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Volume 14
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Biology, Volume 14, Issue 2 (February 2025) – 54 articles

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18 pages, 2484 KiB  
Article
Screening of Bacteria Promoting Carbon Fixation in Chlorella vulgaris Under High Concentration CO2 Stress
by Chuntan Chen, Yu Wang, Qunwei Dai, Weiqi Du, Yulian Zhao and Qianxi Song
Biology 2025, 14(2), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020157 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025
Abstract
The cooperation between microalgae and bacteria can enhance the carbon fixation efficiency of microalgae. In this study, a microalgae-bacteria coexistence system under high-concentration CO2 stress was constructed, and the bacterial community structure of the entire system was analyzed using the 16S rDNA [...] Read more.
The cooperation between microalgae and bacteria can enhance the carbon fixation efficiency of microalgae. In this study, a microalgae-bacteria coexistence system under high-concentration CO2 stress was constructed, and the bacterial community structure of the entire system was analyzed using the 16S rDNA technique. Microbacterium sp., Bacillus sp., and Aeromonas sp. were screened and demonstrated to promote carbon fixation in Chlorella vulgaris HL 01 (C. vulgaris HL 01). Among them, the Aeromonas sp. + C. vulgaris HL 01 experimental group exhibited the most significant effect, with an increase of about 24% in the final biomass yield and a daily carbon fixation efficiency increase of about 245% (day 7) compared to the control group. Continuous cultivation of microalgae and bacterial symbiosis showed that bacteria could utilize the compounds secreted by microalgae for growth and could produce nutrients to maintain the vitality of microalgae. Detection of extracellular organic compounds of microorganisms in the culture broth by excitation-emission matrix spectral analysis revealed that bacteria utilized the aromatic proteinaceous compounds and others secreted by C. vulgaris HL 01 and produced new extracellular organic compounds required by C. vulgaris HL 01. The metabolic organic substances in the liquids of the experimental groups and the control group were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and it was found that 31 unique organic substances of C. vulgaris HL 01 were utilized by bacteria, and 136 new organic substances were produced. These differential compounds were mainly organic acids and their derivatives, benzene compounds, and organic heterocyclic compounds, etc. These results fully demonstrate that the carbon fixation ability and persistence of C. vulgaris HL 01 are improved through material exchange between microalgae and bacteria. This study establishes a method to screen carbon-fixing symbiotic bacteria and verifies that microalgae and bacteria can significantly improve the carbon fixation efficiency of microalgae for high-concentration CO2 through material exchange, providing a foundation for further research of microalgae-bacterial carbon fixation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)
9 pages, 177 KiB  
Brief Report
Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys: Potential Primate Paradigm in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Research
by Haitao Zhao, Yan Wang, Jiaxuan Li, Nianlong Li, Wenhui Zhou, Chengliang Wang and Baoguo Li
Biology 2025, 14(2), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020156 - 3 Feb 2025
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychiatric disorder, affecting approximately 25–35% of individuals exposed to significant psychological trauma. Despite extensive research, the underlying biological mechanisms of PTSD remain poorly understood, and the effectiveness of trauma-focused psychotherapeutic interventions is limited. To date, animal [...] Read more.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychiatric disorder, affecting approximately 25–35% of individuals exposed to significant psychological trauma. Despite extensive research, the underlying biological mechanisms of PTSD remain poorly understood, and the effectiveness of trauma-focused psychotherapeutic interventions is limited. To date, animal studies investigating trauma responses have primarily relied on rodent models, with the potential contributions of non-human primates relatively neglected. In this study, matched-control observations were employed to examine maternal caregiving behaviors, prosocial interactions, and responses to alarm calls in free-ranging golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) before and after an infanticide event. Results indicated a significant decrease in prosocial behaviors among some mothers, accompanied by significant increases in caregiving behaviors, heightened responsiveness to alarm calls, and indications of low mood. These findings provide evidence of trauma-related behavioral changes in golden snub-nosed monkeys, underscoring their utility as a model for studying PTSD given the similarity to trauma responses observed in humans. Overall, this study provides a foundation for further investigation into the evolutionary and biological aspects of PTSD, as well as the interactions between species-specific trauma responses. Future research should explore the use of non-human primate models to deepen our understanding of PTSD mechanisms. Full article
13 pages, 2121 KiB  
Article
Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor Inhibits Cell Motility and p-ERK1/2 Signaling in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Lines
by Veronica Porreca, Eleonora Corbella, Biagio Palmisano, Marco Peres, Pietro Angelone, Cristina Barbagallo, Michele Stella, Giuseppina Mignogna, Gianluca Mennini, Fabio Melandro, Massimo Rossi, Marco Ragusa, Alessandro Corsi, Mara Riminucci, Bruno Maras and Carmine Mancone
Biology 2025, 14(2), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020155 - 3 Feb 2025
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional soluble glycoprotein, primarily known for its potent anti-angiogenic properties. In recent years, its ability to counteract cell proliferation and motility has generated interest in PEDF as a potential tumor suppressor. In the intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), PEDF, [...] Read more.
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional soluble glycoprotein, primarily known for its potent anti-angiogenic properties. In recent years, its ability to counteract cell proliferation and motility has generated interest in PEDF as a potential tumor suppressor. In the intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), PEDF, Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1), and Thrombospondin 2 (THBS2) are expressed and released into the tumor microenvironment (TME), where they promote lymphangiogenesis at the expense of the neoangiogenic program, aiding the dissemination of cancer cells via lymphatic vessels. Recently, we demonstrated that THBS1 and THBS2 directly affect iCCA cells, exacerbating their malignant behavior, while the direct role of PEDF remains to be elucidated. In this study, through a cell-based assay and molecular analysis, we investigate the direct function of PEDF on two well-established iCCA cell lines. Our results show that PEDF affects cancer cell motility in a paracrine manner, reducing their migratory and invasive capabilities. Notably, our data suggest that the PEDF-induced inhibition of motility in iCCA cells occurs through the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, as indicated by the reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Overall, this study provides the first evidence of PEDF acting as a tumor suppressor in iCCA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Biology 100 Years after the Foundation of the Italian Society: A Celebratory Special Issue)
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13 pages, 1784 KiB  
Article
Identification of DNA Methylation Differences in Pituitary Tissues of Sichuan White Geese Using Whole-Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS)
by Lin Ma, Xianzhi Zhao, Guoda A, Tongtong Song, Meng Wu, Zhihao Yan, Min Xiao, Wenbo Jiang, Yixiao Gao, Haiwei Wang, Zhuping Chen, Keshan Zhang, Jiajia Xue, Yi Luo, Chao Wang, Youhui Xie, Ying Chen, Guangliang Gao and Qigui Wang
Biology 2025, 14(2), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020154 - 3 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1
Abstract
To explore the impact of epigenetic modifications on egg-laying traits in geese, we employed genome-wide bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) to analyze DNA methylation patterns in pituitary tissues of high-(HYP) and low-yield (LYP) Sichuan White geese. We achieved high-quality sequencing data (mean 19.09 Gb raw [...] Read more.
To explore the impact of epigenetic modifications on egg-laying traits in geese, we employed genome-wide bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) to analyze DNA methylation patterns in pituitary tissues of high-(HYP) and low-yield (LYP) Sichuan White geese. We achieved high-quality sequencing data (mean 19.09 Gb raw reads, 15.49 Gb clean reads, 79.1% unique mapping rate) with a bisulfite conversion efficiency of 99.88%. Comparative analysis revealed 2394 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and 422 differentially methylated genes (DMGs) between HYP and LYP groups. We identified five key differentially methylated candidate genes (BMPER, INHA, NMBR, NK3R, and DSG2) linked to egg-laying traits in Sichuan White geese. Integrated GO and KEGG enrichment analysis conducted to explore the role of regulatory networks of epigenetic modification on egg-laying traits in Sichuan White geese identified multiple metabolic pathways associated with egg-laying traits (promoting egg transport, ovulation, and yolk protein synthesis and secretion), thus providing a basis for subsequent functional verification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Basics to Applications of Gene Regulatory Networks)
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19 pages, 3897 KiB  
Article
Seasonal Dynamics of Benthic Infauna Communities in Zostera marina Meadows: Effects of Plant Density Gradients
by Natalia Anna Gintowt, Halina Kendzierska and Urszula Janas
Biology 2025, 14(2), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020153 - 3 Feb 2025
Viewed by 155
Abstract
Zostera marina meadows play a key role in the Baltic Sea ecosystem. They are characterized by high primary production and provide feeding and reproduction grounds for organisms. These characteristics vary due to year-round environmental changes and may be due to the characteristics of [...] Read more.
Zostera marina meadows play a key role in the Baltic Sea ecosystem. They are characterized by high primary production and provide feeding and reproduction grounds for organisms. These characteristics vary due to year-round environmental changes and may be due to the characteristics of the meadows themselves. Organisms inhabiting seagrass meadows are involved in the transformation of substances from terrestrial runoff, and, through bioturbation and bioirrigation, affect biogeochemical processes in the sediments. This study aimed to determine the structure of benthic communities inhabiting Z. marina meadows and their bioturbation (BPC) and bioirrigation (IPC) potential as affected by seagrass density and seasonal changes. This study shows a positive correlation between the density of Z. marina and the structure of macrozoobenthos, as well as the bioturbation and bioirrigation potential of the studied communities. The autumn season stimulated the density of macrofauna and recorded the highest values of their potential activities indices. The presence of Z. marina positively affects macrozoobenthic communities and their functioning regardless of seagrass density, indicating that seagrass meadows inhabited by macrofauna are key biotopes that can support biogeochemical processes in the coastal zone more effectively than bare sand. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Benthic Biodiversity from Microbes to Multicellular Organisms and Its Functional Interplays)
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24 pages, 7367 KiB  
Article
The 31P Spectral Modulus (PSM) as an Assay of Metabolic Status
by Jack V. Greiner, Tamara I. Snogren and Thomas Glonek
Biology 2025, 14(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020152 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 175
Abstract
The phosphorus-31 (31P) spectral modulus (PSM) is a measure of the metabolic status of cells, tissues, and organs. The PSM can be calculated from 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) spectra obtained from cell, tissue, or organ preparations. [...] Read more.
The phosphorus-31 (31P) spectral modulus (PSM) is a measure of the metabolic status of cells, tissues, and organs. The PSM can be calculated from 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) spectra obtained from cell, tissue, or organ preparations. These 31P NMR spectra can be a measure of intact living cells, tissues, or organs, or appropriate biochemical extracts of such preparations. The 31P NMR spectrum is comprised of signals derived from organophosphate metabolites that resonate from 10 δ to −25 δ on the phosphorus chemical shift δ scale. The PSM is the ratio of the high-energy phosphate to that of the low-energy phosphate spectral integrals. These integrals may be conveniently grouped into high-energy and low-energy spectral regions, respectively, into 31P chemical shifts located between −0.13 δ to −25 δ and between 10 δ to −0.13 δ. High-energy phosphates are typically described as providing the energy necessary for the activity of cellular metabolism; chemically, they contain one or more phosphate anhydride bonds. This study demonstrates that, (1) in general, the higher the metabolic activity, the higher the PSM, and (2) the modulus calculation does not require a highly resolved 31P spectrum and can be calculated solely from the integral. The PSM was calculated among cells, tissues, and organs considered normal, diseased, and stressed. In diseased (mean 1.29 ± 0.73) and stressed (mean 1.23 ± 0.75) cells, tissues, and organs, PSM values are typically low or low relative to normal cells, tissues, or organs (mean 1.65 ± 0.90), following time-course measurements, in dynamic decline. The PSM is useful in determining the metabolic status of cells, tissues, or organs and can be employed as a calculable numeric assay for determining health status statically or over time. Calculation of the PSM can be carried out with spectra of low signal-to-noise; it relies on the minimal resolution required to detect an integral curve having a clear spectral integral inflection point at ca. −0.13 δ. Detection of an integral curve alone enables the calculation of a PSM even at levels of phosphorus concentration so low as to prevent detection of the individual or groups of metabolites, such as with in vivo or ex vivo cell, tissue, or organ determinations. This study (1) presents the foundations and fundamentals of the PSM, a living index of tissue metabolic health, and (2) demonstrates the use of spectral scan analysis in opening new vistas of biology and medicine for measuring the metabolic status of stressed and diseased tissues at a range of detectable levels for monitoring therapeutic interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)
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18 pages, 1575 KiB  
Review
What Do We Know About Non-Native, Invasive, and Transplanted Aquatic Mollusks in South America?
by Gustavo Darrigran, Carlos Belz, Alvar Carranza, Gonzalo A. Collado, Modesto Correoso, Alejandra A. Fabres, Diego E. Gutiérrez Gregoric, César Lodeiros, Guido Pastorino, Pablo E. Penchaszadeh, Rodrigo B. Salvador, Sonia Santos, Silvana Thiengo and Cristina Damborenea
Biology 2025, 14(2), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020151 - 1 Feb 2025
Viewed by 281
Abstract
Global awareness of introduced species as one of the primary drivers of biodiversity change—causing environmental impacts, and economic and social effects—emphasizes the need to enhance our understanding of these species. Developing a comprehensive database will enable policymakers to identify global bioinvasion patterns and [...] Read more.
Global awareness of introduced species as one of the primary drivers of biodiversity change—causing environmental impacts, and economic and social effects—emphasizes the need to enhance our understanding of these species. Developing a comprehensive database will enable policymakers to identify global bioinvasion patterns and strengthen their capacity to manage them effectively. Aquatic mollusks play a crucial role in the ecosystems they inhabit, influencing food webs and nutrient cycling, and habitat formation and modification. They are also the dominant group in aquaculture, contributing significantly to the economy while also causing economic losses through macrofouling and posing health risks. Despite their importance, information on the introduction, establishment, and dispersal of mollusk species in South America remains scarce and is often confined to the grey literature. With the aim of organizing, increasing, and strengthening the knowledge of non-native and transplanted mollusks in general and aquatic mollusks in particular, 29 specialists in the introduced mollusks of South America, from seven countries, have been working collaboratively since 2016. Each member contributes expertise, data, and bibliographic resources to build the status of the introduced mollusks in South America and provide critical information to prevent future introductions and transplants. In aquatic environments, 41 non-native mollusk species and 18 transplanted species have been identified. Among them, the bivalve Limnoperna fortunei stands out with the greatest economic effect, while the gastropods Lymnaeidae and Thiaridae represent significant health concerns. Although this research represents a major step forward, it also highlights challenges such as the scarcity of taxonomic studies and the limited investigation of vast areas in South America. The information compiled in this review serves as a resource for researchers, policymakers, and the general public when addressing mollusk bioinvasions in South America. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition: Aquatic Alien Invasions and Their Impact on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services )
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23 pages, 8162 KiB  
Article
The Role of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Modulating Dermal Fibroblast Activity: A Pathway to Enhanced Tissue Regeneration
by Muttiah Barathan, Kow Jack Ham, Hui Yin Wong and Jia Xian Law
Biology 2025, 14(2), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020150 - 1 Feb 2025
Viewed by 221
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) hold significant promise as therapeutic agents in regenerative medicine. This study investigates the effects of UC-MSC-derived EVs on dermal fibroblast function, and their potential in wound healing applications. EVs were characterized by [...] Read more.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) hold significant promise as therapeutic agents in regenerative medicine. This study investigates the effects of UC-MSC-derived EVs on dermal fibroblast function, and their potential in wound healing applications. EVs were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy, revealing a mean size of 118.6 nm, consistent with exosomal properties. Dermal fibroblasts were treated with varying concentrations of EVs (25–100 µg/mL), and their impacts on cellular metabolism, mitochondrial activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, wound closure, inflammatory cytokine secretion, growth factor production, and extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression were evaluated. At lower concentrations (25–50 µg/mL), EVs significantly enhanced fibroblast metabolic and mitochondrial activity. However, higher concentrations (≥75 µg/mL) increased ROS levels, suggesting potential hormetic effects. EVs also modulated inflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) while promoting pro-regenerative cytokines (IL-33, TGF-β). Treatment with 50 µg/mL of EVs optimally stimulated wound closure and growth factor secretion (VEGF, BDNF, KGF, IGF), and upregulated ECM-related gene expression (type I and III collagen, fibronectin). These findings demonstrate that UC-MSC-derived EVs exert multifaceted effects on dermal fibroblast function, including enhanced cellular energetics, stimulation of cell migration, regulation of inflammation, promotion of growth factor production, and increased ECM synthesis. This study highlights the potential of EVs as a novel therapeutic strategy for wound healing and tissue regeneration, emphasizing the importance of optimizing EV concentration for maximal therapeutic efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cell Biology)
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14 pages, 2482 KiB  
Article
Selectively Blocking Small Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels Improves Cognition in Aged Mice
by Jessie Ong, H. Craig Heller and Elsa Pittaras
Biology 2025, 14(2), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020149 - 1 Feb 2025
Viewed by 230
Abstract
Aging is associated with decreased neuronal sensitivity and activity that creates deficits in cognitive processes, including learning, memory, motivation, general activity, and other behaviors. These effects are due in part to decreased intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, increasing hyperpolarization of the resting potential in [...] Read more.
Aging is associated with decreased neuronal sensitivity and activity that creates deficits in cognitive processes, including learning, memory, motivation, general activity, and other behaviors. These effects are due in part to decreased intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, increasing hyperpolarization of the resting potential in aged neurons and therefore decreasing their excitability. To reduce hyperpolarization in aged mice, we used apamin, a selective small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (sKCa) channel blocker. By blocking the sKCa channels, apamin decreases the egress of the K+ out of the cell, reducing its hyperpolarization and causing it to be closer to threshold potential. As a result, neurons should be more sensitive to excitatory stimuli and more active. We evaluated the performance of aged mice in a selection of cognitive and behavioral tests prior to and after systemic applications of apamin or the vehicle saline. Apamin improved performance in short-term memory, increased attention to tasks, and decreased anhedonia. Apamin had no significant effect on long-term spatial and recognition memory, risk-taking behavior, sociability, and anxiety. Our results are compatible with the known effects of sKCa channel blockade on neuronal sensitivity and activity; however, these short-term effects were not reflected in longer-term alterations of neural plasticity responsible for long-term spatial and recognition memory or other more complex cognitive processes we evaluated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Behavioural Biology)
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21 pages, 1940 KiB  
Review
Symbionts of Red King Crab from the Sea of Okhotsk: A Review of Russian Studies
by Alexander G. Dvoretsky and Vladimir G. Dvoretsky
Biology 2025, 14(2), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020148 - 31 Jan 2025
Viewed by 241
Abstract
The red king crab, Paralithodes camtscaticus, is a commercially significant crustacean that supports lucrative fisheries in Russia, the USA, and Norway. The western Kamchatka shelf, located in the Sea of Okhotsk, is home to one of the most important populations of the [...] Read more.
The red king crab, Paralithodes camtscaticus, is a commercially significant crustacean that supports lucrative fisheries in Russia, the USA, and Norway. The western Kamchatka shelf, located in the Sea of Okhotsk, is home to one of the most important populations of the red king crab. In this study, we have conducted a review of the symbionts associated with P. camtscaticus in the waters off the Kamchatka Peninsula. A total of 42 symbiotic species belonging to 14 different phyla were identified in association with the red king crab. Out of these, 14 species were found to be parasitic to the red king crab, while the remaining 28 were either commensal or epibiont in nature. The taxa with the highest number of associated species included ciliates (11), crustaceans (8), and acanthocephalans (4). Our study found that red king crabs suffering from shell disease exhibited a more diverse symbiotic fauna and higher infestation indices as compared to healthy crabs, which were found to be free from parasites. Dangerous symbionts, such as dinoflagellates Hematodinium sp. and rhizocephalan barnacles Briarosaccus callosus, had low incidence rates, indicating that the red king crab population in the Sea of Okhotsk is in good condition with respect to population abundance, health, and recruitment and is not being adversely impacted by symbiotic organisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epibiosis in Aquatic Environments)
19 pages, 1861 KiB  
Article
Binary Mixture of Neonicotinoid–Pyrethroid Insecticide: Impact on Survival, Cognitive Learning, and Memory in Apis mellifera jemenitica
by Mohamedazim I. B. Abuagla, Javaid Iqbal, Hael S. A. Raweh, Abdelsalam S. A. Abdelaziz and Abdulaziz S. Alqarni
Biology 2025, 14(2), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020147 - 30 Jan 2025
Viewed by 520
Abstract
The impact of agrochemicals on pollinators, especially honey bees, has drawn significant attention due to its critical implications for worldwide food stability and ecosystems. Given the potential threat of insecticides to honey bees, bees may encounter multiple insecticides simultaneously during foraging. This study [...] Read more.
The impact of agrochemicals on pollinators, especially honey bees, has drawn significant attention due to its critical implications for worldwide food stability and ecosystems. Given the potential threat of insecticides to honey bees, bees may encounter multiple insecticides simultaneously during foraging. This study investigated the toxic effect of an insecticide mixture (IM) containing acetamiprid (neonicotinoid) and deltamethrin (pyrethroid) on the survival and cognitive appetitive performance of Apis mellifera jemenitica, a vital native pollinator in arid regions of Saudi Arabia. The lethal concentration (LC50) was determined by assessing bees’ mortality rates following exposure to IM through topical and oral routes. Significant bee mortality occurred at 4–48 h post treatment with IM through both exposure routes, showing a trend of increased mortality with higher IM concentrations compared to the control bees. Throughout all tested times, topical exposure proved relatively more effective, resulting in significantly greater bee mortality compared to oral exposure to IM. Food intake declined progressively with rising IM concentrations during oral exposure. The LC50 values of IM at 24 h after treatment were 12.24 ppm for topical and 10.45 ppm for oral exposure. The corresponding LC10, LC20, and LC30 values were 3.75 ppm, 5.63 ppm, and 7.54 ppm for topical exposure and 2.45 ppm, 4.04 ppm, and 5.78 ppm for oral exposure, respectively. The combination index (CI) revealed a synergistic effect (0.43) for topical exposure and antagonistic effects (1.43) for oral exposure, highlighting differential toxicity dynamics. IM exposure significantly impaired cognitive acquisition and memory reinforcement in honey bees, as demonstrated through behavioral assays, indicating potential neurotoxic effects. Learning and memory formation significantly declined at 2, 12, and 24 h after exposure to sublethal concentrations of IM through both topical and oral routes. Thus, evaluating the interactive impact of multiple pesticides on bees’ health and cognitive function is essential, particularly in regions where diverse agrochemicals are routinely utilized. Full article
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14 pages, 1176 KiB  
Article
Poor Sympathetic Compensation During Active Standing Increases the Risk of Morbidity–Mortality in the Post-Surgery of Patients with Severe Calcific Aortic Stenosis
by Nydia Avila-Vanzzini, Anayanci Santana-Ortiz, Daniela Sánchez-Estrada, Rashidi Springall, Abel Lerma, Héctor Herrera-Bello, Martín Calderón-Juárez and Claudia Lerma
Biology 2025, 14(2), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020146 - 30 Jan 2025
Viewed by 568
Abstract
(1) Background: Although all severe calcific aortic stenosis (SCAS) patients have decreased sympathetic compensation to active standing, it has not been studied in patients who underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR). The objective was to assess the association of the heart rate variability (HRV) [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Although all severe calcific aortic stenosis (SCAS) patients have decreased sympathetic compensation to active standing, it has not been studied in patients who underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR). The objective was to assess the association of the heart rate variability (HRV) response to an active orthostatic challenge before AVR with the risk of complications or death during the AVR postoperative period in patients with SCAS. (2) Methods: This observational study included 49 patients. The cardiac autonomic activity was assessed by HRV analysis during supine position and active standing (five minutes each). (3) Results: Twenty-four patients (48.9%) who presented outcomes (complication or death) had a greater left ventricular (LV) mass and a smaller magnitude of change during active standing in both the mean cardiac period and sympathetic predominance. Poor sympathetic compensation to active standing and LV mass were independently associated with the outcome odds ratio (OR) = 4.8 [(1.06, 21.8), p < 0.041] and 1.03 [(1.007, 1.062), p < 0.013], respectively. (4) Conclusions: In SCAS patients, poor sympathetic compensation in the face of orthostatic challenge and greater LV mass are associated with complications or death after AVR surgery. This approach offers an opportunity to find new criteria to reduce the surgical risk of these patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Autonomic Function: From Bench to Bedside)
15 pages, 1507 KiB  
Article
Understanding Mantle Edge Pigmentation Through Comprehensive Transcriptomic Profiling of the Chilean Oyster (Ostrea chilensis)
by Camila Godoy-Diaz, Katalina Llanos-Azócar, Gonzalo J. Ruiz-Tagle, Jorge E. Toro, Pablo A. Oyarzún and Juan A. Valdés
Biology 2025, 14(2), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020145 - 30 Jan 2025
Viewed by 453
Abstract
The Chilean oyster (Ostrea chilensis) is a flat oyster native to Chile and New Zealand. Over-exploitation has led to local extinctions in some areas. Two phenotypes, distinguished by dark or white mantle edge pigmentation, have been identified, with the dark-edged mantle [...] Read more.
The Chilean oyster (Ostrea chilensis) is a flat oyster native to Chile and New Zealand. Over-exploitation has led to local extinctions in some areas. Two phenotypes, distinguished by dark or white mantle edge pigmentation, have been identified, with the dark-edged mantle oysters being more commercially valuable due to perceived quality. In this study, transcriptomic data were obtained from the mantles of both phenotypes. Total RNA was extracted of adult Chilean Oyster mantle, and samples were sequenced using HiSeq X Illumina technology. A total of 935,620,583 paired-end reads were de novo assembled, 50,908 transcripts produced, and a reference transcriptome created with 37.92% GC content and an N50 of 1929 bp. Functional annotation showed a total of 51,315 GO terms, with 21,322 annotations on Biological Process, 14,578 annotations on Molecular Functions, and 15,415 annotations on Cellular Component. The RNA-seq analysis revealed 746 differentially expressed transcripts, 573 up-regulated and 173 transcripts down-regulated, between dark- and white-mantle edge Chilean Oyster. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed notable differences in the expression profiles allowing the detection of differential expressed transcripts associated with specific pathways such as Ribosome, Citrate cycle, and Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum. Other interesting differentially represented pathways include Tyrosine metabolism, Tryptophan metabolism, cAMP signaling pathway, ABC transporters, Notch signaling pathway, Endocytosis, and Calcium signaling pathway. This dataset provides a valuable molecular resource for O. chilensis and the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in mantle edge pigmentation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic and Stress Responses in Aquatic Animals)
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25 pages, 7617 KiB  
Article
Improvement Effects of Different Afforestation Measures on the Surface Soil of Alpine Sandy Land
by Shaobo Du, Huichun Xie, Gaosen Zhang, Feng Qiao, Guigong Geng and Chongyi E.
Biology 2025, 14(2), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020144 - 30 Jan 2025
Viewed by 374
Abstract
Desertification severely impacts soil environments, necessitating effective control measures to improve sandy soil. On the alpine sandy land of Gonghe Basin, taking bare land containing mobile sand dunes (LD) as a reference, surface soil undergoing four afforestation measures, namely Salix cheilophila + [...] Read more.
Desertification severely impacts soil environments, necessitating effective control measures to improve sandy soil. On the alpine sandy land of Gonghe Basin, taking bare land containing mobile sand dunes (LD) as a reference, surface soil undergoing four afforestation measures, namely Salix cheilophila + Populus simonii (WLYY), Salix psammophila + Salix cheilophila (SLWL), Artemisia ordosica + Caragana korshinskii (SHNT), and Caragana korshinskii (NT80), was studied, with soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activity measured and the bacterial community structure analyzed using Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Compared to LD, all four afforestation measures significantly reduced the sand content, while increasing soil total carbon, total nitrogen, organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, and available potassium. WLYY, SLWL, and SHNT significantly increased the surface soil total phosphorus and total potassium. Catalase, sucrase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase activities significantly increased under all four measures. Among them, the highest improvements were observed under SLWL, followed by WLYY. All treatments increased soil bacterial community richness, exhibiting significantly different bacterial community compositions to those in LD. Total phosphorus was the key physicochemical factor affecting the soil bacterial community structure, while enzyme activity was significantly correlated with the relative abundance of most major bacterial phyla. All measures improved the surface soil environment, with SLWL demonstrating the best improvement. The results provide valuable reference for sand prevention and control strategies in alpine sandy areas and offer a theoretical basis for the ecological restoration of sandy soil microenvironments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Soil Health: Influences of Organic Carbon and Microbiota)
30 pages, 7400 KiB  
Review
Melatonin from Plants: Going Beyond Traditional Central Nervous System Targeting—A Comprehensive Review of Its Unusual Health Benefits
by Lucas Fornari Laurindo, Otávio Augusto Garcia Simili, Adriano Cressoni Araújo, Elen Landgraf Guiguer, Rosa Direito, Vitor Engrácia Valenti, Vitor de Oliveira, Juliana Santos de Oliveira, José Luiz Yanaguizawa Junior, Jefferson Aparecido Dias, Durvanei Augusto Maria, Rose Eli Grassi Rici, Manuela dos Santos Bueno, Kátia Portero Sloan, Lance Alan Sloan and Sandra Maria Barbalho
Biology 2025, 14(2), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020143 - 30 Jan 2025
Viewed by 836
Abstract
Melatonin is indispensable for the homeostasis of plants and animals. In humans, it can help prevent or be an adjuvant treatment for several diseases mainly related to the immune system, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Moreover, a melatonin-rich diet is linked to several health [...] Read more.
Melatonin is indispensable for the homeostasis of plants and animals. In humans, it can help prevent or be an adjuvant treatment for several diseases mainly related to the immune system, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Moreover, a melatonin-rich diet is linked to several health benefits, such as regulation of circadian rhythm, regulation of the immunological system, epilepsy control, delaying the aging process, and diminishing hormones related to cancer. This review aimed to show the effects of melatonin in diseases beyond its traditional use. The results showed it can present scavenging of free radicals, reducing inflammatory cytokines, and modulating the immune system. Moreover, it can improve insulin resistance, blood pressure, LDL-c, adipose tissue mass, adhesion molecules, endothelial impairment, and plaque formation. These effects result in neuro- and cardioprotection, improvement of liver diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatitis, COVID-19, polycystic ovaries, and sepsis. We conclude that plant melatonin can benefit patients with many diseases besides sleep problems and neurodegeneration. Plant melatonin may be more cost-effective and present fewer adverse events than synthetic. However, more clinical trials should be performed to show adequate doses, formulation, and treatment time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Mechanisms of Action for Promoting Health)
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19 pages, 2390 KiB  
Article
The Drivers of Mesozoic Neoselachian Success and Resilience
by Manuel Andreas Staggl, Carlos De Gracia, Faviel A. López-Romero, Sebastian Stumpf, Eduardo Villalobos-Segura, Michael J. Benton and Jürgen Kriwet
Biology 2025, 14(2), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020142 - 30 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1347
Abstract
The modern diversity of sharks, skates, and rays (Neoselachii) is the result of various diversification and extinction events during the Mesozoic (252–66 Ma). However, the key drivers of their diversity patterns remain poorly understood despite all the progress that has been accomplished in [...] Read more.
The modern diversity of sharks, skates, and rays (Neoselachii) is the result of various diversification and extinction events during the Mesozoic (252–66 Ma). However, the key drivers of their diversity patterns remain poorly understood despite all the progress that has been accomplished in recent years. Here, we show that the interplay of climatic- and tectonic-linked trajectories, resulting in a high shallow marine habitat availability and lower atmospheric CO2 concentration, were significant drivers and sustainers of Mesozoic neoselachian diversity. We show, for the first time, that higher atmospheric CO2 content negatively affected neoselachian diversity in the past. The recognized gradual faunal changes throughout the Mesozoic and the two major diversification events during the Jurassic and Cretaceous, respectively, ultimately cumulated in an all-time diversity high in the Palaeogene despite the events during the end-Cretaceous extinction event, highlighting their remarkable resilience and adaptability despite severe environmental challenges. We thus provide novel perspectives on the processes underlying neoselachian diversification since the Mesozoic that contribute importantly to a better understanding of the selective forces that have shaped the long-term evolution and diversification of neoselachians. Given their vital role in modern ecosystems, our results provide information about possible future trends in the face of the current climate crisis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Zoology)
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19 pages, 1950 KiB  
Article
Metabolic Activity of Invasive Apple Snails Negatively Affects the Survival of Native Benthic Snail in Mangrove
by Jinling Liu, Caiying Zhang, Huixiu Yu, Zixin Fu, Huizhen Xie, Yiming Wang, Benliang Zhao, Qing Li, Kailin Kuang and Huanting Lin
Biology 2025, 14(2), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020141 - 29 Jan 2025
Viewed by 473
Abstract
The golden apple snail (GAS, Pomacea canaliculata) has invaded mangrove forests. The effect of water contaminated by metabolic activity of GAS feeding on Acanthus ilicifolius (T1), Sonneratia apetala (T2), and without food (CK) on the native mangrove black helmet snail (BHS, Neritina [...] Read more.
The golden apple snail (GAS, Pomacea canaliculata) has invaded mangrove forests. The effect of water contaminated by metabolic activity of GAS feeding on Acanthus ilicifolius (T1), Sonneratia apetala (T2), and without food (CK) on the native mangrove black helmet snail (BHS, Neritina pulligera) was investigated under salinity conditions. The GAS deteriorated saline water quality (2.5‰). DO contents in T1 and T2 approached zero at 9 d. Compared to CK, the contents of COD, total N, NH4+, NO3−, and total P of the contaminated water in T1 increased by 297%, 205%, 262%, 210%, and 518% after 9 d, while these indicators in T2 increased by 74%, 31%, 57%, 326%, and 154%, respectively. The LC50 of the contaminated water in T1 against the BHS reached 22.72%. The weight of the BHS exposed to the 100% contaminated water in T1 and T2 significantly decreased after exposure. The content of GPT of the BHS exposed to the 100%-contaminated water in T1 and T2 increased by 55% and 26%, while the MDA content increased by 38% and 34%. The 100%-contaminated water in T1 led to cell degeneration and incomplete structure in the hepatopancreas tissue of the BHS. The GAS feeding on holly mangroves can compete against native mangrove snails through water deterioration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition: Aquatic Alien Invasions and Their Impact on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services )
15 pages, 904 KiB  
Article
Two Demosponges as Promising Bioremediators of a Potential Pathogenic Vibrio
by Joseba Aguilo-Arce, Maria Scrascia, Roberta Trani, Carlo Pazzani, Pere Ferriol and Caterina Longo
Biology 2025, 14(2), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020140 - 29 Jan 2025
Viewed by 513
Abstract
Marine sponges play a fundamental role in the proper functioning of the ecosystem by filtering organic matter and contributing to nutrient fluxes. These animals have been proposed as efficient bioremediators of microbiological contamination in various environmental conditions subjected by anthropogenic pressure. In the [...] Read more.
Marine sponges play a fundamental role in the proper functioning of the ecosystem by filtering organic matter and contributing to nutrient fluxes. These animals have been proposed as efficient bioremediators of microbiological contamination in various environmental conditions subjected by anthropogenic pressure. In the present study, the bioremediation potential of the demosponges Aplysina aerophoba and Geodia cydonium was analyzed ex situ. For this purpose, the viable count of an antibiotic-resistant bacterial strain belonging to the species Vibrio parahaemolyticus was assessed in presence of the selected sponge species. Although some sponge individuals showed closed oscula during the first hours of the experiment, A. aerophoba and G. cydonium reduced the bacterial load in the seawater up to five orders of magnitude in 72 h. In addition, they had high clearance rates and retention efficiencies, with almost complete removal of the tested bacteria. Low Vibrio concentrations were observed in all tanks after six days, suggesting no excretion of viable Vibrio from sponges. These results corroborate the usefulness of A. aerophoba and G. cydonium as bioremediators of bacteria and therefore appear to be ideal candidates for bioremediation purposes in anthropogenic environments, such as aquaculture facilities, where multidrug-resistant bacteria may play a role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Economic Animal Breeding and Healthy Farming)
16 pages, 1358 KiB  
Article
Rubus Coreanus Enhances Peri-Implant Bone Healing and Biomineralization in Ovariectomized and Healthy Rats
by Naara Gabriela Monteiro, Odir Nunes de Oliveira-Filho, Maria Isabela Lopes Gandolfo, Ana Cláudia Ervolino da Silva, Letícia Pitol-Palin, Paulo Roberto Botacin, Gabriel Mulinari-Santos, Fábio Roberto de Souza Batista and Roberta Okamoto
Biology 2025, 14(2), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020139 - 29 Jan 2025
Viewed by 366
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency contributes to osteoporosis and can therefore compromise the peri-implant bone. Hence, this study evaluated peri-implant bone healing when Rubus coreanus (RC) was administered orally in ovariectomized and healthy rats. Forty 4-month-old female rats were divided into four groups: SHAM (healthy rats), [...] Read more.
Estrogen deficiency contributes to osteoporosis and can therefore compromise the peri-implant bone. Hence, this study evaluated peri-implant bone healing when Rubus coreanus (RC) was administered orally in ovariectomized and healthy rats. Forty 4-month-old female rats were divided into four groups: SHAM (healthy rats), SHAM/RC (healthy rats treated with RC), OVX (ovariectomized rats), and OVX/RC (ovariectomized rats treated with RC). The oral administration of RC started thirty days after ovariectomy, and implant placement into the rat tibia occurred ninety days after the ovariectomy. Euthanasia occurred sixty days after implantation. The analyses performed included removal torque, RT-PCR, confocal microscopy, and immunolabeling. A significance level of p < 0.05 was considered for all tests. The highest reverse torque values were observed in the SHAM/RC group, followed by the OVX/RC group. Confocal microscopy showed the greatest bone biomineralization in the SHAM/RC group, followed by the OVX/RC group. RT-PCR data indicated that RC decreased the RANKL/OPG ratio in both conditions. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a balance between bone formation and resorption in all groups, especially stimulating osteoblastogenesis in both treated groups. In conclusion, RC enhanced peri-implant bone healing and biomineralization in both healthy and ovariectomized rats, with stronger effects in healthy rats, suggesting that estrogen may enhance its efficacy. These findings support RC’s potential as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights of Bone Repair: Strategies for Improvement, Microscopic, Molecular and Ultrastrastructural Aspects)
15 pages, 2478 KiB  
Article
Cost-Effective Detection of SNPs and Structural Variations in Full-Length Genes of Wheat and Sunflower Using Multiplex PCR and Rapid Nanopore Kit
by Ekaterina Polkhovskaya, Evgeniy Moskalev, Pavel Merkulov, Ksenia Dudnikova, Maxim Dudnikov, Ivan Gruzdev, Yakov Demurin, Alexander Soloviev and Ilya Kirov
Biology 2025, 14(2), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020138 - 29 Jan 2025
Viewed by 560
Abstract
The rapid identification of allele variants in target genes is crucial for accelerating marker-assisted selection (MAS) in plant breeding. Although current high-throughput genotyping methods are efficient in detecting known polymorphisms, they are limited when multiple variant sites are scattered along the gene. This [...] Read more.
The rapid identification of allele variants in target genes is crucial for accelerating marker-assisted selection (MAS) in plant breeding. Although current high-throughput genotyping methods are efficient in detecting known polymorphisms, they are limited when multiple variant sites are scattered along the gene. This study presents a target amplicon sequencing approach using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT-TAS) to rapidly sequence full-length genes and identify allele variants in sunflower and wheat collections. This procedure combines multiplex PCR and a rapid sequencing kit, significantly reducing the time and cost compared to previous methods. The efficiency of the approach was demonstrated by sequencing four genes (Ahasl1, Ahasl2, Ahasl3, and FAD2) in 40 sunflower genotypes and three genes (Ppo, Wx, and Lox) in 30 wheat genotypes. The ONT-TAS revealed a complete picture of SNPs and InDels distributed over the individual alleles, enabling rapid (4.5 h for PCR and sequencing) characterization of the genetic diversity of the target genes in the germplasm collections. The results showed a significant diversity of the Ahasl1/Ahasl3 and Wx-A/Lox-B genes in the sunflower and wheat collections, respectively. This method offers a high-throughput, cost-effective (USD 3.4 per gene) solution for genotyping and identifying novel allele variants in plant breeding programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Cell Biology in Crop Improvement)
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13 pages, 518 KiB  
Article
PPARγ Expression in Human Spermatozoa and Its Relationship with Seminal F2-Isoprostanes and Resolvin D1 in the Presence of Varicocele and Urogenital Infections
by Giulia Collodel, Elena Moretti, Caterina Marcucci, Laura Liguori, Daniela Marchini, Roberta Corsaro, Gabriele Centini and Cinzia Signorini
Biology 2025, 14(2), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020137 - 28 Jan 2025
Viewed by 406
Abstract
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) is a regulating agent in antioxidant response also involved in controlling inflammation. The impact of varicocele and urogenital infections on sperm PPARγ expression was studied. The PPARγ gene expression was investigated in spermatozoa of 26 normozoospermic men grouped [...] Read more.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) is a regulating agent in antioxidant response also involved in controlling inflammation. The impact of varicocele and urogenital infections on sperm PPARγ expression was studied. The PPARγ gene expression was investigated in spermatozoa of 26 normozoospermic men grouped according to their clinical conditions: normal semen parameters (N), normal semen parameters and varicocele (N + V), and normal semen parameters and urogenital infections (N + UI). Sperm PPARγ expression was correlated with F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs), as markers of lipid peroxidation, and Resolvin D1 (RvD1), a pro-resolving mediator in inflammation. Sperm PPARγ expression was evaluated through comparative real-time PCR, and F2-IsoPs and RvD1 were quantified in the seminal plasma via GC/NCI-MS/MS and immunoassay, respectively. PPARγ expression correlates positively with sperm morphology and vitality and negatively with F2-IsoPs and RvD1. Sperm morphology positively correlates with vitality and negatively with F2-IsoP and RvD1 levels. Despite the normozoospermia in the three examined groups, sperm morphology and PPARγ expression were significantly reduced in N + V and N + UI groups compared to the N group. Additionally, F2-IsoP and RvD1 levels were elevated in N + V and N + UI patients. These data suggest that PPARγ expression is compromised by inflammation and lipoperoxidation, providing new insights to further explore new possibilities of targeted treatment of male infertility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Developmental and Reproductive Biology)
16 pages, 1617 KiB  
Article
Impact of Ad Libitum Hydration on Muscle and Liver Damage and Electrolyte Balance in Ultra-Trail Events: A Heatmap Analysis of Biomarkers and Event Characteristics—A Pilot Study
by Alejandro García-Giménez, Francisco Pradas, Miguel Lecina, Nicolae Ochiana and Carlos Castellar-Otín
Biology 2025, 14(2), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020136 - 28 Jan 2025
Viewed by 564
Abstract
Ultra-trail events (UTs) pose significant challenges to maintaining hydration and electrolyte balance, with risks of dehydration (DH), overhydration (OH), exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH), and exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER). This study examined the effects of ad libitum (ADL) hydration on hydration status and muscle damage during [...] Read more.
Ultra-trail events (UTs) pose significant challenges to maintaining hydration and electrolyte balance, with risks of dehydration (DH), overhydration (OH), exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH), and exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER). This study examined the effects of ad libitum (ADL) hydration on hydration status and muscle damage during a nine-stage UT (635 km, 40,586 m elevation gain). Four highly trained male athletes participated. Hydration was assessed via body weight loss (BWL), urine specific gravity (Usg), and serum sodium ([Na+]), while muscle damage markers included creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and calcium (Ca), and liver damage biomarkers included aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Our results showed no cases of EAH or hypernatremia ([Na+] > 145 mmol·L−1), with serum [Na+] maintained above 135 mmol·L−1. BWL exceeded the 2% DH threshold in early stages (p = 0.029), and Usg remained elevated (>1.020 g·mL−1). LDH and CK significantly increased at all stages (p < 0.05), persisting for 48 h post-event. Correlations showed BWL aggravated muscle damage (r = 0.47 with CK) and hypocalcemia (r = −0.68 with Ca). Elevation gain/loss amplified fluid loss and muscle injury. While ADL hydration mitigated EAH, it did not fully address DH or muscle damage. Personalized hydration and recovery protocols are crucial to optimizing performance and health in UT events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Skeletal Muscle Metabolism in Pathological and Physiological Conditions)
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17 pages, 2176 KiB  
Article
A Pilot Field Evaluation of Dietary Ginger Zingiber officinale Effects on Immunity, Blood Metabolic Profile, and Disease Resistance in Labeo rohita Under Semi-Intensive Farming
by Priya Rawat, Vaneet Inder Kaur, Anuj Tyagi, Parisa Norouzitallab and Kartik Baruah
Biology 2025, 14(2), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020135 - 28 Jan 2025
Viewed by 608
Abstract
A feeding trial was conducted for 120 days in a pilot field condition to evaluate ginger powder (GP; Zingiber officinale) as a feed supplement for Labeo rohita to improve immunity, blood metabolic profile, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila bacterial infection. The study [...] Read more.
A feeding trial was conducted for 120 days in a pilot field condition to evaluate ginger powder (GP; Zingiber officinale) as a feed supplement for Labeo rohita to improve immunity, blood metabolic profile, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila bacterial infection. The study was conducted following a complete randomized design in outdoor cemented tanks (20 m2) with a stocking density of 30 fish (average weight: 20.5 g) per tank. L. rohita fingerlings were divided into five groups and fed a diet with no GP supplementation (control diet; C) or a diet supplemented with 5 g (GP5), 10 g (GP10), 15 g (GP15), or 20 g (GP20) of GP per kg of the control diet. The results showed that fish well-being, determined by measuring the condition factor, remained higher than 1.0 for all the experimental groups. The condition factors of all the groups were not significantly different between the groups, suggesting GP had no negative impact on overall fish health. Immune responses significantly improved in the groups fed with diets supplemented with GP at doses of 10 to 15 g per kg of their diet, as seen in respiratory burst activity, total immunoglobulins, and lysozyme activity at 60 and 120 days. Blood metabolic variables, particularly the albumin level, tended to show some level of improvement in the GP15-fed group. However, the effect was not significant. Total protein and globulin levels and the albumin/globulin ratio were not significantly affected by dietary GP. Importantly, fish fed the GP15 diet showed the highest resistance to the A. hydrophila challenge. In conclusion, ginger powder holds promise as a health-promoting nutraceutical for farmed L. rohita, contributing to their sustainable farming. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious Diseases in Aquaculture: Mechanisms, Detection, and Control)
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42 pages, 1207 KiB  
Review
Advancements in Ocular Neuro-Prosthetics: Bridging Neuroscience and Information and Communication Technology for Vision Restoration
by Daniele Giansanti
Biology 2025, 14(2), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020134 - 28 Jan 2025
Viewed by 342
Abstract
Background: Neuroprosthetics for vision restoration have advanced significantly, incorporating technologies like retinal implants, cortical implants, and non-invasive stimulation methods. These advancements hold the potential to tackle major challenges in visual prosthetics, such as enhancing functionality, improving biocompatibility, and enabling real-time object recognition. Aim: [...] Read more.
Background: Neuroprosthetics for vision restoration have advanced significantly, incorporating technologies like retinal implants, cortical implants, and non-invasive stimulation methods. These advancements hold the potential to tackle major challenges in visual prosthetics, such as enhancing functionality, improving biocompatibility, and enabling real-time object recognition. Aim: The aim of this review overview is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the latest advancements in ocular neuroprostheses. Methods: A narrative review was conducted, focusing on the latest developments in visual neuroprosthetics. Comprehensive searches were carried out on Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus using specific keywords. A specific narrative checklist was applied, alongside a tailored quality assessment methodology, to evaluate the quality of the studies included. A total of sixteen relevant studies from the past three years were included in the review. Results and discussion: The integration of artificial retinas, cortical implants, high technology-enabled prosthetics, gene therapies, nanotechnology, and bioprinting has shown significant promise in enhancing the quality and functionality of vision restoration systems, offering potential to address complex visual impairments and improve independence and mobility for individuals with blindness. These innovations appear to have the potential to transform healthcare systems in the future by enabling more efficient and personalized therapies and prosthetic devices. However, challenges such as energy efficiency, scalability, and the neural dynamics of vision restoration persist, requiring continued interdisciplinary collaboration to refine these technologies, overcome ethical and regulatory hurdles, and ensure their effectiveness in real-world applications. Conclusions: While visual neuroprosthetics have made remarkable progress, addressing challenges related to energy consumption and regulatory and ethical concerns will be crucial for ensuring that neuroprosthetic devices can effectively meet the needs of individuals with visual impairments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Convergence of Neuroscience and ICT: From Data to Insights)
15 pages, 3547 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Enigmatic Spread and Spatial Dynamics of Bursatella leachii in the Mediterranean Sea
by Luca Castriota, Manuela Falautano, Teresa Maggio and Patrizia Perzia
Biology 2025, 14(2), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020133 - 27 Jan 2025
Viewed by 501
Abstract
The invasion history of the gastropod mollusk Bursatella leachii in the Mediterranean Sea demonstrates a dynamic progression through distinct phases, comprising arrival, establishment, and expansion phases. Initial records in the 1930s trace its entry through the Suez Canal, likely followed by larval transport [...] Read more.
The invasion history of the gastropod mollusk Bursatella leachii in the Mediterranean Sea demonstrates a dynamic progression through distinct phases, comprising arrival, establishment, and expansion phases. Initial records in the 1930s trace its entry through the Suez Canal, likely followed by larval transport to the Aegean Sea facilitated by natural currents. The subsequent spread to Maltese and Italian waters suggests secondary dispersion favored by maritime traffic or aquaculture activities. The establishment phase shows a significant increase in occurrences and spatial dispersion, with aggregated nuclei in the central Mediterranean. The expansion phase was characterized by rapid dispersal and intensified densities, particularly in the Aegean, Adriatic, and Spanish coasts. These findings underscore the species’ capability to invade from multiple fronts, driven by both natural and human-mediated processes. A new location in the Strait of Sicily, i.e., the island of Lampedusa, is reported in the present paper for the species. Given the low number of observations, its establishment with a viable population on the island is not confirmed, although its detection validates the Straits of Sicily as a key area of intense settlement of the species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Conservation Biology and Biodiversity)
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23 pages, 5126 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Influence of Hypercapnia on the Physiology of Ovigerous West Coast Rock Lobsters, Jasus lalandii, and Their Embryonic Development
by Annika Ritter, Christopher R. Bridges and Lutz Auerswald
Biology 2025, 14(2), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020132 - 27 Jan 2025
Viewed by 449
Abstract
The West Coast rock lobster, Jasus lalandii, is a key ecological species and provides an important fishery resource in South Africa and Namibia. It is found along the west coast of southern Africa in the dynamic Benguela Current upwelling system. The low [...] Read more.
The West Coast rock lobster, Jasus lalandii, is a key ecological species and provides an important fishery resource in South Africa and Namibia. It is found along the west coast of southern Africa in the dynamic Benguela Current upwelling system. The low seawater pH of this system is expected to decline further due to ocean acidification and increase in upwelling in terms of frequency and severity. The lobster has therefore to respond to frequent and rapid changes in pH and other environmental impacts that are predicted to become more adverse in future. Although responses to such conditions are known for mature male and juvenile lobsters, there is a lack of information on mature females and later embryonic development. We addressed this by analysing the sensitivity of ovigerous (“berried”) female WCRLs and their eggs/embryos to hypercapnia (high pCO2, low pH) and formulated the following research questions: (1) Can berried female WCRLs respond swiftly to large changes in pH? (2) What physiological mechanisms facilitate a potential response to a rapidly declining pH, i.e., acute hypercapnia? (3) Does a potential response persist during prolonged hypercapnia? (4) Are eggs/embryos impacted by hypercapnia? To investigate this, we exposed berried WCRLs to acute (pH 7.5) and chronic (up to 60 days at pH 7.5 and 7.8) hypercapnia. We applied extracellular acid–base analysis, microscopic examination of egg growth and development, and SEM of female exoskeleton structure and egg membranes. The results revealed that berried females efficiently respond to acute and chronic hypercapnia by means of increasing bicarbonate concentrations in the haemolymph. Moreover, embryo growth and development are not impacted by chronic hypercapnia, but growth shows geographical area-specific differences. We conclude that females and embryos of J. lalandii are as resilient to hypercapnia as previously shown for males and juveniles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Research into Shrimps, Crabs and Lobsters)
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15 pages, 6493 KiB  
Article
Glutathione Depletion Exacerbates Hepatic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
by Kayvan Sasaninia, Aishvaryaa Shree Mohan, Ali Badaoui, Ira Glassman, Sonyeol Yoon, Arshavir Karapetyan, Afsal Kolloli, Ranjeet Kumar, Santhamani Ramasamy, Selvakumar Subbian and Vishwanath Venketaraman
Biology 2025, 14(2), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020131 - 27 Jan 2025
Viewed by 578
Abstract
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) accounts for approximately 17% of all Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infections globally. Immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV infection or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), are at an increased risk for EPTB. Previous studies have demonstrated that patients [...] Read more.
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) accounts for approximately 17% of all Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infections globally. Immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV infection or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), are at an increased risk for EPTB. Previous studies have demonstrated that patients with HIV and T2DM exhibit diminished synthesis of glutathione (GSH) synthesizing enzymes. In a murine model, we showed that the diethyl maleate (DEM)-induced depletion of GSH in the lungs led to increased M.tb burden and an impaired pulmonary granulomatous response to M.tb infection. However, the effects of GSH depletion during active EPTB in the liver and spleen have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we evaluated hepatic GSH and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as well as cytokine profiles, in untreated and DEM-treated M.tb-infected wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice. Additionally, we assessed hepatic and splenic M.tb burdens and tissue pathologies. DEM treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of the reduced form of GSH and an increase in MDA, oxidized GSH, and interleukin (IL)-6 levels. Furthermore, DEM-induced GSH decrease was associated with decreased production of IL-12 and IL-17 and elevated production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. A significant increase in M.tb growth was detected in the liver and spleen in DEM-treated M.tb-infected mice. Large, disorganized lymphocyte infiltrates were detected in the hepatic tissues of DEM-treated mice. Overall, GSH diminishment impaired the granulomatous response to M.tb in the liver and exacerbated M.tb growth in both the liver and spleen. These findings provide critical insights into the immunomodulatory role of GSH in TB pathogenesis and suggest potential therapeutic avenues for the treatment of extrapulmonary M.tb infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell Self-Destruction (Programmed Cell Death), Immunonutrition and Metabolism)
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21 pages, 606 KiB  
Systematic Review
Superior Live Birth Rates, Reducing Sperm DNA Fragmentation (SDF), and Lowering Miscarriage Rates by Using Testicular Sperm Versus Ejaculates in Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) Cycles from Couples with High SDF: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Marina Cano-Extremera, Irene Hervas, Alma Gisbert Iranzo, Mar Falquet Guillem, María Gil Juliá, Ana Navarro-Gomezlechon, Rosa Pacheco-Rendón and Nicolás Garrido Puchalt
Biology 2025, 14(2), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020130 - 26 Jan 2025
Viewed by 603
Abstract
This study aimed to compare sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) levels between ejaculate and testicular sperm and evaluate clinical outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles using testicular sperm (T-ICSI) versus ejaculate sperm (E-ICSI) in males with high ejaculate SDF, prior ICSI failures, or [...] Read more.
This study aimed to compare sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) levels between ejaculate and testicular sperm and evaluate clinical outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles using testicular sperm (T-ICSI) versus ejaculate sperm (E-ICSI) in males with high ejaculate SDF, prior ICSI failures, or severe male infertility. A systematic review of major databases and a subsequent meta-analysis were performed to compare clinical outcomes in men with high SDF, oligozoospermia, or prior ICSI failures undergoing T-ICSI or E-ICSI. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Outcomes analyzed included SDF levels, fertilization rate (FR), clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), live birth rate (LBR) per embryo transfer (ET), and miscarriage rate (MR) per pregnancy. The mean difference (MD) and odds ratio (OR) were calculated for each outcome. Paired assessments of SDF showed significantly lower levels in testicular sperm compared to ejaculated sperm (MD = −25.42 [−31.47, −17.30], p < 0.00001). While no significant difference in FR was observed in T-ICSI cycles overall (OR = 0.94 [0.74, 1.20]), a subgroup analysis revealed significantly higher FR with E-ICSI in men with oligozoospermia and no prior ICSI failures (OR = 0.61 [0.52, 0.71], p < 0.00001). CPR was significantly higher in T-ICSI cycles (OR = 2.13 [1.35, 3.36], p < 0.001; n = 540 ET), along with a significantly lower MR (OR = 0.31 [0.14, 0.70], p = 0.004; n = 35) and increased LBR (OR = 2.40 [1.32, 4.36], p = 0.004; n = 446 ET). In conclusion, using testicular sperm in cases of elevated ejaculate SDF, oligozoospermia, or prior failed ICSI cycles enhances the selection of sperm with lower DNA damage, leading to improved pregnancy rates, reduced miscarriage rates, and higher live birth rates. However, the studies included were rated as having a moderate to serious risk of bias. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials are necessary to confirm these findings with stronger evidence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biotechnology)
42 pages, 4503 KiB  
Review
Advances in Huntington’s Disease Biomarkers: A 10-Year Bibliometric Analysis and a Comprehensive Review
by Sarah Aqel, Jamil Ahmad, Iman Saleh, Aseela Fathima, Asmaa A. Al Thani, Wael M. Y. Mohamed and Abdullah A. Shaito
Biology 2025, 14(2), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020129 - 26 Jan 2025
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) cause progressive neuronal loss and are a significant public health concern, with NDs projected to become the second leading global cause of death within two decades. Huntington’s disease (HD) is a rare, progressive ND caused by an autosomal-dominant mutation in [...] Read more.
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) cause progressive neuronal loss and are a significant public health concern, with NDs projected to become the second leading global cause of death within two decades. Huntington’s disease (HD) is a rare, progressive ND caused by an autosomal-dominant mutation in the huntingtin (HTT) gene, leading to severe neuronal loss in the brain and resulting in debilitating motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. Given the complex pathology of HD, biomarkers are essential for performing early diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment efficacy. However, the identification of consistent HD biomarkers is challenging due to the prolonged premanifest HD stage, HD’s heterogeneous presentation, and its multiple underlying biological pathways. This study involves a 10-year bibliometric analysis of HD biomarker research, revealing key research trends and gaps. The study also features a comprehensive literature review of emerging HD biomarkers, concluding the need for better stratification of HD patients and well-designed longitudinal studies to validate HD biomarkers. Promising candidate wet HD biomarkers— including neurofilament light chain protein (NfL), microRNAs, the mutant HTT protein, and specific metabolic and inflammatory markers— are discussed, with emphasis on their potential utility in the premanifest HD stage. Additionally, biomarkers reflecting brain structural deficits and motor or behavioral impairments, such as neurophysiological (e.g., motor tapping, speech, EEG, and event-related potentials) and imaging (e.g., MRI, PET, and diffusion tensor imaging) biomarkers, are evaluated. The findings underscore that the discovery and validation of reliable HD biomarkers urgently require improved patient stratification and well-designed longitudinal studies. Reliable biomarkers, particularly in the premanifest HD stage, are crucial for optimizing HD clinical management strategies, enabling personalized treatment approaches, and advancing clinical trials of HD-modifying therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Young Researchers in Neuroscience)
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Article
Reference Data for a Treadmill-Based Peak Oxygen Uptake (VO2peak) in Older Adults
by Peter Sagat
Biology 2025, 14(2), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020128 - 26 Jan 2025
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Abstract
Background: Although the level of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in older adults has been well documented, little evidence has been provided regarding sex- and age-specific reference standards. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to examine objectively measured CRF in older adults based [...] Read more.
Background: Although the level of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in older adults has been well documented, little evidence has been provided regarding sex- and age-specific reference standards. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to examine objectively measured CRF in older adults based on sex and age. Methods: This observational study included 450 men (N = 170) and women (N = 280) aged ≥60 years with mean ± standard deviation (SD) for age (67.4 ± 5.4), height (165.7 ± 8.6 cm), weight (75.1 ± 13.3 kg) and body mass index (BMI, 27.1 ± 3.9 kg/m2). Participants performed an incremental exercise ramp test until exhaustion on a treadmill, and the outcome of CRF was presented as peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in milliliters per kilogram of body mass per minute (ml/kg/min). Results: Relative VO2peak values were 37.3 ± 7.1, 30.3 ± 6.6, 24.8 ± 5.4 and 21.7 ± 5.8 mL/kg/min for men aged 60–64 years, 65–69 years, 70–74 years and ≥75 years. For the same age groups in women, values were 30.5 ± 4.8, 27.1 ± 5.4, 22.4 ± 3.4 and 18.9 ± 4.7 mL/kg/min. Age-related declines were observed in both men and women (p < 0.001). In a sex–age interaction term, significant main effects occurred, where men in every age group exhibited higher VO2peak values, compared to women in the same age groups. Conclusions: This study shows that CRF needs to be assessed by considering sex and age as significant predictors. Thus, sex- and age-specific reference findings may serve as an avenue to monitor, track and compare between older adults of different nationalities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physiology)
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