wu, Jingshu Wang, Xuefei Li, Jinghai Yang and Chunxiao Gao

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010155 - 16 Jan 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2244

Abstract

The charge carrier behavior and dielectric properties of BaF₂:Tb³⁺ nanocrystals have been studied by alternating current (AC) impedance spectroscopy. The electron and ion coexist in the transport process. The F⁻ ion’s contribution to the total conduction increases with the [...] Read more.

The charge carrier behavior and dielectric properties of BaF₂:Tb³⁺ nanocrystals have been studied by alternating current (AC) impedance spectroscopy. The electron and ion coexist in the transport process. The F⁻ ion’s contribution to the total conduction increases with the doping concentration up to 4% and then decreases. Tb doping leads to the increase of defect quantities and a variation of charge carrier transport paths, which causes the increase of the ion diffusion coefficient and the decreases of bulk and grain boundary resistance. When the Tb-doped concentration is higher than 4%, the effect of deformation potential scattering variation on the transport property is dominant, which results in the decrease of the ion diffusion coefficient and increases of bulk and grain boundary resistance. The conduction properties of our BaF₂:Tb³⁺ nanocrystals are compared with previous results that were found for the single crystals of rare earth-doped BaF₂. Tb doping causes increases of both the quantity and the probability of carrier hopping, and it finally leads to increases of BaF₂ nanocrystals’ permittivity in the low frequency region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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20 pages, 9987 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tuning the Mechanical and Adhesion Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Using Aligned Cellulose Wrap (Cellulose Nanotube): A Molecular Dynamics Study

by Mehdi Shishehbor and M. Reza Pouranian

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010154 - 16 Jan 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4842

Abstract

Improving the adhesion properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at the molecular scale can significantly enhance dispersion of CNT fibers in polymer matrix and unleash the dormant extraordinary mechanical properties of CNTs in CNT-polymer nanocomposites. Inspired by the outstanding adhesion, dispersion, mechanical, and surface [...] Read more.

Improving the adhesion properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at the molecular scale can significantly enhance dispersion of CNT fibers in polymer matrix and unleash the dormant extraordinary mechanical properties of CNTs in CNT-polymer nanocomposites. Inspired by the outstanding adhesion, dispersion, mechanical, and surface functionalization properties of crystalline nanocellulose (CNC), this paper studies the mechanical and adhesion properties of CNT wrapped by aligned cellulose chains around CNT using molecular dynamic simulations. The strength, elastic modulus, and toughness of CNT-cellulose fiber for different cellulose contents are obtained from tensile and compression tests. Additionally, the effect of adding cellulose on the surface energy, interfacial shear modulus, and strength is evaluated. The result shows that even adding a single layer cellulose wrap (≈55% content) significantly decreases the mechanical properties, however, it also dramatically enhances the adhesion energy, interfacial shear strength, and modulus. Adding more cellulose layers, subsequently, deceases and increases mechanical properties and adhesion properties, respectively. In addition, analysis of nanopapers of pristine CNT, pristine CNC, and CNT-wrapped cellulose reveals that CNT-wrapped cellulose nanopapers are strong, stiff, and tough, while for CNT and CNC either strength or toughness is compromised. This research shows that cellulose wraps provide CNT fibers with tunable mechanical properties and adhesion energy that could yield strong and tough materials due to the excellent mechanical properties of CNT and active surface and hydrogen bonding of cellulose. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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18 pages, 20831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Multi-Functional SiO₂@YAG:Ce Core–Shell Optical Nanoparticles for Solid State Lighting Applications

by Mahdi Kiani Khouzani, Abbas Bahrami, Maryam Yazdan Mehr, Willem Dirk van Driel and Guoqi Zhang

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010153 - 16 Jan 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4573

Abstract

This paper aims to investigate the synthesis, structure, and optical properties of SiO₂@YAG:Ce core–shell optical nanoparticles for solid state lighting applications. YAG:Ce phosphor is a key part in white light emitting diodes (LEDs), with its main functionality being the generation of [...] Read more.

This paper aims to investigate the synthesis, structure, and optical properties of SiO₂@YAG:Ce core–shell optical nanoparticles for solid state lighting applications. YAG:Ce phosphor is a key part in white light emitting diodes (LEDs), with its main functionality being the generation of yellow light. Generated yellow light from phosphor will be combined with blue light, emitted from chip, resulting in the generation of white light. Generated light in LEDs will often be scattered by SiO₂ nanoparticles. SiO₂ nanoparticles are often distributed within the optical window, aiming for a more homogeneous light output. The main idea in this research is to combine these functionalities in one core–shell particle, with its core being SiO₂ and its shell being phosphor. In this study core–shell nanoparticles with different Ce³⁺ concentrations were synthesized by a sol–gel method. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis, high resolution transmission electron macroscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Luminescence characteristics of SiO₂@YAG:Ce core–shell particles were compared with that of SiO₂/YAG:Ce mixture composite, which is now used in commercial LEDs. Obtained results showed that core–shell nanoparticles have comparatively much better optical properties, compared to SiO₂/YAG:Ce mixture composite and can therefore be potentially used in LEDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Luminescent Nanomaterials)

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17 pages, 1061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Continuum Modelling for Interacting Coronene Molecules with a Carbon Nanotube

by Kyle Stevens, Thien Tran-Duc, Ngamta Thamwattana and James M. Hill

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010152 - 15 Jan 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2644

Abstract

The production of single dimensional carbon structures has recently been made easier using carbon nanotubes. We consider here encapsulated coronene molecules, which are flat and circular-shaped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, inside carbon nanotubes. Depending on the radius of the nanotube, certain specific configurations of [...] Read more.

The production of single dimensional carbon structures has recently been made easier using carbon nanotubes. We consider here encapsulated coronene molecules, which are flat and circular-shaped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, inside carbon nanotubes. Depending on the radius of the nanotube, certain specific configurations of the coronene molecules can be achieved that give rise to the formation of stacked columns or aid in forming nanoribbons. Due to their symmetrical structure, a coronene molecule may be modelled by three inner circular rings of carbon atoms and one outer circular ring of hydrogen atoms, while the carbon nanotube is modelled as a circular tube. Using the continuous model and the Lennard-Jones potential, we are able to analytically formulate an expression for the potential energy for a coronene dimer and coronene inside a carbon nanotube. Subsequently, stacking of coronene molecules inside a nanotube is investigated. We find that the minimum energy tilt angle of coronenes in a stack differs from that of a single coronene within the same nanotube. More specifically, for both (18, 0) and (19, 0) zigzag carbon nanotube, we find that the minimum energy tilt angles of the single coronene case (≈42

^{°}

and ≈20

^{°}

respectively) do not occur in the stack model. Full article

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