Toxics

15 pages, 4287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of Thymoquinone and Hesperidin in Attenuating Cardiotoxicity from 5-Fluorouracil: Insights from In Vivo and In Silico Studies

by Juveriya Farooq, Rokeya Sultana, Jainey P. James, Zakiya Fathima C, Ali F. Almutairy and Abubakar Siddique Mustafa Hussain

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090688 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 807

Abstract

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used in chemotherapy but poses serious risks of cardiotoxicity, which can significantly affect treatment outcomes. Identifying interventions that can prevent these adverse effects without undermining anticancer efficacy is crucial. This study investigates the efficacy of Thymoquinone (TQ) and Hesperidin [...] Read more.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used in chemotherapy but poses serious risks of cardiotoxicity, which can significantly affect treatment outcomes. Identifying interventions that can prevent these adverse effects without undermining anticancer efficacy is crucial. This study investigates the efficacy of Thymoquinone (TQ) and Hesperidin (HESP) in preventing cardiotoxicity induced by 5-FU in Wistar rats and elucidates the molecular interactions through docking studies. We employed an experimental design involving multiple groups of Wistar rats exposed to 5-FU, with and without the concurrent administration of TQ and HESP. Cardiac function markers, oxidative stress indicators, and inflammatory markers were assessed. Additionally, molecular docking was used to analyze the interaction of TQ and HESP with key inflammatory proteins. Treatment with TQ and HESP not only lowered levels of cardiac enzymes but also improved antioxidant capacity and reduced inflammation in cardiac tissues. Notably, the combination of TQ and HESP provided more significant protective effects than either agent alone. Molecular docking supported these findings, showing effective binding of TQ and HESP to inflammatory targets. TQ and HESP demonstrate potential as protective agents against cardiotoxicity in 5-FU-treated rats, with their combined use offering enhanced protection. These findings suggest a viable strategy for reducing cardiac risks associated with 5-FU chemotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxic Agents-Induced Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Potential of Medicinal Plants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 13173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics and Mechanism of Hematite Dissolution and Release on Arsenic Migration in Heterogeneous Materials

by Zheying Li, Huimei Shan, Wanyue Rong, Zhicheng Zhao, Kexin Ma, Sanxi Peng and Song Wei

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090687 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 633

Abstract

The migration of arsenic in groundwater is influenced by the heterogeneity of the medium, and the presence of iron minerals adds complexity and uncertainty to this effect. In this study, a stratified heterogeneous sand column with an embedded hematite lens at the coarse-to-medium [...] Read more.

The migration of arsenic in groundwater is influenced by the heterogeneity of the medium, and the presence of iron minerals adds complexity and uncertainty to this effect. In this study, a stratified heterogeneous sand column with an embedded hematite lens at the coarse-to-medium sand interface was designed. We introduced an arsenic-laden solution and controlled groundwater flow to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of arsenic migration and the impact of hematite dissolution. The results showed that the medium structure significantly influenced the arsenic migration and distribution within the lens-containing sand column. The clay layers directed the lateral migration of arsenic, and the arsenic concentrations in deeper layers were up to seven times greater than those on the surface. The extraction experiments of solid-phase arsenic revealed that the main adsorption modes on quartz sand surfaces were the specific adsorption (F2) and adsorption on weakly crystalline iron–aluminum oxides (F3), correlating to the specific and colloidal adsorption modes, respectively. Monitoring the total iron ions (Fe(aq)) revealed rapid increases within the first 14 days, reaching a maximum on day 15, and then gradually declining; these results indicate that hematite did not continuously dissolve. This study can aid in the prevention and control of arsenic contamination in groundwater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occurrence, Accumulation, and Impacts of Environmental Pollutants in Aquatic Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2279 KiB

Open AccessReview

Distribution Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Esters in Surface Soils of China

by Guorui Zhou, Yizhang Zhang, Ziye Wang, Mingrui Li, Haiming Li and Chen Shen

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090686 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 749

Abstract

The chemical flame retardants represented by organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used and have a serious impact on the environment. In this study, we collected data on the exposure levels of ten OPEs in Chinese soils in recent years and performed an ecological [...] Read more.

The chemical flame retardants represented by organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used and have a serious impact on the environment. In this study, we collected data on the exposure levels of ten OPEs in Chinese soils in recent years and performed an ecological risk assessment. The results showed that the levels of OPEs varied considerably throughout different regions of China, with high exposure levels in highly urbanized or industrialized areas such as Guangdong Province and Northeast China, where the mean value was >200 ng/g. The content of OPEs in the soil in industrial and commercial areas was significantly higher than in other regions, indicating that the concentration of OPEs in the soil is closely related to local economic development and the degree of industrialization. Meanwhile, the number of studies reporting on OPEs and their exposure concentrations have increased significantly since 2018. Through the ecological risk assessment, it was found that TCP, EHDPP and TEHP pose high ecological risks. Although some OPEs, such as TCIPP, have low ecological risk levels overall, their high exposure concentrations are still worthy of attention. This study details the general status of OPE contamination in Chinese soils, which can serve as a reference for ecological environmental supervision. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Detection, Migration, Transformation, Toxicology and Risk of Emerging Pollutants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 16685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Scale Meteorological Impact on PM_2.5 Pollution in Tangshan, Northern China

by Qian Liang, Xinxuan Zhang, Yucong Miao and Shuhua Liu

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090685 - 22 Sep 2024

Viewed by 901

Abstract

Tangshan, a major industrial and agricultural center in northern China, frequently experiences significant PM_2.5 pollution events during winter, impacting its large population. These pollution episodes are influenced by multi–scale meteorological processes, though the complex mechanisms remain not fully understood. This study integrates [...] Read more.

Tangshan, a major industrial and agricultural center in northern China, frequently experiences significant PM_2.5 pollution events during winter, impacting its large population. These pollution episodes are influenced by multi–scale meteorological processes, though the complex mechanisms remain not fully understood. This study integrates surface PM_2.5 concentration data, ground-based and upper–air meteorological observations, and ERA5 reanalysis data from 2015 to 2019 to explore the interactions between local planetary boundary layer (PBL) structures and large-scale atmospheric processes driving PM_2.5 pollution in Tangshan. The results indicate that seasonal variations in PM_2.5 pollution levels are closely linked to changes in PBL thermal stability. During winter, day–to–day increases in PM_2.5 concentrations are often tied to atmospheric warming above 1500 m, as enhanced thermal inversions and reduced PBL heights lead to pollutant accumulation. Regionally, this aloft warming is driven by a high-pressure system at 850 hPa over the southern North China Plain, accompanied by prevailing southwesterly winds. Additionally, southwesterly winds within the PBL can transport pollutants from the adjacent Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region to Tangshan, worsening pollution. Simulations from the chemical transport model indicate that regional pollutant transport can contribute to approximately half of the near-surface PM_2.5 concentration under the unfavorable synoptic conditions. These findings underscore the importance of multi-scale meteorology in predicting and mitigating severe wintertime PM_2.5 pollution in Tangshan and surrounding regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Aerosols: Source Apportionment, Characterizations, and Detection, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contaminant Exposure and Liver and Kidney Lesions in North American River Otters in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida

by Ami Krasner, Megan Stolen, David Rotstein and Spencer Fire

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090684 - 21 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1084

Abstract

The harmful algal bloom (HAB) liver toxin microcystin (MC) and trace element biomagnification were previously detected in organisms in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida. Since there are no routine screening programs for these contaminants, liver tissue from North American river otters ( [...] Read more.

The harmful algal bloom (HAB) liver toxin microcystin (MC) and trace element biomagnification were previously detected in organisms in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida. Since there are no routine screening programs for these contaminants, liver tissue from North American river otters (Lontra canadensis), an important sentinel species in the IRL, was screened for MC via enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), followed by confirmatory analyses via liquid-chromatography/mass spectrometry methods (LC-MS/MS). Liver and kidney samples were evaluated for trace element (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Se, Tl, and Zn) bioaccumulation via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Histopathologic evaluation of the liver and kidney was conducted to assess possible correlation with toxic insults. Forty-three river otters were evaluated (2016–2022). Microcystin was not detected in any river otter sample (n = 37). Of those tested for trace element bioaccumulation (n = 22), no sample measured above provided reference ranges or estimated toxic thresholds for this species. There were no statistically significant patterns observed based on season, year, or age class, but sex had a small influence on trace element levels in the kidney. One individual had a kidney Cu level (52 μg/g dry weight) higher than any previously reported for this species. Trace elements were detected at presumed background levels providing baselines for future monitoring. For otters with available histopathologic evaluation (n = 28), anomalies indicative of contaminant exposure (non-specific inflammation, necrosis, and/or lipidosis) were present in the liver and kidney of 18% and 4% of individuals, respectively. However, since these lesions were not linked to abnormal trace element bioaccumulation or MC exposure, other causes (e.g., infectious disease) should be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 7953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements Based on PCA and PMF Model in Black Soil Area of Hailun City, Northeast China

by Zhiwei Yang, Junbo Yu, Ke Yang, Qipeng Zhang, Yangyang Chen and Shaozhong Qiao

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090683 - 20 Sep 2024

Viewed by 825

Abstract

This study assessed the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in China’s northeastern black soil belt, an area with limited prior research. We collected 304 soil samples (0–20 cm) from Gonghe Town, Hailun City, and analyzed the PTE contamination degree using the single-factor [...] Read more.

This study assessed the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in China’s northeastern black soil belt, an area with limited prior research. We collected 304 soil samples (0–20 cm) from Gonghe Town, Hailun City, and analyzed the PTE contamination degree using the single-factor pollution index and Nemerow pollution index. The results demonstrated that the mean concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) were 11.16, 0.11, 65.29, 22.56, 0.03, 27.07, 26.09, and 66.01 mg/kg, respectively. Source apportionment was conducted via correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and positive matrix factorization, identifying four main sources: natural (33.2%), irrigation (29.5%), fuel (23.4%), and fertilizer (13.2%). The ecological risk index indicated a slight ecological risk, while the human health risk showed that non-carcinogenic risks were negligible and carcinogenic risks were acceptable. Our findings emphasize the need to prioritize controlling PTEs from fertilizer, particularly cadmium, and to a lesser extent, irrigation and fuel sources, focusing on As, Pband Hg. This research provides critical insights for policymakers aiming to manage PTE contamination in black soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 5515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health Risk Assessment of Residents’ Exposure to Air Pollutants around the Sinpyeong–Jangrim Industrial Complex in Busan

by Ji-Yun Jung, Jong-Won Kim, Tae-Woo Koo, Joon-Young Heo, Ye-Seul Jeong and Cheol-Min Lee

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090682 - 20 Sep 2024

Viewed by 666

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the health effects of heavy metals and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in the air around the Sinpyeong–Jangrim Industrial Complex, Busan, and the necessity of reduction measures. We measured the [...] Read more.

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the health effects of heavy metals and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in the air around the Sinpyeong–Jangrim Industrial Complex, Busan, and the necessity of reduction measures. We measured the concentrations of heavy metals and VOCs in PM_2.5 in five areas with dense population around the Sinpyeong–Jangrim Industrial Complex. A health risk assessment was conducted, and the spatial risk distribution for the entire Saha-gu area was predicted using inverse distance weighting (IDW). Our results indicated that the carcinogens benzene, As, and Cr⁶⁺, and the non-carcinogen m,p-xylene, have the potential to adversely affect health. In particular, As was found to have the potential to express health effects at all measurement points. Additionally, based on the IDW results, the minimum values of benzene, arsenic, and m,p-xylene exceeded the threshold level, potentially affecting the health of residents across the entire Saha-gu area. In contrast, Cr⁶⁺ could potentially impact health only in some parts of Saha-gu as only its maximum value exceeded the threshold level. We demonstrated the importance of reducing air pollutant emissions from general industrial complexes. Our results will be useful in establishing more systematic mitigation measures to protect the health of residents near the Sinpyeong–Jangrim Industrial Complex and developing air pollutant management systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ambient Air Pollution Exposure and Human Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 7164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Catalytic Ozonation Treatment of Coal Chemical Reverse Osmosis Concentrate: Water Quality Analysis, Parameter Optimization, and Catalyst Deactivation Investigation

by Yihe Qin, Run Yuan, Shaozhou Wang, Xuewei Zhang, Shaojun Luo and Xuwen He

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090681 - 20 Sep 2024

Viewed by 810

Abstract

Catalytic ozone oxidation, which is characterized by strong oxidizing properties and environmental friendliness, has been widely used in organic wastewater treatments. However, problems such as a low organic pollutant removal efficiency and unstable operation during the catalytic ozone treatment process for wastewater remain. [...] Read more.

Catalytic ozone oxidation, which is characterized by strong oxidizing properties and environmental friendliness, has been widely used in organic wastewater treatments. However, problems such as a low organic pollutant removal efficiency and unstable operation during the catalytic ozone treatment process for wastewater remain. To address these disadvantages, in this study, the treatment efficacy of catalytic ozone oxidation on a coal chemical reverse osmosis concentrate was investigated. The basic water quality indicators of the chemical reverse osmosis concentrate were analyzed. The effects of initial pollutant concentration, pH, ozone concentration, and catalyst concentration on the COD removal rate from the coal chemical reverse osmosis concentrate were explored. Water quality indicators of the chemical reverse osmosis concentrate before and after the catalytic ozone treatment were studied using spectroscopic analysis methods. The RO concentrate demonstrated large water quality fluctuations, and the catalytic ozonation process removed most of the pollutants from the treated wastewater. A possible deactivation mechanism of the ozone catalyst was also proposed. This study provides a theoretical reference and technical support for the long-term, efficient, and stable removal of organic pollutants from coal chemical reverse osmosis concentrate using a catalytic ozone oxidation process in practical engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicity Reduction and Environmental Remediation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2042 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Monitoring of Non-Maximum-Residue-Level Pesticides in Animal Feed: A Study from 2019 to 2023

by Roberta Giugliano, Vittoria Armenio, Valentina Savio, Erica Vaccaro, Valentina Ciccotelli and Barbara Vivaldi

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090680 - 19 Sep 2024

Viewed by 855

Abstract

Pesticides play a critical role in modern agriculture by protecting crops and ensuring higher yields, but their widespread use raises concerns about human health and environmental impact. Regulatory agencies impose Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) to ensure safety, and the European Food Safety Authority [...] Read more.

Pesticides play a critical role in modern agriculture by protecting crops and ensuring higher yields, but their widespread use raises concerns about human health and environmental impact. Regulatory agencies impose Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) to ensure safety, and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) assesses pesticide risks. This study monitored pesticide residues in 169 feed samples from Piedmont (Italy) collected between 2019 and 2023. Using GC-MS/MS, residues were found in 92% of animal-based and 70% of cereal-based feedstuffs. The most common pesticides in cereal-based feeds were pyrimiphos-methyl, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, azoxystrobin, and tetramethrin, and the pesticide synergist piperonyl-butoxide demonstrated a significant increase in contaminated samples in 2023. The lower concentrations in 2021 were likely due to COVID-19 impacts on pesticide availability. In animal-based feeds, common pesticides included deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and the pesticide synergist piperonyl-butoxide. The results highlight the pervasive presence of low-dose pesticide mixtures in feed and food chains, which could impact health, although do not pose acute risks. The study emphasizes the need for ongoing pesticide monitoring and awareness of the long-term effects of chronic pesticide exposure on animal, human, and environmental health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agrochemicals and Food Toxicology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fluoride Exposure from Drinking Water Increases the Risk of Stroke: An Ecological Study in Changwu Town, China

by Lin Yuan, Hongna Sun, Yue Li, Zhifeng Xing, Shihui Yin, Fengyu Xie, Jing Zhou, Shuang Li, Liaowei Wu, Wei Huang, Teng Wang, Yanhui Gao, Lijun Zhao and Dianjun Sun

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090679 - 18 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1090

Abstract

Background: Stroke is a major cause of death globally and the leading cause in China. Excessive fluoride exposure has been linked to cardiovascular conditions related to stroke risk factors such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and cardiomyopathy. However, evidence supporting the association between fluoride [...] Read more.

Background: Stroke is a major cause of death globally and the leading cause in China. Excessive fluoride exposure has been linked to cardiovascular conditions related to stroke risk factors such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and cardiomyopathy. However, evidence supporting the association between fluoride exposure and stroke risk is limited. Methods: We constructed an ecological study in Changwu Town, Heilongjiang Province, China, a typical endemic fluorosis area caused by excessive fluoride exposure from drinking water. We collected demographic data, stroke prevalence, and mortality information from 2017 to 2021. Fluoride exposure data were obtained from the national monitoring project on endemic fluorosis. Water fluoride concentrations were measured using the standardized methods. Trend changes in stroke rates were assessed using annual percentage change (APC). Differences in stroke rates among fluoride exposure groups were analyzed using chi-square tests. Results: From 2017 to 2021, the all-ages and age-standardized stroke prevalence rates of permanent residents in Changwu Town increased year by year, while the all-ages and age-standardized mortality rates did not change significantly. The prevalence rates of stroke were significantly higher in endemic fluorosis areas compared to non-endemic areas (p < 0.001). Stratifying the population into tertile groups based on the water fluoride cumulative exposure index (WFCEI) revealed statistically significant differences in stroke prevalence rates (p < 0.001), showing a dose–response relationship with the WFCEI. However, the all-ages and age-standardized mortality rates of stroke were not found to be related to fluoride exposure. Conclusions: Long-term excessive fluoride exposure from drinking water may increase the risk of stroke prevalence, indicating fluoride overexposure as a potential risk factor for stroke. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 1448 KiB

Open AccessReview

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Affect Female Reproductive Health: Epidemiological Evidence and Underlying Mechanisms

by Rui Qu, Jingxuan Wang, Xiaojie Li, Yan Zhang, Tailang Yin and Pan Yang

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090678 - 18 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1873

Abstract

PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) have been extensively used across numerous industries and consumer goods. Due to their high persistence and mobility, they are ubiquitous in the environment. Exposure to PFAS occurs in people via multiple pathways such as dermal contact, water supply, [...] Read more.

PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) have been extensively used across numerous industries and consumer goods. Due to their high persistence and mobility, they are ubiquitous in the environment. Exposure to PFAS occurs in people via multiple pathways such as dermal contact, water supply, air inhalation, and dietary intake. Even if some PFAS are being phased out because of their persistent presence in the environment and harmful impacts on human health, mixes of replacement and legacy PFAS will continue to pollute the ecosystem. Numerous toxicological investigations have revealed harmful effects of PFAS exposure on female reproductive health, e.g., polycystic ovaries syndrome, premature ovarian failure, endometriosis, reproductive system tumors, pregnancy complications, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Despite extensive epidemiological studies on the reproductive toxicity of PFAS, research findings remain inconsistent, and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In this review, we give an in-depth description of the sources and pathways of PFAS, and then review the reproductive toxicity of PFAS and its possible mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traditional and Emerging Pollutants: Human Exposure Profiles and Health Effects)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Occupational Exposure of On-Shift Ottawa Firefighters to Flame Retardants and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

by William Papas, Rocio Aranda-Rodriguez, Xinghua Fan, Cariton Kubwabo, Janet S. L. Lee, Emma Fantin, Elita D. Zheng, Jennifer L. A. Keir, Dave Matschke, Jules M. Blais and Paul A. White

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090677 - 17 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1175

Abstract

Firefighters can be exposed to complex mixtures of airborne substances, including hazardous substances released during structural fires. This study employed silicone wristbands (SWBs) as passive samplers to investigate potential exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and flame retardants (FRs). SWBs were deployed at [...] Read more.

Firefighters can be exposed to complex mixtures of airborne substances, including hazardous substances released during structural fires. This study employed silicone wristbands (SWBs) as passive samplers to investigate potential exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and flame retardants (FRs). SWBs were deployed at different areas of four fire stations, in four truck cabins, and at an office control location; they were also donned outside the jackets of 18 firefighters who responded to fire calls. Overall, office areas had significantly lower PAHs than fire station areas. Vehicle bays and truck cabins had significantly higher concentrations of low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs than sleeping and living room areas. For organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) were detected in all the samples; 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) was more frequently detected in the fire station areas. Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) concentrations were highest in the truck cabin and office areas, and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) was highest in truck cabins. Thirteen of 16 PAHs and nine of 36 OPFRs were detected in all the SWBs worn by firefighters, and tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) was the predominant OPFR. Levels of LMW PAHs were significantly lower when firefighters did not enter the fire. LMW PAHs, HMW (high molecular weight) PAHs, and EHDPP were significantly elevated when heavy smoke was reported. This work highlights the potential for occupational exposure to PAHs and flame retardants in some fire station areas; moreover, factors that may influence exposure during fire suppression. Whilst firefighters’ occupational exposure to PAHs is likely related to fire suppression and exposure to contaminated gear and trucks, exposure to OPFRs may be more related to their presence in truck interiors and electronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Firefighters’ Occupational Exposures and Health Risks)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

22 pages, 2278 KiB

Open AccessReview

Perspectives on the Toxic Effects of Micro- and Nanoplastics on the Environment: A Bibliometric Analysis of the 2014 to 2023 Period

by Xianhong Li and Zhonghong Li

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090676 - 16 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1735

Abstract

Over the past decade, micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) have garnered significant attention due to their frequent detection in and potential toxic effects on the environment and organisms, making them a serious threat to human health. To comprehensively understand the research on MNPs’ toxicity, [...] Read more.

Over the past decade, micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) have garnered significant attention due to their frequent detection in and potential toxic effects on the environment and organisms, making them a serious threat to human health. To comprehensively understand the research on MNPs’ toxicity, we employed the R language-based Bibliometrix toolkit (version 4.3.0), VOSviewer (version 1.6.11) and CiteSpace (version 6.3.R1) to perform statistical and visual analyses of 3541 articles pertaining to MNPs’ toxicity between 2014 and 2023, which were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database. The analysis revealed that research related to MNPs’ toxicity has experienced a rapid increase in recent years. China’s particularly prominent influence in the field of MNPs’ toxicity is evidenced by its academic exchanges and the establishment of a mature cooperation system with other countries (regions), such as the USA and Germany. Studies related to MNPs’ toxicity are primarily published in leading journals, including the Science of the Total Environment, Environmental Pollution, and the Journal of Hazardous Materials. The Chinese Academy of Sciences was identified as the leading institution in terms of research on MNPs’ toxicity, contributing 203 papers to the total number of studies published. Keyword co-occurrence and burst analyses indicated that the current research on MNPs’ toxicity mainly focuses on the toxic effects of MNPs on aquatic organisms, the combined toxicity of MNPs and other contaminants, and the toxic effects and mechanisms of MNPs. Future research should integrate computational toxicology and toxicomics to enhance our understanding of MNPs’ toxicity mechanisms and assess the potential health risks posed by atmospheric MNPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Novel Methods in Toxicology Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 9633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Paraquat Poisoning: Insights from Autopsy, Histology, and Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Multidisciplinary Forensic Toxicology Practice

by Issarapong Nuwongsa, Tanyarat Markmee, Nareerat Pholpo, Manoch Chockjamsai, Tawachai Monum, Yutti Amornlertwatana and Preechaya Tajai

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090675 - 16 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1101

Abstract

The herbicide paraquat (PQ) is responsible for a significant number of fatalities resulting from self-poisoning. Nevertheless, only a limited number of comprehensive studies focusing on fatal PQ poisoning, which include examination of autopsy findings, histopathology, and quantitative analysis of post-mortem samples, have been [...] Read more.

The herbicide paraquat (PQ) is responsible for a significant number of fatalities resulting from self-poisoning. Nevertheless, only a limited number of comprehensive studies focusing on fatal PQ poisoning, which include examination of autopsy findings, histopathology, and quantitative analysis of post-mortem samples, have been published. This study aimed to evaluate autopsy findings, histopathology, and quantitative analysis of PQ in post-mortem human serum samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), a simple, sensitive, and specific method. Autopsies were performed on all deaths due to PQ poisoning, and serum samples were sent to the toxicology laboratory for chemical analysis. The method was successfully applied to seven human serum samples, and the results indicate its reliability for detecting PQ. The study reports fatal serum PQ levels ranging from 0.5 to 372.0 µg/mL. The comprehensive data presented in this study can be useful for further research and practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agrochemicals and Food Toxicology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microencapsulation of the Biocide Benzisothiazolinone (BIT) by Inclusion in Methyl-β-cyclodextrin and Screening of Its Antibacterial and Ecotoxicity Properties

by Vânia F. M. Silva, Aurora Silva, Ermelinda M. P. J. Garrido, Fernanda Borges, Alexandra Gaspar and Jorge M. P. J. Garrido

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090674 - 16 Sep 2024

Viewed by 894

Abstract

The excessive use of biocides has considerable environmental and economic impacts; this is why new technologies have been sought to decrease the concentration levels applied in an effort to reduce the use of these substances. Microencapsulation using cyclodextrins has been widely used in [...] Read more.

The excessive use of biocides has considerable environmental and economic impacts; this is why new technologies have been sought to decrease the concentration levels applied in an effort to reduce the use of these substances. Microencapsulation using cyclodextrins has been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries as a way of reducing the concentrations of the active substance necessary to achieve a biological effect and/or eliminate its irritating or toxicological effects. In this study, the inclusion complexation behavior and binding ability of benzothiazolinone (BIT) with different β-cyclodextrins (β-CD, HP-β-CD, and Me-β-CD) was investigated. The intermolecular interactions were examined through UV and FTIR spectroscopy, DSC, 1D ¹H NMR, and 2D ROESY. The highest stability constant was observed for the BIT/Me-β-CD inclusion complex (299.5 ± 2.9 M⁻¹). Antibacterial activity was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the results revealed that the BIT/Me-β-CD inclusion complex displays a higher antibacterial activity than BIT. The acute toxicity of the biocide and inclusion complex was also examined using the photobacterium Aliivibrio fischeri. Although BIT exhibited higher toxicity than the inclusion complex, further investigation is needed due to the quorum quenching effect of β-CDs. The data found suggest that BIT microencapsulation can increase its aqueous solubility and can be used as an effective tool to improve its chemical, biological, and ecotoxicological properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agrochemicals and Food Toxicology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 19478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Source Apportionment and Human Health Risks of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Surface Water of Coal Mining Areas

by Yuting Yan, Yunhui Zhang, Zhan Xie, Xiangchuan Wu, Chunlin Tu, Qingsong Chen and Lanchu Tao

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090673 - 15 Sep 2024

Viewed by 812

Abstract

Contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) frequently occurs in surface water in coal mining areas. This study analyzed 34 surface water samples collected from the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau for their hydrochemical characteristics, spatial distribution, source apportionment, and human health risks. Our statistical analysis showed [...] Read more.

Contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) frequently occurs in surface water in coal mining areas. This study analyzed 34 surface water samples collected from the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau for their hydrochemical characteristics, spatial distribution, source apportionment, and human health risks. Our statistical analysis showed that the average concentrations of PTEs in the surface water ranked as follows: Fe > Al > Zn > Mn > Ba > B> Ni > Li > Cd > Mo > Cu > Co > Hg > Se > As > Pb > Sb. The spatial analysis revealed that samples with high concentrations of Fe, Al, and Mn were predominantly distributed in the main stream, Xichong River, and Yangchang River. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified four sources of PTEs in the surface water. Hg, As, and Se originated from wastewater discharged by coal preparation plants and coal mines. Mo, Li, and B originated from the dissolution of clay minerals in coal seams. Elevated concentrations of Cu, Fe, Al, Mn, Co, and Ni were attributed to the dissolution of kaolinite, illite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and minerals associated with Co and Ni in coal seams. Cd, Zn, and Pb were derived from coal melting and traffic release. The deterministic health risks assessment showed that 94.12% of the surface water samples presented non-carcinogenic risks below the health limit of 1. Meanwhile, 73.56% of the surface water samples with elevated As posed level III carcinogenic risk to the local populations. Special attention to drinking water safety for children is warranted due to their lower metabolic capacity for detoxifying PTEs. This study provides insight for PTE management in sustainable water environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Radioactive Substances)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Hepatic Clearance Evaluations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) across Multiple Structural Categories

by David M. Crizer, Julie R. Rice, Marci G. Smeltz, Katelyn S. Lavrich, Krishna Ravindra, John F. Wambaugh, Michael DeVito and Barbara A. Wetmore

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090672 - 14 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1164

Abstract

Toxicokinetic (TK) assays and in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) models are New Approach Methods (NAMs) used to translate in vitro points of departure to exposure estimates required to reach equivalent blood concentrations. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large chemical class with [...] Read more.

Toxicokinetic (TK) assays and in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) models are New Approach Methods (NAMs) used to translate in vitro points of departure to exposure estimates required to reach equivalent blood concentrations. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large chemical class with wide-ranging industrial applications for which only limited toxicity data are available for human health evaluation. To address the lack of TK data, a pooled primary human hepatocyte suspension model was used with targeted liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to investigate substrate depletion for 54 PFAS. A median value of 4.52 μL/(min x million cells) was observed across those that showed significant clearance, with 35 displaying no substrate depletion. Bayesian modeling propagated uncertainty around clearance values for use in IVIVE models. Structural evaluations showed the fluorotelomer carboxylic acids were the only PFAS carboxylates showing appreciable clearance, and per- and polyfluorosulfonamides were more readily metabolized than other PFAS sulfonates. Biotransformation product prediction, using the chemical transformation simulator, suggested hydrolysis of PFAS sulfonamides to more stable sulfonic acids, which is an important consideration for exposure modeling. This effort greatly expands the PFAS in vitro toxicokinetic dataset, enabling refined TK modeling, in silico tool development, and NAM-based human health evaluations across this important set of emerging contaminants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue PFAS Toxicology and Metabolism)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiphase Partitioning of Estrogens in a River Impacted by Feedlot Wastewater Discharge

by Kuo-Hui Yang, Hao-Shen Hung, Wei-Hsiang Huang, Chi-Ying Hsieh and Ting-Chien Chen

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090671 - 14 Sep 2024

Viewed by 734

Abstract

Estrogens in river systems can significantly impact aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to investigate the multiphase partitioning of estrogens in Wulo Creek, Taiwan, which receives animal feedlot wastewater, to understand their distribution and potential environmental implications. Water samples were separated into suspended particulate [...] Read more.

Estrogens in river systems can significantly impact aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to investigate the multiphase partitioning of estrogens in Wulo Creek, Taiwan, which receives animal feedlot wastewater, to understand their distribution and potential environmental implications. Water samples were separated into suspended particulate matter (SPM), colloidal, and soluble phases using centrifugation and cross-flow ultrafiltration. Concentrations of estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) in each phase were analyzed using LC/MS/MS. Partition coefficients were calculated to assess estrogen distribution among phases. Estrogens were predominantly found in the soluble phase (85.8–87.3%). The risk assessment of estrogen equivalent (EEQ) values suggests that estrogen concentration in water poses a higher risk compared to SPM, with a majority of the samples indicating a high risk to aquatic organisms. The colloidal phase contained 12.7–14.2% of estrogens. The log K_COC values (4.72–4.77 L/kg-C) were significantly higher than the log K_OC and log K_POC values (2.02–3.40 L/kg-C) for all estrogens. Colloids play a critical role in estrogen distribution in river systems, potentially influencing their fate, transport, and biotoxicity. This finding highlights the importance of considering colloidal interactions in assessing estrogen behavior in aquatic environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Transport and Transformation of Pollutants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Spontaneous Overtime Methemoglobin Formation in Post-Mortem Blood Samples from Real Cases in Critical Storage Conditions

by Sara Gariglio, Maria Chiara David, Alessandro Mattia, Francesca Consalvo, Matteo Scopetti, Martina Padovano, Stefano D’Errico, Donato Morena, Paola Frati, Alessandro Santurro and Vittorio Fineschi

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090670 - 14 Sep 2024

Viewed by 648

Abstract

Nitrite/nitrate poisoning is an emerging problem, with an ongoing escalation of reported self-administration with suicidal intent in several countries. Nitrites toxicity mainly consists of their interaction with hemoglobin (Hb), causing its oxidization to methemoglobin (MetHb). In order to give support to the correct [...] Read more.

Nitrite/nitrate poisoning is an emerging problem, with an ongoing escalation of reported self-administration with suicidal intent in several countries. Nitrites toxicity mainly consists of their interaction with hemoglobin (Hb), causing its oxidization to methemoglobin (MetHb). In order to give support to the correct procedures for the analysis of these cases, this study aims to evaluate spontaneous sample degradation and consequent MetHb formation in the typical storage conditions of a forensic toxicology laboratory. Two different types of samples have been used in this study: the first stage of our study consisted of a retrospective analysis of blood samples obtained by judicial autopsies already stored in the toxicology laboratory, collected over four years (2018–2021), while the samples used for the second stage were appositely collected during judicial autopsies. The data obtained by the application of a derivative spectrophotometry method on these samples suggest that there seems not to be a maximum threshold for MetHb formation within which it is possible to state with a sufficient grade of certainty that the concentration of MetHb found is consistent with an ante-mortem formation and is not the result of an artifact due to sample degradation and storage conditions. On the other hand, the results suggest that MetHb formation depends on the time passed between sample collection and analysis, so that a tempestive sample processing, performed as soon as the samples are received in the laboratory, is crucial to obtain the maximum reliability and diagnostic values from the data when MetHb quantitation is necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Identification of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2618 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Critical Review of the Crucial Role of the Yellow River’s Sediment in the Interfacial Migration and Fate of Pollutants and Prospects for the Application of Environmental Sediment Restoration

by Xiaojuan Sun, Zhenzhen Yu, Qiting Zuo, Quantao Cui, Ziyu Song, Lin Gong, Shoushu Liu and Wei Zhang

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090669 - 14 Sep 2024

Viewed by 564

Abstract

Considering the increasing sediment content and increasing sediment flux of the Yellow River over the years, it is of significance to investigate the potential interfacial force mechanism between pollutants and Yellow River sediment. This article has reviewed the current research on the Yellow [...] Read more.

Considering the increasing sediment content and increasing sediment flux of the Yellow River over the years, it is of significance to investigate the potential interfacial force mechanism between pollutants and Yellow River sediment. This article has reviewed the current research on the Yellow River sediments’ mineral structures while investigating the potential interaction force between sediment and pollutants in the water environment. This article has conducted a comprehensive analysis of the influence of sediment on the migration of pollutants in the water environment. What is more, the authors have provided an outlook on the future applications of sediment in ecological environmental systems. Yellow River sediment mainly included minerals and some clay phases, while its irregular surface provided sites for the interface adsorption of pollutants. The interface force between the sediment and pollutants is mainly attributed to promoting bacterial growth on the surface of sediments, physisorption, and chemisorption forces. The sediments carry and transport pollutants during the long-distance water flow migration process. The sediment should be effectively utilized and better integrated into ecological or environmental restoration systems. This article provides a reference for studying the behavior of Yellow River sediment and the direction of future efficient utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicity Reduction and Environmental Remediation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emamectin Poisoning in Thailand: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes

by Satariya Trakulsrichai, Perapatn Sittiyuno, Phantakan Tansuwannarat and Achara Tongpoo

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090668 - 13 Sep 2024

Viewed by 585

Abstract

Emamectin benzoate (Emamectin) is a broad-spectrum insecticide. Current data regarding emamectin poisoning in humans are very limited. We performed a 10-year retrospective cross-sectional study (2011–2020) using data from the Ramathibodi Poison Center database to examine the clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients exposed [...] Read more.

Emamectin benzoate (Emamectin) is a broad-spectrum insecticide. Current data regarding emamectin poisoning in humans are very limited. We performed a 10-year retrospective cross-sectional study (2011–2020) using data from the Ramathibodi Poison Center database to examine the clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients exposed to emamectin. Eighty-eight patients were included. Most of the patients were male (72.7%) and exposure was frequently oral (86.4%) and intentional (67.0%).Their mean age was 42.8 years. The clinical presentations included gastrointestinal tract symptoms (62.5%), neurological symptoms (27.3%) including seizures, respiratory symptoms (6.8%), and local effects (12.5%). At presentation, the majority of patients exhibited normal consciousness and vital signs. Eleven patients showed no obvious clinical effects. Initially, 15 patients had metabolic acidosis and 11 had hypokalemia. Overall, 46 and 52 patients were administered gastric lavage and activated charcoal, respectively. Most patients (78.4%) were hospitalized, with a median hospital stay of 40 h, and generally received supportive treatment. Eight patients were intubated for ventilator support and one received inotropic drugs. Most patients (90.9%) showed no or minor outcomes; however, two patients died. The presence of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) <15 differed significantly (p < 0.001) between patients with no or minor outcomes (n = 80) and those with moderate or fatal outcomes (n = 8). In conclusion, emamectin poisoning mainly caused no or minor clinical effects. A low GCS at presentation was associated with worse outcomes. Therefore, patients who present with low GCS should be closely observed, monitored, and properly managed during hospitalization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agrochemicals and Food Toxicology)

20 pages, 8029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Temperature Elevation on Microbial Communities and Antibiotic Degradation in Cold Region Soils of Northeast China

by Zijun Ni, Xiaorong Zhang, Shuhai Guo, Huaqi Pan and Zongqiang Gong

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090667 - 13 Sep 2024

Viewed by 840

Abstract

This study systematically investigated the effects of temperature changes on the degradation of antibiotics in soil, as well as the alterations in microbial community structure and aggregation, through a field warming experiment in a greenhouse. Compared to non-warming soil, the warming treatment significantly [...] Read more.

This study systematically investigated the effects of temperature changes on the degradation of antibiotics in soil, as well as the alterations in microbial community structure and aggregation, through a field warming experiment in a greenhouse. Compared to non-warming soil, the warming treatment significantly accelerated the degradation rate of tetracyclines during soil freezing and mitigated the impact of environmental fluctuations on soil microbial communities. The greenhouse environment promoted the growth and reproduction of a wide range of microbial taxa, but the abundance of Myxococcota was positively correlated with antibiotic concentrations in both treatments, suggesting a potential specific association with antibiotic degradation processes. Long-term warming in the greenhouse led to a shift in the assembly process of soil microbial communities, with a decrease in dispersal limitation and an increase in the drift process. Furthermore, co-occurrence network analysis revealed a more loosely structured microbial community in the greenhouse soil, along with the emergence of new characteristic taxa. Notably, more than 60% of the key taxa that connected the co-occurrence networks in both groups belonged to rare taxa, indicating that rare taxa play a crucial role in maintaining community structure and function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicity Reduction and Environmental Remediation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increasing Accessibility of Bayesian Network-Based Defined Approaches for Skin Sensitisation Potency Assessment

by Tomaz Mohoric, Anke Wilm, Stefan Onken, Andrii Milovich, Artem Logavoch, Pascal Ankli, Ghada Tagorti, Johannes Kirchmair, Andreas Schepky, Jochen Kühnl, Abdulkarim Najjar, Barry Hardy and Johanna Ebmeyer

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090666 - 12 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1215

Abstract

Skin sensitisation is a critical adverse effect assessed to ensure the safety of compounds and materials exposed to the skin. Alongside the development of new approach methodologies (NAMs), defined approaches (DAs) have been established to promote skin sensitisation potency assessment by adopting and [...] Read more.

Skin sensitisation is a critical adverse effect assessed to ensure the safety of compounds and materials exposed to the skin. Alongside the development of new approach methodologies (NAMs), defined approaches (DAs) have been established to promote skin sensitisation potency assessment by adopting and integrating standardised in vitro, in chemico, and in silico methods with specified data analysis procedures to achieve reliable and reproducible predictions. The incorporation of additional NAMs could help increase accessibility and flexibility. Using superior algorithms may help improve the accuracy of hazard and potency assessment and build confidence in the results. Here, we introduce two new DA models, with the aim to build DAs on freely available software and the newly developed kDPRA for covalent binding of a chemical to skin peptides and proteins. The new DA models are built on an existing Bayesian network (BN) modelling approach and expand on it. The new DA models include kDPRA data as one of the in vitro parameters and utilise in silico inputs from open-source QSAR models. Both approaches perform at least on par with the existing BN DA and show 63% and 68% accuracy when predicting four LLNA potency classes, respectively. We demonstrate the value of the Bayesian network’s confidence indications for predictions, as they provide a measure for differentiating between highly accurate and reliable predictions (accuracies up to 87%) in contrast to low-reliability predictions associated with inaccurate predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Skin Sensitization Testing Using New Approach Methodologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Different Cytotoxicity Induced by Hexabromocyclododecanes on Mouse Neuroblastoma N2a Cells via Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway

by Keyan Wan, Dongting Wu, Guangshan Xie, Yunxiu Li and Jianqing Zhang

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090665 - 12 Sep 2024

Viewed by 787

Abstract

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is widely used in polystyrene foams, building materials, and electrical equipment as a brominated flame retardant (BFR) and persists in the environment and human body matrix. It has attracted increased attention since its neuroendocrine disorder effects have been observed in humans [...] Read more.

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is widely used in polystyrene foams, building materials, and electrical equipment as a brominated flame retardant (BFR) and persists in the environment and human body matrix. It has attracted increased attention since its neuroendocrine disorder effects have been observed in humans and animals. However, studies evaluating the neurotoxicity of HBCD diastereoisomers and the potential mechanisms involved are still limited. In this study, we compared the cytotoxicity induced by the three HBCD diastereoisomers (i.e., α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) in N2a cells and further investigated the underlying molecular mechanism. Our results showed that HBCD diastereoisomers decreased cell viability in the order of β-HBCD > α-HBCD > γ-HBCD. Moreover, α-HBCD and β-HBCD exposure led to different degrees of cell cycle disruption and oxidative stress of N2a cells, implying that oxidative stress-mediated differential cytotoxicity of HBCD diastereoisomers. The expressions of caspases and Bcl-2 were differentially regulated by α-HBCD and β-HBCD, suggesting that the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway may be critical in HBCDs-mediated N2a cell toxicity. Therefore, our studies provided novel evidence for the underlying mechanisms of the distinct cytotoxicity of HBCD diastereoisomers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environment Chemical Pollutant Exposure and Immunotoxicology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 4413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ameliorative Role of Vitamin C against Cypermethrin Induced Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) Using Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis

by Sana Ullah, Amina Zuberi, Imdad Ullah and Mahmoud M. Azzam

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090664 - 12 Sep 2024

Viewed by 958

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to evaluate cypermethrin (CYP)-induced oxidative stress [reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in gills, muscles, brain, and liver tissues] and DNA damage/genotoxicity (peripheral blood erythrocytes) in a freshwater teleost rohu (Labeo rohita) and the [...] Read more.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate cypermethrin (CYP)-induced oxidative stress [reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in gills, muscles, brain, and liver tissues] and DNA damage/genotoxicity (peripheral blood erythrocytes) in a freshwater teleost rohu (Labeo rohita) and the protective role of vitamin C. The LC₅₀ of CYP against rohu was found to be 4.5 µg/L in a semi-static culture system through probit analysis. Fingerlings of rohu were distributed into four groups (Group 1st served as a control, fed 35% protein basal diet and was not exposed to CYP; Group 2nd was fed a basal diet and exposed to CYP; Group 3rd and Group 4th were fed diets supplemented with vitamin C at the rate of 100 and 200 mg/kg diet, respectively, and exposed to CYP). Fingerlings were reared on a basal and vitamin C-supplemented diet for 28 days prior to exposure to CYP. The results indicate a time-dependent significant increase in ROS and LPO (indicated by time course increase in TBARS level) as well as DNA damage in terms of number of comets, % DNA in tail, tail moment, tail length, and olive tail moment after exposure to LC₅₀ of CYP. However, statistically comparable results in both Groups 1st and 4th indicate the protective role of vitamin C. The results reveal the effectiveness of vitamin C as a feed additive for countering pesticides toxicity in Labeo rohita. The current study indicates CYP as a potential genotoxicant for fish and classifies SCGE as a reliable and sensitive tool for assessing DNA damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Chemical Exposure and Environmental Risk)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Ambient Air Pollution on Allergic Rhinitis Symptoms: A Prospective Follow-Up Study

by Wen Sun, Chan Ding, Zhuoying Jiang, Xinliang Zheng, Jinlan Jiang and Huadong Xu

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090663 - 11 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1166

Abstract

Air pollution has become a serious public health problem and there is evidence that air pollution affects the incidence of allergic rhinitis. To further investigate the effect of ambient air pollutants on the severity of allergic rhinitis symptoms, a prospective follow-up study in [...] Read more.

Air pollution has become a serious public health problem and there is evidence that air pollution affects the incidence of allergic rhinitis. To further investigate the effect of ambient air pollutants on the severity of allergic rhinitis symptoms, a prospective follow-up study in patients with allergic rhinitis was conducted. A total of 167 allergic rhinitis patients with a mean age of 35.4 years, who were visiting the hospital, were enrolled. The daily symptom severity of allergic rhinitis and the concentrations of six air pollutants, including PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, CO, O₃ and NO_2, were collected through follow-up investigations. The impact of ambient air pollutants on symptom severity was assessed via multi-pollutant models. Among several typical ambient air pollutants, we observed correlations of allergic rhinitis symptoms with PM_2.5, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂ and NO₂, whereas O₃ showed no such correlation. Specifically, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were significantly associated with sneezing and nasal blockage. NO₂ was significantly correlated with symptoms of rhinorrhea, itchy nose and itchy eyes. CO was significantly linked to sneezing and nasal blockage symptoms. These air pollutants not only had a direct impact on allergic rhinitis symptoms but also exhibited a lagging effect. This study indicates that short-term exposure to air pollutants is associated with exacerbation of nasal symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis, leading to a decline in their quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Pollutants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1182 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recreational Drug Overdose—Clinical Value of Toxicological Analysis

by Tobias Zellner, Florian Eyer, Christian Rabe, Stefanie Geith, Bettina Haberl and Sabrina Schmoll

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090662 - 10 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1124

Abstract

Background: Toxicological analysis of patients with acute recreational drug poisoning can improve our understanding of substance use patterns, clinical symptoms, and improve treatment. Patient history alone may be incomplete or misleading. The objective was to assess the differences in patient history and analytical [...] Read more.

Background: Toxicological analysis of patients with acute recreational drug poisoning can improve our understanding of substance use patterns, clinical symptoms, and improve treatment. Patient history alone may be incomplete or misleading. The objective was to assess the differences in patient history and analytical results, to describe the clinical characteristics, implications and hospital management, and to describe the drug use pattern over time. Methods: A retrospective study including all patients admitted to our toxicology unit with recreational drug toxicity and analytical testing from October 2014 to December 2022. Results: 872 patients were included. Patient history revealed a median of one ingested substance class: opiates/opioids, benzodiazepines/Z-drugs, and Pregabalin were predominant. Urine analysis revealed a median of three ingested substance classes (p < 0.001). Benzodiazepines/Z-drugs, Pregabalin, and THC were severely underreported. Agitation and aggression, anxiety, hallucinations, and psychosis were frequent, associated with cocaine, cathinone/phenethylamine, and amphetamine/MDMA detection and required sedation. Coma was also frequent, associated with opiate/opioid, benzodiazepine/Z-drug, GBL/GHB, and Pregabalin detection and required intubation, and/or application of Naloxone and/or Flumazenil. Twelve patients arrived in cardiac arrest; all were positive for opiates/opioids. Four patients died: three with Benzodiazepines/Z-drugs, Pregabalin and opiates/opioids detected, one with cathinones/phenethylamines detected. While cathinones/phenethylamines and synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists were mainly detected between 2014–2016, detection decreased significantly between 2017–2022 after NPS legislation passed. Pregabalin detection increased. Conclusions: Patient history is inaccurate, and patients frequently underreport ingested drugs. Opiates and opioids are still the main cause of morbidity and mortality. Pregabalin is increasingly abused. NPS legislation effectively decreased cathinone/phenethylamine and synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist overdoses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Identification of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 10722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Mechanism of Arsenic Release in Contaminated Paddy Soil with Added Biochar: The Role of Dissolved Organic Matter, Fe, and Bacteria

by Jianxin Fan, Maoyu Liao, Ting Duan, Ying Hu and Jiaoxia Sun

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090661 - 10 Sep 2024

Viewed by 744

Abstract

The addition of biochar inevitably modifies the acidity (pH), redox potential (Eh), and dissolved organic matter (DOM) level in the soil. These alterations also have coupled effects on the cycling of iron (Fe) and the composition of bacterial communities, thereby impacting the speciation [...] Read more.

The addition of biochar inevitably modifies the acidity (pH), redox potential (Eh), and dissolved organic matter (DOM) level in the soil. These alterations also have coupled effects on the cycling of iron (Fe) and the composition of bacterial communities, thereby impacting the speciation and availability of arsenic (As) in the soil. This study explored the potential mechanisms through which biochar affects As in paddy soil during flooded cultivation with different pyrolysis temperature biochars (300 °C, 400 °C, and 500 °C) added. The results revealed that the TAs concentration increased in the initial 15 days of soil cultivation with SBC300 or SBC400 addition because increasing the concentration of DOM induced the mobility of As though the formation of As-DOM complexes. Meanwhile, biochar addition elevated the pH, decreased the Eh, and promoted the transformation of specific adsorbed As (A-As) and amorphous iron oxide-bound As (Amo-Fe-As) to supernatant As through enhancing the reductive dissolution of Fe(oxy)(hydr)oxides. Moreover, the biochar altered the relative abundance of As (V)-reducing bacteria (such as Firmicutes) and As (III)-oxidizing bacteria (such as Chloroflex), thereby affecting As speciation. However, these mechanistic effects varied depending on the pyrolysis temperature of the biochar. The microbial composition of SBC300 and SBC400 were similar, with both containing larger populations of Enterobacteriaceae (AsRB) and pseudomonas (FeRB) compared to CK and SBC500. It was proposed that lower pyrolysis temperatures (300 °C and 400 °C) are more favorable for the dissolution of Fe(oxy)(hydr)oxides and the reduction of As (V). However, the biochar from the higher pyrolysis temperature (500 °C) showed environmental impacts akin to the control group (CK). This study demonstrated potential mechanisms of biochar’s effect on As and the role of pyrolysis temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Materials for Pollutant Immobilization and Removal in Soil and Water)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 2904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Duluth, Minnesota Area: Exposure to and Biomarker Responses in Tree Swallows Relative to Known Fire-Fighting Foam Sources

by Christine M. Custer, Paul M. Dummer, Matthew A. Etterson, Jonathan T. Haselman, Sandra Schultz, Natalie Karouna-Renier and Cole Matson

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090660 - 10 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1039

Abstract

Tree swallow nest boxes were deployed at sites proximal to two putative aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) sources in the Duluth, MN area, as well as along the St. Louis River and a reference lake for comparative purposes in 2019, 2020 and 2021. [...] Read more.

Tree swallow nest boxes were deployed at sites proximal to two putative aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) sources in the Duluth, MN area, as well as along the St. Louis River and a reference lake for comparative purposes in 2019, 2020 and 2021. The two AFFF sites were the current Duluth Air National Guard Base (ANG) and the Lake Superior College Emergency Response Training Center. Between 13 and 40 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), depending on year, were detected and quantified in tree swallow egg, nestling carcasses, and stomach contents. Assessments were made of oxidative stress and ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activity in liver tissue, thyroid hormone levels in plasma and thyroid glands, DNA damage in red blood cells, and two measures of immune response (haptoglobin-like activity and immunoglobulin) in plasma of the nestlings. Additionally, other contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, legacy organochlorine pesticides, and trace elements, were assessed at sites with no previous data. Total egg PFAS concentrations at the ANG site and north of that site were 30–40 times higher than at the reference lake, while nestling PFAS concentrations were 10–15 times higher. In contrast, the St. Louis River sites had slightly, but non-statistically significant, elevated egg and nestling PFAS concentrations relative to the reference lake (2–5 times higher). One PFAS, perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), was higher, as a proportion of total PFAS, at sites with a known AFFF source compared to the reference lake, as well as compared to sites along the St. Louis River with mainly urban and industrial sources of PFAS. The ratio of total carboxylates to total sulfonates also distinguished between PFAS sources. There were few to no differences in biomarker responses among sites, and no association with PFAS exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecotoxicology and Ecological Risks of PFAS)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 2414 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Epigenetic Changes in the HTR8 and 3A-sub E placental Cell Lines Exposed to Bisphenol A and Benzyl Butyl Phthalate

by Christian Litton, Paula Benny, Luca Lambertini, Yula Ma, Jonathan Riel, Rodrigo Weingrill, Johann Urschitz, Jia Chen and Men-Jean Lee

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090659 - 9 Sep 2024

Viewed by 790

Abstract

Objective: Bisphenol A and phthalate are known endocrine disruptors and capable of inducing epigenetic changes in the human population. However, their impact on the placenta is less well studied. Our objective was to measure the effect of exposure to bisphenol A and benzyl [...] Read more.

Objective: Bisphenol A and phthalate are known endocrine disruptors and capable of inducing epigenetic changes in the human population. However, their impact on the placenta is less well studied. Our objective was to measure the effect of exposure to bisphenol A and benzyl butyl phthalate in first-trimester HTR8-SVneo and third-trimester 3A-sub E trophoblast cells by profiling the DNA methylation pattern of the imprinting control region of the IGF2 (insulin-like growth factor) and H19 genes. Methods: Human placental HTR8-SVneo and 3A-sub E cell lines were treated with two sub-lethal concentrations of bisphenol A and benzyl butyl phthalate. Demethylating agent, 5-azacytidine, was used as a positive control. Cells were harvested on post-treatment days 1 and 4. The methylation profile of six CpG dinucleotide sites, part of the CTCF 6 binding site of the IGF2/H19 imprinting control region, was determined by pyrosequencing. Results: In the first-trimester HTR8-SVneo cell line, we observed a significant increased methylation of the CpG sites 3, 4 when treated with a high concentration of bisphenol A or benzyl butyl phthalate while increased methylation at site 6 for both high and low dose treatment on day 4. Demethylation of the CpG sites 1, 4, and 6 was observed when treated with 5-azacytidine on day 4. In the third-trimester 3A-sub E cell line, no significant changes in the methylation profile were observed under any treatment conditions. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate the capability of epigenetic changes in human placenta cells induced by bisphenol A and benzyl butyl phthalate. The observed methylation changes only in the first-trimester HTR8-SVneo cells phthalate may reflect a window of epigenetic susceptibility related to these environmental toxicants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Toxics, Volume 12, Issue 9 (September 2024) – 68 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI